Hierarchy - Science topic

Dear Professor Karl Pfeifer, thank you for your response. Yes, a PhD has crucial importance for advancing an academic career. Besides scholarly progression, this qualification can lead to intellectual heights, metacognitive depths, and psychological resilience.

If Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs guided the distribution of economic resources, workers might desire labor unions less because:

However, some workers might still seek unions to address inequities, ensure fair practices, or advocate for their higher-level needs, indicating that unions may still play a crucial role in advocating for workers' rights and interests.

I think it suggests that while individuals may have varied preferences, they often share common aversions and basic, universal requirements like safety, food, and well-being. It highlights the balance between personal taste and shared human needs.

in my view, i think justice system can become more human, by understanding the essence of a human being in regard to dignity or identity. In this case, social justice can be applied by using its main five principle, namely; Equity, Equality, diversity, human rights and participation.

I am just sharing about the mobile application for MCDA based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the app is named Decision Mentor, designed to support decision making to Individuals, Decision Mentor is AI Integrated, to recommend Criteria contexitual to the Decision Problem Titled in the app !

Current version is connected with ChatGPT-4o !!

All interested are most welcome to try to use the Mobile App, available at:

Highly appreciated to know all the users experience.

~Shashi Bhattarai, Co-creator

I believe this is an answer to your question.

Understanding the hierarchy of evidence is essential for healthcare practitioners for several reasons:

Overall, understanding the hierarchy of evidence empowers healthcare practitioners to practice evidence-based medicine, make informed decisions, minimize bias and errors, optimize patient outcomes, allocate resources effectively, and engage in lifelong learning and professional development. By incorporating the best available evidence into clinical practice, practitioners can provide high-quality, patient-centered care that aligns with the principles of evidence-based practice.

Well, I don't see any troubles here. If the lower branches don't give you an answer, you have to consider the higher branches.

In other words: C[7]H(OC[1']...)(C[6]HO...) precedes C[9]H(OC[1]...)(C[12]H2...], because in the former residue there is C[6]-O, while there is no O on C[12].

In the end, you have to compare whole residues.

International Hierarchy Expert Survey Wave II Results:

Wave II underway: https://www.researchgate.net/post/International_Hierarchy_Expert_Survey-request_to_participate2

I don't think you'd have any problem applying any reasonably kind of HCA to 300-odd objects. It will certainly 'work' in the sense of giving you clusters, and it is at least an order of magnitude short of a size that would make a pairwise distance matrix impossible to store. In that sense, 300 _is_ 'small'.

It is probably too big for simple visual interpretation of a complete hierarchical clustering, though, if that's what you were intending - that goes down to individual objects/individuals and it can get hard to see what's really going on.

Otherwise, for a lot of ordinary purposes, 300 is likely to be _big_ enough to be useful , and that's usually the more important problem if you want to draw any inferences or classify other objects later. Others above have pointed to recommendations. 30 (or more) per expected subgroup is a fair rule of thumb. But it does depend on how many variables you have and what the typical ranges are between and within groups. I'll stick my neck out a little and say there's _no_ simple way of getting an 'ideal' number for clustering in advance; you'd have to know quite a lot about your particular population and your intended use to even make a start on the question.

And an important rider, after all that, is to plan for some cross-validation to make sure your clustering isn't just rolling dice ...

Mohammad Shahbaz Khan Certainly! Although the data is currently presented in Gene Ontology (GO) format, I want to create a comprehensive graph that visualizes the entire information. Further, I intend to annotate each gene with its corresponding GO term, including all parent terms associated with each gene.

The hierarchical structure observed in the Gene Ontology (GO) OBO-basic file is primarily based on the "is a" relationship, which represents the parent-child relationship between terms. The "is a" relationship defines a broader term (parent term) and a more specific term (child term), indicating a hierarchical structure.

However, the GO also incorporates other types of relationships beyond "is a" to capture additional aspects of gene function. Two such relationships are "has part" and "regulates":

Although the "has part" and "regulates" relationships do not exhibit a hierarchical nature like the "is a" relationship, they can still be informative for understanding the functional relationships between terms. However, the propagation of these relationships to the root of the hierarchy is not as straightforward as it is with the "is a" relationship. The propagation of relationships to the root may require additional analysis and considerations based on the specific research context or requirements.

Circular manufacturing and sustainable manufacturing are two interconnected concepts that can complement each other in the pursuit of environmental and economic goals. While they share similar objectives, they differ in focus and approach. Here's an explanation of their hierarchy:

1. Sustainable Manufacturing: Sustainable manufacturing encompasses a broad set of principles and practices aimed at minimizing the environmental impact of manufacturing processes and products throughout their lifecycle. It involves reducing resource consumption, minimizing waste generation, and optimizing energy efficiency. Sustainable manufacturing strives for a balance between economic, social, and environmental considerations. It focuses on the overall sustainability of manufacturing operations, including materials sourcing, production techniques, and waste management.

2. Circular Manufacturing: Circular manufacturing is a subset of sustainable manufacturing that specifically emphasizes the principles of a circular economy. It goes beyond reducing environmental impact and seeks to create a closed-loop system where resources are used more efficiently and waste is minimized. Circular manufacturing aims to design products for longevity, recyclability, and reusability. It involves implementing strategies such as recycling, remanufacturing, and product refurbishment to extend the lifespan of materials and components. The goal is to create a regenerative system where materials and products are continually cycled back into the production process, reducing the need for virgin resources.

In terms of hierarchy, sustainable manufacturing serves as the broader framework that encompasses various practices and approaches to make manufacturing more environmentally friendly. Circular manufacturing, on the other hand, is a specific strategy within sustainable manufacturing that focuses on achieving a circular economy by closing resource loops and maximizing the reuse and recycling of materials.

While circular manufacturing can be seen as an advanced stage of sustainable manufacturing, it is important to note that both concepts are interconnected and mutually reinforcing. Sustainable manufacturing provides the foundation for circular manufacturing by addressing the broader environmental and social aspects, while circular manufacturing provides specific strategies and methodologies to achieve a more circular and resource-efficient economy. Together, they form a comprehensive approach to manufacturing that promotes environmental stewardship and long-term economic viability.

Androids, laptops, E Tabs, All sorts of digital gadgets are required in the base of pyramid (These all gadgets are included in physiological needs in digital age). All other levels of Pyramid are ok with and without these above mentioned digital gadgets (For some, May be not Ok without the gadgets).

You can also refer to this paper:

Lan Ma, Saeed Pahlevan Sharif & Kok Wei Khong (2022) What factors drive the purchase of paid online courses? A systematic literature review, Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, DOI: 10.1080/08841241.2022.2101172

The choice must be according to the intended application, taking into account desired characteristics and limitations to be considered.

Jerry

I really dont know where you get all this stuff, Your research??

It sounds very strange to me

Relation between frequency and wavelenth variation:

You could use a straightforward approach using c= lamba nu

then calculate d(nu)/dt for example.

Dear Mohamed, Thank you very much, I will go through them. Regards

Cecilia Veas In the social sciences we do not have a so called 'hierarchy' of evidence. What we do have is a range of both quantitative and qualitative methods, each of which serves a purpose. Often several methods are used in order to raise validity. This is called 'triangulation'. There are many excellent social science studies that have used triangulation, by very respected academics. we regard different research methods as horses for courses, that is, each has a value and it depends on the nature of the research topic as to which method or methods are used. So mostly all are of equal value, although there is some dispute among academics as to whether quantitative data is superior to qualitative data.

gravitational Plancks constant must be about work as potential energy. This work is 'collapsing' in its essense?

It sounds like you would end up with a regression model in which you have a very large number of predictor (independent) variables as well as many interaction terms (since you have so many different COPE variables). My advice would be to first think about meaningful ways to reduce the number of COPE variables to be included in the model, for example, by aggregation (calculation of a summary COPE score), factor analysis, or simply selection of the theoretically most meaningful COPE variables. Otherwise you might run into various problems when entering all individual COPE items into the regression (e.g., potential collinearity, too many individual significance tests, large model with many predictors, loss of power to detect interaction and other effects).

Other than that, you could run a hierarchical regression model with only the main effects (predictors, no interaction terms) in the first model, then add the interaction terms in Model 2 to see if they add anything to the prediction of the outcome. But, once again, I would try to reduce the overall number of predictors first to avoid problems in the analysis.

that should read ratio data, not ration data.

Hello Satwant,

That's a lot of questions!

For the most part, your hierarchical regressions should allow you to determine whether the brief cope scores add to the explanatory power for differences in anxiety scores beyond what the base variable set can explain. From this, it sounds as if the BC-1 items add the least to the mix (compared to BC-2, BC-3).

However, I probably would have looked for single scores to represent each of the three purported BC factors instead of entering individual items as IVs. Perhaps factor analysis or some other method of generating a composite score for each factor would be helpful here (and make your interpretation of significant effects a bit more straightforward).

I don't see any specific need for post hoc tests following a regression (your Q2).

If you're interested in moderation effects attributable to coping, the key is to evaluate whether BC scores interact with one or more target IVs to increase the explained variation beyond what the BC score and the target IV can account for, without an interaction term.

Good luck with your work.

G'day Ellemieke,

I came across a master thesis which was part of a joint project between General Electric & MIT ( Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 2016 & titled: Task modeling and assessment for human-system interaction in freight rail operations., I am attaching the file for your information, the thesis is also available by request via Researchgate, I am including all the information obtained to tackle your research topic, hope this helps & all the best, cheers.

Kind regards,

Sofiane

1. Researchgate:

2. Downloaded original version:

Aamir Nawaz, Can you provide code for Consensus + Innovations and Optimality Conditions Decomposition?

I would appreciate it if you help me.

Thanks. In your answer, the term evolution refers to sustainability. But in the question, I wanted to ask how the levels of biological organization that are represented in the sustainability of wildlife are taken into account in the models. If we start from the structural relations of the living world, we can see that the actors of the living world have internal hierarchical levels (levels of organization). If, for example, the existence of an algae mass is endangered, we will suffer disadvantages that will extend to the entire biosphere. A cosmic catastrophe has caused a huge change primarily in the large-bodied fauna. Chemicalization of homogeneous crops also enters the food chains of other hierarchical levels. At all, food chains are almost constantly rearranged in response to new environmental pressures. What are the evolutionary consequences of living things for the pursuit of sustainability when the living world, the biosphere, is a self-sustaining system in other respects? Do we know the self-sustaining system of the biosphere so much that we are sure we are not going to waste it on our system of social sustainability? On the other hand, do we know the multi-hierarchy-level biosphere enough to model it “small”? Biosphere I and II. experiments seem to have not shown this.

There can be scope for an 'Escape route' as an alternate and safe route to exit from the area in case of emergency situation.

Hello Dear Professor @Nolberto Munier

I will meet you after a long time with a challenging discussion!

Contrary to previous discussions in late 2020, I feel that your critical theory is significant and close to reality!

I love AHP and especially ANP, especially the fuzzy version of them!

But the fact is that you are right, these methods have a logical flaw!

A kind of imposition and transmission of opinion!

Good luck

I fully agree and to rephrase the question to encompass Russia is perfectly fine. So you think the issue of which structure we are born into matters more than the individual him or her self? Do you believe our reality is socially constructed? Interesting. You touched on the issue of strata and stratification, Perhaps being born into the right family can compensate for the lack of cognitive ability and conscientiousness .

very interested

Hi David, thank you for your answer. Actually I am interested in management fashion theory, reason why I study the link between legitimacy perception and practices adoption. I wanted to look at this question from an individual perspective but I will switch to organizational since measurement scales of organizational legitimacy exist :)

Decision-driven organizations treat decision making as a stream of inquiry, not an event. Wherever possible, they encourage parties to play roles rife with dissent and debate. They also match decision-making styles to appropriate techniques.

Thank yoy, Pietro Bongini

Jerith, G.G., Kumar, P.N. Recognition of Glaucoma by means of Gray Wolf Optimized Neural Network. Multimed Tools Appl 79, 10341–10361 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-7224-1

Please read my dissertation available at RG to understand the practical application of one on one and multiple regression analysis. Additionally you shall also be able to understand how to address such cases using qualitative approach as well. The PPT presentation is also available on the dissertation of final defense which shall consume your minimum time.

Referring back to the EBM triangle, although systematic reviews and meta-analyses are on top of the triangle, they may not necessarily be always better than original (primary) researches (i.e. RCT, cohort, case-control).

For example, the evidence level of systematic reviews of cohort studies are below than RCT, and the evidence level of systematic reviews of case-control studies are below than cohort studies, and so on.

I agree with David Dunaetz and Rami Alkhudary . The need for reviews increases as the number of original researches increases, and the need for original studies with higher quality evidence increases as the number of original researches and reviews with lower quality of evidence increases. When the number of published reviews are high, it is also plausible to perform a review of reviews in some cases.

I hope that helps

Hello Chris,

I am interested in you research but I am having a little trouble pinning down your argument. I have a counseling degree but would hardly consider myself an expert on LGB gender roles, but willing to share an opinion.

You mentioned that your research shows that LGB fair slightly better, but fail to define what they are slightly better at exactly. Anyhow, if you offer up some parameters for an argument I can certainly offer a perspective.

Have a good one,

Lucas

Arman Haji Ahmad Cigu, Regardless of the new pandemic, due to the population cluster, the economic power of a nation and the policy of the government, the entire need hypothesis has been battered. However, the basic needs and psychological needs of middle class people have shifted vastly in comparison with the lower and higher-income groups. Thus, we can rewrite the model of needs.

Following

@Norge

Do you mean we should also consider the coefficients? what do you mean by "weighting"?

Alexander, K. (2013). Facilities management: theory and practice. Routledge.

Dear Dr. Olsson:

Thank you for your explanation. It seems that there is no way for a correct order for the given groups and hence the alphabetical order of listing may solve the situation.

Best wishes and regards.

Furhan T. Mhaisen

My guess is that people low on agreebaleness and with highly expressed pathological extroversion would be more competitive and hostile, but explore the Big Five personality model reaserch . I would expect neurotics that are usually empathic to be opposite. I hope that thought helps.cheers

Hi Andrew,

I believe it is the study design which really matter most when you want to quantify the level of evidence rather than the analysis method used. A conclusion drawn from meta-analysis results sits at the top of evidence hierarchy.

Also the main causes of bias are others rather than the analysis methods used.

The most common statistical bias are:

Therefore, to judge the merit of scientific research evidence presented, I would better look at the study design used, Sample Size, possible effect of any of the above mentioned biases and appropriateness of the statistical method used.

Rebecca, you may want to look at biographies of John and Charles Wesley who were English cleric, theologian and evangelists who were leaders of a revival movement within the Church of England known as Methodism. The Wesley brothers embraced Arminian doctrines. Moving across Great Britian and Ireland, they helped form and organize small Christian groups that developed intensive and personal accountability, discipleship and religious instruction; most importantly, he appointed itinerants, unordained evangelists to care for these groups of people. Under Wesley's direction, Methodists became leaders in many social issues of the day, including prison reform and the abolition of slavery. George Whitfield was an English Anglican cleric and evangelist who was also involved in England at this time in the Methodist movement.

Regardless of singular or multicultural perspective I think Maslow's pyramid states with basic needs and carries on until the highest wants of a normal being. Moreover, Maslow's theory is not scientifically proved but it's his own theory which turns out to be famous and referred academically all over the world.

Would the empty set or the 'impossible' concept be a counter example?

I agree with Sajda Taha Mahmood along with this link also helps to know more.

https://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/150515-Abraham-Maslow-s-Need-hierarchy-theory-and-its-criticism.aspx

Yes, Monika Pathania I agree, if the case report covers a relatively rare condition / rare presentation. It may be possible to find other cases also reported singly; this then enables the reader to compare / contrast. But if the case reports were not published, this could not take place. In this way, the scientific community are enabling a larger picture to be shown.

This is relevant:

These are papers by ResearchGate members around this topic:

Nakamura, T., Igarashi, H., Ito, T., & Jensen, R. T. (2014). Important of case-reports/series, in rare diseases: using neuroendocrine tumors as an example. World Journal of Clinical Cases: WJCC, 2(11), 608.

Gagne, J. J., Thompson, L., O’Keefe, K., & Kesselheim, A. S. (2014). Innovative research methods for studying treatments for rare diseases: methodological review. Bmj, 349, g6802.

I agree - Multiple linear hierarchical regression sounds like a good step forward - ensure all assumptions are met :)

Good luck with your work!

Control for usually means adding a covariate to the model. D. Booth

Hello Sara,

Strictly speaking, least squares regression (whether simultaneous or hierarchical) only involves one dependent variable (DV) at a time. If you really want to include two DVs, perhaps you could think about using canonical correlation, which can evaluate optimal combinations of one set of variables to maximally correlate with another set of variables. Here's a good resource for some of the basics about CC:

Sherry, A., & Henson, R. K. (2005). Conducting and interpreting canonical correlation analysis in personality research: A user-friendly primer. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84, 37-48. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8401_09

The other choice is structural equation models, which allow you to propose and evaluate simple or highly complex sets of relationships among variables (both directly measured and inferred, latent variables/factors).

The best choice likely depends on the specific research question(s) you're trying to answer.

Good luck with your work!

Dear Mr Gani,

In case you are working with subjective decision models as mentioned by Mr Greg Oslen, you may try methods like DEMATEL or ISM for mapping the inter-relationships between the factors. In fact, ISM provides two scores to each factor namely driving and dependence powers with respect to other factors considered in the model. Furthermore, through a MICMAC analysis, you may also cluster the factors into four classes according to their relative importance.

The following journal articles can be referred for additional information.

Sushil (2012) ‘Interpreting the interpretive Structural Model’, Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 87-106.

Thakur, V. and Anbanandam, R. (2016), ‘Healthcare waste management: an interpretive structural modeling approach’, International Journal of Healthcare Quality Assurance, Vol. 29 No. 5, pp. 559-581.

Kumar, A. and Dixit, G. (2018), ‘An analysis of barriers affecting the implementation of e-waste management practices in India: A novel ISM-DEMATEL approach’, Sustainable Production and Consumption, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 36-52.

Vishnu, C. R., Sridharan, R., & Kumar, P. R. (2019). Supply chain risk inter-relationships and mitigation in Indian scenario: an ISM-AHP integrated approach. International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, 32(3-4), 548-578.

Hope the information helps.

-Vishnu

One reason could be the ease at which individuals relate to it. The following article provides a great understanding of Maslow's theory.

Regards,

Who Built Maslow’s Pyramid? A History of the Creation of Management Studies’ Most Famous Symbol and Its Implications for Management Education

Todd Bridgman; Stephen Cummings and John Ballard

Academy of Management Learning & EducationVolume 18, Issue 101 Mar 2019

This is probably related to the system set up and the regional regulations.

In our hospital's child protection team, the team leader is a consultant pediatrician who reports directly to the CEO.

The team corrdinator is the social worker who belongs to the Social Services, and sync our efforts.

A rule of thumb is that hazards evaluated between 20-25 (Likelihood * Impacts, scale 1-5) are ranked first fro treatment, even stop the work till to mitigate or eliminate them. After that, hazards evaluated between 15-20 must also be treated and so on. Nevertheless, bear in mind that hazards which might directly threat employess' lives are of first priority to treat them, even though its evaluation are not lying between the aforementioned limits.

Although not related to ungulates, I carried out work on dominance hierarchies in social insects. It was published in Animal Behaviour in 2010, and I think you may find it interesting. The work was on comparing three most popular/relevant dominance indices and applying it to real data from wasps, and on artificial data sets. Read it here: http://repository.ias.ac.in/23713/1/335.pdf

The most logical but complicated way would be to arrange each animal in group in the ascending or descending order of the dominance rank they have received (which would be the dominance hierarchy) using the dominance index you are using, and then comparing this whole dominance hierarchy at relevant time points. I am not sure however, if such an analysis exists. I know of one such endeavour in wasps, but the person experienced the same problem as you. They didn't know how to compare the hierarchy (shuffling of ranks) across time. More thought needs to go in this, and maybe similar statistical tests from other areas could be applied here. Like, for example, how two time lines are compared, or how two lines in survival analyses are compared.

Till that happens, I would suggest to you to focus on:

- individuals of interest (maybe group leaders, or alphas, or any other focal individual that intersts you for a particular reason) and how their ranks change across time: This will be easier to do by either correlational analysis on ranks or of the by dividing your hierarchy into percentiles and then comparing the percentile of the rank. You can also think of normalising the dominance rank by colony size, so that the rank is then comparable across groups.

- a variable that describes the dominance hierarchy: linearity of hierarchy is one aspect, tied ranks is another aspect (ties in ranks are less favourable coz that means the index is not able to differentiate between the animals based on the provided data), etc. You can think of more such variables based on the species on which you are working. Once you have figured out these variables that describe hierarchy on a particular day, you can then compare these numbers on different days and see if .

de Vries has carried out a lot of work on this, and his papers might be a good place to get ideas on what could be other variables of interest.

Our group has also written a paper in Animal Behaviour. Although it doesn't specifically deal with the problem you mentioned, you may like to read it: http://repository.ias.ac.in/23713/1/335.pdf

Hope this helps.

Hi Filippo -- yes indeed, we have had many interesting conversations and agree on many (though not all) things. I look forward to future exchanges.

I do not think I fully understand Ilya's original question yet; what is meant by "complete" and what is the difference between a mathematical description and a physical description? I would remind that a description implies not only the equations, but the necessary initial and boundary conditions. So I would like to interject a bit of philosophy here.

First, I echo Yuli's point about the importance of measurement. From the point of view of physics, measurement is the only source of truth about reality. The mathematician is less concerned with reality and more about logical consistency. See for example Poincare's essay on "Science and Hypothesis." A famous quote of Bohr is "the business of physics is not to understand nature, but to understand what can be measured about nature."

Second, as to why so many scientists and engineers believe in NS, the answer is simple -- it is useful. I believe the word "wrong" is very dangerous. Sometimes, when I express my admiration for Newton, colleagues respond that Einstein proved Newton was wrong. Not at all, Einstein proved that Newton was mostly right. Isaac Asimov wrote a beautiful essay on this, "The Relativity of Wrong." You can find it on the web.

Thankyou klagge.

The prestige of one disease over another appears to be determined by the location of the affected body part, the perceived efficacity of its treatment, and the social attributes of the patient who suffers from that disease.

Norredam M, Album D. Prestige and its significance for medical specialties and diseases. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2007;35(6):655-61.

Glazer GM, Ruiz-Wibbelsmann JA. Decades of perceived mediocrity: prestige and radiology. Radiology. 2011;260(2):311-6.

Johannessen LE. The narrative (re) production of prestige: How neurosurgeons teach medical students to valorise diseases. Social Science & Medicine. 2014;120:85-91.

Grue J, Johannessen LE, Rasmussen EF. Prestige rankings of chronic diseases and disabilities. A survey among professionals in the disability field. Social Science & Medicine. 2015;124:180-6.

Lepièce B, Reynaert C, van Meerbeeck P, Dory V. Social dominance theory and medical specialty choice. Advances in Health Sciences Education. 2016;21(1):79-92.

Haldar M, Engebretsen E, Album D. Legitimating the illegitimate: How doctors manage their knowledge of the prestige of diseases. Health, 2016 20(6):559-77

Guntern S, Korpershoek H, Werf GV. Prestige added to Holland’s vocational interest scales for the prediction of medical students’ aspired work environments. Journal of Career Assessment. 2016;24(2):333-46

Album D, Johannessen LE, Rasmussen EB. Stability and change in disease prestige: A comparative analysis of three surveys spanning a quarter of a century. Social Science & Medicine. 2017;180:45-51.

Hindhede AL, Larsen K. Prestige hierarchies of diseases and specialities in a field perspective. Social Theory & Health. 2018:1-8.

A clue is found in the squeezed quantum states of lasers like the ones used in LIGO facilities, where the uncertainty principle is affected, lowering the uncertainty of energy, momentum, time, and distance.

Uncertainty is a factor in decay modes and half times of unstable particles, suggesting again that smaller uncertainty provides greater stability.

While we would always like to have the best, the brightest, the more loyal, most committed and most ethical in leadership positions, unfortunately it does not always happen. What I have looked for in selecting junior leaders have been bright and dedicated, who were willing to learn and had the personality to fit within the segment of the organization to which they had been assigned. I looked for consistency, not necessarily moments of brilliance and the willingness to push themselves while ensuring they never thought themselves to be a team of one. Individuals who had the courage to empower those around them and lead while truly displaying a concern for those within the organization. So brilliant but lazy, no. Consistent, promising and willing to learn that displayed leadership ability that could be enhanced with guidance and direction, absolutely

Hi Jesujoba,

AFAIK, this should be accomplished based on previous knowledge (a.k.a background) such as ranking the content using certain aspect; otherwise, there is no meaning or logic behind such process.

HTH.

Samer Sarsam, PhD.

I think the hierarchy of academic ranks is justified insofar as it is adequately symbolizes the research achievements and the overall trajectory of scholars. Nevertheless, as with other major structural reforms unfolding across university life, faculty staff ranking has also undergone significant amendments. For example, it is now ever more relevant for academic promotions to have a competitive and nearly impeccable record of student teaching evaluations. Whilst teaching has certainly has been a major aspect of academic life historically, the current system of student evaluations potentially undermines the process of academic promotion. Students evaluations of teachers are an inadequate tool to validate teachinh performance. Take the case of cognitive biases and methodological problems.

Yes of course, the universities across the world are ranked and evaluated based on teaching, research, international outlook, reputation and more. These data are a vital resource for students, helping them choose where to study.

Regards

In my earlier reading of some sources in the field of administrative and engineering sciences, I have the following conclusion: Maslow explains all human needs (almost) hierarchically, and in order to rise from a certain level of need to a higher level you must first meet that requirement in full. When it meets its basic needs, it seeks to achieve higher needs as arranged by the pyramid. As we rise to the top of the pyramid, the needs become more and more sophisticated. .

The Maslow pyramid is divided into five levels (physiological needs, security and safety needs, social needs, need for appreciation and respect, the top of the pyramid Maslow assumed that the highest needs are the individual's need to achieve himself)