Heat Treatment - Science topic

Hello, how do I measure the time in stress relief heat treatment? I saw in articles that, for example, they took an hour, which is very difficult to get a thigh in this case. How many seconds should I take for each hour?

For fully research the new topic in heat treatment technologies.

Quenching and partitioning

Hi all,

sorry for double-posting, but the "discussion topic" doesn't seem to get enough attention. We have recently started to work with Al single crystals for surface science experiments. Unfortunately, after a few cleaning cycles the crystal surface gets cloudy or "milky". Our typical cleaning cycle involves 1 kV Ar sputtering (ion current around 3-5 uA) x 30-60 min followed by annealing to 600-700 K (time varies, but typically not less than 15 min with somewhat fast ramping up and down, but no quenching). A high resolution XPS does not show any considerable amount of adsorbates or anything unusual whatsoever (some traces of oxygen which were there even for the mirror-like surface, some traces of carbon). Therefore, I suspect the crystal experienced some faceting/graining of the surface which resulted in that the surface has become mesoscopically rough. LEED spots have possibly become somewhat broader but this is really hard to estimate. Unfortunately, we had no time to perform AFM measurements on this surface. But it looks indeed as an annealing protocol is vitally important to keep the surface nice and well-defined. Therefore, I wonder if anyone else has experienced the same problem with Al (or maybe other crystals, too?) and/or knows how to overcome this issue? Maybe someone could share an annealing protocol or give a link to such a protocol if published? Tips and tricks? All meaningful opinions are welcome!

I have a sample of free nickel and high nitrogen stainless had a heat treatment till 1050 for 1 hour then water quenched I test it by magnet then I find it had attraction to what can cause that

I make polycrystalline diamond with tape casting followed by HPHT sintering. When i sintered the samples up till May, the sintering was good. When i sintered the samples in June and July at the same conditions, the sintering was not good. I used the same slurry making conditions, tape casting conditions, debinding conditions, heat treatment conditions, and sintering conditions.

The only changed parameter i can think of may be humidity, as humidity is very high in June, July and August in Korea.

What tests should i perform and at what stages? How to overcome this issue?

Thank you.

I am preparing polycrystalline diamond (PCD) with tape casting. The powder is 8~12 um.

After drying of tapes, I place several tapes in Ta cup without warm-pressing. Next, debinding is carried out. There are no cracks visible with naked eye. SEM analysis shows all the organics are evaporated.

After debinding, WC-Co substrate (4 um average particle size of WC) is placed in cup over debinded tapes. Heat treatment is done in vacuum above 1000 C for surface graphitization to help in sintering.

After that, high pressure high temperature sintering is carried out. When surface is observed after polishing, there are whitish parts on the dark gray diamond surface, mostly in circles. These discolored parts are mostly near the edge of sample, and sometimes inwards too, for example, in the center of a sample. Sometimes, these discolors are distributed throughout the sample.

What may the reason of these discolors?

Additionally, mostly there are also cracks near the edge of sample. What could be the reason for these cracks?

The AlSi7Mg sample was additive manufacturing by the PBF method and heat treated 480℃-6h and 550℃-6h.

When the residual stress of the top view and the side view(Figure) was measured by XRD, the following results were obtained.

As-built

Top : 47.4 MPa

Side : 134.9 MPa

480℃-6h

Top : -33.7 MPa

Side : 2.1 MPa

550℃-6h.

Top : -38.8 MPa

Side : -36.1 MPa

So, I have some questions about the results.

1. In case as-built sample, why is there such a big difference between Top and Side?

2. In case 480℃-6h heat treatment, after heat treatment, the Top changed greatly from tension to compression stress, but why didn't the Side change like this?

3. After heat treatment, Why tensile stress change to compressive stress?

Dear ResearchGate Community,

I am currently undertaking a project focused on measuring the residual stress of different materials post-cold and heat treatments, as well as under various machining conditions with different coolant supplies. However, I find myself in need of guidance regarding the most appropriate method for conducting these measurements.

I would greatly appreciate any professional advice or recommendations you may have on this matter.

We would like to inactivate lactoperoxydase without denaturating immunoglobulins in milk.

Heat treatment does successfully but denaturate proteins.

What molecule or reagent, or substance we could add to inactivate lactoperoxyadse and preserve the immunoglobulines. Thank you

I am preparing a research project related to materials for rocket engine nozzles. In the research I would like to use sheets of pure Mo, TZN and Mo-La. Please help me in selecting heat treatment parameters for the given materials so as to improve the mechanical properties of the materials.

The process of heat-treating steel samples for homogenization is crucial for achieving desired material properties, such as uniformity and strength. However, determining the optimal duration of heat treatment considers various factors. Firstly, the size of the steel samples plays a significant role, as larger samples typically require more time for heat to penetrate and achieve homogenization throughout the material. Conversely, smaller samples may require shorter durations. Secondly, the method of heating employed can also impact the duration of the heat treatment. Electric furnaces, resistive heating setups, induction heating, and salt bath systems each have distinct heat transfer mechanisms and heating rates, which can affect the time required for homogenization. Understanding how these factors interact and vary across different sample sizes and heating methods is essential for efficiently and effectively conducting heat-treatment processes in steel manufacturing and research contexts.

I want to perform an untargeted lc-ms analysis of bacterial metabolite. Generally, we break down the cell of this bacteria by dissolving the pellet with methanol and then give heat treatment for 30 minutes at 55 degrees celsius to extract carotenoid.

But as heat treatment may destroy heat-labile metabolites, that is why I want to go for probe sonication. I have taken stationary phase culture and dissolved the culture in PBS buffer. Then I have done the sonication process (40% amplitude with 30 sec on/off for 20 minutes).

PBS buffer composition (100 ml, 1X PBS, pH- 7.4)

NaCl- 0.8 gm

KCl- 0.02 gm

Na2HPO4- 0.144 gm

KH2PO4- 0.0245 gm

What procedure should I follow to break the cell so that metabolites remain intact?

After heating the Ni-based superalloy at 1200°C and cooling it very slowly in the furnace, two types of eutectic structures were observed. While in the similar sample that was cooled in air, such a structure is not observed. What could be the cause?

What are the benefits of Partial Solution Heat Treatments of Nickel-based Superalloys?

As we are using alkali activated slag for injection, we need it with flowability for about 10 minutes. Usually these materials are known to set quickly. I am asking if there is any type of retarder working on AAS ?

i isolated sterols from plants methanolic extract. when run by TLC , found it is not active under UV and it is sterol by doing acidic methanolic spray with heat treatment 100 c approximately and also chemical test was positive for phytosterol. I would like to know mass of the compound which GC/LC MS Technique is suitable to know mass of the compound. and how should should i know my compound was volatile or nonvolatile.

Presenting noteworthy outcomes from a recent study on X-type samarium-cadmium co-substituted hexaferrite. The compositions, denoted as Ba2-xSmxCo2CdyFe28-yO46, were meticulously prepared through a precise heat treatment process at 1340 °C. Characterization techniques, including FTIR, XRD, SEM, VSM, Mössbauer, and low-frequency dielectric measurements, were employed for thorough analysis. The XRD analysis revealed the prominent presence of X, accompanied by hematite. Magnetic properties exhibited a range of MS values from 67.01 Am2/kg to 50.43 Am2/kg, and Hc values varied from 2.95 kA/m to 6.17 kA/m. Notably, the pure sample displayed a high MS value of 67.01 Am2/kg, while compositions with x = 0.06 and y = 0.3 demonstrated a remarkably low Hc value of 2.95 kA/m. The multi-domain nature of the prepared hexaferrites was confirmed by Mr/Ms < 0.5. Hysteresis loops showcased narrow profiles, affirming their magnetically soft characteristics. Mössbauer spectra of select samples (S1, S3, and S5) revealed the presence of doublets. Significantly low values of coercivity, retentivity, and loss tangent in Sm–Cd substituted samples suggest their potential application in designing electromagnets, transformer cores, electric motors, and as viable candidates for lossless low-frequency applications.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.08.244

#MaterialScience

#Research

#Hexaferrite

#MagneticProperties

#ScientificInnovation

In our research, we explored Cu-Cr co-substituted M-type barium hexaferrites synthesized through a green approach with mentha leaves extract. The hexaferrite series, BaCuxCrxFe12‐2xO19, underwent heat treatment at 1100 °C, revealing M-phase formation and a secondary BaFe2O4 phase. Raman spectroscopy confirmed successful Cu-Cr substitution, maintaining hexagonal shapes observed in FESEM images. All samples exhibited hard magnetic properties, with x = 0.2 composition showing maximum Ms of 68.99 Am2/kg and minimum Hc of 0.1 T. Cole-Cole graphs indicated peak position shifts with Cu-Cr substitutions, offering insights into grain and grain boundary roles. These findings suggest promising applications of these hexaferrites in lossless, low-frequency scenarios.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.107214

#research

#hexaferrites

#M_phase

Conducted an extensive study on hexaferrites, substituting Erbium into X-type Ba2Co2ErxFe28-xO46 through a precise heat treatment process. XRD analysis highlighted phase variations, showcasing distinct X, W-type, and α-Fe2O3 phases in x = 0.0 samples, while Er-substituted samples exhibited the presence of X and W phases. The room temperature Mössbauer spectra, meticulously fitted with five sextets, elucidated a variation in saturation magnetization (MS). The pinnacle magnetic properties, with MS at 52.29 Am2/kg and anisotropy field-Ha at 1370 kA/m, were observed for x = 0.12 composition. Further, a comprehensive exploration of dielectric responses, from low frequency (20 Hz–2 MHz) behaviors attributed to grain boundaries to higher frequencies associated with grain contributions, was conducted. The findings suggest potential applications in filters owing to the soft ferrite behavior and low dielectric loss tangent exhibited by the substituted compositions. This research contributes valuable insights to the field of materials science and magnetism.

The study focuses on the preparation and characterization of Erbium-substituted hexaferrites (Ba2Co2ErxFe28-xO46) using a heat treatment method. Key aspects include XRD investigation revealing phase variations, Mössbauer spectroscopy explaining saturation magnetization (MS) variation, and identification of optimal magnetic properties at x = 0.12 (MS: 52.29 Am2/kg, anisotropy field-Ha: 1370 kA/m). The research delves into dielectric responses, attributing low-frequency behavior to grain boundary contributions and high-frequency behavior to grain contributions. The findings suggest potential applications in filters due to soft ferrite behavior and a low dielectric loss tangent exhibited by the substituted compositions.

DOI:

#MaterialsScience #Research #Hexaferrites #MagneticProperties #DielectricAnalysis #Innovation

The research investigates Cu-Cr co-substituted M-type barium hexaferrites synthesized using a green approach with mentha leaves extract. The hexaferrite samples, prepared through heat treatment, were analyzed for structural, thermal, magnetic, Raman spectroscopic, and dielectric properties. XRD findings revealed M-phase formation with a secondary phase. Raman analysis confirmed successful Cu-Cr substitution, maintaining hexagonal shape seen in FESEM images. All samples exhibited hard magnetic nature, with x=0.2 composition showing maximum Ms of 68.99 Am2/kg and lowest Hc of 0.1 T. Cole-Cole graphs indicated shifts in peaks position with Cu-Cr substitutions and increasing frequency, suggesting potential for lossless, low-frequency applications.

#GreenEnergy

#Magnetism

#HexaferriteResearch

In this study, X-type samarium-cadmium co-substituted hexaferrites with compositions Ba2-xSmxCo2CdyFe28-yO46 were synthesized via a simple heat treatment technique at 1340 °C. Characterization using FTIR, XRD, SEM, VSM, Mössbauer, and low-frequency dielectric measurements revealed the presence of the X phase along with hematite in the prepared samples. Magnetic properties exhibited variations in saturation magnetization (MS) from 67.01 Am2/kg to 50.43 Am2/kg and coercivity (Hc) from 2.95 kA/m to 6.17 kA/m, with the pure sample showing high MS (67.01 Am2/kg) and the x = 0.06, y = 0.3 composition displaying low Hc (2.95 kA/m), confirming a multi-domain nature. Hysteresis loops indicated that the samples belong to magnetically soft materials, and Mössbauer spectra displayed doublets in selected samples. The low values of coercivity, retentivity, and loss tangent in Sm–Cd substituted samples suggest their potential use in electromagnets, transformer cores, electric motors, and as candidates for lossless low-frequency applications.

DOI:

#Research

#Magnetism

#Innovation

#MaterialsScience

#Technology 

#Hexaferrite

Lanthanum-substituted strontium cobalt hexaferrites were synthesized via heat treatment, with calcination at 950°C and 1050°C. X-ray diffraction confirmed M-type hexagonal ferrite and hematite phases. Magnetic analysis indicated increased saturation magnetization with higher lanthanum substitution, showcasing the controllable magnetic properties in the Sr-Co hexaferrite system.

DOI:- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.1184

#HexaferritesSynthesis

#CalcinationTemperatureEffect

#XRDAnalysis

#StructuralProperties

#MagneticProperties

A series of lanthanum-substituted strontium cobalt hexaferrites were synthesized via a simple heat treatment method. X-ray diffraction revealed the presence of M-type hexagonal ferrite and hematite phases in all samples. Magnetic hysteresis loops at room temperature indicated an increase in saturation magnetization with higher lanthanum substitution. This suggests tunable magnetic properties, vital for applications like magnetic devices. The chosen calcination temperatures (950 °C and 1050 °C) and duration (3 hours) during heat treatment influence crystalline structure and magnetic behavior. Overall, the study demonstrates the controllable magnetic properties of the synthesized hexaferrites, crucial for potential technological applications.

DOI:-

#Hexaferrites #LanthanumSubstitution #XRDAnalysis #CrystalStructure #HeatTreatment #SaturationMagnetization

In this study, we synthesized a series of Erbium-substituted X-type hexaferrites, Ba2Co2ErxFe28-xO46 (x = 0.00, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16, and 0.20), employing a heat treatment method at 1350 °C for 6 hours. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the presence of X, W-type, and α-Fe2O3 phases in the x = 0.00 sample, while Er-substituted samples exhibited the presence of X and W phases. The room temperature Mössbauer spectra were fitted with five sextets, providing insights into the local magnetic environments. The observed variation in saturation magnetization (MS) finds support in Mössbauer spectroscopy, with the highest values of MS (52.29 Am2/kg) and anisotropy field (Ha) (1370 kA/m) identified in the x = 0.12 composition. Additionally, a maximum relative area (~69%) for spin-up sites (k+a+b) was also observed for x = 0.12 composition.

#materialsceince #hexaferrite #research

DOI*

Any Suggestion. Thank you.

Wood based activated charcoal powder (2 ~ 20 μm) was subjected to heat treatment at 850℃ for 4 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling down to room temperature, remove from the furnace. After encountering air, activated carbon powder undergoes spontaneous combustion.

P.S. I am very sure that when taking out the activated carbon from the high temperature furnace, the activated carbon has already cooled completely.

In all research paper i found the Aluminium alloy D16AT and 2024T4 having same chemical composition . They are subjected to same heat treatment process. Are they different or same ???

what is the formula is used for creating a anti flacking cycle

Team can you any one suggest What is the recommended heat treatment process for Low carbon steel used for low temperature with impact property at -46 degree centigrade?

Hello

I electrospun PVA and then heat-treated it. Now, after the heat treatment, the fibers stick to the foil and do not separate. Do you have a suggestion for removing PVA from the foil?

I am working on the regulation of pore size and volume of activated carbon.

Please recommend me some articles on regulating pore size and volume of activated carbon by CVD and heat treatment. Thank you very much

How can I calculate the time my precursors need to be in the oven for the solid state reaction?

The reaction I expect to happen is:

BaO + TiO2 ----> BaTiO3

And is with air flux.

Please I need inputs or materials on different alpha variants that one could possibly get during heat treatment of Ti64. thank you in advance

For protein extraction i found a protocol that separate phosvitin from egg yolk using ultrafiltration trough 10 MWCO then uses the filtrate. But phosvitin molecular weight is 35 KDa. So how it is possible to collect phosvitin in the filtrate? Another protcol uses heating temperature to seperate phosvitin but i want to compare phosvitin stability before and after heat treatment. So heating during extraction is not a good option for me.

Any suggestion will be helpful.

Thanks.

As received sample is rolled well in 10 passes with 5% reduction in each pass while its breaking after solution heat treatment like brittle material in one or two passes.

I tried exposing it to 540C for 50h, it resulted in homogenisation, but no grain growth. I want centimeter sized grains

what should I do here?

How does the morphology of different thickness alloy films changes upon heat treatment at the same temperature??

I found some samples of proteins preparared for gel electrophoresis in the freezer that have already been heat treated in Laemmli + mercaptoethanol. They have been frozen for some months. Others have been kept in the fridge after treatment for a similar time.

Can these still be used for protein separation and analysis by western blots?

any advice appreciated.

Hy everyone, i would like to know when the porous volume of a zeolite diminshes following heat treatments such as ion exchange and impregnation does this mean that we lose some of its cristallinity? thanks for answering to my question please

After heat treatment of 17-4 PH stainless steel, there is a change in r-values (Plastic strain ratio) of the steel. What can be the possible reasons behind this change, as no deformation is involved in this phenomenon. May be change in microstructure, phase change, dislocation density distribution or grain orientations ?

Kindly provide your valuable suggestions.

I am doing heat treatment of ZA27, wanted to change the quench media. Air , water and an oil.

I want to do solution heat treatment of a specific series of aluminum alloys, so I Should follow the literature or decide according to the size of my Al alloy.

I am using a tube furnace to anneal the sample in presence of Argon. Can I do sudden cooling after the heat treatment over at such high temperature? Will it be any problem to the furnace?

Fe with 10-12%Al forms alpha solid solution. but Al does not dissolve any Fe Why ?

Need to know below details.

Which certification body offers NADCAP certification?

Requirements to get NADCAP?

Is there any guidebook for their heat treatment process?

hello everyone. In accordance with the Ti-Cu phase diagram, welding these two metals, forms brittle IMCs like Ti2Cu and TiCu. does anybody know if there is any post-heat treatment cycle to remove or at least decrease these IMCs?

thank you for your favor.

Dear Sir

i want to take wear test in my polymer spcimen so i want to fabricate my conterface material medical grade 316L stainless steel. but i did not get clear idea from liteatures so kindly help me how to fabricate 316L counter face...

1.what heat treatment need

2.heat treatment temperture

3.cooling method

i hope you have positive response

(Urgent)

Best Thanks

S.Sathishkumar

In the martensitic stainless steel solidification process, delta ferrite is the first phase nucleating from the liquid. Sometimes this phase remains in the matrix after completing solidification. In order to improve the mechanical properties of these steel, heat treatment process is necessary. In my project, I have observed a significant amount of delta ferrite in the matrix of martensitic stainless steel in the as-welded condition. After tempering (tempering temperature was below A_s), the amount of this phase reduced significantly. Surprisingly, despite the tempered martensite formation, hardness increased! I think the reason can be attributed to delta ferrite decomposition. I assume that delta ferrite decomposed to carbides during the first stage of tempering and then transformed into austenite at the end of heating cycle. This austenite later transformed into fresh martensite upon air cooling; as a result, the hardness increased and delta ferrite decreased. It is worthy noted that FE-SEM investigations showed the formation of fresh martensite from the bulk of delta ferrite.

Is this assumption true and does it have a chance of happening?

I'm planning to implement controlled cooling method for forged parts instead of normalizing process. I need to know how to design metallic box and implementation method.

Kindly share your valuable feedbacks.

Regards,

Vignesh

i want to use abaqus to simulate the heat treatment with a furnace. so i build the blocks and furance.i use the abaqus cavity radiation to simulate the heating processing in furance.

when i do a data check,the abaqus always prompts : "Error in job cavityradiation: The sum of 15170 viewfactor matrix rows are less than one, indicating an open cavity; however, no ambient temperature has been defined. The facets with small row sums belong to elements identified in element set ErrElemVFSmallSumStep1Inc0. If this is a closed cavity this error may indicate a need to refine your mesh. You may choose to increase the value of VTOL to allow your analysis to run without refining the mesh. However the accuracy of the results may be significantly affected so this is not recommended unless you are sure that VTOL value you set is acceptable for your model.

Job cavityradiation: Abaqus/Standard aborted due to errors."

can you tell why? and what should i do to solve the problem? thank you very much

I am going to make thin film involving a TiO2 nanocomposite But i had some questions that a RG search couldn't help me with. I wanted to pick between tritonx-100 or PEG

1) I have no idea how much of the powder or triton will i use to make the paste, and should I use PEG or triton?

2) I can't find the recommended temperature for heat treatment after the thin film is made

I am planning to measuring residual stress using Nanoindentation.

And I need the stress-free sample for reference.

The sample that I want to measure is AlSi10Mg , makes Additive Manufacturing.

so, how to make stree-free sample?

heat treatment? , how can i decide to proper heat treatment temperature?

Electric Discharge Machining?

I have a question and would appreciate it very much if you could guide me.

I have started preliminary work on fabrication of nanofiltration using polysulfone as the support and the polyamide as the top layer. The polyamide layer is made by interfacial polymerization of piperazine and TMC. The SEM micrographs of the membranes clearly show the formation of the polyamide layer. However, the membrane does not show any rejections of MgSO4. I have tested different operation conditions (pressure, flow rate) and have also modified the fabrication by heat treatment and longer dipping time. However, no rejection is observed. I cannot understand what the problem is. Thank you very much.

Why can not grain size be reduced by heat treatment in cobalt base superalloys such as FSX-414?

I am doing subzero heat treatment after quenching for en24 steel. And after subzero heat treatment am tempering it for 450c. So is it ok to go for 6 hours for subzero heat treatment or do we have to go for 24 hours only? 

My main concern is to study the effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties and residual stresses

Can anyone explain this? (It will be helpful to my work if you provide an answer with the journal also)

Recently， I am working on a study about PWHT. I curious on when did PWHT first appear? How did PWHT develop with history time ? Which research institutions have made outstanding contributions in this regard?

hope to update the knowledge of PWHT, looking foward for your reply.

Thanks in advance.

PWHT (post weld heat treatment) is widely used to eliminate welding residual stress, but how to evaluate the effectiveness? what are the commonly used methods to measure welding residual stress in a component in or to be in service? Any standards?

Trying to optimize mechanical properties of cast steel through heat treatment and would like to find any theoretical methods to generate a hypothesis defining final mechanical properties.

Whereas strength is proportional to density in metal case.

Hello Researchers,

As from literature it was seen that aluminium alloy Al5083 can only be strengthened by work hardening and micro-alloying. Similarly, I want to know what are the only possible processes through which AZ91 can be strengthened.

Moreover, If you suggest the process with the any limitations it would add supplementary to my work.

Thank you

With the development of large size heavy section pressure vessel, local post wed heat treatment（PWHT） instead of furnace PWHT must be used. Absloutely, there are differences between furnace PWHT and local PWHT. For example, the structural constraints， the temperature distribution field will be significantly different. Obviously，The effect of PWHT will also be different. So, my questions are :What's the essential difference between furnace post weld heat treatment (PWHT) and local PWHT?How does this difference affect the release of residual stress and the change of microstructure and properties？

Dear All

Modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) are two parameters in heat-treated woods. In the following paper, the Authors used time, temperature, and relative humidity or wood species parameters for determining the MOR and MOE by Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs).

Are there mathematical equations and formulas for determining MOR and MOE with time, temperature, and relative humidity in standard codes and other papers?

Best regards

Mehdi Nikoo

Respected fellows.

why we can not do direct aging heat treatment after homogenizing heat treatment on Fe-Ni superalloys? what is the purpose of (Solid) solution treatment which is different then aging?

I have coated conductive glass with TiO2 using dip coating, the precursor I used was titanium butoxide, and I prepared 0.1 M solution with this precursor ( Propanol as solvent), the main problem is that even under various heat treatment ranges ( from 400 C for 2h to - 500 C for 24 h )I can not get anatase and the Raman spectra show the spectrum of the substrate only like there is no coating or no crystallinity. But the layer can be seen under SEM and the thickness is less than 100 nm.

Is there any suggestion on how to obtain anatase? Changing the precursor can help?

PS: I can not increase the annealing temperature to more than 500 C, because of the substrate.

Can we synthesis SeO2 (powder) Just by heat treatment of Se (powder) in Oxygen environment? And if yes at what temperature and for how much time it should be treated?

Al A356

to make ybco thin films by FF-MOD method during the process of formation of ybco on the substrate in the furnace we use wet O2 atmosphere from room temperature to 850⁰c , could someone please explain me why ?

Thanks in advance.

I've been using the same 1" tube furnace to carbonize my polymer nanofibers. I follow a typical protocol where I first stabilize the sample in a box furnace (in air) at 280 C then use the tube furnace under 60 sccm UHP N2 at 1000 C (ramp 5 C/min) for 1 hour. This gave me no problem before and only recently I started seeing 2 things:

1) no sample is left after carbonization. There are sometimes some white flakes left in the crucible, but my sample is supposed to be black after carbonization.

2) the outlet end of the tube is contaminated with some white material, I'm not sure what. The sample I start with is brown color.

I have a suspicion this started happening when we installed a metal gasket with rubber O-rings on both ends of the tube. Before, we just had a rubber stopper with glass tube going through to supply the gas. However, I'm not sure how that could remove all of my samples and contaminate the tube with white stuff.

Anyone have any insights on what could have happened?? Thank you!!

I would like to simulate the microstructural evolution of a super alloy during and after heat treatments and thermomechanical treatments using the JMAK model. And I am looking for some free software that can help me.

Thanks!

During pasteurization, proteins present in suspension in liquid egg whites are impacted by pH, the temperature of pasteurization, and tithe me the product is held hot. I am looking for a simple, portable test/equipment to measure the amount of opaqueness of the liquid egg whites after the heat treatment.

Hi All,

I am trying to heat-kill some bacteria for an experiment, but do not want them to rapture (ie. maintaining their cell wall structure). does anyone have a quick and easy-to-do protocol for this, please?

How to modify whey protein and/or casein functional property so that they form crosslink at ambient temperature or without heat treatment in solution/colloidal state.

Deformed steel structures can be repaired with heat straitening technique. However, column straitening is a difficult task as deformation will lead to eccentricity and during heat straitening one has to ensure that

this is not aggravated further . At times columns are heavy structural members with bending at two places which poses another threat. This requires extremely careful planning to avoid failure during heat treatment. As a result most of the time these are uneconomically replaced. Do we have any new trend in restoration of bended/deformed columns.

I need to deposit the anatase TiO2 layer on ITO and FTO glasses, considering the experimental parameters, I found the optimum heat treatment temperature for 450 C. However, the substrate can not bear higher than 200 C. Is it possible to decrease crystallization temperature by playing with experimental parameters? which parameter is more effective in decreasing crystallization temperature?

PS. I used Titanium butoxide as a precursor and propanol as a solvent.

I want to know some research projects that I can work for in my academic curriculum in materials engineering