Health Expenditures - Science topic

The literature on the relationship between health expenditure and economic growth continues to grow, albeit without much consensus. The study evaluates the relationship between health expenditure and economic growth in Zimbabwe, a country that repeatedly failed to meet the Abuja Declaration commitment of 15% of the national budget during the period...

The mobilization of reserves determines the formation of seedlings during germination, being influenced by seed vigor and adverse stress conditions. Seeds with higher vigor have greater potential for mobilization of reserves, and it can favor performance under conditions of salt stress. The objective of this study was to identify how the mobilizati...

The purpose of this study was to present a systematic literature review on the public debt-economic growth nexus. The objective was to provide policymakers and researchers with significant insights on the impact of public debt on economic growth and to provide reliable evidence on the gaps in the literature that require their urgent attention. The...

Introducción/Objetivo: La sociedad demanda una gestión de calidad de los recursos públicos. Este estudio tiene como objetivo conocer el estado del arte sobre la relación entre la gobernanza y la optimización del gasto público. Metodología: Se realizó un análisis bibliométrico en Scopus para explorar la evolución del tema y después una revisión sis...

The objective of this paper is to study the tax revenue and financial deficit of the central and state governments in India. It has found that direct and indirect tax revenues have increased since 1994-95, but direct tax has declined due to the corona pandemic. Indirect tax revenue and total tax revenue of the central government did not decline dur...

日本の生活者の花の購買行動と選好について調査（2024年）。 物流改革に資する川下需要に焦点を当て、生活者の花の選好や価格感度を明らかにするとともに、消費行動の継続データを蓄積している、日本の花市場は、デフレ時代から物価上昇を経て、再び低価格志向を強めている。需要平準化につながるカジュアルギフトに注目し、選好を調べたところ、花・植物ともに20～30㎝台のサイズが最も好まれていた。サイズが小さくなるにつれ受容価格も下がるが、他の商品との組み合わせなど商品政策の工夫により値頃感の低下はある程度緩和可能かもしれない。生活者は、花栽培時の農薬使用への関心は失ってきている一方、土壌や生物への影響については温暖化よりも気にかけている。 政府統計の分析からは、 中間層の支出が、低所得層より少ないことがわか...

Background Tuberculosis (TB) poses a significant social and economic burden to households of persons with TB (PwTB). Despite free diagnosis and care under the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP), individuals often experience significant out-of-pocket expenditure and lost productivity, causing financial catastrophe. We estimated the costs incur...

This paper scrutinizes whether government borrowing in Eastern Europe is grounded on the need to provide infrastructure and public amenities as provided in the budget or is triggered by government deficit budgeting. European Union countries have experienced accelerated growth in public debt in the last half a century despite growing tax revenue and...

The study examined the contribution of agricultural financing to food security in Nigeria. The study scope was annual data from 1981 to 2022, sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, 2022, and World Bank Data Indicators, 2022. Food security was measured using the food production index. At the same time, agricultural financing...

Macroeconomics and finance drive bond markets in developing countries, allowing governments to raise money for businesses and infrastructure. However, many factors in developing countries like Nigeria hinder the growth of the bond market. This study investigates a novel contribution by focusing exclusively on the Nigerian bond market and considerin...

Background: This paper analyzed historical, political, economic, social and global influences on the health sector reforms in Pakistan.Material & Methods The article is based on a critical analysis of secondary data from the public domain as well as from international development agencies. It also draws from scholarly articles about the experiences...

The study is aimed at summarizing the processes of eco-innovative (green) transformation of urban infrastructure and researching possible prospects for the development of Ukraine in this context. In the course of the research, the possibilities of "green" transformation of urban infrastructure were considered and it was noted that the use of the pr...

Quality cost refers to the expenditure incurred both to prevent quality shortages and to handle the results from low-quality production to defective products. This study aims to determine the management of quality costs to reduce the risk of defective products in the Toko Buku Pustaka Mulia Manado. The research method used in this study is qualitat...

The Harijan community is a marginalized group in society, subject to various socioeconomic disparities and inequalities. The study aims to identify the socioeconomic conditions of the Harijan community in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh, with the objective of observing how they maintain their social and economic activities. Using a mixed-methods (combina...

Nigeria is among the nations with the highest road traffic crashes (RTCs), injuries, and fatalities globally. In order to abate this, the government has to increase expenditure on road safety projects and programmes. However, the government is faced with limited resources and a host of other competing needs, which make it a daunting task. Hence, al...

On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, representing its second military incursion since 2014, when it seized Crimea. According to international humanitarian organizations, over 9 million people have been displaced due to the Russian invasion since 2022, as of May 2024 (Welt et al. 2024, 1). As reported by Al Jazeera...

Plants receive significantly less attention in conservation efforts than other groups. Conservation and funding are often directed towards more charismatic animal groups. Considering that two out of every five plant species face the risk of extinction, the limited expenditure on plant conservation is particularly concerning. An unbiased distributio...

Starting from 2004 special importance was paid to introduction of program budgeting as the most promising way to increase the level of justification, efficiency and productivity of public expenditures. The program budgeting was recognized as a priority for budgetary reforms under the RA Government Program. The main principles of program budgeting a...

The purpose of this paper is to test the effectiveness of the interaction between monetary and budgetary policies during the Covid-19 crisis in Saudi Arabia. To this end, we use the Markov regimes technique to take into account change in regimes of the two policies. We adopt the SVAR modelling of sign restrictions to test the joint effect of a stag...

This study examined the relationship between public/private sector, micro-financing, economic and financial management in Nigeria. The study covers the period from 1981 to 2023. The secondary data collected for the study were presented in the table and graphs. A multiple linear regression method was adopted to test the research hypotheses. An ex...

The study aimed to identify the impact of the application of value-added tax(VAT) on the behavior of the Saudi consumer. The problem of the study measures and defines the effects of implementing the value-added tax on the Saudi consumer, and it investigates the requirements for its success and avoids its complications. The descriptive analytical ap...

In India, nutritional public health problems such as macronutrient malnutrition and diet-related non-communicable diseases are still persistent. Dietary assessment among the population is essential to understand the adequate consumption of nutrients in maintaining a balanced diet and most importantly to accomplish the Sustainable Development Goal-2...

Cardiovascular diseases are some of the underlying reasons contributing to the relentless rise in mortality rates across the globe. In this regard, there is a genuine need to integrate advanced technologies into the medical realm to detect such diseases accurately. Moreover, numerous academic studies have been published using AI-based methodologies...

This literature review explores Indonesia's strategies to enhance funding accessibility for AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (ATM) programs, with a focus on its collaboration with the Global Fund (GF). It outlines the critical role of funding in combating ATM and Indonesia's extensive health diplomacy efforts with the GF. Utilizing a systematic revi...

Health issues are an aspect that always receives major attention both nationally and internationally. Currently, the Indonesian government is focusing on the BPJS Health program to achieve the UHC target of 98% in 2024. However, the number of participants recorded at the end of 2023 was 95.88% so it has not yet reached the UHC target. Apart from th...

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a key metric for measuring achievement in improving human well-being. Various factors, such as economic growth and household expenditure, can have an impact on education's human development dimension. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of economic expansion on household expenditure and human deve...

The increasing demand for orphan drugs and the financial challenges associated with their reimbursement highlights the need to understand the dynamics between expected and actual pharmaceutical expenditures, particularly in the context of pricing and reimbursement negotiations. The study aims to identify the potential determinants of the difference...

To what extent do our theoretical models explain differences in bilateral trade flows? To answer this question, I estimate a model of international trade that decomposes bilateral trade flows into five economically meaningful components: importer’s expenditure and price index, exporter’s income, ad valorem bilateral trade costs and multilateral res...

Introduction: Surgical care in first-referral hospitals (FRHs) in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) is poorly characterized. Inguinal hernia repair can act as a good tracer condition. This study aimed to evaluate the variation in hernia repair across different hospital types in LMICs. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of an internati...

This article sets out to examine fluctuations in municipal current expenditure over the course of the term of office. An empirical study was conducted on a sample of 2,479 Polish municipalities over the period 2008–2022. In addition to total current expenditure, the analysis also looked at its components, including current expenditure on salaries a...

This study examines the impact of the determinants of consumer confidence in Indonesia, one of the largest consumer markets in the world. Various macroeconomic factors are assessed, including economic growth, government expenditure, the consumer price index, interest rates, unemployment, and stock price index, using monthly data from January 2009 t...

Background About 36.5% of premature deaths in European Union countries could have been avoided through prompt and effective medical treatment. This treatable mortality is even a priority established in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 3.4. Given the gap in the literature about the socioeconomic drivers of this type of mortality, as well as...

Estudiar los efectos de una población cada vez más envejecida es crucial, pero se encuentra escasamente estudiado en el sector turístico. Este trabajo utiliza análisis descriptivos y regresiones logísticas multinomiales para hallar los factores explicativos del gasto de los mayores en hostelería y ocio antes y durante la pandemia COVID-19, con dato...

The challenge of improving economic development quality and achieving sustainable growth has become a pressing issue for the Chinese government. This study explores the interaction between vertical fiscal imbalance, local government expenditure structure, and economic development quality. Using panel data from 30 Chinese provinces spanning 2008-202...

The rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming public finance and taxation, creating both opportunities and challenges for governments, businesses, and society. This article explores the profound implications of AI’s widespread use, focusing on its impact on revenue generation, expenditure patterns, and fiscal sustainability. Ke...

This study explored the correlations among the number of higher education institutions, R&D expenditures, international academic publications, and international rankings in Taiwan on an annual basis. The case study is based on Taiwan’s 1996 education reform policy, which allowed the establishment of new universities and colleges, followed by a decl...

The literature on the relationship between health expenditure and economic growth continues to grow, albeit without much consensus. The study evaluates the relationship between health expenditure and economic growth in Zimbabwe, a country that repeatedly failed to meet the Abuja Declaration commitment of 15% of the national budget during the period...

The layer chicken farming industry in Sri Lanka has faced significant challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic and broader economic downturn. In response to risks such as critical input shortages, price escalations, retail regulations and reduced demand, some farmers exit while others persevere with risk management strategies. A study was conducted...

Recent estimates suggest that eliminating fossil fuel subsidies could prevent 1.6 million premature deaths annually by reducing air pollution, while also addressing the unequal distribution of resources. How inequitable are the benefits of these subsidies? Using a longitudinal dataset of Iranian household expenditures (1984-2019) across three major...

Information technology through the promotion of financial services can help reduce poverty in poor countries. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of digital financial inclusion on household consumption in the countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). To achieve this goal, the data used comes from WDI and IMF ov...

A scoping review was conducted to map out sources, types, characteristics of evidence that substantiate the existence of a community dividend arising from testing and treating hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in people living in detention – where community dividend is defined as the benefit of prison-related intervention for general population hea...

Nomadic pastoralism is still practiced by around one-third of the Mongolian population. Recent socio-economic constraints have challenged pastoral livelihoods and rising livestock numbers threaten overall rangeland health and biodiversity conservation. In the Mongolian Gobi, herder households fully depend on livestock production but little is known...

The management of maintenance strategies in large-scale commercial buildings is a critical determinant of operational efficiency, cost optimization, and asset longevity. These structures, such as office complexes, shopping malls, and industrial facilities, are characterized by extensive physical infrastructure and highly complex mechanical systems...

This research aims to test and analyze the absolute and conditional convergence of per capita income from 38 districts/cities in East Java with the variables PAD, BOS and BOK during the period 2020 - 2022. According to the Chow, Hausmann test and Lagrange Multiplier, the panel data convergence model estimates using the fixed effect model method. Re...

Due to the truncation effects inherent in implementing chaotic systems on digital circuits, the limited precision reduces the sensitivity to initial conditions in chaotic systems. This ultimately leads to the overlap of adjacent trajectories, causing the system to transition from a chaotic state to either a periodic state or fixed point state. The...

The complex interplay between digital finance (DF) and household carbon emissions (HCEs) represents a critical subsystem within the broader socioeconomic–ecological system driving climate change. This paper presents estimates of HCEs based on panel data for 30 Chinese provinces from 2011 to 2021 and examines the effects and mechanisms of DF on HCEs...

(1) Background: In general, it is known that continuity of care can contribute to an increase in patient satisfaction, reduce health care costs, and improve patient outcomes. A guarantee of continuity in pharmacotherapy is a big challenge facing Japanese health care as a system that encourages cooperation/collaboration for pharmacists with other he...

Pandemics and natural disasters are recognized to cause major disruptions. The main objective of this study was to explore the impacts of COVID-19 and supertyphoon Odette in Cebu, Philippines. A total of 2630 participants were interviewed exploring the impacts of COVID-19 and supertyphoon Odette. The majority of the respondents (2486/2630; 94.5%) h...

Croatia has been falling behind more successful new member states and belongs to the group of the least developed EU economies. After joining the EU, the availability of European structural funds, the removal of all trade barriers, and the strong growth of the tourism sector resulted in accelerating growth rates. This paper aims to decompose the to...

From a regional development perspective, making our communities and regions more resilient to disruptions, whether from natural or human-induced events, is imperative, not only to preserve our way of life, and life itself, but also to limit our long-term global expenditures related to climate change–related disasters, both slow-moving and sudden. T...

The functioning and development of each economic entity requires the implementation of investments. In the case of farms in Poland, which are characterised by structural problems and a lack of capital, it is essential to undertake investment activities of a modern nature. The main objective of this research was to assess agricultural investments ma...

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the fiscal consequences arising from flood disasters in India, with a specific focus on the challenges encountered by General Category States (GCS) and Special Category States (SCS). Recognizing India’s vulnerability to floods due to its diverse geographical and climatic landscape, the research emphas...

Household food waste accounts for a significant share of total food waste. In 2022, around 1.05 billion tons of food waste were generated—60% of which came from households. In the EU, households generate 54% of the total food waste. In Italy, according to a former diary study, avoidable household food waste accounts for 529.9 g per capita per week....

The activities developed in industrialization processes contribute to the deterioration of the environment. In this context, global organizations generate mitigation alternatives through sustainable strategies. Thus, the main aim is to analyze the impact of manufacturing industry production in Ecuador on the environment caused by the total emission...

This study aimed at analyzing the effect of sales promotion and advertising expenses on sales performance, considering firm size as a likely moderating variable.This research conducted regression analyses on 474 Jordanian companies based on the firm’s advertising expenditure, gross margin, firm size, and sales performance. It tested two models: fir...

Background Gastrointestinal (GI) infections affect one in five people in the UK and local authorities play a crucial role in controlling these infections. However, there have been substantial reductions in funding for environmental and regulatory (ER) services that enable GI infectious disease prevention and control via food safety and infection co...

Purpose: Taxation is how government finances its expenditure by imposing charges on citizens and corporate entities. A country’s tax regime is always a key factor for any business considering moving into new markets. The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of Simplicity of the tax system on income tax collection among small and medium...

Linearly constrained multiple time series may be encountered in many practical contexts, such as the National Accounts (e.g., GDP disaggregated by Income, Expenditure and Output), and multilevel frameworks where the variables are organized according to hierarchies or groupings, like the total energy consumption of a country disaggregated by region...

This article investigates the income and expenditure patterns of individuals, with a specific focus on investments in luxury items, real estate, and expensive modes of transportation. Using global databases such as “Luxury Goods—Worldwide/Statista Market Forecast” and “Data—WID—World Inequality Database”, the authors explore the correlation between...

This study investigates the key determinants of defense spending in Indonesia using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to prioritize factors influencing budget allocations. Indonesia’s unique strategic position, resource wealth, and internal security challenges necessitate a comprehensive approach to defense budgeting. The AHP methodology was e...

Fiscal decentralization, coupled with effective intergovernmental fiscal relations, stands as a cornerstone in the evolution of modern governance structures. This paper analyzes the implementation of fiscal decentralisation in Zambia as part of its initiatives across diverse socio-economic and political contexts for accelerated national development...

As countries develop, the relative importance of agriculture declines and economic activity becomes spatially concentrated. We develop a model integrating structural change and regional disparities to jointly capture these phenomena. A key modeling innovation ensuring analytical tractability is the introduction of non-homothetic Cobb-Douglas prefer...

Optimistic predictions envision solar photovoltaic (solar PV) power as the renewable energy source to support the global electricity supply. This raises some hard questions: What future foresight issues and potential consequences should we consider in the energy transition related to solar panels? Who is acknowledging the debt of resources connecte...

This paper explores the effect of the business cycle on university-industry collaborations and technological diversification within 218 European regions from 1990 to 2018. I find that university-industry collaborations increase during economic expansions, with the most pronounced effects observed in the exploitation of technologies already known to...

The purpose of this research is to explore the cyclical behavior of fiscal policy during Covid-19 pandemic in 42 countries under Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Most of the OIC countries experienced doubled fiscal deficit along with slower growth during this unprecedented pandemic, which then led them to deal with an increase in debt bur...

Coastal wetlands are vital habitats for human well-being because their ecosystem services are affected by multiple factors. In the quest to reduce the vulnerability of these valuable ecosystems for human beings, education is fundamental to facilitate analysis and answer questions. This paper presents an educational experience of the economic evalua...

This research aims to examine and analyze the relationship between Islamic financial development and Indonesia's standard of livability from an Islamic perspective. This is considered significant because, as a developing country, it is crucial for Indonesia to sustain high economic growth along with a good standard of livability. This is a quantita...

Estimating healthcare expenditures is important for policymakers and clinicians. The expenditure of patients facing a life-threatening illness can often be segmented into four distinct phases: diagnosis, treatment, stable, and terminal phases. The diagnosis phase encompasses healthcare expenses incurred prior to the disease diagnosis, attributed to...

The bounds testing (augmented autoregressive distributed lag, ARDL) technique to cointegration was used in this study to investigate the effect of household income and expenditure on tertiary school enrolment in Nigeria from 1970 to 2020. The model was employed to estimate the relationship between these three variables while also accounting for int...

This study investigates whether local government expenditure correlate with the Quality of Life (QoL) of the local population and whether high public expenditure are indicative of high or low QoL. Data, including information on public expenditure and objective QoL indicators, were gathered for Finnish municipalities from several existing databases...

The increasing demand for scalable, efficient resource management in hybrid cloud environments has led to the exploration of AI-driven approaches for dynamic resource allocation. This paper presents an AI-driven framework for resource allocation among microservices in hybrid cloud platforms. The framework employs reinforcement learning (RL)-based r...

The increasing economic activity, population growth and urbanisation are placing increasing stress on Europe’s freshwater resources. The European Union's Water Framework Directive (WFD) aimed to establish measures to foster efficient use of this valuable natural resource while simultaneously protecting the environment. This study allows for an asse...