Health Education - Science topic

MODY is an outcome by a mutation in a single gene. If one of the parent has gene mutation , any child of that parent, has a 50% chance of inheriting. If a child inherits the mutation he/she will generally will have MODY probably before they’re 25, whatever their weight, lifestyle, ethnicity etc.

you can work on impact of AI of primary education

Thank you Mr. Jegnaw Zenebe. I will try as per your suggestions.

Liminal transition is a term used to describe the psychological process of transitioning across boundaries and borders. It is associated with ambiguity, loss of former structural ties and disorientation

In healthcare, liminal transition can be applied to the experiences of patients who are transitioning between different stages of care or different healthcare providers. For example, patients who are discharged from the hospital and are transitioning back to their home environment may experience liminal transition.

Saludos , debemos prepararnos para gestionar la IA como apoyo a la educación Médica y no quedarnos aislados del acceso que tendrán los paciente de estas herramientas. Samy A. Azer

A free answer-blocking tool that helps college educators ensure the integrity of exams...

Chegg will block the answers to your questions across its website during the exam period. Students will get a warning if they try to access Chegg during the exam. No work is required on the end of the student. They do not need to sign up for Honor Shield...

In India, recently they tried to open schools but after encountering some cases they reverted back to online class.

The govt, schools and even parents are worried more about the academics than the psychological needs or mental wellness of children.

Children have been simply kept busy with gadgets while restricting outdoor activities.

Every subject and specialty has hundreds if not thousands of journals. 

 I will recommend the following helpful websites can be useful to choose your target journal

http://jane.biosemantics.org/

I would also like to warn you about the latest scam in academics called predatory Journals which are mostly fraud bogus online journals who charge  money for publication within days but do not offer any peer review Please visit https://thinkchecksubmit.org/ to get an idea about predatory journals and how to avoid them

Good luck with the submission

https://www.fnha.ca/about/news-and-events/news/soberer-for-october-everyones-included-in-the-circle Dhurgham A Abdulwahid

I consider that one of the aspects that has failed in this Pandemic has been the lack of a preventive culture of the population because Health Education and Health Literacy is failing in the population because it is not included as a transcendent competence between the activities and skills that patients must be incorporated.

Health education is any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes. WHO

Robert - have a look 'generally' through my site. A lot of the content relates to what constitutes effective and ineffective health education - and stuff in-between.

Canned juices are not good for health ,because its contain preservative materials .

Health disparities in general, I will be happy to discuss with you some possibilities. We can use existing (secondary data).

Why did you not include health educators? They have training in health behavior as well as in research methods including the Delphi method.

Immersion learning is a critical concept that enabled me to look at teaching and learning in new ways. And,...since 1997, I have never looked back.

I totally agree with the previous answers. When planning to conduct population survey you need a number of steps:

1. Endorsement of the study itself by some referent body

2. Endorsement and validation of the questionnaire. If you use an already validated questionnaire, then you need only endorsement.

3. Some sort of communication and coordination with key figures in the targeted population to facilitate the survey

4. Definitely you need an estimate of the sample size. For this, you use the formula suggested by Ishag Adam above. It is the simplest formula. From previous studies you need some estimation of P (the proportion of people with a characteristic you study. I do not know what information you gather in your survey but let me assume that one piece of data collected is proportion of smokers among adult males. Lets assume that previous studies put this proportion at .24, The sample size for your study can be calculated as:

Z squared*P(1-P) 1.96 *1.96 *0.24* 0.76

N=---------------------------------= ----------------------------------- = 280 adults at least

e squared 0.05 *0.05

If we assume there is one adult per family, then you need to visit at least 280 families

Note: The sample size will be much bigger of e is smaller, e.g.=0.02 for example N=1750

I personally believe that one of the main purposes of education is to create informed, socially conscious citizens and especially new generation who possess a sense of responsibility to the Earth and their fellow citizens.

All MD colleges of medicine (not sure about DO schools) are required to address in their curriculum mental and physical health, managing stress, and changing behavior. The competencies required for graduation require critical thinking skills, which are a strong focus of the various schools' curricula, no matter how differently they are structured. You might want to check with the education or pre-clinical curricular dean of a medical school in your area to discuss.

When Nutbeam developed his model of health literacy (2000), he based it on the work of critical literacy theorists Freebody and Luke (1990). It is this later work that draws on the idea that meaningful literacy education is in fact about multiple literacies that includes language and context that in turn has cultural, cognition and social effects. In effect literacy is about a reading of the world using language, visual and multimedia modes (Cope & Kalantsis, 2000), therefore it is a situated practiced.

While Nutbeam’s model of health literacy has been predominately interpreted as efficacy in following the directions of health professionals it is a rather diminished interpretation of health literacy. For health literacy to be effective it must be understood as being ‘situated’ in some social context. Here social determinants of health provide some insight into why instructions for behavior change are limited. Sometimes the prescribed behavior change doesn’t makes sense or isn’t possible in some social contexts. And I also bet it is why the WHO and the EU will come up with findings that those with lower health literacy will have lower levels of overall health.

Health literacy is a pedagogical approach that can be used in health education. By thinking about how I operate in the world, how my family culture and environment influence me, and how do the decisions and expression of power by others influence me all provide an education in health. It is this education that provides me with new insights and learning about the situated nature of health enabling me to be able to ‘read’ my world in more empowered ways. Thus Nutbeam’s (2000) position is that “health literacy as a key outcome from health education” (p.259). So they are not the same but they are both important for developing and empowering around health education.

Cope, B., & Kalantzis, M. (Eds.). (2000). Multiliteracies: Literacy learning and the design of social futures. Psychology Press.

Freebody, P., and Luke, A. (1990). “Literacies” programs: debates and demands in cultural context. Prospect 5, 7–16.

Nutbeam, D. (2000). Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promot. Int. 15, 259–267. doi:10.1093/heapro/15.3.259

Julio:

I recommend you.

Renato D. Alarcón, Manuel Suarez- Richards, Silvana Sarabia.

"Educación Psiquiátrica y componentes culturales en la formación del médico: Perspectivas Latinoamericanas".

Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública

(Peruvian Journal of Experimental Medicine and Public Health)

2014 Vol 31 (3).

Best wishes.

Diana from Perú.

In my work in Bangladesh I have used scales on participation in school, work, etc. based on the ICF. These scales have also been used in some studies in Africa. You may find some useful information in the following text

http://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/5403697/1766394.pdf

You may write to me directly if you would like more details. Good luck with your study!

Hi Saurab - your project does indeed sound interesting and novel - particularly at the cultural level. In my mind, you are talking about the same thing here. You would be using either a Likert or a semantic differential scale. The difference between if it is verbal or non-verbal doesn't really change the nature of the scale. For instance, with a lot of consumer research, data collectors will ask you 'how do you rate a product from 0-10'. You would be doing similar - but based on people's experiences or perceptions of something at the health education level.

Hi Eva,

I'm assuming you're already familiar with the literature on homophily (there are quite some studies on this). This recent paper of Daniele Mascia and colleagues might be interesting to look into, as it considers complementarity as a predictor of patient sharing relations (although 'just' as a control variable):

Mascia, Pallotti, & Angeli (2016). Don't stand so close to me: competitive pressures, proximity and inter-organizational collaboration. Regional Studies

Hello,

I checked my notes and found the following 2 papers which could be relevant to your case. I also suggest to look at JMIR, they may have variety of studies in technology and mental health.

The following review paper is about technology use for mental health which help you find the relevant papers about mobile tech used for adolescent mental health: 

http://www.jmir.org/2013/11/e247/ 

This study may not focus on adolescents but gives a  good overview about the mHealth solutions:

Bests,

'Manage' is a key word here. Stress is inevitable. It is integral to existence itself. I guess you are talking about keeping stress under reasonable levels.  To achieve anything you need to stretch and stress up yourself a bit but then find a way of unwinding periodically which is what you are asking us to discuss. Take regular physical exercise. Drink plenty of fluids, especially water in the mornings. Listen to soulful music. Meditate if you can, imageless, wordless, and thought-less. Savour the healing beauties of nature. Bring nature into your living room. E.g install a home made aquarium. Feeding the fish and watching them play can do an academic a world of good. Above all honour your relationships.Catch up with your family and friends.Be present to them and listen to their more to them. These small steps can help a lot to give us balance.

Thank you Pertti Bert Hakkinen, I hadn't seen the ozone article. I have downloaded a few, and am keen to speak to any contributors or interested scientists! Thanks again.

 i need a scale for measurement of learning stress among student. learning stress is based on chaild learning and factors which creat stress in the mind of chaild.

This depend on the nature and direction of your research. However, there should be some related existing theories as a foundation for any research, which is the essence of reviewing previous literature materials in the concerned areas.

Estimado  Olayemi

No he utilizado escalas que relaciones los dos temas.

Sin embargo se puede construir un instrumento de recolección de datos en base a la asociación entre tipo de alimento, composición, cantidad de sustancias cancerígenas que contiene y relacionar con los tipos de cáncer que se asocian a su uso.

Saludos 

Nancy

Dear Eman, Our PhD scholars worked on the WOMAC, and then in 2012 we developed the Malay version of the WOMAC for the convenience of the Common elderly Malay users (OA patients). I have that, just got to get it within reach...and then I can send it to you. Hopefully, I can pass it on to you within a few days from now.

Elbasha, E. H., & Galvani, A. P. (2005). Vaccination against multiple HPV types. Mathematical biosciences, 197(1), 88-117.

I agree Sudeep. But it also pays to think outside the box. Sometimes doing something as simple as getting the person a cup of coffee or a meal can open the door to impart information or getting other services like Social services involved. Our Social Workers are an amazing group of people with outstanding resources. I encourage those that work in any field to look at the other services available and utilize them. You might be surprised at what they can achieve. 

You may be seeing different "recipes" as the standards changed in 2003 and some other modifications have arisen informally from time to time. There was the original WHO, listed directly below and then the lower osmolality released in 2003. Some of the confusion is that, in 2003, WHO and UNICEF  recommended that the osmolarity of ORS be reduced from 311 to 245 mOsm/L

The old WHO formula  ingredients:

Six (6) level teaspoons of Sugar.

Half (1/2) level teaspoon of Salt.

One Litre of clean drinking or boiled water and then cooled - 5 cupfuls (each cup about 200 ml.)

Why ORS at all? Water doesn't absorb very well across the gut. The body won’t absorb water alone very well since the intestines (the place where most of the water we drink is absorbed) have a co-transporter that requires sodium and glucose (aka. sugar) to absorb water  

Below in BOLD is Original WHO Standard Composition vs in ITALIC WHO 2003 Reduced Newer Composition

Composition of oral rehydration solutions versus

Reduced Composition- Standard Composition osmolarity WHO-ORS†

ORS*

Glucose (mmol/L) 75     111

Sodium (mmol/L) 75      90

Potassium (mmol/L) 20  20

Chloride (mmol/L) 65     80

Citrate (mmol/L) 10       10

Osmolarity (mmol/L) 245 311

So many millions of lives have been saved by use of ORS. Let me know if I can help any further. I am in InternationalTravel and Wilderness medicine so my perspective may not be that helpful. 

Warmly, Marybeth Lambe MD FAAFP

The FDA defines a dietary supplement (DS) as "A dietary supplement is a product intended for ingestion that contains a "dietary ingredient" intended to add further nutritional value to (supplement) the diet. A "dietary ingredient" may be one, or any combination, of the following substances: a vitamin. a mineral. an herb or other botanical".Jun 8, 2015

A DS could either be a food or a drug. However classification affects its regulation. Many DS are classified as food so that manufacturers could register them in countries easily without having to prove any health benefit or side effect. This allows many DS easy entry into countries and after registration the products can then be touted as a miracle cure or energy boost etc.

Had they been registered as a drug then strict guidelines would then have to be followed and many DS would not be registered.

There are problems associated with food DS as there are no way to know that the contents are exactly as defined on the label. Safety for consumers become an issue.

You may want to check out NHANES questions: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes_questionnaires.htm or the HINTS questions: http://hints.cancer.gov/sections.aspx.

Communications Pretesting, Media Monograph 6; Paperback – 1978

by Jane T., Bertrand-I think this is the text Alexander is referring to-although there are other texts that essentially use the same approach. Good luck

Dear Gemma, 

check the link: 

I suggest you try the Virtual Library of Sigma Theta Tau the International Honor Society of Nursing. As a nurse educator and member of this organization I receive their journal which contact articles that may need your needs. The Virtual Library at their website contains articles submitted from authors worldwide

Annette one of the challenges of health literacy as a personal skill is that there is a tendency to think about it as a purely technical procedure of reading health related text. As Glenn has already indicated Nutbeam has put a clear description of health literacy and he draws from the literacy experts in education. The importance of health literacy lies in people being able to ‘read’ what exists that influences their health however it would be facile to only think of the written word thus being able to ‘read’ social, cultural and political meanings about health is also necessary. In 2014 the Asia Pacific Journal of Health, Sport and Physical Education 5(3) ran a special education on health literacy. Descriptions of the application of health literacy in number of different contexts were presented.

Hi dear, 

I think that the more impressive your tools, the more motivated your patient

Kindly read my attached articles.

Best wishes, 

Hala

Dear Vanessa,

Best, MR

Josh and others looking for articles in Health Education Monographs: Part of the problem of finding Rosenstock's 1974 article is that Monographs changed its name a year or so later to Health Education Quarterly , then again still later to its current title, Health Education & Behavior. It was and is the official journal of the Society for Public Health Education. Rosenstock died a few years after that special issue of HEM. The guest editor of that special issue on the Health Belief Model was Marshall Becker. 

For conducting any medical research, basics of research methodology  must be taught to the students at undergraduate level so as to build their technical skills for better understanding and further level of education.

You might look at the YRBS (Youth Risk Behavior Survey) to obtain items.  Using these items would allow you to compare your intervention group to the youth in the state in which you are conducting the intervention. 

I do not think there is a "line." That would suggest the sort of clarity produced by border crossings with armed guards on either side. Rather, I think there is a "zone." On one side lies adaptation - on the other, development - but within: all is twilit. To my eye, what you are doing is closer to scale development, especially if you identify several aspects of the construct not tapped by the current measure. This suggests that you may want to minimize the "lifting" of items from the existing measure, unless you obtain permission from its authors, lest you be accused of copyright violation.

The illustration is so informative about the awaiting disaster when workforce in the sectors keep on thinning out and the supervisors are just watching.The repercussion will take century to amend. we need to be keen as policy makers to prevent this from happening   

Dear  Mohan

Thank you for your reflexion

hola ana. No conozco ningún indice o costo como el que me preguntas, pero al no ser mi area, pueden existir y no conocerlos. Averiguo y te digo. Besos

This systematic review on eHealth Literacy may be helpful:

Stellefson, M., Hanik, B., Chaney, B., Chaney, D., Tennant, B., & Chavarria, E. A. (2011). eHealth literacy among college students: a systematic review with implications for eHealth education. Journal of medical Internet research, 13(4).

BUT Please check this review, to make sure of the psychometric properties of the instrument.

Barry, A. E., Chaney, B., Piazza-Gardner, A. K., & Chavarria, E. A. (2014). Validity and Reliability Reporting Practices in the Field of Health Education and Behavior A Review of Seven Journals. Health Education & Behavior, 41(1), 12-18.

Abstract: Health education and behavior researchers and practitioners often develop, adapt, or adopt surveys/scales to quantify and measure cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and psychosocial characteristics. To ensure the integrity of data collected from these scales, it is vital that psychometric properties (i.e., validity and reliability) be assessed. The purpose of this investigation was to (a) determine the frequency with which published articles appearing in health education and behavior journals report the psychometric properties of the scales/subscales employed and (b) outline the methods used to determine the reliability and validity of the scores produced. The results reported herein are based on a final sample of 967 published articles, spanning seven prominent health education and behavior journals between 2007 and 2010. Of the 967 articles examined, an exceedingly high percentage failed to report any validity (ranging from 40% to 93%) or reliability (ranging from 35% to 80%) statistics in their articles. For health education/behavior practitioners and researchers to maximize the utility and applicability of their findings, they must evaluate the psychometric properties of the instrument employed, a practice that is currently underrepresented in the literature. By not ensuring the instruments employed in a given study were able to produce accurate and consistent scores, researchers cannot be certain they actually measured the behaviors and/or constructs reported.

Thanks a lot Prof Showell and Ginters 

Quinn, C., Happell, B., & Welch, A. (2013). The 5-As Framework for Including Sexual Concerns in Mental Health Nursing Practice. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34(1), 17-24. doi: 10.3109/01612840.2012.711433

Hello, Mr.Cleamons!

I found several links that you might want to investigate.Each link is in reference to tools to measure global health issues.I hope you find them useful.

Have a great day,

Suzette

There is no single intervention for promoting the nursing roles. We should shift from blaming individual to blaming system. Healthy work environment, staff adequacy and training etc, helps to empower them to do. 

Dear Ankur, your question is quite valid, because most of the illiterate belong to low socio - economic status, such people can be educated and empower them to tackle their problem. Here we can apply steps of behaviour change , start to assess about the problem they know or not, if know then how much they know about the problem, they are concerns, if they concerns , then they want to change this behaviour to healthy behaviour, if interested to change then the medium we can use for change , for this message & medium should according to the target specific. One message should be at onetime.I think if we want for sustaining effect of various methods for change, then both audiovisual medium is effective and along with we can use other methods e.g., pictorial. Other ways are we can select peer educator among the target group, then trained the peer educator. These peer educator are more effective,as they are from the same community and know the socio- cultural factors which become the barriers for communication.

While there is stigma, survivors themselves are also an example of how the disease can be fought and won. Apart from health workers and doctors, agencies like MSF have managed to prevent patients from getting stigmatised by working in the field and engaging with the community. Awareness about prevention and treatment can reduce stigma. This is evident in many communicable diseases like HIV and tuberculosis. Earlier those affected by HIV and TB faced severe forms of stigma in society but with the health system ensuring care and treatment and social workers along with the media  building awareness about these diseases has helped reduce stigma in the community in a significant way.  Once communities understand how the disease is caused and how treatment can cure Ebola, patients will face less stigma and more support.

Self-management in it most simple form is the thing that people do between medical visits--in fact most people are self-managing 99% of the time.   The Institute of Medicine has a formal definition--the skills and confidence that one needs to manage the medical, role and emotional consequences of chronic illness.

So what is the nurses role  1) helping patient gain basic knowledge about  life style chances---Not anatomy and physiology of disease and not a million things which are usually taught but the very key issues such as exercise, portion size, diabetes plate, signs of hypoglycemia and what to do about it.   How to balance exercise with food.

2) helping people to make small steps and small changes and succeed.  As nurses we tend to go for the ideal and then make people fail.  Much better to go for what is real for each person, even if not ideal and have them succeed.   Without success initial efforts will soon be lost.

3) helping patients to find other patient role models.   One of the best way to learn is from someone like you who understands your life experiences.

4) give up on doing for people and instead move to a coaching, doing with mode.

All of this is taken from being a nurse with 30 plus years of experience in helping people live with diabetes and other chronic diseases.   Our website might be of help patienteducation.stanford.edu

Yes-or maybe email her directly for the info.

I need to say I've been worked as a health Educator for health professionals at Brazilian Health System. I'm not a clinical worker, but I believe the extent would be the same as the children health conditions as well as the family support.

The first step is to LISTEN. In my research of infant feeding advice and influences on mothers' decisions in Australia last century, what I noticed was that the public health sector TOLD mothers what to do, anxious to impart the information they considered important, rather than exploring how her lived situation was relevant. Often this advice exhorted them to breastfeed, but insisting on rigid feeding schedules undermined this process.  It was interesting to see the contrast in how commercial entities approached mothers, listening to their fears in order design advertising to build on mothers' fears and aspirations - to sell foods to feed babies by  bottle. The advertisements would have given the the impression that someone was listening, that somebody cared. Both mothers and the grandmothers, who were a source of advice, were exposed to advertising

As breastfeeding is an embodied experience, mothers typically require support in the early days, at least. This is even more so in cultures such as the UK and the US, where artificial feeding has a very long history and is deeply embedded culturally.  Breastfeeding simply isn't traditionally how babies are fed in some regions.  A 2007 Cochrane Review by Britten et al found that the optimal support is a combination of professional and lay support, that is, the right support from the right person at the right time. Predictably, they found that personal support was better than telephone support. Some helpful forms of support for the breastfeeding mother can come from people who know very little about breastfeeding, but provide an encouraging word, a helpful contact, or a chair so that she can breastfeed if her baby becomes hungry while shopping.

Numerous forms of support for mothers to breastfeed are described by our chapter authors from round the world in the book I co-edited with Melissa Vickers.  Besides the better-known support groups and peer counsellors, a lovely example is the Baby Cafes in the UK and now elsewhere.  [Thorley V, Vickers MC. The 10th Step & Beyond: Mother Support for Breastfeeding (Amarillo TX: Hale Publishing, 2012).]

It will be a pleasure to share knowledge and expertise with you regarding innovation policies affecting Medical Education. We can have academic collaboration to conduct research. Topic is of course of great interest to me...

This research is good .It is often like what I hear from some medics who say many take care of the health of others and overwork themselves and put their health in jeopardy.Apart from coaches who participate with their athletes, many physical education teachers and lecturers in Nigeria are due to poor enabling environment often are preachers and not doers of what they preach

if you look into the process of "inter-professional education", the health service manager could be involved as student, instructor, guest speakers or a supporting staff member

Hello to the both of you!!Very interesting conversation.Thank to Dr Whitehead for all these interesting references!

I would add that the Health Behavioural Model from Rosenstock would be another interesting, even if historical, model to understand general population compliance in Public Health program. Would you have any controversies in its use?

I have another question,however.

Do you know this paper? From Cdc of Atlanta by Charania,Crepaz,Guenther

Gray,Henny,Liau,Willis,M Lyles (2011)?(see the link from Pubmed)

Since I am a medical doctor and not psychologist I would like to understand which is the source behavioural model which these interventional programs are build on. Could you help me in understanding?

Thank you in advance

Gulay I am afraid I disagree with you, and see health education as being one small component of health promotion. Most health care professionals seem to believe that they are providing health education, when in reality all they are doing is providing health information. Particularly in clinical settings professional seem to think that by providing an individual with a pamphlet on a health topic that this is health promotion! In my view, health information is a minor aspect of health education, for many consumers it may be awareness raising, for a few it may be educational.

To really engage in health education, information needs to be accompanied with a change of perspective and insight into how actions or beliefs need to change. However for health education to result in health promotion, action on this information needs to occur.

Telling an obese person that they need to loose weight and giving them information of health consequences such as diabetes or heart disease is not health promotion. Health promotion occurs when you look beyond an individuals behaviours. While it might be necessary for the obese person to learn cooking skills to improve their diet, it may also be necessary that healthier food options are available for them to buy when they do their grocery shopping. These food options also need to be affordable. This individual may also need a safe neighbourhood to feel comfortable to walk to the shop to get this food, or to undertake the physical activity we all know needs to occur along with a healthy diet to maintain a healthy weight. A number of factors may impact on if actions are adopted to make a change in this individuals life, having a friend to walk with or a neighbourhood walking group, may make the difference between participating in physical activity or not, etc, etc. Health promotion involves working towards creating all of the supports which facilitate adopting or maintaining better health actions.

Sorry to be so long winded, this is a topic I am extremely passionate about :-)

FOR HIV 1 only: Research has overwhelmingly shown that without doubt the reliable and best method of preventing transmission of HIV to the uninfected partner, be it the man or the woman, is to treat the infected partner with the most potent combination of antiretrovirals enabling the infected partner to maintain a sustained undetectable HIV-! viral load. This is one of the basis for the recommendation of treating the infected partner in a discordant relationship, even if by other parameters, he/she doesn't require treatment. This would also be particularly useful in a discordant relationship where pregnancy is desired.

Hi Romain

There are so many great books out there and in my work with early childhood education students I tend to use bits and pieces from a range of texts. Some have great sections on several theorists, while others are more broad.

Here are a few of my favourites:

Berk, L. (2012). Infants and children: Prenatal through middle childhood (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.

and

Educational Psychology for Learning and Teaching, 4th Edition - See more at: http://www.cengagebrain.com.au/shop/isbn/9780170218610#sthash.wK3H196O.dpuf

I apologise in advance if this is not the sort of thing you were after, as you did mention education theory. :)

Cheers, Alice Brown

Great question. I can see two main possibilities:

1) integrate the different disciplinary perspectives in your class by taking some sample OT cases (e.g. a teenager who is very clumsy in sports) and generate a variety of possible explanations in small groups (the child was not raised with sports by family members, child is bullied, child was malnourished, child high-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder or Developmental Coordination disorder or if you students aren't that sophisticated, just "a problem in the brain with coordinating the two halves of their body).

2) Get the students away from the "just tell me the answers" approach by demystifying the process of generating scientific knowledge, by having them do it (one intro to epistemology is observing stuff and writing it down in a systematic way). In my Psych 100 classes, I had students do a two-stage "counting project,"; in stage one they were just counting attributes or behaviors by watching or surveying, finding out what percentage of the population had X or Y trait, response, physical characteristic, behavior, demographic characteristic, diagnosis, etc. and in stage two they measured two variables at once (including responses to different behaviors by the experimenting student), to see how two traits became variables that might vary together.

This assignment would have to be modified for the type of traits, behaviors, and variables, you're addressing in an OT program, but it could be how people grip a pencil, how well they can balance sitting on a ball, and how those differences in performance depending social factors, physical factors, sleep, nutrition, income, educational level, anything from the student's other field of interest.

Good luck! It's great that you want to make the education more engaging and that you're giving attention to your students' background and mindset as you design your instruction.

A tricky and board question to answer Yanick. For a start, any 'adequate' health education intervention is likely to actually prove inadequate in a developing country. On top of that, health education strategies, on their own, tend to be ineffective as well - unless extremely well resourced, facilitated, and evaluated. Essentially, health education strategies need to be in place I.e. health information, behavioral-change interventions, motivational interventions etc - but, to stand any chance of success, would just form a component of an overall 'health promotion' strategy - which would seek to reform health services, develop innovative and wide-reaching health policy, create effective public health programmes, empower communities etc. when systems like that are in place - that's when we notice the incidence of 'primary' diseases reducing - and that's not easy!!

Dear Dr. Ademola,

Your work should also try to analyze the level of awareness and or the ability of the mentors for conducting such programs. As most of the policy framers or senior teachers have limited ICT capabilities and hence translation would be inherently difficult. So the E-Learning mentor's capability also need to be a part of the study. This would help community to refine Medical E-Learning

We are using iPads in our teaching and learning with undergraduate occupational therapy students using apps like Muscle System Pro III, 3D Brain and the ADOC (an occupational therapy assessment 'Aid for Decision-making in Occupational Choice'. There is an interesting aricle by the developers of ADOC: • Tomori K, Uezu S, Kinjo S, Ogahara K, Nagatani R, Higashi T (2012) Utilization of the iPad application: Aid for Decision-making in Occupational Choice. Occupational Therapy International, 19, 88-97

1.role of antloxidant foods to slowdown the process of ageing is one of the most significant area of nutrition intervention.

2. pre biotic, probiotic, and synbiotic foods

3.food safety and quality control intervention B B A U (A central university) Lucknow India

To determine the time for intervention or if any intervention is required. Depending on the etiology, intervention may be temporary or permanent.

Hello - there are various models in use in different countries and some continents. The Schools for Health in Europe network is a great source of information - it is a network of the same people and organisations that were part of the European Network of Health Promotion Schools - see www.schoolsforhealth.eu. There you will find lots of information including resources for 'doing' school health promotion, basic conceptual material on what health promoting schools are, the history of the movement, some evaluations of health promoting schools interventions and a list of publications that are relevant to the topic - most of them are downloadable as pdf documents from the web. I would also suggest looking at the Australian Health Promoting Schools Association - they also have a long track record and a very useful website (see http://www.ahpsa.org.au). I hope this is helpful - best of luck.

My answer would be that developed countries have become obesogenic by default. This could be attributed to many things including; advances in technology, changes in daily routines and the working environment, the availability of cheap, energy dense convenience foods and physical changes to our communities. We do have free will, however; people with more money, better education and higher social status have far great freedom to make choices relating to their health. In the end it does come down to energy intake and output; but we are not all in an equal position to control this. We can promote healthy lifestyles, educate people regarding the nutritional contents of foods or the benefits of exercise, we can increase their skills relating to shopping, cooking and planning, however; people are not free to make rational choices. If you live in a “bedsit” with no cooking facilities, you have no cookery skills, no transport and you have £30 a week to feed your family; chip butties, chicken nuggets and jam sandwiches are the only choice if you don’t want to go hungry. If you live in an area where it’s unsafe to go out after night, you are socially isolated and don’t have £25 a week spare to join a gym; a bit of “will power” isn’t going solve your physical activity issues. It is really important that we encourage people to take responsibility for their weight; I just worry about the parents who cannot afford to buy their kids 5aday or daren’t take them to the local park to play. Until we tackle these wider social issues it isn’t ethical to blame people for being overweight or obese.