Hardness - Science topic

The following article has described the concepts of energy span during the reaction cycle. You can have a look over there.

DOI: 10.1021/ar1000956

I am having a similar problem. The screen will sometimes "load" continuously unless we restart it.

I contacted Molecular Devices and they quoted me almost $6k to come out and replace the hard drive, which seems very high to me. I am trying to see if I can find a 3rd party repair person since ours is out of warranty. Our lab is pretty unhappy about it because its only 3 years old.

Hi Evans,

I did not have a particular framework of falsificationism in mind with my question on the falsifiability of the climate scientists' views.

Of course Popper's idea of instant rationalism, by which a theory is instantly rejected upon falsification, has been superseded by Kuhn's idea of scientific revolutions, where one paradigm is superseded by another one after a prolonged crisis period.

But then Kuhn's framework has been superseded by Lakatos' idea of research programs, where one research program is superseded by another one on rationalistic grounds, but only after a prolonged battle of research programs.

I myself view the scientific landscape in terms of research programs, but regardless whether one sees the climate scientists' views (i) and (ii) - see the original question for the formulation - as a Popperian theory, as a Kuhnian paradigm, or as the hard core of a Lakatosian research program, in one way or the other these views have to be falsifiable to be viewed as 'scientific'.

I'm not a climate scientist, but I'm interested in what observations we would have to make in order for the climate scientists' theory to be falsfied c.q. for the climate scientists' paradigm to end up in a crisis c.q. for the climate scientists' research program to become degenerative.

Keith has suggested an answer; what else is there?

There could be several reasons why you are having difficulty visualizing the EGFP protein under the microscope:

Regarding the negative western blot results, it is possible that the antibody you are using is not detecting the EGFP-CagA fusion protein. You may want to try using a different antibody or optimizing your western blot protocol to increase sensitivity. Alternatively, you could try using a different method for detecting the protein, such as immunofluorescence or flow cytometry.

These video playlists might be helpful to you:

They never respond? Thats pitty ...

Dear friend Jeong Bin Cho

The Beer-Lambert law is used to calculate the absorption coefficient of a sample. However, if the absorption coefficient is too high and the sample thickness is too large, it can be difficult to obtain accurate measurements. There are several methods to measure the absorption coefficient of a single crystal. One method is to use ellipsometry, which measures the change in polarization of light as it passes through the sample (How can we calculate...).

Another method is to use transmittance (T) and reflectance (R) spectra to calculate the absorption coefficient of a single crystal. The linear absorption coefficient can be estimated using the following formula: α = − ln [ T0 / (1 − R) 2] / L where T0, R, and L are the linear transmittance, reflectivity, and thickness of the sample, respectively (Frontiers research on the.....).

I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any more questions.

Source:

(1) How can we calculate the absorption coefficient of the single crystal .... https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_can_we_calculate_the_absorption_coefficient_of_the_single_crystal_wafer.

(2) Frontiers | Research on the Nonlinear Absorption Coefficient of 98% .... https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2022.901370/full.

(3) Saturation of optical absorption in CdS single crystals. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281525678_Saturation_of_optical_absorption_in_CdS_single_crystals.

(4) Absorption Coefficient of Bulk III-V Semiconductor Materials ... - Springer. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11664-022-09846-7.

(5) Absorption coefficient, explained by RP Photonics Encyclopedia .... https://www.rp-photonics.com/absorption_coefficient.html.

Please check the fully-ready preprint article DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27720.65287/3, Title: Qualitative Analyses of Thin Film-Based Materials Validating New Structures of Atoms

To promote scholastic excellence, students should be freed from bookish curriculum experience, they should be allowed to perform social outreach activities and help them to learn from them.

I would guess that either the BCl3/Ar etch was not complete (leaving some Al2O3) or that the SiO etch is not complete (leaving some oxidized silicon). Is there some way to analyze the surface after these steps? Or maybe just adjust the times and see what happens. Good luck

try this: https://www.profex-xrd.org/

Perhaps you ended up with galssy carbon with impurities? If you thint you are handling with pure carbon, compare with XRD of graphite or glassy carbon and also diamond. I can see quite a good deal of amorphous barckground, and the first peak almost coinciding with broad hump might mean avg. short range distance btween atoms is equal to some significant lattice parameter, giving credence to diamond cubic or hexagonal carbon structure.

The hardness and strength of copper wire depends on the degree of hardening: the more the wire is deformed during cold drawing, the harder/stronger it is. Although the hardness of copper wire for electrical wiring is standardized, it may vary slightly from batch to batch and plant to plant. Thus, the point is not the age of the wire, but small differences in its manufacture.

Qualitative analysis of characters in movies can be a challenging task. Here are some tips that may help you:

Some books that may be useful for your research include:

Good luck with your thesis!

Many thanks Chen Huabin for sharing; these are my thoughts: medical science has 2 methodical pathways, A) quantification B) case studies.

These are not exclusive, but can be merged. Strong signals of illness and disease can be detected by quantifying, the weaker signals can be collected by case studies. Medical diagnosis and clinical diagnostics should be improved by merging methodologies.

It is Yes, you can use gamma alumina as a precursor to synthesize magnesium aluminate via mechanical milling using agate grinding jars. However, the hardness of the alumina may affect the agate grinding jar.

Agate grinding jars are commonly used in mechanical milling due to their high wear resistance and low contamination. However, they can be scratched or damaged by hard materials, such as gamma alumina, which has a hardness of around 8.5 on the Mohs scale.

To minimize the potential damage to the agate grinding jar, it is important to use the appropriate milling parameters, such as the milling speed, ball size, and ball-to-powder ratio. Additionally, it may be helpful to periodically inspect the agate jar for signs of wear or damage and to replace it if necessary.

It is very important to say, while gamma-alumina can be used as a precursor to synthesize magnesium aluminate via mechanical milling with agate grinding jars, it is important to consider the potential impact of the alumina's hardness on the agate jar and take appropriate precautions to minimize any damage.

Hope you can fins what you want

Best regards

raghd

I have tried stripping HSQ with plasma etching in CHF3+CF4 and N2. I am not able to remove the HSQ over a specific structure. Please let me know if there is a solution.

Hello Sajjad Izadpanah ,

it is difficult to say what the problem is without a detailed model description.

What step type do you use: Standard or Expricit?

As I understand it, the only thing you change in the model is the mesh size. And with the smaller mesh size the error will arise. Am I right?

Normally, my first suggestion would have been to reduce the mesh size to solve the problem, but if you say that is exactly what caused the error, then the other solutions should be used. However, I would still suggest you try different mesh sizes.

Other than this, the problem may be in the large time increment. Reduce the time increment used in the simulation to ensure that the simulation is stable and accurate. A smaller time increment will result in a smaller displacement increment which may reduce the likelihood of penetration.

If this also does not help, you can try using a lower coefficient of friction. Reducing the coefficient of friction can help reduce the likelihood of penetration.

Sincerely,

Pavlo

Please read my book

The American University Laboratories For Electrical Engineering Part 1

You can find a computer section.

Use something you find interesting.

Thank you

Ziad

Yes, I agree with you. But I have used it in significantly less quantity. And I would to more about my product I added an excessive amount of water and put it overnight at room temperature and then my product totally dissolved in lt.

As far as welds go the strength of the weld metal can be lower than base metal referred to as "under matched" , or like wise matched or over matched depending on application.

Mismatch to any degree is crack initiator or reduces ductility - including carbides in steel. The 10% mismatch marginally better that 40% but no were near the required < 1% - on the order of small thermal expansion differences that the base metal can clearly handle without cracking.

Nice

It purely depends on the problem you have chosen. Transfer learning give better results. Since active learning has to be done from the scratch so the results are on lower side.

The recent SOTA like Yolo, BERT etc are used by researchers by following transfer learning approach on different problems. Even GPT is based on transfer learning and it is the probable reason behind its success

Thanks a lot, Anne Sawhney. The solvent is only deionized water and the concentration is wt 2%. I have check it for several times. The bottle was put on the stirrer under roomtemperature. As your suggestion, I swirled it in the capped bottle to recapture the water and used it to make a slurry, but it will condense inside the bottle again, as shown in Figure 2. I used the slurry to prepare working electrode, however, the films were not always uniform after heat treatment.

Yes, we can combine NLP and social media with document retrieval to extract relevant information and insights from social media data using natural language processing techniques.

sir, could u please spell out the best way to choose best potential window value for cv and gcd.

could you suggest me any link for cv and gcd

This is a sample type I've never worked with, but based on the specific problems you're describing I might be able to help. Could you post the bioanalyzer traces that show contamination? Also, for your other method, how did you determine that there was excessive salt? Washing pellets with ethanol is an adequate but inefficient way to remove salt, could you run it over a column instead?

Hi!

Plastic deformation of the material is not associated with the modulus of elasticity, but with the yield point.

When determining the hardness, the material may already be in the plastic region.

Best regards

Are you sure your calculations are coverged? CHGCAR will be set at the end of the calculations and if you open this file before the convergence it would be empty.

I believe there is a misunderstanding in this discussion. Could "log regression" not mean logarithmic rather than logistic? That makes more sense as % is still numeric.

Yes, sonication can be used to break down the clumps of nanoparticles into single NP-solutions without forming clumps. Sonication creates rapid, high-energy sound waves that cause cavitation in liquid, resulting in a very effective form of homogenization. When done carefully and at the proper duration, sonication can break down larger particles into smaller particles, which reduces the size of the aggregates and prevents clumping of the nanoparticles.

Annealing for EN8M (medium carbon steel) that can be used to improve the machinability by reducing its hardness and increasing its toughness. The stages involve in annealing are heating the steel to a temperature below its critical temperature and holding it at that temperature for a specific period of time, followed by slow cooling. As a result, microstructure that is more uniform and less brittle.

Hello Florence,

Assessing the viability of a NK92 cell culture can be challenging, especially when the cells form clumps. One of the most reliable and accurate methods for determining cell viability is flow cytometry using a combination of dyes such as trypan blue, propidium iodide (PI), and acridine orange (AO).

Trypan blue is a commonly used dye to assess cell viability, as it enters only dead cells and stains them blue. PI is another dye that can be used to assess cell viability as it only enters cells with a damaged membrane, which is a sign of cell death. AO is another viable option, it's a live cell marker that binds to the DNA of live cells and emits green fluorescence.

The results you have obtained using the different methods are variable and unreliable, this could be due to the fact that clumping of cells can affect the accuracy of cell counting by the manual methods you have mentioned. Flow cytometry can overcome this problem as it allows for the analysis of individual cells, and can differentiate between live, dead, and clumped cells.

It is also important to note that when working with a live cell count, it is essential to maintain the cells under optimal culture conditions, such as proper temperature and humidity, adequate CO2 levels and fresh media, to ensure the highest possible viability.

In summary, flow cytometry is the most reliable and accurate method for assessing cell viability in NK92 cell culture, especially when cells are clumped. Using a combination of dyes such as trypan blue, propidium iodide and acridine orange, can increase the accuracy of the results

The stronger acid added to the solution (H₂SO₄) is expected to convert salts of weaker acids possibly present in the solution to those weaker acids and to neutral sulfate salts of the stronger acid. The resulting weaker acids can be reconverted to their salts by adding strong base (NaOH).

One way to increase the hardness of a coating without affecting its flexibility is to use a hybrid coating with two or more components. By combining harder and softer materials, it is possible to create a coating that is harder and more durable while still maintaining its flexibility. Additionally, solid-solution strengthening, nanostructure formation, and surface modification can also be used to improve the hardness and durability of coatings without sacrificing their flexibility.

Marius Murariu Thank you very much for your good answer and suggestions. I will look further for this analysis🙏

Pb in water is due to Anthropogenic pollution. For example industrial waste may contain Pb and when ground water interact, dissolution of Pb may be expected. However availability in very less quantity. Such quantity not have any significance over Hardness.

Do you have a Scifinder or reaxys access? They both have very good structure and substructure search masks, so if there is a mass spectrum in a good journal, they should hopefully find it.

Adam Bredfell you're welcome, Yes, defining the necessary expenses for hardware performance prediction is an important first step in constructing a machine learning-based tool for this purpose. It would entail examining the many sorts of expenses connected with hardware performance, such as hardware component pricing, energy usage, and maintenance. Once these expenses have been discovered and their behavior has been investigated, a model that can effectively estimate hardware performance based on these parameters may be developed. Furthermore, it would be good to collect and evaluate historical data on the performance of various hardware combinations in order to increase the model's accuracy.

First I don't think you need to centrifuge for that long. You may be making a much tighter pellet than you need. I have seen protocols as short as 5 min of centrifugation, but 10-20 is pretty typical. This might also depend on the volume, ie a microfuge on the lower end but a large volume with large bottles might need longer.

The second centrifugation is usually very brief, just to collect the liquid again and remove by pipet. This is to remove any residual PEG solution.

You can just let the pellet sit in buffer for a few hours before trying to resuspend. Depending upon the phage and volume, you can also vortex to resuspend the phage. Again some phage are more tolerant to vortexing than others, but you can quickly test this by seeing if a few minutes of vortexing will reduce PFU of a phage stock.

Nanoindentation is a separate testing procedure that is often used in conjunction with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). It is used to measure properties at the nanoscale, such as Young's modulus, hardness, stiffness, and load vs. depth and load vs. hardness. Other properties can also be measured using nanoindentation, depending on the specific application. In India, there are several institutions that offer nanoindentation services. These include the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IIT Kanpur, IIT Hyderabad, and the National Institute of Technology (NIT) Surat. Additionally, there are several private companies that offer nanoindentation services, such as NanoTest India, NanoTest Solutions, and NanoTest Technologies. If you are having difficulty finding a nanoindentation service provider, it is possible that the machine is under maintenance or the operator is not available. In this case, it is best to contact the service provider directly to inquire about the availability of the machine and the operator.

Dear Mahvash Yarahmadi, I think you should work in solution, i.e., use a solvent. Please have a look at the following documents. My Regards

J. C. Tarafdar Thank you for your answer.

There are several sources where you may be able to find data on the dynamic properties of composite tubes. Some options to consider include:

It is important to carefully evaluate the quality and reliability of the data you find, and to consider the specific requirements of your application when selecting data sources. You may also find it helpful to consult with experts or review the relevant literature to ensure that you are using appropriate data for your specific needs.

Dear Salman,

This is very much appreciated.

Many thanks.

Dear Thanks for the referred paper.

Regards,

Raj

Filipic Bratko I was wondering if you had any suggestions on how to get the HAC-15 cells to not clump? It seems as though mine do not like to grow in monolayer like the healthy ones in your images.

As mentioned before the conversion is not straight forward but it needs to be analysed on a case by case and several considerations have to be taken into account:

1) The nanohardness suffers of what it is called Indentation Size effect, the smaller the indentation mark the harder the material appears to be (this is related to geometrically necessry dislocation and strain gradients that is higher for smaller indents)

2) on the nano/micro scale the surface could be highly heterogenous with great variations of local hardness compared to the macro scale

3) it depends on the type of indenter that you are using, normally in nanoindentation you can use different types of indenters (spherical, flat punch, berkovic...) that have a different geometry from a vickers indenter sometimes used in macro hardness: for instance in the case of berkovic to vickers comparison HVit approx= Hit/10.80

Based on the software which you used, the MSD method is defined in its data bank. For example in materials studio, you can create MSD diagrams for every material in every system, in the coding media you can use the same code for both systems, because the principle is the same.

Hello Aida Nourbakhsh

The Caspase-Glo assay is a luminescent assay. It consists of caspase cleavage of the substrate and generation of a glow-type luminescent signal, produced by luciferase. The luminescence so produced is proportional to the amount of caspase activity present. The white 96-well plates are well suited for this purpose. These plates are used to give maximum reflection as well as to minimize autofluorescence and auto luminescence.

The black 96-well plates are used when there is a specific need to minimize background in fluorescence reading.

Best.

I think it is simply a “bad” tank. I called Linde and they said it is not dangerous. After that tank ran out and I installed the new one on the same regulator and system, the sound went away.

Yes, current density = Measured Current/ Wire Cross section area. The multimeter should be of standard company with good accuracy….

The method is similar to the test of Shore hardness: the hardness is based on indentation of a sharp point, but here you use a flat tip.

Barcol hardness is measured on a scale from 0 to 100B. A measurement of 60B is roughly equivalent to a Shore hardness of 80D.

Btw, you can watch this video to see the test: https://youtu.be/D-WGUD99WnY

With regard to the general question of the crystallographic orientation dependence of the hardness and the mechanical hardening (be it in the case of mechanical indentation or also other forming- or material testing methods), it must first be noted that the Schmid factor alone has only a relatively low significance as soon as the mechanical load case is tensorially more complex than in the case of uniaxial tensile or compressive loading (as described in textbooks for uniaxial conditions).

The reason for this is that in more complex load cases, the mechanical boundary conditions of the often somewhat more complicated applied imposed deformation state (such as indents) can never be achieved with a single glide or twin system alone, so that multiple slips occur immediately. In such cases, the Tailor-Bishop-Hill factor is more helpful for estimating the orientation dependence of such test methods and, above all, the orientation-specific strain hardening must be taken into account.

As a result, the differences in indentation between the different texture components ( crystallographic orientations) are usually somewhat smaller than would be expected from the single crystal tensile test and the use of Schmid factors alone.

A little more information on this can be found here:

(a) indent mechanics and orientation dependence:

(b) crystal kinematics pertainign to these questions:

and

(c) class notes on the mechanics:

Good luck!

Try using instrumented hardness, where you can set several parameters for hardness measurement. The advantage is that the result is a graph throughout the measurement. E.g. the dependence of the speed on the depth of the imprint, etc.. you can even see the transition between the individual layers even slightly.

Did you look on EU sites? Three examples:

https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/markets-and-consumers/market-legislation/electricity-market-design_en

Especially the first has a long list of reference documents at the end.

Good luck with your thesis!

Arie

I assume this is for whole mount imaging-we cut a section of the cochlear lateral wall off so that it lies flat on the slide. In the past we have used a small drop of gelatin to help attach it.

Md Amir

In remote force spectroscopy, f-d curves were used to measure the force that the AFM cantilever exerted on a single point on the sample surface. The F-d curves are plots of cantilever bend (measured with a position-sensitive photodetector) versus piezoelectric scanner displacement.

Volumetric force mapping is based on remote force spectroscopy: in this method, a data array containing the value of the force at each measured point is converted into a two-dimensional hardness map (in this case, the resistance to local plastic deformation during indentation with a cantilever) of the entire surface of the studied sample area . Here hardness is defined as the slope of the f-d curve and is measured in N/m.

The shape of these curves corresponds to the measured physical interaction between the cantilever and the sample, which, in this case, is expressed as the dependence of the distance between the cantilever and the sample on the force effect of the cantilever on the sample surface. Thus, the slope of the f-d curve is steeper when the cantilever is pressing on a harder area of ​​the sample.

Kelly, you might be getting ahead of yourself. Before you choose a research method and design, you need to know your research question. That is what "suggests" the rest of your study. This can't be overstated. Research designs often have their own type of questions they answer. A research question must be clearly stated with defined variables so it can be measured. Below are two examples. Both need work, but should show you what I mean:

1. Is there a relationship between time spent on social media and depression in adolescents? This suggests a correlational study and the way it is worded suggests it is quantitative.

2. What is the lived experience of using social media in adolescents diagnosed with a mental health disorder? This suggests a qualitative, phenomenological design.

If you don't have a research question yet, ask yourself what question you want the results of your study to answer. Choosing the method first can cause you to run a study that does not answer what you really want to know. I hope this helps.

Good work. I think you need more time for your work.

Hello, i can reply ....for me I prefer a silent to focus on my study .the noiser can't help me to read or to write ascientific article .

i believe that your personality make you different ....... cordially

I tried etching 105 um Si in 1:1 KOH:DI water @80C. Took 105 mins. In my experience just the LPCVD Nitride was enough as a mask.

However, LPCVD at my cleanroom was super busy so I worked around to use Gold as a hard mask (e-beam). No Nitride at all. It worked surprisingly well.

it is related to detergent bar, does it give hardness to the Detergent Bar

You can do xrd rietveld refinement with using Profex program - https://profex.doebelin.org/ for more easier and visualization.

Matej Baláž

What is the difference between silver ions and nanoparticles.

1. One silver ion. There are many ions in nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are a warehouse of ions.

2. Nanoparticles are characterized by a large specific area. The larger the specific area of ​​nanoparticles, the greater the adsorption of various substances on their surface.

3. Therefore, nanoparticles can act selectively compared to ions.

4. If ions and nanoparticles are used as microfertilizers, then the nanoparticles are less washed out of the soil, and ions are supplied to plant seeds for a longer time.

5. If ions and nanoparticles are used for bactericidal clothing, then the nanoparticles are well fixed on the surface of the clothing by fixative molecules and are well retained after washing.

5. The mechanism of action on the cell and ions and nanoparticles is the same ions and ions of nanoparticles penetrate the cell membrane and inhibit the work of various cell enzymes. Only nanoparticles are a drug with a longer effect and less toxic to the body.

How long ago was your last chamber cleaning? This might be due to redeposited material from the walls crumbling off and flying around in the plasma.

Of course it works. The technique deals with the products of thermal degradation, whatever the MW is.

The strength of soft steels can be increased by cold forming (in the case of a plate, this is done by cold rolling). This happens at the expense of formability: during cold forming (cold rolling), hardness and strength increase and formability and impact resistance decrease.

Respected sir,

the following links may be useful to you

1.https://www.nipponsteel.com/product/catalog_download/pdf/U003en.pdf

2.https://www.delmetals.com/fr/pdfs/D-Limits&Tolerances.pdf

Vyacheslav Nikichanov it would make sense with the elements given by ICP AES. Thank you for your help, appreciate it.

No thanks, actually the basic concepts of adhesion are the same whether a polymer involved or other substances. However you should focus on the requirements needed in your case of application. Good Luck