Science topic
Happiness - Science topic
Highly pleasant emotion characterized by outward manifestations of gratification; joy.
Questions related to Happiness
Do you agree with me that true happiness means feeling deeply the pleasure of life and enjoying it for no reason?
Happy World Environment Day to everyone out there championing sustainable development. #sustainability #development #environment
As you probably know and it has been said in the articles, for example, this method does not work 100% for the rest of the work. For this reason, every researcher should increase and decrease different conditions and variables in their experimental tests to reach an optimal and correct method.
I would be happy if you active researchers in this field express your opinion and solution.
Thank you in advance for your kind opinion.
Good luck to you dear researchers.
Dear all, I would like to report a fake conference and predatory behavior.
I received several emails from committee@eu.esmed.net , asking to join a conference https://esmed.org/conferences/2022assembly/.
However when I asked for a name I received a named as Dr. M Osman, no first name nor researcher information. I asked for a phone call, and received the email below saying it would be difficult. Asking further, I was asked to join and pay for the conference.
I did not pushed my interaction further, as I first checked on the internet about this society. As I feared, it is a scam attempt. Some people have lost money in the process, as reported in the website below, so be please careful.
I reported my interaction to the human ressource department of my research institutions, as I fear other researchers may be targeted.
However, would you know if, our research institutions or us as individual scientists, have any way of eventually take legal action against such unknown / shabby organization ?
Here is an exemple of the mail I received
Dear Dr. Germond,
Thank you for your email. I am Dr. M Osman. I have served on the ESMED advisory board for several months and am helping with organizing the sessions.
I am traveling currently and with several time zones between us it would be difficult to schedule a call. Perhaps email communication will be the easiest.
More details about the conference are available via the link:
I would be happy to answer any questions you may have.
Could I ask for more details regarding the presentation you may have in mind?
Best Regards,
Osman, M.D.
European Society of Medicine
ESMED General Assembly 2022
Hello, my research is about urban resilience.
I would be happy to cooperate with other researchers in this field of urban resilience.
Dear Students and Researchers,
I would like to invite you to join a collaborative effort in the field of civil engineering. As an experienced assistant professor with a passion for research and teaching, I believe that we can achieve great things by working together as a team.
Whether it's collaborative writing on review papers or assisting each other in different research topics, I am confident that we can learn from each other's expertise and advance in our respective careers. I am open to sharing my ideas and knowledge, as well as learning from your experiences and skills.
To get started, I propose creating a WhatsApp group that I can manage, and we can build on from there. If there are existing groups that you are already a part of, I am happy to join in and contribute to ongoing efforts.
If you're interested in joining this collaborative adventure, please send me a message with your details and area of expertise. I am committed to investing my time and energy to make this team work, and I believe that together, we can achieve great things.
Thank you for your time, and I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Best Regards,
Are you facing any difficulty in answering any of the following questions:
1) Writing a research paper ?
2) Understand which topic of research to choose ?
3) Where to start and end a research work?
4) Unable to understand various concepts of research ?
5) Unable to frame a hypothesis ?
6) Which test to be applied and why?
Or if you find it difficult to answer any other questions related to research, you can reply to me and I will be happy to help you in learning.
Mail me on meghnajain13@gmail.com
I am writing to express my interest in publishing my policy paper on the major factors impacting girls' education in Sohbat Pur, Balochistan. As the author of this paper, I believe that the issues I have highlighted are of critical importance to the field of education and would be of great interest to your readers.
My paper, which was approved by the Sustainable International Development Program, at the Heller School for Social Policy and Managment, Brandeis University, provides a comprehensive analysis of the key challenges faced by girls in accessing education in this remote district of Balochistan, Pakistan. Through my research, I have identified several factors that contribute to the low enrollment and high dropout rates among girls in the area, and have proposed several recommendations for addressing these issues.
I believe that the findings of my paper would be of interest to a wide range of readers, including policymakers, researchers, educators, and anyone interested in promoting gender equality and improving access to education for girls.
I would be honored to have my paper published in your esteemed journal or publication. Please let me know if this would be possible and if there are any specific guidelines or requirements that I should follow. I am happy to provide any additional information or materials that you may need.
Thank you for considering my request, and I look forward to hearing from you soon.
I would be happy if you please provide valuable feedback regarding the feasibility, scope, and methodology of the following topic for PhD program:
Financial Literacy for Financial Inclusion.
I am happy to share my new paper related to wind, solar, hydroelectric, and geothermal electricity be efficiently and cost-effectively incorporated into power networks area of research. I request everyone to please share my paper with your knows or groups.
I am happy to share my new paper related to EV applications, which is currently an emerging area of research. I request everyone to please share my paper with your knows or groups.
Conference Paper Hybrid Energy Source Based BLDC Motor Drive for Electric Veh...
i used the test to study the aggregation of Tau protein, i did the test many times and i saw always the increasing in the fluorescence of tht T in the sample of (Tau+heparin), Since one week i repeated the test 3 time and in each time i dont see any increasing in the fluorescence intensity, the negative controls with only buffer have the same fluorescence intensity like the samples of (Tau+ heparin), i used 24 µM Tau + 6 µM heparin+ 20 µM thioflavin, i incubate the mixture in a black plate half area
at 37°C for 2 days or some time longer, excitation at 450 nm emission at 480 nm.
i will very happy if some body have an idea what could be the reason for this problem ??
Thank you very much
I have ordinal data on happiness of citizens from multiple countries (from the European Value Study) and I have continuous data on the GDP per capita of multiple countries from the World Bank. Both of these variables are measured at multiple time points.
I want to test the hypothesis that countries with a low GDP per capita will see more of an increase in happiness with an increase in GDP per capita than countries that already have a high GDP per capita.
My first thought to approach this is that I need to make two groups; 1) countries with low GDP per capita, 2) countries with high GDP per capita. Then, for both groups I need to calculate the correlation between (change in) happiness and (change in) GDP per capita. Lastly, I need to compare the two correlations to check for a significant difference.
I am stuck however on how to approach the correlation analysis. For example, I dont know how to (and if I even have to) include the repeated measures of the different time points the data was collected. If I just base my correlations on one timepoint the data was measured, I feel like I am not really testing my research question, considering I am talking about an increase in happiness and an increase in GDP, which is a change over time.
If anyone has any suggestions on the right approach, I would be very thankful! Maybe I am overcomplicating it (wouldnt be the first time)!
Without memory we are nothing. If your memory is weak and you know that whatever you learn or experience will no longer exist in your head a couple of months later, do you even care to live a happy life, build happy memories, or learn interesting stuff?
I do not trust Deepak Chopra or Eckhart Tolle. These are not true scientists. However, my own experience healing migraine through meditation, which doctors said was impossible, and healing from allergic reactions through alpha wave exposure, tell me that there is a lot to this idea. While the anecdotes may not all be true and there may be no systematic scientifically valid method yet, I still want the best method available, and the best author writing on it .
I wish Norman Doidge had written on the mind's impact on physical health. But he seems to have focused largely on the brain alone.
I would be happy to hear any suggestion. Please feel free to reprimand me if this is not scientific enough a request.
I am trying to transfect RNA (especially mRNA) into multiple myeloma cell lines (MM.1S), and I am wondering if anybody can recommend a good reagent that worked for them (i.e kits for transfecting suspension cell lines). I understand that MM.1S cells are difficult to transfect, but I will be happy to get some recommendations. I have tried the Mirus Transit-mRNA kit but it didn't seem to work, and I don't want to keep buying new kits without some data or recommendations that it will work. Thank you! PS: I don't want to use electroporation.
I want to synthesis graphene by co2 cw laser. I want to to know;
1. is there any specific polymer ?
2. what is suitable power and speed be used for this work ? (if u have any experience on cw co2 laser, it would make me happy to share it with me )
What is behind human nature that people get jealous? You help them, however, they are not even ready to help you. Why?
Qubit gives this error after reading second standard. It asks to read the standards once more or you can close and continue reading the samples but I am not sure if we can use the results. I could not find a detailed explanation in the user manuel. I would be very happy to hear your experience.
Thanks,
Sema
Dear Researchers,
- I am happy to obtain a clear protocol and reference to produce the tissue culture of the date palm in the lab. and increase many numbers of good species of this tree.
- Also, I would be happy if provided me with a good learning video which can help.
Many thanks for sharing your experience
I am expecting a broad range of views from fundamental research to manufacturing units. I will be more than happy if these suggestions use full to setup a small scale manufacturing startup( mostly table top unit) in semiconductor sector.
Hi everyone,
I am working with Sentinel 5P data.
I shall be happy if anyone can please share the information to process the L1B data to L2. I shall also be happy if you could please tell me about the batch download software or code to download the Sentinel 5P datasets.
I would like to prepare n-methylimidazole in the lab., I did find a clear protocol for that and I am happy if anybody can send me a protocol and video for teaching how.
I know that we can also calculated them by Standard deviation of chromatograms, but first I want to calculate them by calibration curve, its standard errors, and slope.
I will be happy to hear your opinions.
I'm wondering about the position of amateur astronomers in the scientific community. I'll be happy if I get your point of view.
Hello everybody,
in some previous works I used the Bond-Valence Parameter from Acta Cryst. (1991). B47, 192-197 by N. E. BRESE AND M. O'KEEFFE und did my calculations in Excel. I used that to assign O2- and F- in my compounds.
Now I have a crystal structure containing Yb(II) cations. The table in the work of BRESE and O'KEEFFE only give values between Yb(III) and F/O but nor for Yb(II).
Can somebody give me literature for Rij between Yb(II) and O/F?
If you additional to the Rij value know some software, which can calculate that, I also would be happy.
Best regards
I find a lot of definitions of how software is tested. For this, I find the goal of testing, the process description, the process steps and also all inputs and outputs. But I'm looking for the definition of how a mechatronic system is tested. Can the same testing process be applied here? I would be very happy about relevant papers
Dear RG community
I am writing the final paper of my Ph.D. thesis.
My final contributions are related to each other; I wanted to express both of these contributions in one article. Still, the number of pages increased significantly, so I want to publish the article in two parts. The first part and the second part, do you think this is possible?
I wanted to know what the protocol for a two parts article is.
I would be happy if you could explain how to write an article in two separate parts.
Ecotechnology is an emerging science that focuses on applying ecological knowledge and environmental skills to attain sustainability in human developmental progress. It enables human activities to adapt more skillfully to natural ecosystem functions. It involves cross-disciplinary studies of nature, and basic sciences, especially blending ecology, biology, and technology. The emphasis is to avoid ecological and environmental damage in all human activities. Accordingly, it summarizes all the sustainable engineering models for preserving, restoring, and conserving natural ecosystems to make developmental progress accessible through generations. In simple terms, ecotechnology enables humans to protect biodiversity, and soil health, achieve sustainable agriculture, eco-friendly energy sources, food safety, and all other means to manage sustainable development. Therefore, the primary objective of Ecotechnology is to make human life happy forever through proper monitoring of natural ecosystems while employing innovative technologies and novel ideas for progress and development.
I will be happy to know which mouse model is best for the study of rectal carcinoma. There are different mouse model to study colorectal carcinoma, but I want specifically the rectal carcinoma.
Could anyone suggest me whether orthotopically use cancerous cell in the rectal region of mouse be the good for study of rectal carcinoma?
Happy New Year
I am glad to share with you my latest publication about an idea that i have been long time working on it.
Looking forward for your feedback
Happy new year
Regarding MATLAB coding in particular using the bode(sys) code to get the bode diagram. When the numerator equals just a number like (10) without (S), there is an error in computing the bode magnitude because computing it as a 20log(k) “the rule” is not true in MATLAB. Because MATLAB takes into consideration it as log “ln”, not log10.
Please could you tell me how I can solve this issue?
Hi All, Wish you a very Happy new year !!
I am working on the Voltage Sag problem in power system. This is related to the quality of Power i.e., 10% to 90% voltage sag, up to the time period of 3-minutes. Is it as per IEC Standard? Any reference standard where the frequency of this Sag occurrence is defined i.e., how frequent it can happen per hour/ per day/ year.
Practically we get these dips 2/3 times per day for 200ms and sometimes for longer duration.
Thanks for your expert comments !!
Hi guys, recently I probed some cell lysates with p110a antibody and found two clear bands. One is expected at 110 and another one is around 170. Has anyone observed similar results? curious what the second band is. Happy to hear your thoughts!
Servicescape is of great essential because it affects the overall business service experience which is human emotions likes feel of comfort, happiness, safe, healthy, pleasure, etc.
Do you think the organization needs servicescape upgrading? and do you think measuring the return on the intangible impact of servicescape upgrading investment is important and needed? Can you share your opinion?
Hi there, during the past years I learned a lot on drones / RC airplanes and started to collect open components and projects / communities that share their knowledge and progress to the public. I tried to write down all about the ecosystem (OpenTX, INAV, ...) but also discovered some nice gems:
Would be happy if any senior might contribute some more picks?
Lockdowns due to the COVID pandemic in last three years (2020-22) has played a significant role in the widespread of online based classrooms using applications like Zoom, MS teams, Webex and Google Meet. While substantial amount of the students were happy to complete their semester classes in due time without getting hampered by the lockdowns, thanks to the online based classrooms, there are also notable amount of students and parents who were complained regarding the online based classrooms that they have drastically distracted the academic performance of students.
Overall, I would like to leave it as an open-ended question. Dear researchers, what you think regarding the online based classroom? Is it an advantage for students or a disadvantage?
Dear Colleagues.
I was able to resuscitate an old ELISA Reader in my lab. The machine is now working fine. However, I could not locate the user manual and the associated software CD.
GDV was an italian company that manufactured ELISA Readers. This unit was purchased in 2001. As a student, I used it and I was happy with the machine and results.
Since, the lab cannot afford buying a new one. Therefore, I went to see the issue with the old GDV-microplate reader.
I was able to fix it (or to be honest, I tightened the screws and greased the belt and motors. Its now working fine.
However, a manual is needed to see the details of various options.
I would appreciate if you guys can help.
As part of a smaller written elaboration in the form of a dictionary entry, I am looking for studies on the General Aggression Model that are not older than 5 years.
I am very happy about any help.
What kind of programme for illustrations and graphs would you reccomend for publications and presentations. Do you reccomend any tools/tablets for Android and Windows? I would be incredibly happy for any advice in this matter.
Improving colors to create a comforting environment that subconsciously induced happiness and satisfaction (i.e.: by means of improving new colors, choosing appropriate colors, etc) that give a positive impact towards business performance.
Do have ideas about the techniques or methods to measure the intangible impacts?
Hello,
Is there anybody happy to be the reviewer of my paper (Frontiers in Psychiatry) on smoking frequency and life satisfaction and test whether self-rated health serves as a mediator between this association? I am happy to review back if your manuscript needs a reviewer. Please leave me your name, email address, and institution if you are interested.
Regards,
Wesley
Good morning to all.
Happy New Year!
Who can tell the physical process of changing the True Noon during the year?
Sincerely, Vadym.
If XRD equipment is used to obtain data to determine the grain size of a microstructure such as steel, is it possible to pair the XRD with a spectrometer for the same purpose?
Very happy if someone can enlighten me.
Hello Researchers,
Is anyone in the gene therapy or pediatric research field looking for a reviewer? I am available and would be more than happy to help.
Thank you,
Sandra
I'm following the thermal method, as per literature, by putting 3g of melamine into a crucible and heating it at 550 C for 4 hours. Almost all of the crucibles give burnt black Ash while at times one of the crucibles gives pale coloured ash (which is the requirement). I've been doing hit and trial but nothing is working for me. If anyone has worked on a similar project, I'd be happy to have suggestions from them. Thanks
I am lacking some articles and theoretical background on this topic and it would be super helpful is someone has already ready a theory or an article about this and is happy to share!
I would like to hear from researchers and academics who are doing any research work or project on occupational social work, and especially work on preparing workers for retirement from a social welfare/social work perspective.
A possible collaboration on research on the topic or even preparing a paper for publication or even exploring possibility of starting a research project on the topic are all possibilities. Happy to hear from any researchers or academics.
I'm conducting a study on workplace happiness and I'm looking for theories to review.
When we look at someone's photo (especially his/her face), we can have any feeling. Maybe we can feel happy, sad, angry, like, dislike, love, peaceful, joyful, fear, and other feeling/ mood. We will feel another mood when we look at the other persons photo.
What factors determine this circumtenses? Can this way be used as one of the media to treat mental illness? Depression, schizofrenia, bipolar, etc.
When someone look at his/her favorit angel's photo or saint's photo maybe he/she can become more relax and tidy.
Dear All
I have stained breast cancer cells from culture with Ki67 after treatment. However, some cells express Ki67 very strongly, some cells have fade staining and almost all cells have a different background staining. In that case, should I check the percentage of positive cells/all cells? But then I will discard the differential expression levels. And if I quantify signal intensity levels, then first I will need to remove background from each image and that may alter the Ki67 signal levels also.
I would be very happy to have your suggestions.
Many thanks in advance!
Hello everyone! I need the help of experienced academics who are good at conducting a semi-structured interview. This is my first experience and I need your advices and suggestions. I am going to conduct interview with Kazakh diapora members in Turkkey to identify their perception of homeland and discuss their identity-related issues. I would be happy to get any ideas and suggestions.
Good morning,
Regarding Park transformation I note Matlab specifies by default q-axis aligned with a-axis and hence sinus-based transformation. I have the problem that many research I have reviewed is based on cosinus-based.
Would you kindly advice which of them is preferable in your opinion.
How could I "translate" the expression from one ref frame to another in order to make my calculations consistent?
Thanks in advance and Happy NY2K20!
Juan Cabeza
I will be more than happy to have your suggestions, I am trying to understand the current challenges in clinical NLP, the articles I found do not mention the main challenges, I found some general challenges like de-identification, abbreviation etc.
Am conducting research on happiness at work among the teaching staff of one of the Universities in Nigeria, Enugu State University of Science and Technology in parenthesis Esut. and am looking for scale/questionnaire that can serve as my instrument for data collection.
Dear Research Gate,
I would be happy to privately share this book chapter but I do not see how this can be done.
I would pleased to learn how to do it.
Can you help?
Best wishes,
Corrado Zoppi
Hi
Some authors use either correlation matrices or VIF to identify collinearity between variables, while others apply both to improve model performance and interpretability. Therefore, I would be happy to get statistical explanations from anyone about the tools used separately and simultaneously or I want to know if other robust mechanisms to check collinearity are extant.
Thank you in advance!
For a Meta-Analysis, we are looking for articles or unpublished data in which there is a correlation between:
- group creativity, measured by indicators such as number of ideas, originality, and usefulness of ideas, and
- personal factors such as personality traits, emotional intelligence, or cognitive factors (sense of self-efficacy, thinking style, motivation, need for cognition or closure).
If you only have raw data that have not yet been analyzed, we would be happy to help analyze it for inclusion. In such a case, please send us the dataset and a description of the key variables described above relevant for the analysis.
We are hoping to include as many studies as possible, so any additional data is greatly appreciated.
If you are interested in more information, we would be happy to answer any further questions and keep you posted on the project as we make progress and finalize the submission.
Am conducting research on the relationship between Happiness at work and Organizational commitment. Am using Meyer and Allen's (1993) OCS to measure the three aspects of organizational commitment. Am looking for a reliable and valid scale that can measure happiness at work to achieve a better result. It is my undergraduate project and I will be facing internal and external defense after my study so I also need other useful suggestions on how to achieve better results in this project. Am just a beginner as far as research is concerned.
Hi all,
I'm observing the survival rate of 4 cell lines (BxPC3, HPAC, PANC1, AsPC1) that were frozen in 2018. After thawing the cells, I can see the cells were happy. However, the cells were dead on day 3 when I was performing subculture.
Here are some reasons that I can think of:
1. the cells were actually dead at the beginning... (but I can see cell growth)
2. the trypsin incubation time was 10-20 mins (maybe the trypsin kills them)
3. maybe the cells not attaching...
Any clue?
Hello Leaders,
I would like to have your view as I am thinking to do some research work on the "impact of diversity in telecom sector leading to happy quotient and profitability", I find this topic very amazing in today's context as more and more women leaders are getting into corporate board rooms.
I would like to have your view and would be happy to have you give me some thoughts on this research topic, also if you would like to tag along with me, so that we can do some joint research, journal publishing, etc.
Thank you,
Nikhil
This is just a personal question from you fellow researchers who spend almost a lot of time researching.

I am going to buy a GPU for processing some deep networks and to be honest, I do not have sufficient info on which GPU brands and specifications are best? I prefer a GPU that delivers quick results regardless of price, and brand? For Your Information, OS: Ubuntu 64, Memory: 32GiB. if you need extra info about the current system, please let me know. I highly appreciate your suggestions. If someone has been working on GPUs for processing deep networks, I would be happy to have further discussions.
Hi,
I have been trying to search for answer what is the best way to attach NIRS device to tibialis anterior muscle to prevent excess moving and light interference ?
If anyone have some practical advices I am more than happy.
How is character important in achieving goals? What effect does character have on your relationship with others? How does character allow you to fit in?
The true choice olfactometer is the first olfactometer that does not present a gradient of odors to the subject. The test subject is always in a clean air flow until it reaches the choice area. This allows testing of repellents and push pull systems (repellents and attractants at the same time) in the laboratory. It is a development from ingenious Jim Estaver from Sigma Scientific LLC. We have recently started working with our new true choice olfactometer. Who has already gained experience with the system or has already published something? I would be happy if we could share our experiences here.
We are planning an in vivo study on the relationship between hypercholesterolemia and probiotics. Unfortunately, we don't have the chance to work with hamsters, we have very few options for experimental animals. We can use standart C57BL6 mice or wistar rat or Sprague Dawley rat. However, we couldn't decide which animal model would be more suitable. Which one do you think should we choose? I would be very happy if you share your expert opinion with me. Thank you.
I extracted protein by mixed 10g of defatted seed powder with 100ml 0.12M NaOH. adjusted pH of supernatant to 4.5 and leaved over night. the result should be show that supernatural and precipitated are separated BUT the result did not show like that it show is looks like a Gel and it mean may anther materials was extracted.
PLEASE I need your help i will be so happy if you have any suggestion to me and Thank you in advance.


I'm looking for research that deals with the experimental determination of the cross-sectional warping field of beams.
More specifically, I'm curious if research has been done on thick-walld composite beams.
I'm more than happy to discuss my research idea and thoughts about it.
Historically I have used absolute cover data or transformed absolute cover data when running NMDS analyses for comparing plant communities. I was recently encouraged to relativize the cover data (so cover among all quadrats equals 100 % ) prior to performing NMDS/ PERMANOVA. From my general comparisons looking at the NMDS solutions generated and PERMANOVA post hoc outputs, I get near identical results (Pseudo-F and p-values change very slightly) no matter if the data are relativized or not. Could someone please chime in here if there are advantages of using relativized cover data for running NMDS/ PERMANOVA as an alternative over raw absolute cover. Relativizing to 100% wasn't how I was taught, but I'm happy to change my ways if there's reason to do so.
I am considering using Ethnographic Content Analysis for data analysis. Does anyone have any experience of using this method of data analysis? I would be grateful if you could direct me to some useful studies or resources or even better be happy to meet with me directly to discuss this.
Millions of peoples are suffering alot due to ignorence and lack of management and experiences,How can we teach or guide those to make their life more happy and to solve their problems?
Hi,
Just checking if anyone has an Excel scoring synthax for the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index that they would be happy to share
Thanks
Kate
I would like to join or initiate a network with this goal in mind. I cannot fathom why, especially in view of the documented psychological impact of COVID-19, hardly any secondary or tertiary institutions, in the US and abroad, are requiring these subjects to be taught. Some universities and high schools in the US, UK and Australia are offering courses on psychogical wellbeing AKA "happiness" as electives, but the content is often scientifically shallow and not integrated with student services.
Hello. I'm in the midst of my Master's Thesis. My study intends to develop and analyze an organizational happiness scale/ instrument based on the Self-Determination Theory for the employees of an academic institution in the Philippines. I have already created the initial psychometric questionnaire and need experts to validate its content, format, structure, etc. However, I am having a hard time looking for experts who are willing to validate the instrument. Is there anyone here, or do you know anyone willing to validate my happiness instrument/ scale? Thank you.
In some papers, surface SiOH ratio of the fumed silica particles is varied by treating with a silylating reagent (e.g. dichlorodimethylsilane) to different extents.
I wonder how to calculate the surface coverage of SiOH group and how to quantify the SiOH ratio.
I am happy if you teach me the methodology and analysis.
How can one estimate the quantity of water that can be recovered from a wastewater treatment plant?
Many utilities in cities are nowadays exploring how to reuse water (treated effluent) from their treatment plants for potable and non-potable purposes. I am wondering if there is any research or studies that look into how to estimate the quantity water that can be obtained from such water reuse initiatives. Of course I understand that any calculations would include aspects like evaporation, potential leakages within the treatment plant as well as any portion of water that is not recoverable. I would happy to have anyone point me to any relevant studies they have encountered on these issues.