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Urbanization fundamentally alters the relationship between humans and nature by replacing natural landscapes with artificial, built environments. This transformation shifts the balance between ecological systems and human activity, often prioritizing development over the preservation of natural habitats. As cities grow, they consume resources at an accelerated rate, but they also become hubs for innovation, incorporating sustainable practices like green architecture and urban farming. While urbanization can create a sense of disconnection from the natural world, it simultaneously fosters novel ways to reconnect, such as renewable energy initiatives and the integration of green spaces within urban settings. This complex dynamic redefines both how we depend on and interact with the natural world.
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I guess the answer for your question hides in the planning and designing a city or urban area from the beginning. It could be how the city/urban designers integrated and considered the environmental elements in their design. Did the designer respect the environmental planning criteria for a natural element such as a river or a mountain? Did they consider not cutting trees or palms to build houses? In addition, how did the designers create space for people to do their daily activities?
Do people have the opportunity to walk or run beside a river or a lake?
In addition, the city scale could play a factor in how people sense the environment.
You may want to study and compare between the layouts of cities/urban areas that successfully integrated nature within their designs and those that did not.
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How can highly biodiverse forest ecosystems be restored in logged areas, post-industrial areas, degraded natural environments?
How can highly biodiverse, floristically and faunistically multi-species forest ecosystems be effectively restored in areas affected by logging carried out as part of predatory pseudo-forest management?
In order to save the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of natural ecosystems for future generations of people, it is necessary to significantly accelerate and increase the scale of implementation of the green economy transformation process. Given the large scale of degradation of the biosphere, loss of biodiversity and climate change that has occurred so far, so one of the most important challenges for humanity in the 21st century is to protect the earth's biosphere and natural biodiversity. One of the natural ecosystems characterized by high biodiversity is the tropical rainforests of the subtropical zone. The area of these forests is decreasing year by year. Thus, planet Earth is becoming poorer in terms of biodiversity, including the many unique species of flora and fauna that live in these forest formations. Besides, other climate zones also have significant forest resources that absorb CO2, i.e. one of the main greenhouse gases. Unfortunately, the importance of forests, including natural biodiverse forest ecosystems for maintaining natural and climatic balance, in terms of absorbing cCO2 from the atmosphere, etc. is still underestimated in many countries. Still many countries' policies are primarily influenced by business, which counts on quick profit and does not care about the state of the environment, the state of the biosphere, biodiversity and the planet's climate. As a result, still in many countries, instead of developing programs for reforestation of post-industrial, civilization-degraded areas, instead of restoration of damaged natural environments, instead of restoration of green areas on areas of soil exhausted by the use of intensive agriculture carried out in the model of industrial production of agricultural crops, etc., it is cutting down more areas of forest. The ongoing deforestation on planet Earth is one of the most serious problems of environmental policy. Thus, the magnitude of negative climate change is increasing and the planet's natural biodiversity is rapidly decreasing, as well as nature's ability to absorb CO2, the production of oxygen to the atmosphere is decreasing. In view of the above, in order to counteract the adverse effects of climate change, including the increasingly rapid process of global warming, it is necessary to increase investment and development of afforestation programs, increase areas of green space and expand the protection of natural forest ecosystems. The impact of forest trees is particularly important as one of the important factors in counteracting adverse climate change and counteracting the increasingly rapid process of global warming. It is therefore necessary to increase forest areas. The most naturally and ecologically effective forest ecosystems are restored according to the formula of restoring these ecosystems in such a way that they are as close as possible in species composition of flora and fauna to their natural counterparts, i.e. natural forest ecosystems that in a given area and/or climate zone occur in their original state or that in a given area in the past occurred before they were cut down during the development of civilization.
In this connection, it is necessary to develop afforestation programs for civilization-degraded areas and green areas also in areas of urban agglomerations. In this connection, it is also necessary to increase investment and development of afforestation programs within the framework of national environmental policies. Within the framework of these programs, it is also necessary to increase the scope of protection of natural forest ecosystems.
On the importance of the above issues, including the importance of afforestation as an essential element in carrying out a green transformation of the economy and saving the planet's biosphere and climate, I have included the following article and several others of my articles available on my Research Gate portal profile:
I invite you to discuss this important topic for the future of the biosphere and climate of the planet.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
How can highly biodiverse, floristically and faunistically multispecies forest ecosystems be effectively restored in areas affected by logging carried out as part of predatory pseudo forest management?
How can highly biodiverse forest ecosystems be restored in logged areas, post-industrial areas, degraded natural environments?
How can highly biodiverse forest ecosystems be restored in logged areas?
And what is your opinion about it?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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One of the least controversial and most effective measures is to leave abundant coarse woody debris on the logged site, and to leave all non- merchantable stems standing. If fire hazard or wildlife mobility is a concern, the debris can be left in "clumps" with fire breaks between.
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Integrating environmental considerations from the outset in sustainable tourism plans is crucial for minimizing negative impacts and promoting the long-term preservation of natural resources. Here are some key steps to ensure the integration of environmental considerations:
  1. Conduct ​Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs): Prioritize conducting comprehensive EIAs during the planning phase. EIAs help identify potential environmental risks and impacts associated with tourism activities, enabling the development of appropriate mitigation measures.
  2. Identify Sensitive Areas: Identify and map sensitive ecosystems, habitats, and ​biodiversity hotspots within the destination. This information allows for the identification of areas that require special protection and informs the design of tourism activities to minimize disturbances.
  3. Set Environmental Objectives: Establish clear, measurable, and time-bound environmental objectives within the tourism plan. These objectives could focus on reducing ​carbon emissions, conserving ​water resources, minimizing ​waste generation, or preserving biodiversity and natural habitats.
  4. Incorporate Sustainable Design Principles: Apply sustainable design principles throughout the planning process. This includes using energy-efficient technologies, integrating renewable energy sources, promoting eco-friendly infrastructure and building practices, and incorporating green spaces and natural elements into the tourism development.
  5. Emphasize Carrying Capacity: Consider the carrying capacity of the destination, which refers to the maximum level of visitors the environment can sustain without significant degradation. Implement measures to manage visitor flows, regulate access to sensitive areas, and ensure that tourism activities align with the capacity of the ecosystem.
  6. Promote Sustainable Transportation: Prioritize sustainable transportation options to minimize carbon emissions and reduce congestion. Encourage the use of public transportation, promote non-motorized transport (cycling, walking), and support the development of electric vehicle charging infrastructure.
  7. Engage Stakeholders: Involve various stakeholders in the planning process, including local communities, environmental organizations, government agencies, and tourism operators. Seek their input, knowledge, and perspectives to ensure that environmental considerations are adequately addressed.
  8. Develop Monitoring and Compliance Mechanisms: Implement monitoring systems to track the environmental impacts of tourism activities and assess the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Establish compliance mechanisms and enforce regulations to ensure adherence to sustainable practices.
  9. Promote Environmental Education and Awareness: Incorporate environmental education programs and awareness campaigns for tourists, local communities, and tourism operators. Raise awareness about the importance of responsible behavior, conservation practices, and the value of the natural environment.
  10. Regular Review and Adaptation: Continuously review and update sustainable tourism plans based on monitoring results, stakeholder feedback, and changing environmental circumstances. Flexibility and adaptability are essential to respond to emerging challenges and opportunities.
By following these steps, sustainable tourism plans can effectively integrate environmental considerations right from the outset. This proactive approach ensures that environmental conservation is a central pillar of tourism development, leading to more sustainable and responsible practices.
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If useful, some thoughts from an island perspective https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1619825
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nowadays green spaces are created in urban environment by selecting pollution-tolerant species based on biochemistry & plant functional traits! however, when considering for expansion or creation of green spaces, should reproductive fitness be considered in selecting an appropriate plant community? as the ability to self-propagate and competitiveness should be encouraged in urban plant communities! kindly comment!
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Reproductive fitness is the ability of an organism to produce offspring that survive and reproduce. It is a measure of how well an organism is adapted to its environment.
In the context of urban plants, reproductive fitness is important because it determines the ability of a plant to persist in a polluted environment. Plants that are able to reproduce successfully in polluted environments are more likely to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation.
There are a number of reasons why reproductive fitness is important for urban plants. First, pollution can damage plant tissues, making it difficult for them to reproduce. Second, pollution can reduce the availability of pollinators, which are essential for plant reproduction. Third, pollution can increase the risk of disease, which can also reduce plant reproduction.
Plants that are able to reproduce successfully in polluted environments have a number of adaptations that help them to cope with the challenges of the urban environment. These adaptations include:
  • Tolerance to pollutants: Some plants are able to tolerate higher levels of pollutants than others. This is because they have developed mechanisms to detoxify the pollutants or to avoid them altogether.
  • Pollinator attraction: Some plants have developed ways to attract pollinators, even in polluted environments. This is important because pollinators are essential for plant reproduction.
  • Disease resistance: Some plants are resistant to diseases that are common in polluted environments. This is important because diseases can reduce plant reproduction.
By selecting pollution-tolerant plant species with high reproductive fitness, urban planners can help to create more sustainable and resilient urban environments.
Here are some examples of pollution-tolerant plant species with high reproductive fitness:
  • Trees: Elm, maple, oak, and willow trees are all pollution-tolerant and have high reproductive fitness.
  • Shrubs: Lilac, forsythia, and barberry shrubs are all pollution-tolerant and have high reproductive fitness.
  • Flowers: Zinnias, marigolds, and petunias are all pollution-tolerant flowers that have high reproductive fitness.
By planting these species in urban areas, planners can help to create more livable and sustainable cities.
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In your opinion, could a civilisation built within the framework of full sustainability with the surrounding biosphere emerge on certain colonised exoplanets millions of light years distant? built within the framework of the full realisation of the objectives of balanced development, within the framework of a sustainable, pro-environmental, green closed-circuit economy, in which the process of global warming would not have occurred, no global climate catastrophe would have occurred in a relatively short period of time, i.e. within just a few centuries of the emergence of the first technological and industrial revolutions in civilisation, if such revolutions had occurred? Would it be possible for a civilisation to emerge on an exoplanet in this way that would not destroy the climate and biosphere of the exoplanet?
On the other hand, over a much longer period of time, what could the continuation of the evolution of the homo sapiens species look like over the next thousands and millions of years on colonised exoplanets millions of light years away?
In your opinion, how could the evolution of homo sapiens continue over the next thousands and millions of years if the Earth's civilisation survived for at least another 100 years and man succeeded in colonising exoplanets? What do you think the evolution of homo sapiens would have looked like over the next thousands and millions of years if Earth's civilisation had survived for at least another 100 years and man had managed to build spaceships that would have enabled the colonisation of many exoplanets similar to Planet Earth, millions of light years away?
For example, if man succeeded in building spaceships which would allow the colonisation of many exoplanets similar to the Earth, distant by millions of light years, and after colonising at least several hundred exoplanets, after a period of at least several thousand years man would survive on some of these exoplanets and build certain civilisations which would be significantly different from the one we know. After a period of at least several thousand years, it would turn out that only on every hundredth or every thousandth exoplanet would a new civilisation be built and a new human race already evolved, which would survive specific natural cataclysms and/or climatic and other catastrophes resulting from human activity. A large number of colonised exoplanets similar to the Earth, but nevertheless significantly different from each other, e.g. in terms of the composition of elements on the equivalent Mendeleyev tables, the structure of key organic compounds, the composition of the biosphere, the climate, etc., would correspond, for example, to different islands on the planet Earth, on which different species of flora and fauna arose in a process of Darwinian evolution lasting millions of years. In the context of such considerations, the following question arises: What qualities could a human being have, whose civilisation would survive for many thousands of years to come on a small number of colonised exoplanets similar to the planet Earth, distant by millions of light years? What qualities could a human being have, whose civilisation would survive many thousands of consecutive years, i.e. would develop in a fully balanced way with the surrounding nature functioning on a specific exoplanet similar to the planet Earth and would avoid the negative scenario that awaits the planet Earth in the 21st century, namely would avoid degradation of the biosphere occurring on the exoplanet, would avoid global warming and climate catastrophe? In my opinion, it would probably have been human beings who would have built a civilisation on the basis of sustainability with the surrounding nature, and intelligent people, as a result of the evolutionary process operating in a slightly different than earthly environment on distant exoplanets, would not have developed negative characteristics such as e.g. Greed, egoism, thoughtless exploitation of the planet's resources within the framework of a selfish robbery economy, ignorance of the relationship between man and the natural environment surrounding man, ignorance of the negative development of civilisation causing great damage to the surrounding biosphere and climate, i.e. features which have decided that the development of civilisation and the technological progress which has taken place on planet Earth in the 21st century has not protected man, the biosphere and the planet's climate from destruction.
For example, if man succeeded in building spaceships which would allow the colonisation of many exoplanets similar to the Earth, distant by millions of light years, and after colonising at least several hundred exoplanets, after a period of at least several thousand years man would survive on some of these exoplanets and build certain civilisations which would be significantly different from the one we know. After a period of at least several thousand years, it would turn out that only on every hundredth or every thousandth exoplanet would a new civilisation be built and a new human race already evolved, which would survive specific natural cataclysms and/or climatic and other catastrophes resulting from human activity. A large number of colonised exoplanets similar to the Earth, but nevertheless significantly different from each other, e.g. in terms of the composition of elements on the equivalent Mendeleyev tables, the structure of key organic compounds, the composition of the biosphere, the climate, etc., would correspond, for example, to different islands on the planet Earth, on which different species of flora and fauna arose in a process of Darwinian evolution lasting millions of years. In the context of such considerations, the following question arises: What qualities could a human being have, whose civilisation would survive for many thousands of years to come on a small number of colonised exoplanets similar to the planet Earth, distant by millions of light years? What qualities could a human being have, whose civilisation would survive many thousands of consecutive years, i.e. would develop in a fully balanced way with the surrounding nature functioning on a specific exoplanet similar to the planet Earth and would avoid the negative scenario that awaits the planet Earth in the 21st century, namely would avoid degradation of the biosphere occurring on the exoplanet, would avoid global warming and climate catastrophe? In my opinion, it would probably have been human beings who would have built a civilisation on the basis of sustainability with the surrounding nature, and intelligent people, as a result of the evolutionary process operating in a slightly different than earthly environment on distant exoplanets, would not have developed negative characteristics such as e.g. Greed, egoism, thoughtless exploitation of the planet's resources within the framework of a selfish robbery economy, ignorance of the relationship between man and the natural environment surrounding man, ignorance of the negative development of civilisation causing great damage to the surrounding biosphere and climate, i.e. features which have decided that the development of civilisation and the technological progress which has taken place on planet Earth in the 21st century has not protected man, the biosphere and the planet's climate from destruction. Of course, in this issue, considerations around the following further question arise: On these other, distant but also similar to the planet Earth, would man develop civilisation in a similar way as it has done on the planet Earth and also a process of global warming and climate catastrophe would occur, i.e. on these other exoplanets the appearance of man could be compared to the appearance of a virus in a certain balanced environment, which would seriously disrupt this state of sustainability and lead to a catastrophe of the exoplanet's biosphere? Such comparisons have been used more than once in popular science literature and in films of the science fiction genre, including, for example, part 1 of the 'Matrix' trilogy directed by the Wachowski brothers. However, we are not able to answer the latter question fully unequivocally, because we do not know the geological, climatic, natural environments, the biochemical composition and organic compounds forming the biosphere of the exoplanet, the composition and structure of the elements forming the dominant minerals on the planet, etc. of those other many hundreds, thousands or perhaps more exoplanets similar to the planet Earth. Thus, we do not know these presumably different in many respects biotic and abiotic environments of exoplanets and therefore do not know how these other environments would have shaped the development of other civilisations that may have been man-made on distant exoplanets. Alternatively, we can describe a hypothetical situation that could exist on some human-colonised exoplanets by defining the aforementioned conditions existing on an exoplanet of other animate and inanimate nature that could determine the development of human civilisation taking place in harmony with the surrounding nature and climate, i.e. within the framework of full sustainability, i.e. also in a way that we currently define on planet Earth as fully pursuing the goals of sustainable development and conducted within the framework of a sustainable, pro-environmental, green circular economy. Until we know more about these other abiotic and biotic environments found on many exoplanets and whether other, different forms of life exist on many other exoplanets, the answer to the above questions can only end at the stage of conjecture and theoretical considerations.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
What, in your opinion, could the continuation of the evolution of the species homo sapiens look like in the period of the next thousands and millions of years, if the Earth's civilization survived for min. What do you think the evolution of homo sapiens would look like over the next thousands and millions of years, if the Earth's civilisation survived for at least another 100 years and man managed to build spaceships that would enable the colonisation of many exoplanets similar to the Earth, millions of light years away?
On the other hand, over a much longer period of time, what could the continuation of the evolution of the homo sapiens species look like over the next thousands and millions of years on colonised exoplanets millions of light years distant?
In your opinion, on certain colonised exoplanets millions of light years distant, would it be possible, under certain, different, biotic and abiotic conditions found on certain exoplanets, to have a civilisation built within the framework of full sustainability with the surrounding biosphere, built within the framework of full realisation of the goals of sustainable development, within the framework of a sustainable, pro-environmental, green closed-circuit economy, in which the process of global warming would not occur, no global climate catastrophe would occur within a relatively short period of time, i.e. within just a few centuries of the emergence of the first technological and industrial revolutions in civilisation, if such revolutions had occurred? Would it be possible for a civilisation to emerge on an exoplanet in this way that would not destroy the climate and biosphere of the exoplanet?
What could the continuation of the development of civilisation on colonised exoplanets millions of light years away look like?
What do you think?
What is your opinion on this subject?
Please respond,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Counting on your opinions, on getting to know your personal opinion, on an honest approach to the discussion of scientific issues and not the ready-made answers generated in ChatGPT, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
I have not used other sources or automatic text generation systems such as ChatGPT in writing this text.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
Warm regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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What is the motivation for traveling to other worlds? Is it because of all the unprincipled consumption of resources and destruction of its vital system?! If the answer is yes, then the immature human will do the same with any vital ecology! If his journey is not for the reason mentioned, it must be due to the increase in the population of the earth and the need to expand the habitat by adding new habitats.
In this case, with full maturity, humans will settle new habitats such as the earth.
It is difficult to estimate when mankind will reach a high-level civilization for the development of its habitat, considering the complicated social, political situation and the current process of destroying the earth's ecology!
These are happy dreams that have many buts and ifs for their realization!
It is necessary for the leaders of the world to really share all the people of the earth, consisting of all existing civilizations, in the result of their progress! Hunger, poverty, exploitation, war, dictatorship, terrorism, prostitution, enmity with nature, profiteering of governments and many other anomalies of the current civilization of the earth, will not allow us to even think about these trips soon!
In any case, these planets exist outside the solar system and certainly many of them have the conditions to accept human life!
In terms of technology, sooner or later, man will master the techniques and knowledge of distant space travel, and he will travel to these spheres and spread the table of other life there! If the unstable balance of the current civilization does not cause it to collapse so that everything starts anew!
Has this not happened before? And human civilization has not reached the point of leap many times and then started again due to a catastrophic event! ?
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Recently, many heteropteran insects (stink bugs in particular) have appeared in Romania (in agricultural crops, forests, gardens, parks, green spaces), both as species (some new) and numerically. I don't understand what would be the cause, the warmer weather, the intensification of transports? I'm not clear?
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Thanks Melvin for the reply. Very well pointed and justified. Kind regards
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Dear friends
I am collecting information about environmental NGOs and charities in the field of urban green space and tree planting.
I want to see how this activity is done in different regions and countries and what has been done
please guide me.
Best regards
Firoozeh
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Dear Marium
Thanks for your answer and I hope the government and NGOs be more responsible about this issue.
Best regards
Firoozeh
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The researchers hypothesise that the more green space a mother’s local area the fewer depressive symptoms they will report. However, the effects of living near to green space would depend to some degree on whether they spent time regularly in this green space.
Does the time spent regularly in green space have a mediating or moderating effect on the depressive symptoms? If so, which analysis would be best to run this hypothesis?
Thanks
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Thank you Usama Badawy
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To what extent can rooftop gardens and flower meadows in cities increase the biodiversity of natural ecosystems in cities?
Given the ongoing climate change, including global warming, air pollution, limited areas of urban parks and other green spaces, gardens, flower meadows established on the roofs of buildings in cities can significantly increase the areas of urban green space. When urban green areas are significantly expanded, the biodiversity of natural ecosystems in cities can also increase significantly. In addition, additional green areas can have a positive impact on the air quality of cities. Air quality is not only a question of pollution levels, but also humidity levels and summer temperatures. Additional green spaces can play an important role in the rest and recuperation of residents, which can translate into improved health for people living in the city. Additional green areas, including gardens and flower meadows, also mean more foraging areas for insects, including pollinating insects, whose numbers are rapidly declining due to the over-chemicalisation of agriculture. Besides, additional green areas in cities can increase the level of sustainability in terms of sustainable development, green building and environmentally and climatically sustainable urban agglomerations.
In view of the above, I would like to address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
To what extent can gardens and flower meadows established on the roofs of buildings in cities increase the biodiversity of natural ecosystems in cities?
What is your opinion on this topic?
Please reply,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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How does activities and agè affect the people who visit the green public spaces
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Adults seem to prefer clean and secure environment. Places where there's less noise and congestion. I think older people turn to prefer natural environment and to get closer to nature. Younger people seem to prefer sporting facilities and playing fields. They use these spaces mostly for playing and for training/ exercising.
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In the field of environmental protection and conversion of waste into compost, I am looking for a method that can reduce or eliminate leachate and eliminate its odor so that it can be easily used in parks and green spaces.
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Dear Mohammad,
The most common cause of bad smell during composting is existence of anaerobic condition. This situation is generally created by the presence of excess moisture. In your case, it is indicated by the occurrence of high amount of leachate.Some of our friends have already suggested several useful measures to overcome the problem. Addition of water absorbing materials like dry leaves, straws etc is likely to give better result. However, if your waste materials contain too high amount of water, you need to reduce them before using for composting.In addition, frequent turning of the substrate helps to add oxygen in the materials. These are a few simple and easily adoptale techniques to reduce the leachate amount and foul odor.
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Hello, so I am trying to understand how to calculate the cooling interaction between nearby urban green spaces within the context of urban heat island mitigation, and I have been unable to find sufficient literature on this specific subject. Many studies have drawn cooling extent buffers around urban green spaces through GIS and remote sensing, but I have not found sufficient literature on just how the cooling influence/impact/effect would be calculated in the region where buffers from nearby green spaces overlap. How does the cooling between two (or three or more) nearby green spaces blend together? Would the cooling effect in the overlap region be the average of both green spaces? I would think this would not make sense, since this would mean receiving a cooling effect value that is less than the highest value, and it would seem that adding more cooling would not lead to less cooling. Would I then just add the cooling effects of both green spaces? I wanted to ask if anyone in this community might have any insight on just how the cooling effect within the buffer overlap region between two nearby green spaces might be calculated. Is there a simple formula for this?
I have looked to this paper "Calculating cooling extents of green parks using remote sensing: Method and test" by Lin et al. (2015):
This details the need to consider the cooling interaction effect between nearby green spaces.
Also, I have looked to this this paper "Estimating the Cooling Effect of Pocket Green Space in High Density Urban Areas in Shanghai, China" by Wu et al. (2021):
This paper shows how cooling between overlapping buffers would be calculated as a sort-of distance-weighted average, which I am still unsure about.
I would really appreciate hearing anyone's thoughts on how this calculation can be carried out!
Thanks!
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Thank you everyone for all of your suggestions!
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I want to analyse the access of urban population to green space. In kathmandu most of the house have their compound and a small garden. Are these counted in settlements or green space? Do we have any process where we can separate public green space and private through satellite imageries?
Thank you
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It needs high resolution satellite imagery to separate private and public space. The interpretation key to separate private and public space are: the scattered greenery represent the private green space and comparatively bigger size of greenery represent public space.
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Lack of green spaces and deterioration of natural environment leads to phycological disorders and it's very prevelant in children's..
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Nature deficit disorder refers to the various problems affecting the behaviour of children because of spending less time outdoors. Nature deficit disorder contributes to diminished use of the senses, attention difficulties, conditions of obesity, and higher rates of emotional and physical illnesses.
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I am working on the master plan for a small city in Iran. I have faced a paradoxical situation!
The city is surrounded by green spaces (specifically the garden city or second house spaces). We don't know how to deal with these spaces. If we add them to the formal boundary of the city, they would be the case for converting to housing and other urban land uses. If we put it out of the formal boundary, there would be no control over the transformations.
I would be happy to hear your perspectives on this issue.
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You must see what are the upper and lower issues in the planning system and how they have linked and intertwisted and find the gaps. Sometimes these gaps are regulative and technical. However, in the global south countries, we do not have strong regulative support and always third parties involve to take over the resources in the name of any kind of development. Furthermore, you might need to look at transnational policies and guidelines and how the national and sub-national decision-makers work with them. This is what in geography we call place-space and how specific resource (might be kind of green development) is favorable for the national and international market.
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Green infrastructure has been getting so much importance these days because people started to appreciate the value of green space and the value it adds to the water resources planning. Green infrastructure like bioswale, pervious pavements, wetlands, green traffic island, open green space all have so much impact to reduce urban flooding, augment groundwater supply by filtering rainwater and improve aesthetics of the city for various recreational activities. What would be a better choice where we solve water resources problem and make the city greener and brighter. Please comment!
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Thanks for the papers, Dr. Nanco Dolman. It is interesting that the word "blue" has been added with the term green infrastructure. Many cities in the US are promoting green infrastructure for various reasons. In some places, GI method has been used for flood control and in some places in the semi arid regions, GI has been used to augment the groundwater sources. Many large cities are finding it difficult to implement this concept due to available land shortages. Good discussion!
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People long for green space
Anxiety, worry
Restriction of recreational activities
What do people think of green spaces because of Covid 19 pandemic?
With which modeling this issue can be studied
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Better urban planning will safe gaurd our future generations if learing lessons of rapid spread of covid in congested areas is applied .. Open green areas n planned cities will take care of lock downs n any resurgance of covid occurs down lane lane after 50 years wherein recreations and other facilities wont be congested and available locally.. Asvwe know that this disease variant did occur in past too
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Dear Network,
I’m looking for case studies of depaving / transforming built areas (parking lots, constructions, roads) into green spaces or urban natural habitats. I'm looking for a range of examples, from ecological engineering to passive restoration or urban spaces that have spontaneously evolved from asphalt to brownfields / spontaneous natural habitats
Have your heard about such examples around you ?
Many thanks,
Marc Barra
Ecologist
Paris region Agency for biodiversity
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Have you already heard about the "Jardin des Joyeux" made by Wagon Landscaping on a old car park area in Aubervillliers ?
More informations can be found here : https://www.wagon-landscaping.fr/joyeux-1
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A decade ago, at the Fifth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health in Parma, Italy, Member States of the WHO European Region made a commitment “…to provide each child by 2020 with access to healthy and safe environments and settings of daily life in which they can walk and cycle to kindergartens and schools, and to green spaces in which to play and undertake physical activity”. As we are year 2020 actually, Do you know any country that fully reached such a commitment? What do you think about it?
Wishing good health to all of you.
Zydi
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Dear Zydi;
Thank you for your response. For example, Berlin, Aachen and Hamburg in Germany offer every child everyday access to a healthy and safe environment in which they can run and cycle to kindergarten if they want to.
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While shaking our society and turning our way of living upside down, the COVID19 pandemic is also putting the relation between nature and us under a different light. As we were forced to limit our movements to the maximum, green spaces & urban forests show their full potential of improving human physical and mental well-being, and act as a litmus test that reveals the inequalities characterizing our societies. In this context, this survey aims to gather information on how the attitude of citizens towards nature in different cities across the world is changing during these challenging times.
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Good question Nicola da Schio. From history, disasters and crises have redrawn our cities. For example:
  • Tuberculosis, believed to have caused almost a quarter of all deaths in the 1800s, was associated with overcrowded cities. It was one of the driving forces behind both the Garden City movement and the modernist town planning of Le Corbusier and others, which argued for settlements surrounded by ample green space.
  • And the creation of the city’s sewer system was a response on the London’s cholera outbreaks of the mid-19th century. Not only it involved a network of underground drains but also the construction of the Thames embankments. Its effect was political as well as hygienic.
Currently there is a growing attention to create urban green spaces, including Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI), that will reshape our cities after the lockdown.
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I've spent days looking for it but it seems like the actual study does not exist? What is this number based on?
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Actually, the standard was never reportd in the frame of WHO official docments. During the preparation of FAO Guidelines on urban and periurban forestry, we tried to find out the text referring to the cited standard but it was impossible. SO, the interpretation is like this. In 1968, Italy published the standards for urban development and 9 m2 was the figure for green spaces in new construction areas. Meanwhile, Italy team was quite active in WHO and there is a unoffical report from Italy to WHO board where is used the 9m2 standard. Then the success story of 9m2 began. In the last documents of WHO on public/green open spaces, they are strongly reccommended in the policies and planning actions of the cities but it is always reported an appropriate dimensional standard with the conditions of the cities where they need to be implemented. And I guess it is quite right like that: cannot compare Antofagasta in the Atacama desert to Bangui, in the equatorial forest.
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Hi,
I've been provided with a lot of help by someone whom I engaged with through this network, whom has helped me to run an Interrupted Time Series Analysis using a standard Generalised Least Squares approach. However, I have also tried to use an alternative approach and wondered if anyone could offer any views/advice in regards to its validity.
I have a univariate time series consisting of 48 observations [quarters of a 12 year data set]. Each observation is a record of the area of defined 'green space' land that was subject to development [as m2 per km2] in each quarter. I want to quantify the effect of policy change after a two-year lag and have accordingly built an ITS as outlined.
However, I have also taken an alternative approach in which I fit a Dynamic Linear Model separately to the pre-policy period [as a separate data frame] , from which I forecast a counterfactual. having fit a separate dlm to the post-policy period I analysed the intervention effect as the absolute difefrences between the modelled post-policy period and predicted counterfactual (with 95% confidence bounds).
The second method gives similar results to the first, but picks up the trend in the pre-policy period better than the GLS method. However, I'm not sure whether modelling them separately would be seen as valid by anyone who knew what they were doing with ITS!
Does anyone have any advice? I wondered whether there is a way of replicating the use of ARIMA methods for ITS using a dynamic linear model, but am not entirely sure of how the ARIMA approach would work? Again, any advice would be hugely appreciated.
I have attached a copy of my derived data out of interest.
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Can you try causal inference analysis?
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I am working on fragmentation indices and using them to generate fragmentation surfaces, and I would like to investigate how fragmentation and connectivity are related to optimal urban green space design.
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That is what we hope to , but I thought that it will be in the paper not at the reality.
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Why is it important to maintain, beautify and expand the urban parks?
How one should plan the beneficial and optimal environment, which will tackle the issues of the heat islands, air pollution, and floodwater run-off, cooling and warming, with nature-based methods?
Today, we do not have consistent answers to those important questions and very often, the issues related to the improvement of housing and living conditions, urban ecology, and urban sustainability are resolved through erroneous methods, and unjustified decisions.
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Because green spaces make loss Heat Islands effects.
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I'm working on a different types of land as targets of conservation. and I realized that there are no set definition to Open Space, or Green Space.
EPA defines open space as 'any open piece of land that is undeveloped (has no buildings or other built structures) and is accessible to the public'. and New York State defines it as 'land that is not intensively developed for residential commercial, industrial, or institutioanl use'.
What's your most preferred definition YOU personally use, or that you came up with, and why??
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Based on your questions, it has to parts to be defined. The first one is on Open space. However, As defined by EPA, it is any open piece of land which is accessible to the public that is not developed yet. While the second part of your questions on Green space, it is piece of land that is partly or completely covered with trees and etc.
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I want to explore the green space and plant diversity across different urban function unit (work unit)? Do you have any suggestion or comment?
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You may want to explore Cities4Forests https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/cities4forests and explore some kind of mapathon using Collect Earth
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There are numerous literatures to use fot the study, but which is the most reccomended for the study
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Two of our recent papers which provide a novel measurement of the physical interactives between people and urban greenspace may be useful.
(1) Song, Y., Huang, B., Cai, J., & Chen, B. (2018). Dynamic assessments of population exposure to urban greenspace using multi-source big data. Science of the Total Environment, 634, 1315-1325.
(2) Song, Y., Chen, B., & Kwan, M. P. (2019). How does urban expansion impact people's exposure to green environments? A comparative study of 290 Chinese cities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 119018.
If you need the soft copies of these two papers, please let me know.
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Trees in urban system provide a variety of ecosystem services including biodiversity conservation, removal of atmospheric pollutants, oxygen generation, noise reduction, mitigation of urban heat island effect, microclimate regulation, stabilization of soil, groundwater recharge, prevention of soil erosion and carbon sequestration. The important roles played by green spaces are social, economic, cultural and environmental aspects of sustainable development. Urban green spaces can be a comprehensive tool for long term protection of environmental sustainability through improving the quality of life and air quality, increasing property value due to their amenity and aesthetic characteristics, and reducing the energy costs of cooling buildings.
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I think to answer the first part of your question we should consider different criteria such as urban policy, urban economics, urban climate, etc. Regarding the second part of your question, I think it would be important to consider the feature of urban green spaces like the cooling effect of urban green spaces, which has a significant role to improve the physical and psychological health of residents.
I have two studies in this case maybe that would be useful for you.
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The meaning of abandoned spaces, especially industrial spaces, with over grown spontaneous vegetation have been widely studied in the Western world. I want to know is there any relevant Chinese literature studying the meaning and significance of this new urban wilderness in Chinese context? Informal green spaces also exist in China, but until now I have not found much Chinese research about this field. Most research is about how to regenerate these spaces and often ignore the meanings of these sites.
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women preferences of private greenspace features/elements/facilities.
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from my research into cottage gardens in 19th century Scotland : women possibly excluded from "serious" gardening, ie growing veg, but not because it was too arduous as they were employed in the fields. But in fact they did engage in this kind of gardening. Flowers were certainly regarded as a feminine preoccupation in Victorian times. Medicinal plants too (witch connection)
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for my phd thesis
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please Specify your goal, exactly.
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Dear colleagues/friends/Professors;
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Dear experts,
I am going to work on a project related to urban green-space planning. I welcome and appreciate your suggestions and comments.
The key purpose of the project is to map and analyze the current green-spaces in the city, then to detect the areas which need optimization (patch size, connectivity, etc). In fact, the output of this project should help to prepare a master plan for future green space construction in the city.
To the best of my knowledge, I should firstly map land cover pattern in the city, then I should analyze the patch size and its connection by FRAGSTATS software. Also , Land Surface Temperature map may help to find the areas which need more greenspace construction.
However, I want to know:
1. What other software do you recommend to use?
2. What kind of innovation I can have in this project so that I could publish good paper from my results?
3. Do you have any suggestion for the methodology?
4. If you know any relevant and helpful paper, please share with me.
5. Any other comment and suggestion is appreciated.
Sincerely,
Majid
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Here you go
- Kabisch, Nadja. "Ecosystem service implementation and governance challenges in urban green space planning—The case of Berlin, Germany." Land Use Policy 42 (2015): 557-567.
- Haaland, Christine, and Cecil Konijnendijk van den Bosch. "Challenges and strategies for urban green-space planning in cities undergoing densification: A review." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14, no. 4 (2015): 760-771.
- Caspersen, Ole H., Cecil C. Konijnendijk, and Anton S. Olafsson. "Green space planning and land use: An assessment of urban regional and green structure planning in Greater Copenhagen." Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography 106, no. 2 (2006): 7-20.
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Dear experts,
I am going to work on a project related to urban green-space planning. I welcome and appreciate your suggestions and comments.
The key purpose of the project is to map and analyze the current green-spaces in the city, then to detect the areas which need optimization (patch size, connectivity, etc). In fact, the output of this project should help to prepare a master plan for future green space construction in the city.
To the best of my knowledge, I should firstly map land cover pattern in the city, then I should analyze the patch size and its connection by FRAGSTATS software. Also , Land Surface Temperature map may help to find the areas which need more greenspace construction.
However, I want to know:
1. What other software do you recommend to use?
2. What kind of innovation I can have in this project so that I could publish good paper from my results?
3. Do you have any suggestion for the methodology?
4. If you know any relevant and helpful paper, please share with me.
5. Any other comment and suggestion is appreciated.
Sincerely,
Majid
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You may use the jQuery library which is available under Open Source GNU General Public Licence and MIT (Licence X11).
JQuery JavaScript creates interactive maps with GIS software. Software is unlimited rights to use, copy, modify and distribute the original or modified programme.
More information:
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Did not Frederick Law Olmstead already demonstrate how a successful Ecosystem was implemented in different contexts? His contiguous green spaces were fo rite purposes of socialization, community building and healing in urban and suburban contexts.
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Kenneth, There are two evidence based design principles proven by the behavioral health researcher Dr. Roger Ulrich (who I briefly collaborated with at Bethesda Naval Military Medical Center - now Walter Reed) was that views of nature and the inclusion of sunlight improved healing efficacy verses no views of nature and no natural sunlight (not specifying the landscape or hemisphere). Olmsted about 110 years before had a theory that an individual immersed in nature (not articulating what kind of ecosystem) and experienced views of nature - alleviated symptoms of depression...of course the Greeks understood this in their architecture 2000 years before....cheers.
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Dear researches, I am willing to assess climate regulation as an ecosystem services through green spaces in urban area, and interested to measure evapotranspiration as an cooling index. considering data deficiency, which method do you recommend to measure it as good as possible? I do appreciate your time and responds. Thank you in advance
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As far as I know most models are validated and their performance is good in many respects for the current climate. Th e level of accuracy is dependent on many factors, such as the quality of input fields (initail and boundary) and complexity of the land surface features. That doesn't mean that the models are not useful. Ofcourse they are much more useful than even measurements/observations. Sometimes even models predict much better than observations. If projection is required, that is another issue. Weather and Climate are chaotic and it is quite difficult to accurately say when and where extreme events occur. For policy purposes, model validation may not be enough, intercomparisons of the mo dels is also important. For more information refer to this paper
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Since it has been known that more urban green spaces are related to less cardiovascular diseases. So what factors motivates citizens to engage in physics activities in these urban green spaces
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I second Erica, and add some more:
- organized events to introduce the use for physical activities.
- high population density, larger cities. In small towns, people are afraid of the negative perception - except accepting culture. Besides, in the rural area you have your own space for exercising.
- dog walking areas and exercise areas are separated. I hated being chased or my genitals snuggled by large dogs.
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If you are an expert on this topic, and work in Europe, the EKLIPSE project condially invites you to consider joining our working group on that matter to synthesize the relavant knowledge for our policy requester, see our call at:
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Hi, I know it is very late, but I would like to comment that Prof. Van den Bosch and her team have been working on it for years. Probably you have worked with her.
Van den Bosch, M. A., Mudu, P., Uscila, V., Barrdahl, M., Kulinkina, A., Staatsen, B., Swart, W., Kruize, H., Zurlyte, I., Egorov, A.I., 2016. Development of an urban green space indicator and the public health rationale. Scand. J. Public Healt., 44, Issue 2: 159-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494815615444.
In Spain, we have some indicators related to this issue. In urban planning there is a changing vision about distance and quality of green urban spaces. Please see the indicators EVB.05.26 and EVB.05.27 on urban sustainability at:
Gobierno de España, 2012. Guía Metodológica para los Sistemas, Certificación o Acreditación de la Calidad y Sostenibilidad en el Medio Urbano. Agencia de Ecología Urbana de Barcelona. Ed. Centro de Publicaciones, Secretaría General Técnica, Ministerio de Fomento, Madrid.
We have applied these indicators in cities in Latin America for improving well-being, health and quality of life.
Best,
Francisco
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is excel strong enough to be used in research?
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Hi, I recommend you Arc-GIS. I do agree with Hamid. Arc-GIS allows you to incorporate all data you need for a surface area. It also allows to export the data to an Excel File.
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i want to know about environmental conditions of plant growth of Vitex agnus castus (chaste tree) ,cionura erecta,caltropis proceral through seed.... i study on these native plants for urban green space.
thank you all for helping me..
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Dear Mr. Sharifzadeh
Best grown in loose, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun. This shrub often suffers winter dieback or dies to the ground. It is not considered reliably winter hardy . Even though plants may die to the ground, the roots often survive the winter and push up as much a 4-7' of new growth the following year. Because flowering appears on new growth, winter dieback or pruning back to the ground will not affect flowering.
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comparison of different types of content analysis
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Thank you very much Nicolae-Sorin! Appreciated. I have read the two first and those are very useful as you said. I will check the third one i haven't read so far. Thanks for that!
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justification of your method.
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Thank you Sander and Iketut!
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I am developing a model to evaluate the qualities of urban green spaces.
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Thank you Maryann !! Excellent suggestion
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Dear Experts,
i need to use Fragstats software to understand the connectivity of green spaces in my study area . but i dont know which parameters on software should be checked to get the relevant data.
i would be thankful if i could guide me.
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Habitat area (large vs. small fragments), connectivity (measured by a connectivity index), and landscape composition (represented by the amount of arable land within a buffer around each site).
SEE: Landscape composition, connectivity and fragment size drive effects of grassland fragmentation on insect communities, Journal of Applied Ecology 2013, 50, 387–394 doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12056
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For example, there is a question-"Features that make this green space attractive" with 6-7 check box options. Two auditors checked different boxes (some mutually common and some are not). In that case, how to measure the reliability for that particular question?
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Thanks green for the link. But my question was more related to inter-class reliability testing.
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I need to compare them against population size to find out how much green space is allocated per inhabitant
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Venus,
As Mihai has said, there probably good data sets available for European countries, but coverage in other continents will likely be patchy.  There is a second problem in using data from several sources - you cannot be sure of the sampling techniques applied whether they are compatible or highly variable.
Can I suggest a different approach?  Collect your own data using Google Earth Maps and the most up-to-date Times Atlas with a comprehensive list of cities and population.  Using a sheet of paper, lay the edge across a transect of any chosen city and mark in both ends of your transecting, then mark in all green space lying along the transect.  Do the same procedure in random directions across he same city.  Once done, measure the segment lengths of green space, add them together and work out the percentage green space relative to built-up area in all transects.  Using this method there is no need for unit measurement as you will have a ratio that you can then use with the city population data.  The beauty of this method is that the same sampling technique is applied throughout and you results will then be 100% comparable.   Judging where individual city boundaries start and finish is problematic, but if you can get city areal size you could apply that instead.
The method is simple and not necessarily time-consuming, but it does provide first hand data.  Hope that this helps.
Regards
George
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My research is about urban green spaces Regeneration by  native plants and trees species
Unfortunately I don’t have enough information  about how can I evaluation (analysis)drought tolerance index on selective native plants
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Dendrochronological analysis of urban trees: climatic response and impact of drought on frequently used tree species,Trees, August 2014, Volume 28, Issue 4, pp 1079–1093
Abstract : Trees in urban environments are exposed to heat stress, low air humidity and soil drought. The increasing temperatures and the more frequent heat and drought events will intensify the stress level of urban trees. We applied a dendrochronological approach to evaluate the species-specific suitability under increasing risk of drought of five tree species at highly sealed urban sites in the city of Dresden (Germany). Climate-growth correlation analyses show that temperatures and water availability from April to July in the current year and in summer and autumn of the previous year are the main determining factors for radial growth. However, distinct species-specific differences were found in the response to temperature, precipitation and the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index. During the study period, the influence of temperature and drought on radial growth during summer months increases for Acer platanoides and Acer pseudoplatanus, whereas no changes occurred for Quercus petraea, Quercus rubra, and P. × hispanica. Pointer year analysis and superposed epoch analyses revealed a species-specific response to extreme climatic events. While for A. platanoides and A. pseudoplatanus a higher number of negative pointer years and significant growth declines in drought years were found, Q. petraea and Q. rubra showed more frequent positive pointer years but no significant growth reductions during drought. Based on these response patterns we classified the studied tree species according to their suitability and drought tolerance for urban sites.
Some PDFs enclosed for reference...
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Some cities face land shortage, there are large amount of existing high rise building structures in some of the existing highly dense areas, but in those areas there is also always a lack of public green open space supply, such as parks, gardens, playgrounds etc. What are the ways to provide satisfactory amount of green open area in an existing high dense area which only has limit of land?
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Dear Pak,
Greening of existing dense urban areas is one of the challenges facing urban sustainability transformation. As of now, there are some limited options available such as green roof, green wall, rain gardens, and tree planters along the side of the streets. Such practices have been already adopted successfully by cities in the US and Europe. 
Having green open space is a bigger challenge, and depends upon context. In cities where small open parking spaces are available at different locations close by, multi-storey parking ramps can be constructed and those open small parking areas can be converted into green spaces. Another option could be narrowing of street lanes, if they are too wide, and using the additional space for greening. Third option could be providing financial incentives for building owners to convert their roofs to open public gardens.     
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What is the role of green land in cities and rural areas? the role of botanical gardens and sanctuaries?
What is the role of forest extension officers and land restorators?
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Botanical gardens act as a way of conserving some of the useful and endangered plant species. In so doing the land cover controls soil erosion in addition to conserving some of the highly valued but threatened species
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i am working on the spatial analysis of urban green space development in ibadan region
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The answer depends on the spatial resolution you want. In case you have cadastral data you can exclude the buildings plot and after that you should proceed to calculation of the NDVI index, or to be more professional, you can proceed supervised classification using remote sensing data 
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Am working on my final year development project and am searching for a good case study or planning design that integrates elements of GI within a High rise residential development.
Attached is my preliminary design. Thanks
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Thanks alot @Mehdi Rakhshandehroo
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Many landscape architects develop green spaces in or near urban areas. Two goals of this type project are to increase biodiversity and bioremediation functionality. How are these parameters measured in landscape architecture? Is it best to assess green space biological goals (or habitat restoration for that fact) in terms of guild richness/diversity, trophic species richness/diversity, or functional group richness/diversity? 
I must ask, are these metrics important in the field of landscape architecture? 
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Species richness may not be the best measure of biodiversity for urban green spaces, as it can include non-native species that displace native ones.  Increasingly, urban green spaces will need to serve many functions, not just recreational services, as the world becomes more urbanised and biodiversity declines.  Connectivity of green space is an important measure of biodiversity in that it will indicate potential impacts.  Habitat surveys are also important to determine loss of biodiversity and to guide landscape management and design. Landscape architects need to consider if they are simplifying ecosystems through their designs or if they are taking into account the natural landscape history and ecology of the city they are working in.
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I am currently preparing for a dissertation about the relationship between open space design and urban tourism, and how open space stimulates tourism industry.
Are there any recommended journals or books for literature review and references? Can anybody help?
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Either you depend on subjective or objective indicators or both together. The aims and question of your research will determine the methodology that you may use to investigateyour indicators. For example you may depend sociological or psychological methods to get your subjective indicators.
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One of our research is about the new practices using the banks of irrigation canals.
These canals are  the backdrop for rapidly developing urban uses and practices. For one, the water is increasingly used to irrigate private gardens, municipal green spaces and golf courses. On a recreational level, the canals have become a site for numerous practices in recent years: walking, jogging, cycling, horseback riding, fishing, as well as swimming and kayaking
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Thank you very much Sandra.
I hope we'll can work together in the future.
Sincerely
Chantal
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I am working on my doctoral dissertation on Green Infrastructure of the Rural Settlement and its Surrounding Landscape, while considering all components of the rural green infrastructure - (green spaces in school gardens, cemeteries, church gardens, town centre, streetscapes, lakesides, accompanying vegetation of watercourses and roads, trees at objects of small sacral architecture in the landscape, etc.). I have done literature reviews and bibliographical research since 2012 but I do not want to miss any good recent journal articles or books. Do you know some? Maybe you have recently published something on the same or similar issue.
Looking forward to interesting references,
Best regards from Vienna,
Attila
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Hello Attila Toth
Vous pouvez consultez entre temps intéressantes. Je vous indique quelques articles ou ouvrages que vous pouvez consulter:
www.gallimardmontreal.com › Catalogue › Arts › Architecture/urban studies  
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Landscape/ Green Spaces in public buildings in general and hospitals in specific are believed crucial factors that contribute to improve the positive impacts on human/patients wellbeing. Not only making the minimum impact on the physical environment, communities and economies, it is also providing health benefits to human occupants to the built environment, providing landscape’s overarching goals to which all landscape professionals are committed. Medical doctors take a Hippocratic Oath to do no harm; architects take an oath to provide health safety, and welfare to the public by means of the shelters they design (Henderson, 2012).
But what are the advantages and disadvantageous of vertical landscape to human wellbeing in multilevel buildings in general/in healthcare environment in specific compared with others?
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I think you are asking about health impact on the occupants who are living in high rise buildings. I this this aspect is rarely covered in the study and very few you will find. Research studies on aspects like impact of indoor air, indoor thermal environment and noise level on occupant are available. But what is the impact of high rise living on occupants are difficult to find (Shift in comfort criteria because of change in elevation, Physiological, psychological change and change in occupants behaviour). I believe that it will very interesting if someone take this aspect.
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Atriums are considered the heart of public buildings (hospitals/ shopping centres/ educational centres/ office buildings etc.). Not only the main spaces where social activities happen, people gather/socialise but also connect to the nature (sun/ green spaces) to meliorate the indoor environment/ levels of comfort of the buildings. We assess how the atrium by providing important, but difficult-to-measure functions such as comfort, socialisation, interface, way finding, contact with nature (for instance: the natural lighting performance of roof skylight systems in buildings with atriums) and diurnal rhythms (Adams et al., 2009; Yildirim et al., 2012).
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The answers by Tim and Evert are right. You know that Richard Meier was believed to be the first person in the modern era who brought this concept to the architectural design. He mainly aimed for having day light while providing a vertical open space providing access within a building which gives you views to the interior space. Maybe not a bad idea to have a look at his designs in his books and projects.
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I am undertaken a project and these achievements whether in a form of laws, innovations, and good practices on urban green spaces in Africa are of great importance to the project.
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Mensah:
My reading suggestions are:
1. MATTHEW MCCONNACHIE, M.; SHACKLETON, Charlie M. Public green space inequality in small towns in South Africa. Habitat International, v. 34, n. 2, p. 244-248, 2010. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397509000769>
2. ADAMS, Lowell W. Urban wildlife ecology and conservation: a brief history of the discipline. Urban ecosystems, v. 8, n. 2, p. 139-156, 2005. <http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13280-010-0081-9>
3. ROGERSON, C. M. Towards" pro-poor" urban development in South Africa: the case of urban agriculture. ACTA ACADEMICA-UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE, v. 35, p. 130-158, 2003. <http://reference.sabinet.co.za/sa_epublication_article/academ_supp2003_a7>
4. KITHA, Justus; LYTH, Anna. Urban wildscapes and green spaces in Mombasa and their potential contribution to climate change adaptation and mitigation. Environment and Urbanization, v. 23, n. 1, p. 251-265, 2011. <http://eau.sagepub.com/content/23/1/251.full.pdf>
Hope this helps!
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I have seen green spaces being created in Canadian, Belgian cities. These green spaces serve as recreational spaces, contribute to the clean air ( CO2) and are refuges for animals and in particular, to birds. Is it possible to create these spaces in poor countries? What are the strategies to guarantee the biological diversity?
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What are some strategies that can improve biological health and diversity in poor cities and countries