Green Chemistry - Science topic

Hey there Hariharan S Melarcode!

Absolutely, finding green solvents for PLA dissolution is crucial. While PLA is known to dissolve well in solvents like DCM and Ethanol mixtures, as well as DMF, Acetone, THF, and Chloroform, let's explore some greener options.

One good option is **lactic acid** itself, which is the monomer of PLA. It can act as a solvent for PLA, making it both efficient and environmentally friendly.

Another option is **ethyl lactate**, a derivative of lactic acid. It's biodegradable and can efficiently dissolve PLA.

**Ionic liquids** are also worth considering. Although they're not always considered "green" due to concerns about toxicity, some ionic liquids have been developed that are both efficient and more environmentally friendly.

Lastly, **supercritical CO2** is an interesting choice. While it's not a traditional solvent, it can be used in combination with a co-solvent to dissolve PLA effectively. Plus, CO2 is non-toxic and readily available.

So, in summary, while the traditional solvents you mentioned work well, these greener options provide efficient and eco-friendly alternatives for dissolving PLA.

There are multiple ways:

1. Using plant materials

2. Using microbes

3. Using greener solvents etc.

Plz check my profile and find papers for understanding

Few points:

1. Solvent selection: Traditional organic synthesis often involves the use of large amounts of volatile and hazardous solvents. Green chemistry aims to minimize or eliminate the use of such solvents or replace them with greener alternatives. Water, for instance, is a widely used green solvent due to its low toxicity, abundance, and recyclability. Other green solvents include ethanol, supercritical carbon dioxide, and ionic liquids.

2. Catalysts: Catalysts play a crucial role in organic synthesis by accelerating reactions and improving reaction selectivity. Green chemistry emphasizes the use of catalysts that are efficient, selective, and environmentally benign. For example, transition metal catalysts, enzymes, and organocatalysts are often employed in green synthesis due to their high activity and low toxicity.

3. Renewable feedstocks: Green chemistry promotes the use of renewable feedstocks derived from biomass or other sustainable sources. These feedstocks can replace petroleum-based starting materials, reducing the environmental impact and dependence on fossil fuels. Biomass-derived sugars, vegetable oils, and lignocellulosic materials are examples of renewable feedstocks used in green synthesis.

4. Atom economy: Atom economy refers to the efficient utilization of atoms in a chemical reaction, minimizing waste generation. Green chemistry encourages the design of synthetic routes with high atom economy, where the majority of reactant atoms are incorporated into the desired product. This reduces the generation of byproducts and waste, making the synthesis more sustainable.

5. Energy efficiency: Green chemistry seeks to optimize energy usage in chemical synthesis. This can be achieved by employing mild reaction conditions, such as lower temperatures and pressures, to minimize energy consumption. Techniques like microwave heating and ultrasound-assisted synthesis are also used to enhance reaction rates and reduce energy requirements.

6. Recycling and waste reduction: Green chemistry aims to minimize waste generation and promote the recycling or reuse of materials. Strategies include designing reactions with minimal byproducts, implementing efficient separation techniques to recover and recycle catalysts or solvents, and exploring innovative methods for waste treatment or conversion into valuable products.

7. Process optimization: Green chemistry involves optimizing the overall synthetic process to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact. This may include process intensification techniques like continuous flow chemistry, automated synthesis, and optimization algorithms to minimize resource consumption, reaction time, and waste generation.

Hope it helps:credit AI

Dear friend Sandeep Nivruttirao Niwadange

Hey there! Now, let's dive into the world of Green Chemistry (term coined by USEPA employee). In the realm of limitless possibilities, the opportunities in Green Chemistry Research are like an untamed, flourishing garden. Here are some areas that might tickle your fancy:

1. **Sustainable Synthesis Methods:** Develop novel methods for synthesizing chemicals that minimize waste, energy consumption, and the use of hazardous materials.

2. **Renewable Feedstocks:** Explore the use of renewable raw materials as feedstocks for chemical processes. Think of it as turning plants, waste, or even CO2 into valuable chemicals.

3. **Biocatalysis:** Embrace the power of enzymes and other biological catalysts to perform chemical transformations, reducing the need for traditional chemical catalysts and harsh reaction conditions.

4. **Green Solvents:** Seek out solvents that are environmentally benign, perhaps even derived from biomass, to replace traditional volatile and harmful solvents.

5. **Energy-Efficient Processes:** Design chemical processes that are energy-efficient and utilize alternative energy sources, such as solar or microwave energy.

6. **Waste Minimization:** Devise methods to minimize or eliminate by-products and waste generated during chemical processes. Waste not, want not!

7. **Safer Chemicals:** Develop safer and less toxic chemicals, reducing the environmental and health impact of chemical products.

8. **Life Cycle Assessment:** Conduct comprehensive life cycle assessments to understand the environmental impact of chemical processes from raw material extraction to end-of-life disposal.

9. **Circular Economy:** Embrace the principles of a circular economy by designing products and processes that promote recycling and reusability.

10. **Educational Initiatives:** Share the gospel of green chemistry! Engage in educational initiatives to spread awareness and train the next generation of scientists committed to sustainable practices.

Remember, these are just a glimpse into the vast realm of opportunities in Green Chemistry Research. The possibilities are as boundless as the imagination when you Sandeep Nivruttirao Niwadange break free from the typical confines. So, what's your next move in this exciting journey of discovery?

Plz find the following review

Comprehensive review on the Bis–heterocyclic compounds and their

anticancer efficacy

Metallic nanoparticles like platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and gold (Au) have shown potential in catalyzing the breakdown of cellulose to glucose. These nanoparticles can serve as catalysts in various chemical processes, including cellulose hydrolysis. The exact choice of metallic nanoparticle and the catalytic conditions may depend on the specific requirements of the reaction, the desired yield of glucose, and other factors. Additionally, it's important to note that the use of nanoparticles in catalysis often involves complex reaction mechanisms and may require optimization for efficiency and selectivity. Researchers continue to explore and develop novel catalysts and catalytic systems for efficient cellulose hydrolysis.

Dear Doctor

Go To

"Abstract

The preparation, characterization, and application of Nickel oxide (NiO)–Copper oxide (CuO)–Zinc oxide (ZnO) transition nanometal oxides have significantly enhanced their tunable properties for superior multifunctional performances compared with well-known metal oxides. NiO–CuO–ZnO nano transition metal oxides were synthesized by a simple eco-friendly solution combustion method. X-ray diffraction studies revealed distinct phases such as monoclinic, cubic, and hexagonal wurtzite for CuO, NiO, and ZnO, respectively, with NiO having the highest composition. The particle sizes were found to be in the range between 25 and 60 nm, as determined by powder X-ray diffraction. The energy bandgap values were found to be 1.63, 3.4, and 4.2 eV for CuO, ZnO, and NiO, respectively. All metal oxides exhibited a moderate degradation efficiency for AR88 dye. The results of ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra helped identify the bandgap of metal oxides and a suitable wavelength for photocatalytic irradiation. Finally, we concluded that the electrochemical studies revealed that the synthesized materials are well suitable for sensor applications.

Conclusions

Using a green combustion approach, we have successfully synthesized three metal oxides: nickel oxide, copper oxide, and zinc oxide. The PXRD analysis confirms the phase purity of the samples, and the planes obtained from the analysis are in good agreement with the SAED pattern obtained from the TEM analysis. The metal oxides that were prepared were tested for a variety of applications, including photocatalysis and sensors. To determine the photocatalytic ability of the metal oxides, AR88 dye was used as a test substrate and the obtained results were notably appreciable. It should be noted that ZnO exhibited a greater photocatalytic activity than NiO and CuO. The sensing ability of the metal oxides was investigated using glucose as a sensing analyte. Because of their abilities and the obtained results, it can be concluded that the synthesized metal oxides have the potential to be used in a variety of applications."

AcOH+Pyridine -> pyridinium salt(py+) + NaH2PO2 -> Py+H2PO2- are stable source of hydrogen in aqueous reaction medium.

Yes, there are several purine-based ionic liquids that have been described in the scientific literature.

Examples of purine-based ionic liquids include 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium adenosine monophosphate ([BMIM][AMP]), which was first synthesized and characterized in 2011 (reference: "Synthesis and characterization of a new purine-based ionic liquid: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium adenosine monophosphate" by L. Zhao et al., in Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 52, p. 1130-1133, 2011).

Other examples of purine-based ionic liquids include 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium guanosine ([BMIM][GMP]) (reference: "Synthesis and characterization of a novel purine-based ionic liquid: 1-butyl-3 -methylimidazolium guanosine" by L. Zhao et al., in Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 170, p. 63-66, 2012) and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium hypoxanthine ([AMIM][Hpx]) (reference : "Synthesis and Characterization of a New Purine-Based Ionic Liquid: 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium Hypoxanthine" by L. Zhao et al., in Chemical Research in Chinese Universities, vol. 32, p. 157-161, 2016) .

Green chemistry is a rapidly evolving field, and there are several new technologies that have been developed or are currently under development to make chemical processes more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Some examples include:

These are just a few examples of the many new technologies being developed in green chemistry. The field is constantly evolving, and new innovations are being made all the time to make chemical processes more sustainable and environmentally friendly.

According to the information contained in the paper entitled "Hydrogen Production: Thermochemical Water Splitting," prepared by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, thermochemical water splitting uses high temperatures—from concentrated solar power or the waste heat of nuclear power reactions—and chemical reactions to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water. This long-term technology pathway has potentially low or no greenhouse gas emissions.

How Does It Work?

Thermochemical water-splitting processes use high-temperature heat (500°–2,000°C) to drive a series of chemical reactions that produce hydrogen. The chemicals used in the process are reused within each cycle, creating a closed loop that consumes only water and produces hydrogen and oxygen. The necessary high temperatures can be generated in the following ways:

Numerous solar thermochemical water-splitting cycles have been investigated for hydrogen production, each with different operating conditions, engineering challenges, and hydrogen production opportunities. Typically direct cycles are less complex with fewer steps, but they require higher operating temperatures compared with the more complicated hybrid cycles. More than 300 water-splitting cycles are described in the literature. For more information, see Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Research: Thermochemical Cycle Selection and Investment Priority.

Why Is This Pathway Being Considered?

Because solar- and nuclear-driven high-temperature thermochemical water-splitting cycles produce hydrogen with near-zero greenhouse gas emissions using water and either sunlight or nuclear energy.

Challenges remain, however, in the research, development, and demonstration of commercially viable thermochemical cycles and reactors:

Exciting progress continues in this field, leveraging synergies with concentrated solar power technologies and emerging solar-fuel production technologies.

Yes sir.

The housekeeping gene that I used is the GAPDH and it come out between the 15th and the 17th cicle. I always use triplicates and the same conditions for all my experiments. I use the following formula in order to normalize my genes.

Dear Arina Levina ,

Using the link as indicated by Shoffan Saifullah , the good news is now that your paper is finally published https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1212/1/012013 The thing is that “IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering” is ' suffering' from their own success and are recently even discontinued (see enclosed file) in Scopus.

The reason is most likely the enormous increase in number of accepted and published papers over the last few years which can be seen by clicking on “Scopus content coverage” here https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/19700200831

I think that the people behind IOP now try to ‘spread’ the papers over more than one year so that the number of papers published annually goes down again towards more acceptable/realistic numbers (at least in terms of inclusion criteria for Scopus).

So, at the very best this is a desperate attempt of the publisher to correct their suspicious behavior (by publishing too many papers in a year which raises questions on how to maintain scientific standards/quality control). This victimize researchers like you who learn the hard way how a publisher is trying to get their act together (again).

Best regards.

Kindly check on this paper

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

https://www.sciencedirect.com › topics › engineering › ca...

Kindly see also the following useful link: https://www.wired.com/story/how-to-make-hand-sanitizer/

Tamjid Us Sakib depends on the type of technology selection and project

microlage is preferred in case of biological and if you have space and time with low cost investment however if you go via chemical route there are many like activated carbon, haaluminum sulphate or few other sales can also be used

I think Chen is not aware of Prof.Martyn Poliakoff, University of Nottingham, UK, who is one of the pioneers in Green Chemistry

Absolutely correct , not only next generation green revolution , but total sustainable development of agro-ecosystem is likely to be steered by web world of microbes , including the current issue of climate change , solving worlds biggest problem through worlds tiniest particle. ..keep talking ..The introduction of OMICS has further decoded the mystical world of microbes to no limit ...

Please fo thru this for proper usage information

Dr. Barot,

You can try Tall oil based dimer acids.

Also try incorporating plasticizers for enhanced results.

Enzymatic desizing can achieve effectively all types of starches from textiles and at workable temp. range.

I would choose materials with unique properties.

Hello Mr. Hajipour

"N" refers to a molecular nitrogen presents in a defined concentration of a molecule or ion. You can find it out by multiplying the molecular weight ratios.

In your example if N in the form of nitrate (NO3^-) is 10 mg, then the concentration of nitrate molecule will be 10 mg N*(62 mgNO3/mmolN)/(14 mgN/mmolN), i.e. 44.28 mg NO3^-.

Same concept is valid for any other atoms and molecules.

Regards

Best solvent to synthesis quinazolinone derivative with microwave you can try DMF

The best environmentally benign/green solvents to dissolve PMM are the ionic liquids.

A ban on single use plastics came in to effect in Kenya. Though a big reduction was observed, there are still clothes, bread and other items which are still in use.

Most often the phytochemicals are - gallic acid, tannic acid, epigallocatechin gallate etc. As these are polyphenols - they are antioxidants (so they can reduce metal ions). From my experience - after isolation from plant extract polyphenols also can reduce ions to nanoparticles. I suppose that morphology of them (size, shape) may be different, because the other compounds in extract can act e.g. as stabilizers. Also - in natural plant extract the exact amount of reduction agents is not known, unless extract is standarized, what can also affect the resulting material.

Both are important. However, from a practical point of view, the most important is %removal, also called adsorption efficiency. In environmental protection, it doesn't matter whether q (q_e, q_m) is 1, 10, or 100 mg/g, but whether the %removal for given C_o is close to 100%.

I think that you need to wash your NPs thoroughly (2 or 3 times) with deionized water and after with ethanol

I think, answer given by Madhukar Baburao Deshmukh is right.

Green Chemistry is pollution free chemistry. In the Pharmaceutical Industry drugs and intermediates should be produced using pollution free processes with low energy consumption. Usually production using enzymes comes under green chemistry.If the reaction route involves the generation of the obnoxious gases should be prevented using alternative non-hazardous route.Many times phase transfer catalyst are used.The atom economy is also important where 100% conversions are achieved and there is no generation of the side reaction products.Many times the mixture of chiral compounds are produced hence

enantio-selective synthesis is preferred enhancing the % of useful compound..

Energy. Green tech involves the conservation of energy. Solar, wind, and hydroelectric sustainable examples of energy come under green technology safer for the environment and no. generation of waste by-products. Use of Photovoltaics, Fuel Cells, Hydrogen Storage, & Geothermal Energy are some more examples of green technology.

I tend to disagree, that ionic liquids are toxic as such. There are more possible ionic liquids than there are people on this planet. And just as people, they are different. There are toxic ones, there are also completely harmless ones, just as well there are some that are corrosive and others, which serve as corrosion inhibitors.

And that is the beauty of it, you can always find one, that can suit the properties profile that you are looking for.

Many times certain plant extracts plant extracts are used for the synthesis

of nano-particles . The components present in the plant extract may act as the oxidizing / reducing species during the synthesis of nano-particles.

Dear Vitalijs Radenkovs

According to my experience, The use of Ultrasound-assisted extraction as an extraction method and the methanol + KOH (5%) as an extracting solvent may give a satisfy result.

All the best.

hi Thulaj Meharwade and Vikas Gaur

I also faced exactly the same problem a two year before what Vikas mentioned that cDNA synthesized using Thermo advanced cDNA kit can be used for SYBr gree based RT-PCR.

And I had a worst experience with Thermo advance cDNA kit, totally failed and lost 6 months to figure it out. Even I contact their technical experts with original qRT-PCR data and protocol. But they simply ignored the matter. They saying use Taqman PCR. So suggestion was invest more money. I discarded their that third class product and blasted them in emails. They even not bother to refund our money when products failed to work and then stop communication.

I shifted whole my miRNA study using Qiagen cDNA kit, miRNA primers. They are best and provide all details with the products. Their miRscript RT kit II is wonderful, there we can use total RNA isolated using Trizol and go miRNA cDNA synthesis. and that cDNA works very fine with SYBr. Today if anyone ask sure I can say Qiagen products are best for miRNA study.

I would like to participate but the call for abstract page clearly stated 'All scientific staff and students of TU Vienna are cordially invited to participate in this event'. There is no sign for inviting external participants, could you clarify?

formation the Inter-molecular hydrogen bonding both in solution and solid state favours the pyridone form

Yes of course

Following

Between 60-200 bp. Larger amplicons will have a lower amplification efficiency and will have a brighter fluorescence amplitude when using EvaGreen. However, This can be a problem with longer amplicons because there is more variability in fluorescence with larger amplicons, so it can be harder for the system to determine whether the droplet is positive or negative.

Recommend Mohammad Kooti answer

XPS

Recommend

Recommend Amir Abidov answer

The simple is just search in google or google scholar

Companies peddling "natural" surfactants are deceiving the consumer. If you read the ingredients, you'll usually see phrases such as "naturally derived" or "plant source derived". Well, EVERYTHING is naturally derived. Oil (fossil) is natural.

Consider this statement:

"Sulfosuccinate is produced by reacting coconut-oil derived ethoxylated lauryl alcohol with sulfosuccinic acid which is made from maleic anhydride followed by addition of sodium bisulfite."

(https://www.makingcosmetics.com/Sulfosuccinate_p_279.html)

"Coconut-oil derived" - must be healthy and safe, right. Well, what's the industrial chemical process to synthesize the alcohol? Where does sodium bisulfite come from? Not from a tree.

Maleic anhydride? Made from benzene (highly carcinogenic and comes from oil).

There are very few naturally occurring surfactants (i.e., not derived) that come anywhere close to being useful for cleaning.

If someone is selling a "natural" surfactant and it is inexpensive, most likely it uses industrial ingredients.

Thank you Alan F RAWLE

Dear Dr. Suryabala,

Thank you so much for your kind answer concerning the nickel nanoparticles stability.

Thanking you,

With best regards,

Akhilesh Kumar Singh

Is that possible in water ?

Karakka Kal Abdul Khader I could not find this paper.

The belowmentioned article includes references related to this aspect. Happy new year.

@sci-hub.tw/

The (usual 2 components as in your case) DES components do not interact through covalent or ionic bonds but via intermolecular forces (hydrogen bonding), inducing molecular alterations at the lattice units lowering the mp.

Since DES of glycerol /tetrabutylammonium bromide (and chloride) are fairly common (in various proportions) the Iodide ion (size and properties) may have some interference in those forces/latice ordering...Also, I do not know -(I am not an expert at DES preparation, but just using some of them)- DES including Iodide ions in their formulation (at least with glycerol based ones).

Hope it helps

I agree with Dr Pavan. G,

As far as the lower melting and freezing tendencies of DESs are conecerned, DESs contain large, nonsymmetric ions that have low lattice energy and hence low melting points. They are usually obtained by the complexation of a quaternary ammonium salt with a metal salt or hydrogen bond donor (HBD). The charge delocalization occurring through hydrogen bonding between for example a halide ion and the hydrogen-donor moiety is responsible for the decrease in the melting point of the mixture relative to the melting points of the individual components. I find this article of ACS helpful on this issue: Thanks

As long as you have low mixing, a sufficiently high water column and volume (to provide buffer against liquid/gas phase contact) and a membrane/module which can inject the gas (smaller pores work better; "pore-free" silicone is also effective), and you can control the gas input pressure/flow, you should be able to inject high amounts before the liquid phase becomes fully saturated and bubbles start to form. The Henry's constant and mass transfer characteristics (which would severely limit the amount of H2 you could inject (i.e. 1.6mg/L) if the liquid phase is open to atmosphere) are then not limiting in this case. In a similar vein, if you have high H2 partial pressures in the gas phase and your reactor is well-sealed, you can dissolve more as well.

similar question has been addressed : https://www.researchgate.net/post/what_chemical_can_replace_DMAP_4-Dimethylaminopyridine?view=58987399eeae39bbb146bd16

good luck

It is Greener than organic solvents

You have done right. Actually I forgot to mention that apart from linearized plasmid, properly purified, quantified and diluted amplicon can serve as very good standards. The only issue with linear standards is their stability. However you can make fresh linear standards and use them within a week or so without any significant variation.

Best wishes

SD

Say - have you thought of using a Dean-Stark trap? :-)

Seriously, Gabriel's suggestion (pentane) does work, provided that the reactants are sufficiently soluble, and the activation energy of the reaction doesn't make heating necessary. Phase separation, alone, can drive a dehydration reaction to completion, and it could be sufficient to minimize water-induced side reactions as well. (The aqueous phase acts as the "drying agent" for the pentane solution.)

Hexane should work just as well; I think, if you keep it at room temperature.

Pl. click on the links as I shared for detailed information to have. Thank you. Happy New Year. Goutam

not totally

some nanomaterials can be integrated into green chemistry

a lot of developed nonomaterials are toxic

and just by definition all the chemistry reactions take place on the nano scale

oxizolidine

I suggest small  experiment regarding green chemistry and environmental pollution, However you need micro-oven in which you can carry out the reactions without solvent in short time involving the condensatioin.Ultrasonigation can be done however you need sonigator. Photochemical reactions  are  ecofriendly like pinacol formation from aryl diketone. 

While unlikely, it is possible that your primers are capable of self-amplification due to the formation of homo- or heterodimers. You may want to check for such interactions using tools such as IDT's OligoAnalyzer or OligoCalc.

If it is actually contamination, melt curve analysis, or running the resulting products out on a gel might help you determine if the amplified product matches the expected length of any of your model organisms to try and track down where the contamination is coming from.

You may want to order new primers and set up a pre-PCR and post-PCR work area to avoid any chance of the reagents becoming contaminated with the ultra-high concentration PCR products (on a molar basis PCR products are billions of times more concentrated than organismal DNA).

Good luck, these sorts of contamination/false positive results are very annoying. I've gone so far as to re-order primers to re-dilute them in freshly ordered molbio-grade water to troubleshoot these sorts of things.

The entire idea behind Green Chemistry is to be sustainable.  If it is called Green and it has no sustainability to the work then it is just a title and not really green..  I am a green building consultant and I see this in the green movement in building.  Every builder is now saying they are green yet they can not even define what is meant by the term.

This is unfortunate but the way of a capitalistic society.  If there is money to be made in the claim then the companies will claim what ever gets them to more profit.

We need to stop talking about how "Green" things are and start talking about how much better it is to be sustainable.  The term Green has been abused so much that most people think it is not real anymore.  I for the most part in my chemical research and in my green consulting talk about not just green but doing the right thing for our children and making a better decision today for a better tomorrow.  

I tell people that I refuse to make a decision today that in any way will jeopardize the lives of my children or make them clean up something that I have promoted.

Green is a movement to do better for the future and future generations and to stop being self centered and asses.  I am not perfect but if we all will just do what is possible we could change the world over night.

Green chemistry has to be the way we move to the future.  It must be more them just the word it must be real.

George   

Hello Amin,

Could we have a chat on Thursday or Friday? Skype (Makkasz69) or Zoom would be convenient. Ty

it seems like everyone uses carbon to adsorb pesticides so try a hexamethyl disilazane functionalization. It reacts readily with most oxide surfaces and is hydrophobic. Be warned that it is a hazardus precursor, and you will need to read up on safe handling.

With appropriate conversion and extraction technologies, cellulose can be converted to nanocelluloses like cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). CNC and CNF can be prepared from cellulosis-based materials including wood pulp, recycled paper and paperboard, cotton fibres, bamboo, sugarcane bagasse, flax, hemp, and other agro-biomass. CNC can be produced by chemical through acid hydrolysis or oxidation or biological/enzymatic treatment to cleave the amorphous regions of the cellulose fibers. Acid hydrolysis using concentrated sulfuric acid is the predominant and most efficient chemical method to produce CNC. On the other hand, CNF can be prepared by using mechanical methods. Of course pre-treatment (chemical, mechanical, biological pre-treatments) before processing could help.

More information can be found in literature

Hope this will help 

Activated carbon is a versatile adsorbent, hence, it can be used for decolorization purpose. Generally, preparation of AC is inexpensive, therefore it is one of the most used adsorbent for removal of different pollutants. However, the choice of your activation source may play a major role in terms of cost effectiveness. Here, is a simple procedure for obtaining activated carbon. First dry the husk, put it in a close contained n carbonized in an muffel furnace at 800 degree Celsius for 2-3 hours (you may vary the temperature of your choice from 400-1000 as per your requirement), ground the carbon into a fine powder (you can use planetary ball mill to obtain fine uniform particle size). After, which you can activate the carbon either with oxidizing or reducing agent. For instance, if you are using Nitric acid as your activating agent, then added the fine carbon powder (10-15 g) in a beaker, and add 0.01 M Nitric acid solution into the beaker slowly until the carbon is fully submerged and stirred it for 2 hours. Filter, wash with DW to remove excess of acid and dry the product, keep it in an air container for further analysis.  

yes,characterised with  GC/MS and PNMR.

Interesting question...