Grammar - Science topic

Call for Chapters Book Title Modern Methods for AI-Integrated Language Curriculum Chapters can include the following topics but are not limited to them: 1- language Curriculum Design integrated with Artificial Intelligence (AI) 2- Language Teaching using Artificial Intelligence (listening, speaking, reading, writing, grammar, vocabulary, pronu...

Resumo Este artigo investiga a gramática institucional da proteção de dados e da privacidade no Brasil. Adotando a lente analítica do Intitutional Grammar Tool (IGT), desconstruímos os enunciados institucionais dos decretos regulamentadores da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados dos estados brasileiros, de forma a classificar os diferentes elementos gra...

This study discusses challenges faced by individuals, particularly the hard of hearing, in accessing education and employment due to societal stigmas and lack of support. Technology plays a crucial role in improving their quality of life. Parental knowledge and support are deemed vital, yet lacking, particularly in sign language understanding. The...

This study examines the developmental relationship between L2 Chinese oral fluency and self-repair in Dutch students learning Chinese. In this study, 76 junior Dutch students were split into two different groups based on level and were tested at two time periods (T1 and T2) for L2 Chinese fluency, which included the control variables of repetition...

Given, real latin values at naming of species V plant nomenclature, we exploit and validate floral values at evolution in implicit naming schemes at Ricci states. This applies to fauna at Asian flower species. The Reich values imposes imperatives on propah naming and origin of species in Suraniaum Boys. Phenotypically, this has stem cell conjecture...

Several power-law critical properties involving different statistics in natural languages -- reminiscent of scaling properties of physical systems at or near phase transitions -- have been documented for decades. The recent rise of large language models (LLMs) has added further evidence and excitement by providing intriguing similarities with notio...

In this paper, we introduce a novel grammar-guided technique based on genetic programming for on-chip, real-time, configurable hardware design of model generators on an FPGA. The technique integrates grammar-based design, Cartesian Genetic Programming, and a (1+\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsf...

ބަހުރުވައަކީ ބަހެއްގެ އަޑުމަޚުރަޖުގެ ތަފާތު ނުވަތަ އަޑުގެ ތަފާތު ނުވަތަ 'ލެކްސިކަލް' ތަފާތުތަކާ އެކު އެ ބަހަކުން ވާހަކަދައްކާ ތަފާތު ގޮތްތަކެކެވެ. ބަސްބަހުގެ މިފަދަ ތަފާތު ބަހުރުވަތައް އުފެދުމުގެ ސަބަބުތަކުގެ ތެރޭގައި ސަރަހައްދީ ކައިރި-ދުރުމިނާއި، އިޖުތިމާއީ ތަފާތުތަކާއި، ސަގާފީ ނުވަތަ ތާރީޚީ ކަންކަން ހިމެނެއެވެ. މި ދިރާސާގެ ބޭނުމަކީ ދިވެހިބަހުގެ ބ...

Appropriate use of scientific terminology is a critical skill for upper class members in the reading and writing of research articles. The current study examines the scientific vocabulary of senior students, specifically their comprehension of terminology, by employing a corpus­based approach at a specialized university in Uzbekistan. A total of 15...

Linguistics, the scientific study of language, explores its structure, origins, usage, and role in society, making it a crucial field of inquiry bridging humanities, cognitive science, and technology. This article provides a comprehensive introduction to linguistics, covering its origins, core branches, applications, and contemporary challenges. Be...

Michael Barlow's Ten Lectures on Corpora and Cognitive Linguistics is an insightful addition to the field, offering a unique examination of the intersections between corpus linguistics and cognitive linguistics. Readers may find themselves questioning what sets this volume apart from existing works on the subject. This volume is part of the Disting...

Weak Forms in English pronunciation play a critical role in shaping the rhythm, melody, and overall naturalness of native speech. This study investigates their phonetic characteristics, occurrence in speech, and implications for English language acquisition. Through an empirical analysis of recorded speech samples from both native and non-native sp...

Stance expression is an integral part of academic writing in displaying authorial viewpoints, attitudes, or feelings. As a subset of stance markers, stance adverbials (SAs) have yet to receive adequate attention in register-specific lexico-grammatical studies. Via a register functional approach involving quantitative and qualitative analyses, this...

This research examines how Behdini-Kurdish students acquire passive voice in English, focusing on the interaction between their innate linguistic abilities and external language input. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study investigates the strategies used by Kurdish learners on acquiring passive voice constructions, which pose a notable challen...

This study aimed to elucidate the factors affecting grammar proficiency and writing composition skills among English language learners of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, Camarines Sur, Philippines. Grounded in a comprehensive linguistic framework, it incorporated cognitive and instructional theories to analyze the impact of individual differenc...

This mixed methods study investigates Saudi university EFL professors’ perspectives on current teaching approaches and potential improvements needed. Surveys of 100 faculty and interviews with 10 department heads reveal a continued reliance on grammar-translation and lecture-based methods, despite broader recognition of communicative techniques as...

The aim of this research is to explore the integration and effects of Structuralism and Post structuralism theories in English grammar teaching-learning process, focusing on the influence on teaching methods and students' outcome. Structuralism highlights a rule-based approach to language, focusing on accuracy and form through drill like repetition...

This paper introduces a methodology to build mathematical models based on evidence and data sets, considering data and model uncertainty. We study the evolution of obesity in the population, being obesity a consequence of the transmission of unhealthy lifestyle habits and behavioral patterns influenced by social networks (family, friends, peers, et...

Language is the primary medium used by human beings to convey their thoughts, ideas, feelings, and information. There are many languages in the world each with its own unique complexities. Therefore, language barrier among people is rapidly increased, and the language complexity has been become an unsolved problem in linguistics. However, this lang...

Translanguaging has gained prominence as a viable tactic to assist the language learning of second-language (L2) learners due to the increasing variety of classrooms globally. Translanguaging pedagogy has been recently studied in diverse contexts. However, most of the research on translanguaging, especially in the Chinese context, is focused on hig...

Nonhuman animals can be studied using (human) sociolinguistic theories and observational methods, regardless of whether the focus is on statistical correlations between variation in sound production and social categories like age or sex or on their embodied meaning-making practices and how power inequalities (age, gender) are shaped within these se...

In today's world, the widespread use of English, along with student mobility, democratisation, cultural diversity, and the influence of media—especially the Internet—shapes the language environments of higher education institutions from a broad cultural and international communication perspective. This situation is also evident at the University "I...

The topics discussed in this paper are related to the language function used by local drivers at Tanah Lot in the context of the situation. This topic was chosen because of the language function used by local drivers in Tanah Lot as a daily routine to lift passengers to their destinations. The analysis focused on two main issues. What kind of langu...

Singing activities at the Pembina Siak Kecil State Kindergarten are an effective learning method in improving the language skills of young children. Through various song lyrics, children not only introduce new vocabulary, but also learn to construct simple sentences. With pleasant melodies and themes that are relevant to everyday life, singing acti...

Long extraction, that is, the displacement of a constituent across a clause boundary, is considered a process of broad applicability. This view is challenged by the claim that extracting a phrase from a that-clause into a relative clause is ungrammatical in German. Since the evidence for this claim is extremely limited, we ran three acceptability e...

This study aims to analyze the benefits of grammar learning in improving students' writing skills, especially in an English-speaking environment. In the era of globalization, the ability to write English has become an important skill that students must have. However, many students still experience difficulties due to a lack of understanding of the...

The article mainly deals with the research conducted by French linguists in the field of syntax. In the linguistic science of the XIII-XIV centuries, the study of existence and its perception were evaluated as the basis of grammar. The linguists of that time gave special value to the ways of expressing ideas and showed that ideas are formed as a re...

This paper explores the influence of English on Macedonian from a contact linguistics perspective. In language contact situations, linguistic borrowing becomes a common process. The goal of this research is to explore the mechanisms of borrowing from English as Macedonian speakers are increasingly exposed to this language driven by globalization an...

In this paper, we will address the phonetic-orthographic aspects in the missionary-colonial grammars of the Philippines. Based on a corpus of 16 grammars created by missionaries-linguists during the 17th and 18th centuries, we describe the treatment of the phonetic component of the Philippine languages that they subject to grammatical analysis. Als...

This study examines the intricate relationship between transitivity and existential thought within the context of Ekegusii, an indigenous language spoken by the Abagusii people of Western Kenya. The research sought to uncover how Ekegusii speakers conceptualize and express the existence and occurrence of entities using the language. Grounding itsel...

Artificial Intelligence in education has revolutionized students' learning styles. This study explored EFL students' perspectives on how AI tools assist them in their academic performance. Eighty-two EFL students enrolled in the English Language Study Program at the University of Qomaruddin participated in the study. A survey method was adopted for...

The literature on Ojibwe notes that many northern varieties use subordinating prefixes in distinct ways (e.g. Valentine 1994: 561). This paper describes the system of subordinating prefixes in Anihshininiimowin (Oji-Cree) based on a corpus of natural texts and discussion with speakers. Subordinating prefixes combine with the expression of tense, as...

Baghdadi Judeo-Arabic was the native tongue spoken by the Jews of Baghdad and other towns of Southern Iraq, historically one of the oldest and biggest Jewish communities. This textbook is dedicated to spoken Baghdadi Judeo-Arabic and is designed to guide beginners to an advanced level, with the goal of enabling basic conversations. It focuses on co...

No presente trabalho apresentam-se os conteúdos grafofonéticos na gramática intitulada o Maitre portugais ou Nouvelle grammaire portugaise et françoise, composée d’après les meilleurs grammaires et, particulierement, sur la portugaise et angloise d’Antoine Vieyra Transtagano (1799), de um autor anónimo. Este autor parece ter beneficiado da estrutur...

It is a general observation that a large number of our students passing out with higher degrees are far behind the mark as far as their counterparts in developed countries are concerned. They are not comfortable in conversations on any topic, don't have the courage to face the audience, cannot plan for their future, and sometimes they do not even h...

In the traditional literature that is still in use, despite the verses encouraging the end of slavery, slavery has generally been seen as a permanent phenomenon, not a temporary one. These traditional views have continued to be effective in some modern periods and have resurfaced in wars in some parts of the world. This situation shows that some gr...

This research is based on the rampant use of Artificial Intelligence in learning in this digital era. There is no exception in learning Arabic. Various Artificial Intelligence can be used to perform certain tasks. Among them is ChatGPT. This study aims to test the accuracy of ChatGPT in analyzing Arabic Qowa’id from one of the texts in the book Qir...

This study examines the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, specifically ChatGPT, in facilitating second language (L2) learning. AI-driven language models like ChatGPT offer interactive and adaptive learning experiences, enabling learners to improve vocabulary acquisition, grammar comprehension, pronunciation, and cultural un...

This paper examines the challenges of achieving high IELTS Speaking scores, particularly due to preparation constraints and subjectivity in assessment. It contrasts speaking features of high and low scorers across four key areas: fluency and coherence, lexical resource, grammatical range and accuracy, and pronunciation. The study offers strategies...

As contractors build homes with wood, wire, and pipe, writers paint stories with words, grammar, and syntax plotted in a series of connecting narrative moments.

Abstract. The article considers the reasons for the appearance of the french article in keeping with: 1. the most famous and widespread theory of «compensation» – the article is necessary to compensate for the lost Latin nominative inflection. Since the formation and evolution of french and other romance languages takes place in line with the progr...

Since the discovery of Petrus Wilhelmi de Grudencz (1392–after 1452) by Jaromír Černy, Grudencz's life and work have become a subject of many studies, but until recently his strictly poetic oeuvre still awaited research. The aim of the present article is to interpret Petrus' texts in the context of medieval artes poetriae, handbooks combining eleme...

Sketchnoting is a visual note taking strategy that combines written notations with drawings. The potential is seen, in particular, in providing space for enjoyable learning. Since empirical evidence on how sketchnoting effects emotions is currently limited, the present study examined how students' achievement emotions change after a sketchnoting in...

French L1 students face difficulties in text revision, particularly in applying grammatical knowledge to their writing and navigating the complexities of French spelling. Online digital learning tools may offer valuable support in overcoming these challenges. What is the real potential of these tools for developing revision skills? To what extent d...

A bstract As opposed to static approaches, the dynamic approach (DA) emphatically distances itself from the routinised use of the concept of language (as in the English, French or Quechua language), the sole reliance on the dichotomised model of language history explained by vertical change (the Stammbaum approach) and horizontal change (the contac...

In the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), large neural language models have successfully been applied to a variety of tasks, including machine translation and reading comprehension. These models often learn the structure of language (such as grammar and semantics) by predicting the next word or character. However, there's an overly optimis...

In this paper, we aimed to develop a neural parser for Vietnamese based on simplified Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG). The existing corpora, VietTreebank and VnDT, had around 15% of constituency and dependency tree pairs that did not adhere to simplified HPSG rules. To attempt to address the issue of the corpora not adhering to simplifi...

In the context of globalization, the cultivation of foreign language abilities has emerged as a crucial objective in the pursuit of enhancing students comprehensive quality. It is obvious that there are notable discrepancies in the concept and practice of foreign language teaching between China and the United States, which directly affects the form...

Second language acquisition(SLA) refers to the process of learning a language outside the mother tongue. Research in this area focuses not only on the acquisition of language structure, but also on the social, psychological, and cognitive aspects of language learning. In recent years, empirical studies have supported that extra-curricular English e...

This is Chapter 6 of the Double R Grammar Book: Projecting Grammatical Features from Lexical Items to Referring Expressions. We identify the grammatical features associated with the parts of speech of lexical items that participate in nominals and clauses. We explore the projection of these features from lexical items to encompassing referring expr...

الملخَّص: يَهْدف هذا البحث إلى نشر مقالة المستشرق الألماني فولفديتريش فيشر: "نظرات في نشأة النحو العربيّ"، وذلك لأهمّيتها في سياق تأثّر العربيّة بغيرها من اللغات الأخرى، كاليونانيّة على وجه الخصوص، والسّريانيّة، وغيرهما. ولعلّ وقوف فيشر على كتاب "مفاتيح العلوم" لأبي عبدالله الخوارزمي المتوفّى سنة (387) للهجرة، يشكل إضافة بحثيّة في ذات السّياق؛ ذلك...

Sensory systems are permanently bombarded with complex stimuli. Cognitive processing of such complex stimuli may be facilitated by accentuation of important elements. In the case of music listening, alteration of some surface features –such as volume and duration– may facilitate the cognitive processing of otherwise high-level information, such as...

الملخَّص: يهدف هذا البحث إلى الوقوف على الأمور الآتية: أولا: الكشفِ عن موقف المستشرق الألمانيّ فولفديتريش فيشر (ت 2013م) في تأثر النّحو العربيّ بالأَنْحاء الأخرى (اليونانيّة والسّريانيّة) في أوّل نشأته قبل سيبويه، وبيان الحجج التي اتّكأ عليها وإبطالها؛ إذْ كان فيشر يدور في فلك غيره من المستشرقين، ولم يصدر في طَرْحِه الموضوعَ عن وعيٍ بتاريخ المرحلة....

The aim of this research is to explore the integration and effects of Structuralism and Post structuralism theories in English grammar teaching-learning process, focusing on the influence on teaching methods and students’ outcome. Structuralism highlights a rule-based approach to language, focusing on accuracy and form through drill like repetition...

When we speak, write or listen, we continuously make predictions based on our knowledge of a language's grammar. Remarkably, children acquire this grammatical knowledge within just a few years, enabling them to understand and generalise to novel constructions that have never been uttered before. Language models are powerful tools that create repres...

Over the past decade, different domain-specific languages (DSLs) were proposed to formally specify requirements stated in legal contracts, mainly for analysis but also for code generation. Symboleo is a promising language in that area. However, writing formal specifications from natural-language contracts is a complex task, especial for legal exper...

The purpose of this study, known as the impact of perfect stage performance teaching in the collection of middle school students in Arabic language rules, and to achieve the goal of the research and developed a researcher null hypothesis following: There is no difference is statistically significant at the level of (0.05) between the average scores...

This paper provides a brief introduction to complement-taking predicates in nēhiyawēwin, the Plains Cree language. Though the majority of constructions are clearly bi-clausal, one particular construction is highlighted since its common analysis is of a mono-clausal combination of an auxiliary-like “preverb” (IPV) plus main verb stem. A re-interpret...

Over time, digital learning platforms have become widely renowned and used by language students. Among them, the American educational platform Duolingo is especially notorious, with millions of users worldwide. An easy and friendly platform-user interaction, gamification elements and continuous tutoring throughout the learning process have all cont...

The latest mutation of Artificial Intelligence, Generative AI, is more than anything a technology of writing. It is a machine that can write. In a world‐historical frame, the significance of this cannot be understated. This is a technology in which the unnatural language of code tangles with the natural language of everyday life. Its form of writin...

Recent advances in language modeling have demonstrated significant improvements in zero-shot capabilities, including in-context learning, instruction following, and machine translation for extremely under-resourced languages (Tanzer et al., 2024). However, many languages with limited written resources rely primarily on formal descriptions of gramma...

The highest activity a human being can attain is learning for understanding, because to understand is to be free. B. Spinoza The methodical and cognitive approach to the study of Hebrew and its grammar is rooted in the intellectual and philosophical traditions of our people, emphasizing clarity, precision, and the ethical implications of language....

Abstract This thesis lays the foundations for a new pedagogical approach to some and any, an area of language that poses substantial difficulties for learners. It describes research with the Oxford English Corpus and the Cambridge Learner Corpus which provides the basis for a provisional new pedagogical description of this complex language area. Th...

Latin and English are good examples of languages in which temporal information is expressed to a significant extent by the tense system of verbs. Medieval speculative grammar dealt extensively with the grammar of tensed sentences and temporal adverbs. And starting in the 1960s, there was an explosion of theorizing about linguistic temporal indicato...

While grammar remains an important component of English language learning, many English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners continue to struggle with mastering grammatical structures. Despite advancements in educational technology, traditional grammar instruction methods persist in many classrooms, potentially limiting students’ engagement and pro...

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of web-based language learning (WBLL) in improving junior high school students’ grammar. An experimental quantitative study method was applied in this research among 50 junior high school students from experimental and control groups. The data collection technique used grammar test questions consist...

Matrix grammars are one of the first approaches ever proposed in regulated rewriting, prescribing that rules have to be applied in a certain order. Originally, they have been introduced by \'Abrah\'am on linguistic grounds. In traditional regulated rewriting, the most interesting case shows up when all rules are context-free. Typical descriptional...

The applications of LLM Agents are becoming increasingly complex and diverse, leading to a high demand for structured outputs that can be parsed into code, structured function calls, and embodied agent commands. These developments bring significant demands for structured generation in LLM inference. Context-free grammar is a flexible approach to en...

This book review provides an overview of "Learning Vocabulary in Another Language" by Nation (2022), highlighting its contributions to language acquisition. Nation's work focuses on strategies for acquiring vocabulary, integrating recent research and practical insights. The book emphasises the importance of vocabulary alongside grammar, defining it...

This book introduces aspects of the Chinese Language, grammar, sociolinguistic aspects, the importance of 汉字 and invites learners to try and access the special features of Chinese. It is written in English, Greek and Chinese! Many thanks to professor Li Wei for writing the chapter on Chinese Sociolinguistics and Dr Salvatore Giuffre for writing the...

Machine Learning (ML) for software engineering (SE) has gained prominence due to its ability to significantly enhance the performance of various SE applications. This progress is largely attributed to the development of generalizable source code representations that effectively capture the syntactic and semantic characteristics of code. In recent y...

Recently, the idea of comparison of models' representations and human brain signals has been a topic of several works. Consequently, several datasets with text data and EEG representations have been published. However, most of the datasets are based on normal reading task with grammatical sentences. At the same time, in the interpretability studies...

This study investigates the potential of TikTok as an educational tool for English grammar instruction focusing on the @excellentinhousetraining TikTok account. With the rising use of social media in education, this study explores how TikTok's unique multimedia and interactive features can make grammar lessons more engaging and accessible for Gener...

Phase-separating peptides (PSPs) self-assembling into coacervate microdroplets (CMs) are a promising class of intracellular delivery vehicles that can release macromolecular modalities deployed in a wide range of therapeutic treatments. However, the molecular grammar governing intracellular uptake and release kinetics of CMs remains elusive. Here,...

The integration of self-regulated learning (SRL) with Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has the potential to significantly enhance language learning by providing tools for independent study. However, there is a limited understanding of how EFL learners effectively utilize SRL strategies in conjunction with ICTs to improve their spea...

There is ample evidence that prosodic cues in intonational phrase boundaries facilitate the chunking of speech in adults. Additionally, the Implicit Prosody Hypothesis proposes that these prosodic cues influence chunking in silent reading, and punctuation has indeed been shown to induce prosodic breaks that shape parsing decisions. While prosodic s...

This chapter presents the results of an innovative L2 teacher education initiative which aimed to foster the development of a novice teacher as he participated in a series of online cyclical dialogic interactions that combined narrative writing and synchronous discussions of video-recorded instruction. The study investigated how the interplay betwe...

This study investigates the effect of studying with topic maps provided by a self-developed language learning support system on (a) learning perception, (b) learning achievement and (c) variation in learning attitude and motivation, from the perspective of prior learning attitude, motivation and learning style. An analysis was conducted on the lear...

The Repit temple is located at the ancient site of Athribis in the 9th Upper Egyptian Panopolite nome, to the west of modern Sohag near the village Sheik Hamed. Built by Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (ca. 80–58 and 55–51 BCE) the temple is one of the last great monuments of the Ptolemies, and it has only recently been fully excavated and published. The...

Celem pracy pracy była prezentacja i analiza wybranych, nieodmiennych części mowy występujacych w śląskim języku literackim. Badania przeprowadzone na korpusie liczącym ok. 450 tys. słowoform wskazały, że śląskie przysłówki, modalizatory, dopowiedzenia i wykrzykniki używane we współczesnym piśmiennictwie zachowały swoją strukturalną odrębność i sam...

Particle verbs in Norwegian are often realized as one maximal prosodic word with main stress either on the verb or the particle, but sometimes the verb and the particle project their own maximal prosodic words. This article contains a prosodic analysis of particle verbs in the Nordic Dialect Corpus (Johannessen et al. 2009) from three dialect areas...

This chapter illustrates the performativity and production of traditional-modern and rural-urban cultural identities in popular Zambian music. Using music lyrics from a popular song Ona Mami, it shows how musicians construct polyphony (many voices) and multiple localities as a strategy to make their music transcend ethnolinguistic, cultural and nat...

Denne studien undersøkte hvordan utprøving av undervisningsopplegg i grunnskole­lærerutdanningen i engelsk kan ha innvirkning på lærerstudenters pedagogiske inn­holdskunnskap relatert til undervisning av grammatikk i engelsk som fremmedspråk. Studien benyttet selvrapportering som metode for å samle informasjon fra lærer­studentene om deres erfaring...

This research endeavored to develop and implement Contextualized Lesson Exemplars (CLE) tailored for Filipino 10 students. Employing a developmental methodology, the study systematically designed instructional materials to address identified needs within the curriculum. Utilizing a descriptive method, data from a needs assessment were analyzed quan...

Current inter-disciplinarity has rendered it feasible to utilize implements and methodologies to navigate around the communication of fashion at textual as well as material levels, reified by inter-semiotic and cultural translation. Fashion communication, from the perspective of post-translation studies, is a process of cultural translation with vi...

The purpose of the study is the theoretical substantiation and development of linguistic and didactic foundations for the implementation of technology for the development of foreign–language grammatical competence of primary school students, taking into account the psychological characteristics of students. In this study, individual psychological c...

The notion that there are Rules of Exponence, that they compete, and that their competition is regulated by the Elsewhere Condition, is a point of consensus that unites many approaches to morphology which otherwise differ significantly in their core tenets, forming the cornerstone of the family of theories dubbed realizational. Recent work in the M...

A large-scale corpus-based analysis of affix distribution in Polish locative adjectives provides evidence for (i) a selectional restriction formalized as a product-oriented schema, (ii) selectional restrictions formalized as source-oriented schemas, (iii) distinct native and foreign subgrammars, (iv) phonological arbitrariness of the patterns and (...

We present a highly parallelizable text compression algorithm that scales efficiently to terabyte-sized datasets. Our method builds on locally consistent grammars, a lightweight form of compression, combined with simple recompression techniques to achieve further space reductions. Locally consistent grammar algorithms are particularly suitable for...

There are many papers presenting quantum computing models. The definitions parallel the classical definitions of finite state automata, push-down automata, context-free grammars, etc. Classical computing model definitions define languages precisely. We can state that a string belongs to a language or does not belong to it with no room for error. Qu...

Despite the wide interest in Zuzanna Ginczanka’s poetry, what determines the exceptionality of her verses—their language—still remains the least researched issue. The poet consistently broadens and exceeds the limits of the Polish language, forming neologisms and exploiting the potential of grammar and text structure. The author of the paper insigh...

This paper critically examines the role, impact, and ongoing debate surrounding grammar schools in the United Kingdom. Grammar schools, established as institutions promoting academic excellence and social mobility, have been a distinctive feature of the UK’s educational landscape for centuries. Despite their intent to provide merit-based education,...

This article discusses strategies involved in aligning word classes (parts of speech), particularly participles, in two dictionaries and one grammar for Swedish, all issued by the same publishing house, which at the same time is a language authority in Sweden. The dictionaries are Svenska Akademiens ordlista (‘The Swedish Academy glossary’), abbrev...