Goats - Science topic

Easy-to-follow guide to performing physical examinations on horses and ruminants, with a comprehensive collection of color photographs demonstrating important concepts and procedural techniques. Featuring hundreds of full-color images demonstrating the observation and hands-on clinical skills described, Performing the Large Animal Physical Examinat...

The objective of this study was to analyze the trends in ruminant products research (beef, goat, lamb, and milk) research, particularly conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) using intellectual and conceptual structures in bibliometric analysis. This study was conducted due to limited bibliometric articles despite the ongoing interest in the field. Data wa...

In Romania, the consumption of lamb/kid meat is mainly associated with the Easter holidays, as Romanians are not among the top consumers at the European level. This paper proposes an analysis of the sheep/goat meat market in Romania in the context of the Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) outbreak. The bibliographic documentation considered open-acce...

Camel production is under climatic stress, where it plays a significant role in the livelihood and food security of camel herders in the Borana areas. Camel herders’ perceptions of climate change and variability are essential in response to climatic challenges and maintaining sustainable camel production. The aim of this study was to assess percept...

Bu çalışmada Gökçeada geleneksel Rum mutfağının kültürel mirası ve gastronomi turizmi potansiyeli, nitel araştırma yöntemiyle derinlemesine incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda, adada yaşayan 15 Rum asıllı Türk vatandaşı ile mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiş ve adada yüzyıllardır tüketilen geleneksel Rum yemeklerinin, malzemelerin ve mutfaklarda kullanılmakta ola...

This study examines the impact of climate change on the altitudinal movement patterns and number of individuals of four large mammal species within the Central Alborz Protected Area (CAPA) region of the Alborz Mountains, a biodiversity hotspot, over a 23-year period (1999 to 2022). During the warm season (May 25–September 29), temperatures were rep...

Citation: Silva, R.B.; Pieri, C.d.; Costa, L.J.S.d.; Luz, M.N.d.; Ganga, A.; Capra, G.F.; Passos, J.R.d.S.; Silva, M.R.d.; Guerrini, I.A. Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium elkanii Reduces Nitrogen Fertilization Requirements for Pseudalbizzia niopoides, a Multipurpose Neotropical Legume Tree. Nitrogen 2025, 6, 26. https:// Abstract: This study investi...

HE current study aimed to assess the impact of vitamin C and E-selenium supplementation on fertility of Egyptian bucks, including semen picture and testicular biometry during winter season. The experiment was applied on 15 Egyptian Baladi goat bucks. The experimental animals were divided into two groups; treatment group (n=10): daily supplemented w...

Os caprinos são ruminantes, como os ovinos e bovinos. As cabras domésticas oriundas de raças selvagens pertencem à espécie Capra hircus Linneu e produzem híbridos férteis com outros animais do gênero Capra. Os caprinos são animais rústicos, e se adaptam bem em locais de pastagens fracas e de difícil acesso, como as regiões montanhosas; vivem em paí...

The purpose of this study is to determine which of the three animal feces—cow, goat, and chicken—work best for making solid organic fertilizer (POP) at various dosages for maize production and growth. The POP type (K2 = cow, K3 = goat, and K1 = chicken) is the first factor in a Factorial Randomized Block Design. The POP dose (D0 = 0.00; D1 = 0.75;...

Moringa leaves have been used as animal feed to improve ration efficiency, growth performance, reproductive performance, meat and milk production. Moringa leaves contain antioxidant compounds (phenolics and flavonoids) that can reduce oxidative stress. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of adding Moringa oleifera leaf powder to Boer cro...

This report describes the first documented case of Mycobacterium caprae (M. caprae) infection in a domestic cat (Felis catus) in the United Kingdom. The affected cat was a male-castrated Bengal breed that presented with respiratory symptoms and progressive weight loss. Clinical signs were unresponsive to antibiotics and anti-inflammatory therapy. P...

Biochar is a carbonaceous material resulting from the pyrolysis of biomass carried out in a rotary kiln with little oxygen. Biochar provides many advantages for animal nutrition when utilized as an ingredient in a blended product, including improved animal feed digestibility, reduced enteric methane production, and increased livestock growth perfor...

Species of the genus Oestrus Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Oestridae) are obligate parasites that affect the nasal and pharyngeal cavities of mammals, causing significant harm to both livestock and wildlife. In this study, the complete mitogenome of Oestrus sp., a bot fly parasitizing the Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica Schinz, 1838), has been sequenced a...

This study aimed to analyze the effect of age on the fresh semen quality of Crossbred Boer Goats at young (8–12 months) and adult (13–16 months) ages. This case study was conducted in July 2024 at Kahfi Farm, located in Fajar Baru Village, Jati Agung District, South Lampung Regency, Lampung Province, involving three goats in each age group. The age...

Vaccination is one of the cutting-edge approaches for preventing and controlling infectious diseases in humans and animals. However, using elements as mineral adjuvants in vaccine manufacture has raised a vaccine safety concern. This study was designed to determine the concentrations of 19 elements in 33 veterinary vaccines and their diluents given...

The effect of Mo mining on soil–plant–animal ecosystem heavy metal accumulation and migration has not been well investigated. In this work, soil, native plants, and goat hair samples were collected from mining, urban, and rural areas near a Mo‐mining area in Luanchuan, China and analyzed for Mo, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Mn concentrations. Molybdenum...

We evaluated the possible effect of maternal social rank (SR) concerning different morpho-physiological maternal indicators such as live weight (LWM, kg), body condition score (BCS, units), thoracic diameter (TD, cm), thoracic perimeter (TP, cm), and serum glucose content (GLU, mg dL−1), upon the kid’s live weights (LWGK, kg) during the birth-to-we...

Cattle are an essential part of Indian agriculture, providing milk, meat, and draft power. They are broadly categorized into Indian (indigenous) and exotic breeds. India today, stands first in the area of milk production at the world level, with an annual growth rate of about 4%.

Digestion is a crucial physiological process in livestock and poultry, as it ensures the breakdown of complex food materials into simpler forms that can be absorbed and utilized for growth, reproduction, and maintenance. The digestive systems of various livestock species differ based on their dietary habits, anatomical structures, and digestive mec...

Purpose Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease which is caused by different Anaplasma species. Among Anaplasma species, A. ovis which can infect sheep and goats cause ovine anaplasmosis. In this study, the prevalence of Anaplasma spp. was investigated in 31 different breeds of sheep from different regions of Türkiye. Method Anaplasma spp. was invest...

Herewith we present the first detection of Amblyomma lepidum (Dönitz, 1909) on cattle in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe’s smallholder farmers rely heavily on their livestock, mainly cattle and goats. Even though great importance is placed on cattle farming, no systematic surveillance of tick and tick-borne diseases is currently being conducted in the country....

A 12-year-old hysterectomised pet goat was referred for posterior lameness and general weakness evolving into paralysis. Spine radiography showed a sublumbar mass and a vertebral fracture. The computed tomography scan and postmortem examination further confirmed the presence of sublumbar adenocarcinoma infiltrating vertebrae and inducing a patholog...

Goat is a multi-use animal which is commonly reared for the meat (chevon). In the different parts of the world, goat is raised for the meat, milk, wool and leather. Goat is also called “the poor man’s cow”. The goats can be reared in different ecological zones; hence, people are adopting goat farming as an enterprise. Sheep and goat are belonging t...

The internalization of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2−x NPs) in articular cartilage presents a novel approach to enhance imaging modalities for monitoring osteoarthritis (OA). This study introduces a bimodal cerium oxide-based nano-contrast agent synthesized via a one-step combustion method, aimed at addressing the limitations of earlier synthesi...

Hydroxyapatite is used in dental materials such as fillings, veneers, and implants due to its biocompatibility and similarity to the natural tooth structure. Goat teeth contain a high amount of hydroxyapatite, the primary mineral component of tooth enamel. Hydroxyapatite in goat tooth enamel ranges from 70 to 90%, sheep teeth from 75 to 85%, and co...

Being one of the fundamental economically important traits, reproduction efficiency such as litter size plays a key role in determining profitability for livestock enterprises focusing on meat production. Numerous candidate genes identified to be associated with litter size have been subjected to Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) studies to improve c...

Fascioliasis is a parasitic disease commonly affecting cattle, goats, and sheep globally. Lymnaeidae snail species are important in the epidemiology and dispersal of fascioliasis since they are intermediate hosts of the Fasciola spp. Our study mapped at micro-geographical scale, the distribution and abundance of Pseudosuccinea columella in uMgungun...

The study was conducted to determine the effect of age and body condition score on body conformation and testicular traits using 20 Nguni goats. Bucks aged 1-4 years were used. The body condition was scored on a scale of 1 to 5. The body linear measurements (heart girth (HG), withers height (WH), body weight (BW) and body length (BL), were measured...

Jamaica has a reputation as a high-crime country, but it is less-widely known that one of the costliest crimes in the country is agricultural theft and the violence that often accompanies it. Theft of crops and livestock affects the vast majority of producers directly and indirectly leads to costly changes to production or protection measures to av...

Nganggring Tourism Village is one of the advanced tourism villages in Sleman Regency, with significant potential for implementing sustainable culinary tourism. This study aims to explore environmentally friendly culinary tourism practices by integrating a sustainability perspective. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study met...

La fragmentación del hábitat es una gran amenaza para la biodiversidad. Las infraestructuras lineales de transporte, como las carreteras, son una de las principales causas de fragmentación de hábitat y puede corregirse mediante pasos de fauna, aunque su implementación es todavía escasa. Sin embargo, los drenajes situados bajo estas infraestructuras...

Animal milk is a multicomponent colloidal dispersion that contains fat globules and proteins dispersed in an aqueous continuous phase that contains dissolved sugars and minerals. The rapid increase in demand and production of plant milks, i.e., the plant-based alternatives to animal milks, is driven by lactose intolerance, allergens, and religious,...

Background: The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), which codes for proteins essential to immune response, is frequently cited as a candidate gene associated with gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) resistance in small ruminants. This study aimed to investigate the polymorphism of the MHC-DRB gene in a crossbred Anglo-Nubian goat population and ass...

The study aimed to assess the impact of diets containing Pornunça hay (Manihot sp) and fresh cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) on the intake, digestibility, ingestive behavior, production, and quality of milk, as well as the economic feasibility of lactating goats. Eight multiparous goats with 30 lactation days were used and distributed in a...

With the many unprecedented, catastrophic climate related events over the last few years, e.g., bush fires, unheard of flooding, cyclones where cyclones have not been experienced before because of rising ocean temperatures. It makes sense to start thinking about our most important non-renewable resource, fresh water. The flooding still evident at t...

Research was done at the National Goat Research Program, NARC, Bandipur, Tanahun, Nepal with the objective to identify the pattern of live weight changes (kg) and daily weight gain (g/day) of different genetic groups of Boer crosses (Boer 75% and Boer 50% genotypes) and Khari goats from birth to yearling. The live weight of goats at different stage...

A 4-year-old pluriparous goat was presented with the history of blood mixed vaginal discharge in the past 4 days. On obstetrical examination, cervix was dilated and pieces of fetal bony parts along with remnants of fetal skin were palpated in the vaginal passage as well in the uterus. Fetal bones were removed per-vaginally after proper lubrication...

The discovery of a child burial in Brno-Slatina containing both complete and disarticulated animal remains represents a unique funerary practice with no direct analogies. The grave was located near a prominent limestone crag; it had been secondarily opened, and no grave goods were found. Based on radiocarbon dating, its chronology corresponds to th...

Alpine Upper Palaeolithic contexts exhibit specialised subsistence strategies, heavily dependent on Capra ibex. Among them, the rock shelter Riparo Dalmeri stands out, with C. Ibex dominating faunal remains across all occupation phases, spanning the Pleistocene/Holocene transition. This evidence positions Riparo Dalmeri as a key site for exploring...

Animal welfare in livestock production is a critical issue that impacts not only ethical considerations but also economic viability and food security, particularly in developing countries like India. As the livestock sector evolves from traditional smallholder farming to intensive commercial practices, concerns regarding animal welfare have intens...

The study evaluated the involvement of women in livestock production in Kano State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 90 respondents from three local government areas namely; Kumbotso, Bunkure and Kura. Data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result reveale...

Kalanchoe daigremontiana, a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds, has the potential to serve as a feed supplement, reducing reliance on conventional livestock medications while potentially enhancing productivity. This study evaluated the effects of K. daigremontiana supplementation over 52 days on kidney and liver function, metabolism, weigh...

Livestock farming is a lifeline for millions of farmers, a cornerstone of rural development, and a vital contributor to global food security. In this dynamic and ever-evolving sector, understanding the value chain—from farm to fork—is not just an advantage; it is a necessity. This e-book, Value Chain Analysis of Different Livestock Farming: A Must...

Vietnamese coriander (Persicaria odorata) is a perennial herb from the Polygonaceae family valued as a functional vegetable, for its culinary, and medicinal uses. To maximize its growth and yield, appropriate fertilization is essential. Two separate studies investigated the effects of NPK and goat manure fertilizers on Vietnamese coriander producti...

PT. Gizindo Pratama Semarang is a company engaged in the trade and production of cow's milk, goat's milk, and soy milk. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of compensation, work environment, and work motivation on employee performance at PT. Gizindo Pratama Semarang. The sampling technique in this study used nonprobability samplin...

The analysis method used in this study is qualitative descriptive analysis with a case study approach to describe the practice of the sharecropping system for pregnant goats in Tapango Barat Village, Tapango District, Polewali Mandar Regency. This study aims to understand how the sharecropping system, based on local wisdom, works by relying on trus...

Vaccination is essential for ensuring the health and productivity of livestock, including cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats. By preventing infectious diseases, vaccines not only improve animal welfare but also enhance food production efficiency and help control zoonotic diseases, which can be transmitted to humans. A tailored vaccination program, b...

The Al-Hajar Mountains, spanning the Sultanate of Oman and the United Arab Emirates along the Sea of Oman, have hosted human settlement since prehistory. Over the past three decades, numerous archaeological sites have been investigated in this region. Findings from these sites reveal significant human impact on the landscape from the Early Bronze A...

Introduction Interest is increasing in natural feed additives that improve animal health, raise farming productivity and enhance the quality of animal products. These additives, especially polyphenols, are biologically active chemical compounds found in plants. Material and Methods Sixty dairy goats were randomly assigned to five feeding groups of...

Background This study provides crucial insights into the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of strongylid gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in goats in Thailand, highlighting resistance to albendazole and levamisole. Strongylids, particularly Haemonchus sp. and Trichostrongylus sp., pose a significant threat to goat health. With the global ris...

The effect of maternal B complex vitamin injection on goats and their offspring was investigated in 40 pregnant Sannen goats during the transition period. The goats were randomly divided into two groups (3 years old): control group (without B complex vitamins injection); B complex vitamin group (5 mL B complex vitamins injection per goat). The B co...

The research aimed to compare dry matter intake (DMI), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and chemical composition of diets chosen by goats that grazed on oat and alfalfa field residues uprooted by ploughing. Forage samples were collected from the goat’s mouths after momentarily restraining them with a light rope tied to their neck. Estimat...

This study investigates the impact of seasonal variations on the composition of goat milk in Kotputli tehsil, Jaipur district. The research aims to analyze fluctuations in key milk components such as fat, protein, lactose, total solids, and mineral content across different seasons. The findings provide insights into optimizing dairy goat management...

The study was conducted to describe and document the phenotypic characterisation of Short-eared Somali and Hararghe Highland goat breeds reared at Haramaya University goat farm based on their morphological characteristics assessment. Both primary and secondary sources of data were collected on phenotypic characteristics of Short-eared Somali and Ha...

Dermatophilosis is dermatitis with acute, subacute and chronic courses which is usually exudative and rarely proliferative and can affect cattle, sheep, goats and horses and sometimes in humans. A 5‐year‐old local breed bull was presented to Professor Feseha Gebreab Memorial Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Agr...

Currently, the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology is relatively low, primarily owing to reprogramming abnormalities in donor cells or reconstructed embryos. Using histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) to artificially alter the epigenetic modifications of donor cells and improve the reprogramming ability of reconstructed e...

Background: Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease that leads to reproductive losses in animals, posing significant public health risks and economic challenges in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. This study aims to estimate the seroprevalence and identify risk factors associated with small ruminant brucellosis in the region. Methods: A...

The main objective of this study is the use of milk and meat composition data for the use of research and extension purpose. All samples were analyzed by an electronic milk analyzer, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and Photo flame. Data were analyzed using the ANOVA procedure of RBD (at 5% and 1% significance levels) for the statistical analysi...

Smallholder goat production is a vital livelihood strategy for millions of people, particularly women, in developing countries. However, it also contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane, which has a global warming potential 28 times higher than carbon dioxide over a 100-year time frame. Climate change is a pressin...

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the influence of sex, age, and body condition on the prevalence and intensity of ectoparasitic infestations in goats, focusing on lice and fleas, and to identify significant associations between these factors. METHODS: The study was conducted on 4,599 goats examined between May 2018 and November 2019. The an...

Exotic breeds of livestock and poultry have significantly contributed to global agricultural productivity and food security. These breeds are introduced from foreign origins and are known for their superior genetic potential in terms of productivity, adaptability, and quality traits. Exotic cattle breeds such as Holstein-Friesian and Jersey are ren...

The complexity of the watersheds that occupy the physical space largely occupied by cities means that the passage of time can be a powerful agent in the loss of awareness of the hydrographic characteristics of the place that citizens occupy, use, build and modify in a constant and dynamic way. Preserving this river memory is essential to preserving...

This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) in small ruminants (sheep and goats) across three governorates in the Nile Delta region of Egypt and to identify the associated risk factors. A total of 780 samples were collected and analyzed for PPRV antibodies. The overall seroprevalence was 30.5%, with si...

Objectives Simulation materials for layperson first responder (LFR) trainings used in high-resource settings are prohibitively expensive for use in low- and low-middle income countries. To date, no structured approach to community-engaged design in identifying accessible and acceptable simulation materials for LFR trainings has been developed. Met...

Objective Abortion emerges as a primary concern for small ruminant breeders, leading to substantial economic losses for livestock farmers. The most important factor contributing to abortion in sheep and goats is the presence of infectious agents. The bluetongue virus (BTV), border disease virus (BDV), peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), Akaban...

Preservation of sperm significantly contributes to the advancement of assisted reproductive technologies, genetic conservation and improvement efforts, and precision breeding of livestock. This review distills knowledge from the existing information and emerging patterns in the field of buck sperm cryopreservation. The primary focus is on the chall...

This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of Akabane virus (AKAV) in sheep and goats in the Nile Delta of Egypt. A total of 820 samples were collected, consisting of 420 sheep and 400 goats, from four governorates and analyzed using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). The overall seroprevalence of AKAV was found to be 1...

The optimal strategy for genetic selection is a selection index based on economic weight; however, in developing countries where economic weight estimation is not always evident and easy for breeders due to a lack of economic data. Thus, this study aimed to construct selection indices for crossbred goats, which could be used as an alternative to ec...

This study aimed to identify the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria that cause subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in the Senduro sub-district of Lumajang regency, Indonesia. A total of 116 milk samples from 58 dairy goats were tested for the California Mastitis Test (CMT). CMT-positive samples were used for bacterial identificatio...

Background: The advent of digital technology has brought about significant changes in the way people live, interact, and practice their cultural traditions. The proliferation of digital media, such as social media, smartphones, and the Internet, has transformed the way cultural practices are performed, transmitted, and consumed.In Nigeria, the Anag...

This research aimed to assess the efficacy of ethylene glycol-sucrose as an alternative cryoprotectant compared to commercial cryoprotectants by focusing on the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15) in goat oocyte cumulus complexes after warming with identification using the immunocytochemical...

Samenvatting Verschillende risicoclassificatiesystemen (RCS) worden wereldwijd gebruikt om patiënten met nieuw gediagnosticeerde prostaatkanker in prognostische groepen in te delen. Deze studie onderzocht de voorspellende waarde van risicogroepen (laag, intermediair en hoog risico) binnen vier RCS (EAU, NCCN, CPG en CAPRA) voor het detecteren van m...

Mineral and nutritive supplements improve animal reproductive performance, especially after Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) infecteds, to establish sustainable food security solutions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of mineral addition, particularly through premix and concentrate booster supplementation, on the body weight gain and reprod...

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) is caused by pestivirus, which has an economic impact on the ruminant industry. Most study focuses on cattle as the most affected species having detrimental effects on the reproductive soundness. However, the role of small ruminants in BVD transmission requires further understanding as they can also be affected by BVD....

Efficient precision livestock farming relies on having timely access to data and information that accurately describes both the animals and their surrounding environment. This paper advances classification of goat vocalizations leveraging a publicly available dataset recorded at diverse farms breeding different species. We developed a Convolutional...

This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) in small ruminants (sheep and goats) across three governorates in the Nile Delta region of Egypt and to identify the associated risk factors. A total of 780 samples were collected and analyzed for PPRV antibodies. The overall seroprevalence was 30.5%, with si...

Malaria control is a public health priority but common control methods like indoor residual spraying and the use of bednets do not target outdoor-biting vectors. In settings with seasonal residual malaria transmission, we lack critical knowledge regarding anopheline species composition and their role in transmission. This study aimed to determine r...

This study determined the potential for forest restoration in degraded areas of the Fernández sector, protected natural area Coto de Caza El Angolo, in the Peruvian state and administered by SERNANP. Diagnostic sampling was applied, a tool to define the silvicultural state of the forest, evaluating 580 sampling units with dimensions of 25 m2, which...

The purpose of the paper was to assess the effect of administering a feed containing flax seeds on the fatty acid composition and cholesterol content in the meat of goat kids and ram lambs. The basic physicochemical properties of the meat were also determined. The analyses showed a significantly higher (p≤0.05) protein content in the goat kids (20....

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen particularly responsible for causing caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats, resulting in substantial economic losses. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been shown to inhibit the formation of C. pseudotuberculosis biofilm. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the antibiofilm effi...

Objective: To assess the perception and practice of parents regarding milk consumption and its benefits as well as its association with oral health among school-going children of Lahore. Study Design: Questionnaire-based descriptive cross-sectional survey. Duration: 1st January 2022 to 10th May 2022. Methods: With the approval of the Institutional...

Peningkatan produktivitas tanaman dipengaruhi oleh kandungan unsur hara yang salah satunya terdapat pada pupuk kotoran kambing. Mayoritas masyarakat Desa Sumberurip memiliki lahan perkebunan dan hewan ternak. Namun, hasil observasi secara langsung bahwa kotoran kambing di Desa Sumberurip digunakan langsung ke tanaman tanpa pengolahan. Sehingga, san...

Con el propósito de optimizar los rendimientos por hectárea y mejorar la ganancia diaria de peso en cabras, se aplicaron sistemas de pastoreo intensivo, concretamente el Pastoreo Racional Voisin (PRV) y el Pastoreo de Ultra Alta Densidad (PUAD), utilizando ejemplares de las razas Saanen y Anglo Nubiana en el clima húmedo tropical de El Carmen, Mana...