Global Studies - Science topic

THANKS MR JASON

Waste management programs have become a significant political promise in EU countries due to a combination of environmental, economic, social, and regulatory factors. Here’s why:

1. Environmental Concerns

2. Economic Implications

3. Social Pressure and Public Awareness

4. Regulatory Pressures

5. Urbanization and Infrastructure Needs

6. Electoral Strategy

Political parties use waste management programs to demonstrate environmental responsibility, economic foresight, and responsiveness to citizen concerns, aligning with broader EU goals while appealing to voter priorities.

tks Mr Mazin

Hasto Respatyo

To answer your question, it's important to consider the context and objectives of the vote. If the issue relates to the environment or waste management, I would generally support decisions aimed at more sustainable resource management and minimizing negative impacts on nature.

Reasons for support include:

Of course, the specific answer depends on the details of the proposal and how it will be implemented in practice. If the proposed measure is considered effective and sustainable in the long term, I would be inclined to support a vote in favor of it.

greats help, thanks Mr Abhijit

thanks You, Mr Abhijit, so Why do some political parties in the Netherlands use environmental issues and How do political parties define their political issues?

Several emerging trends and themes are notable in the field of global studies:

Global studies is increasingly characterized by interdisciplinary perspectives, integrating insights from sociology, political science, environmental studies, economics, and cultural studies to address complex global issues.

There’s a growing focus on the impacts of climate change, with emphasis on environmental justice and the disproportionate effects on marginalized communities. This includes studies on sustainable development, adaptation strategies, and global governance efforts.

The effects of digital technology on global interactions are being heavily studied. Topics include the role of social media in political movements, the global digital economy, and issues related to cybersecurity and digital privacy.

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of global health studies, leading to ongoing research into global health governance, inequities in healthcare access, and the impact of pandemics on international relations and economies.

With ongoing conflicts, climate change, and economic disparities, migration remains a critical topic. Scholars are examining the social, political, and economic implications of migration, refugee crises, and the responses of host countries.

The evolving geopolitical landscape, particularly the rise of Asia, the shift in U.S. foreign policy, and international relations amidst tensions, such as those between China, Russia, and Western countries, are key areas of study.

The interaction between local cultures and global influences continues to be explored, with attention on cultural homogenization versus localization, transnationalism, and the role of the arts in global discourse.

Research on economic inequalities continues, focusing on the impacts of globalization, economic policies, and social justice movements, especially in the context of wealth disparities exacerbated by the pandemic.

The implications of artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and other technologies for global governance, human rights, and social structures are increasingly being interrogated.

There’s renewed interest in decolonization narratives, with scholars examining the legacies of colonialism in contemporary global issues, advocating for indigenous rights, and critiquing Eurocentric frameworks.

These trends Marco Cajas reflect a dynamic and responsive field that seeks to address some of the most pressing challenges facing the world today.

The decision to go to war involves complex geopolitical, economic, and diplomatic factors. It is important to engage in open dialogue, seek diplomatic solutions, and promote international cooperation to prevent conflicts from escalating into global wars.

If you are interested in understanding the perspectives of scholars, it's advisable to consult experts in international relations, political science, and history. Scholars often analyze geopolitical trends, historical precedents, and current events to provide insights into potential conflicts and avenues for resolution.

Remember that maintaining peace requires the collective efforts of nations, leaders, and citizens worldwide. Promoting understanding, tolerance, and cooperation on a global scale can contribute to a more stable and peaceful world.

Hi Matt,

you raise a valuable point - that was further expanded on by James Rising and co-authors in a perspective article in Nature https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05243-6

An example of how global studies can be relevant at national or regional scales is the work of the Sea Around Us Initiative, which builds global data sets bottom up. With some more standardisation of individual models that would also be true for the Ecopath with Ecosim work where localised models can allow some generalisations at larger scales.

Best, Cornelia

🥰🥰🥰ok

With greetings, Dear Mossi Bigirimana

In fact, one of the most important components of the present age is renewable water and soil.

But the purpose of this research is multidisciplinary. But we want to jointly carry out this important research, which is related to our practice in different countries. The good thing about this joint research project is whether, in the end, our agricultural practice in the world is in line with renewable soil and water. My main specialty is multidisciplinary. If you have the ability, accept the offer, so that I can send you the title of the research.

"Best regards."

Seyyed akbar Sadaty, The first strategic multidisciplinary researcher in water and soil. Sari, Mazandaran, Iran. (COPDSIRAN)

The letter feels revolutionary. But, actually, it’s not. Thousands of business leaders, many of them women, have been doing this for a while. Not everybody has been putting shareholder value first and pushing for growth at all costs. But hardly anybody has been paying attention to these renegades.

The basic concept of social and political institutions is to help help facilitate masses and take care of population. Institutions are made to provide health, education and other basic needs of life.

Good effort!

Once you adjust the question, you affect the validity of the meager, immediately. Also, your hypothesis should not depend on what scale is available. If your hypothesis is nov, then pursue a novel agenda (exploratory study) where you can create your own survey and begin from there. If you decide to use the ready made scale, try testing for invariance, after the modification.

Good luck

Dear Prof. Yeray,

Thank you so much for your insightful comment and the article that says it all. I appreciate it so much. All the best.

Dickson Adom

I think a successful scientist is the one who is a good mentor to students and her/his office door is always open for consultation and giving advise. This is my understanding of success even after 20 years of teaching and publishing many papers.

Very interesting, thanks indeed

Thanks, Heather! 

Unfortunately, I am not including grasslands. In this case, we are focusing only on perennial food or bioenergy crops. But I will check the methods of your paper, they are very interesting! and I may need to carry our a similar approach in the future (nice paper!).

Regards,

Alicia

Dear Marek, I am grateful for your timely advice and practical direction for my project. Thank you

Dear prof.  Bashkim and all respected researchers

In addition to your rational comments , I want to add some more issues:

Programmes such as school feeding, cash transfer and health care provide some 

form of income security andaccess to better nutrition, health care, education and

decent employment to people living in challenging and often hazardous environments.

The sustainable use and management of terrestrial ecosystems, forests, mountains,

 land and soils.

Agriculture has a major role to play in responding to climate change. While

temperature rises pose areal threat to global food production, investments

in all sectors of agriculture can simultaneously supportclimate change adaptation

and mitigation while improving rural people’s livelihoods.

Best regards, parisa Ziarati

A United Arab Emirates Company Wants to tow Icebergs From Antarctica to Combat Drought. This concept is not new as in the mid-1800s, small icebergs were towed from Antarctica to Chile for use in breweries, and another entrepreneur suggested towing icebergs to India. By the mid-1900s, oceanographer John Isaacs proposed iceberg towing as a less energy-intensive alternative to desalination.  However, it has many challenges like, wind one challenge is determining the best route to take. Currents the wind can change direction, making it difficult to move an unwieldy and massive chunk of ice. If a ship guides an iceberg relatively quickly–half a meter per second–it would take a month to cover 1,000 kilometers (currents and storms could slow it down). The trip from Antartica to the coast of Fujairah, over 10,000 kilometers, could take a year or more. Along the way, the iceberg risks melting or breaking, while the ships that tow it operate at huge expense.

Anytime we do anything, it has environmental consequences. The ship or vessels can  cause environmental harm in various way . Emission of substances to the local air and ocean, possible incidents including sinkings and groundings, ship operations unsuitable for polar conditions and the inappropriate behavior of crew ashore are the most prominent impacts. Shipping brings impacts like noise, collisions, and potential risks from oil spills; these impacts are experienced most directly by the whales that share these Arctic waters – including narwhals, beluga and bowhead whales.

Towing ice berg will cause change in water temperature and we all are aware of fact that Changes in temperature affect aquatic life. Temperature determines which organisms will thrive and which will diminish in numbers and size. For each organism there is a thermal death point. Also there is a range of temperature of that produces optimal abundance. The effects of temperature upon life of a cold blooded or poikilotherm are profound. So towing of iceberg will seriously impact the surrounded water species as the towing speed will be slow due to its size. Similarly if they are going to use plastic to wrap it , then it will add the problem of Marine litter.

No doubt, towing the ice bergs will attract more ships thus the Arctic will see more ship traffic; that much is certain. The question is what measures, precautions, regulations, and best practices will be in place to address environment and safety concerns, so as to maximize the benefits of development for northern peoples who rely on healthy Arctic ecosystems. I think in this time when climate change is significantly impacted the arctic, we humans should not go for this idea. Indeed, the world is going to need a lot of freshwater in the coming years to quench the thirst of our growing population; it’s high time that we figured out more creative and effective ways to face this imminent challenge. This idea is insane and in my opinion not environmental friendly. The Arctic is Global Common, and  before going further on this towing idea, we should have a strict EIA first. 

Your question is extremely broad, challenging, important, and can be approached from many angles. Operationalization of the processes, including dynamics of peace processes, state-building and nation-building, involve e.g. economic and political processes, range from peace to war to terrorism to natural conditions, revolution, counter terrorism, involve political instability, economic instability, financial instability, stability of elections, corruption, the free rider dilemma, democracy vs autocracy vs…, the time dimension, etc. For your broad focus, all these phenomena are connected and may come into play. Scanning the 28 publications below may enable you to narrow your research question. Possibly you may identify some that match your focus. The references therein may aid you further and give ideas. With best wishes.

1.      Hausken, K. and Pluemper, T. (1996), “Hegemonic Decline and International Leadership,” Politics and Society 24, 3, 273-295.

2.      Hausken, K. and Pluemper, T. (1997), “Hegemons, Leaders and Followers: A Game-Theoretic Approach to the Postwar Dynamics of International Political Economy,” Journal of World-Systems Research 3, 1, 35-93, http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.1997.118.

3.      Hausken, K. and Pluemper, T. (1999), “The Impact of Actor Heterogeneity on the Provision of International Public Goods,” International Interactions 25, 1, 1-34.

4.      Hausken, K. and Pluemper, T. (2002), “Containing Contagious Financial Crises: The Political Economy of Joint Intervention into the Asian Crisis,” Public Choice 111, 3-4, 209-236.

5.      Hausken, K., Martin, C.W., and Pluemper, T. (2004), “Government Spending and Taxation in Democracies and Autocracies,” Constitutional Political Economy 15, 239-259.

6.      Hausken, K. and Moxnes, J.F. (2005), “The Dynamics of Crime and Punishment,” International Journal of Modern Physics C, 16, 11, 1701-1732.

7.      Hausken, K. (2006), “The Stability of Anarchy and Breakdown of Production,” Defence and Peace Economics 17, 6, 589-603.

8.      Hausken, K. (2008), “Exchange, Raiding, and the Shadow of the Future,” Defence and Peace Economics 19, 2, 89-106.

9.      Hausken, K. (2008), “Whether to Attack a Terrorist’s Resource Stock Today or Tomorrow,” Games and Economic Behavior 64, 2, 548–564.

10.  Hausken, K. and Knutsen, J.F. (2010), “An Enabling Mechanism for the Creation, Adjustment, and Dissolution of States and Governmental Units,” Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, Vol. 4, 2010-32. doi:10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2010-32, http://dx.doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2010-32.

11.  Bier, V. and Hausken, K. (2011), “Endogenizing the Sticks and Carrots: Modeling Possible Perverse Effects of Counterterrorism Measures,” Annals of Operations Research 186, 1, 39-59.

12.  Hausken, K. and Zhuang, J. (2011), “Governments’ and Terrorists’ Defense and Attack in a T-period Game,” Decision Analysis 8, 1, 46-70.

13.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2014), “Determinants of Election Outcomes: New evidence from Africa,” African Development Review 26, 4, 610-630.

14.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2014), “Political Economy of Service Delivery: Monitoring versus Contestation,” The Developing Economies 52, 1, 68-84.

15.  Ncube, M., Anyanwu, J.C. and Hausken, K. (2014), "Inequality, Economic Growth and Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)," African Development Review 26, 3, 435-453.

16.  Hausken, K., Banuri, S., Gupta, D., and Abbink, K. (2015), “Al Qaeda at the Bar: Coordinating Ideologues and Mercenaries in Terrorist Organizations,” Public Choice 164, 1, 57-73.

17.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2015), “Government Protection Against Terrorism and Crime,” Global Crime 16, 2, 59-80.

18.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2015), “Terrorism and Organized Crime: The Logic of an Unholy Alliance,” International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 52, 2, 141-166.

19.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2015), “Production, Economic Growth and Conflict in Risky Elections,” Journal of African Elections 14, 2, 34-49.

20.  Welburn, J.W. and Hausken, K. (2015), “A Game Theoretic Model of Economic Crises,” Applied Mathematics and Computation 266, 738-762.

21.  Hausken, K. (2016), “Cost-Benefit Analysis of War,” International Journal of Conflict Management 27, 4, 454-469.

22.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2016), “Determining the Ideological Orientation of Terrorist Organizations: The Effects of Government Repression and Organized Crime,” International Journal of Public Policy 12, 1/2, 71-97.

23.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2016), “How Elections are Impacted by Production, Economic Growth and Conflict,” International Game Theory Review 18, 1, 1550015, 29 pages, doi: 10.1142/S0219198915500152.

24.  Hausken, K. (2017), “A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Terrorist Attacks,” Defence and Peace Economics, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2016.1158440 Forthcoming.

25.  Hausken, K. (2017), “Government Protection against Terrorists Funded by Benefactors and Crime: An Economic Model,” International Journal of Conflict and Violence Forthcoming.

26.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2017), “Incumbent Policy, Benefits Provision, Triggering and Spread of Revolutionary Uprisings,” The Economics of Peace and Security Journal 12, 1, 54-63.

27.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2017), “Policy Makers, the International Community and the Population in the Prevention and Treatment of Diseases: Case Study on HIV/AIDS,” Health Economics Review 7:5, 1-12, http://rdcu.be/oMEY.

28.  Welburn, J.W. and Hausken, K. (2017), “Game Theoretic Modeling of Economic Systems and the European Debt Crisis,” Computational Economics 49, 2, 177-226.

For global governance, these, and the references therein, may be useful:

29.  Hausken, K. and Pluemper, T. (1996), “Hegemonic Decline and International Leadership,” Politics and Society 24, 3, 273-295.

30.  Hausken, K. and Pluemper, T. (1997), “Hegemons, Leaders and Followers: A Game-Theoretic Approach to the Postwar Dynamics of International Political Economy,” Journal of World-Systems Research 3, 1, 35-93, http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.1997.118.

31.  Hausken, K. and Pluemper, T. (1999), “The Impact of Actor Heterogeneity on the Provision of International Public Goods,” International Interactions 25, 1, 1-34.

32.  Hausken, K., Martin, C.W., and Pluemper, T. (2004), “Government Spending and Taxation in Democracies and Autocracies,” Constitutional Political Economy 15, 239-259.

33.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2014), “Determinants of Election Outcomes: New evidence from Africa,” African Development Review 26, 4, 610-630.

34.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2014), “Political Economy of Service Delivery: Monitoring versus Contestation,” The Developing Economies 52, 1, 68-84.

35.  Ncube, M., Anyanwu, J.C. and Hausken, K. (2014), "Inequality, Economic Growth and Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)," African Development Review 26, 3, 435-453.

36.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2015), “Production, Economic Growth and Conflict in Risky Elections,” Journal of African Elections 14, 2, 34-49.

37.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2016), “How Elections are Impacted by Production, Economic Growth and Conflict,” International Game Theory Review 18, 1, 1550015, 29 pages, doi: 10.1142/S0219198915500152.

38.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2017), “Incumbent Policy, Benefits Provision, Triggering and Spread of Revolutionary Uprisings,” The Economics of Peace and Security Journal 12, 1, 54-63.

39.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2017), “Policy Makers, the International Community and the Population in the Prevention and Treatment of Diseases: Case Study on HIV/AIDS,” Health Economics Review 7:5, 1-12, http://rdcu.be/oMEY.

For production and conflict, these may be useful:

40.  Hausken, K. (2005), “Production and Conflict Models Versus Rent Seeking Models,” Public Choice 123, 1, 59-93.

41.  Hausken, K. (2005), “The Battle of the Sexes when the Future is Important,” Economics Letters 87, 1, 89-93.

42.  Hausken, K. (2007), “Reputation, Incomplete Information, and Differences in Patience in Repeated Games with Multiple Equilibria,” Economics Letters 97, 2, 138-144.

43.  Hausken, K. (2007), “Stubbornness, Power, and Equilibrium Selection in Repeated Games with Multiple Equilibria,” Theory and Decision 62, 2, 135-160.

44.  Hausken, K. (2007), “The Impact of the Future in Games with Multiple Equilibria,” Economics Letters 96, 2, 183-188.

45.  Hausken, K. (2009), “Risk Limits, Conflict, and Equilibrium Selection in Games with Multiple Equilibria,” International Journal of Decision Sciences, Risk and Management 1, 1/2, 54-65.

46.  Hausken, K. (2010), “Risk, Price, and Reimbursement,” International Journal of Decision Sciences, Risk and Management 2, 1/2, 85 - 97.

47.  Hausken, K. (2010), “Risk, Production, and Conflict when Utilities are As if Certain,” International Journal of Decision Sciences, Risk and Management 2, 3/4, 228-251.

48.  Hausken, K. (2011), “An Equilibrium Model of Advertising, Production, and Exchange,” International Journal of Economics and Business Research 3, 4, 407-442.

49.  Hausken, K. (2011), “Production, Safety, Exchange, and Risk,” International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management 2, 4, 346-350.

50.  Hausken, K. (2011), “Production, Safety, Fighting, and Risk,” International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management 2, 4, 324-329.

51.  Hausken, K. (2012), “Production versus Safety in a Risky Competitive Industry,” International Journal of Decision Sciences, Risk and Management 4, 1/2, 92-107.

For negotiation, self-interest, altruism, principal-agent, etc., these may be useful:

52.  Hausken, K. (1997), “Game-theoretic and Behavioral Negotiation Theory,” Group Decision and Negotiation 6, 6, 509-527.

53.  Hausken, K. (1996), “Ethics and Efficiency in Organizations,” International Journal of Social Economics 23, 9, 15-40.

54.  Hausken, K. (1996), “Self-Interest and Sympathy in Economic Behavior,” International Journal of Social Economics 23, 7, 4-24.

55.  Bhimani, A., Hausken, K., and Ncube, M. (2010), “Agent Takeover Risk of Principal in Outsourcing Relationships,” Global Business and Economics Review 12, 4, 329-340.

56.  Bhimani, A., Hausken, K., and Ncube, M. (2012), “Acquisition and Collaboration as Determinants of Organizational Structure,” International Journal of Integrated Supply Management 7, 1/2/3, 3-37.

Incorporating crime, these may be useful:

57.  Hausken, K. and Moxnes, J.F. (2005), “The Dynamics of Crime and Punishment,” International Journal of Modern Physics C, 16, 11, 1701-1732.

58.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2015), “Government Protection against Terrorism and Crime,” Global Crime 16, 2, 59-80.

59.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2015), “Terrorism and Organized Crime: The Logic of an Unholy Alliance,” International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 52, 2, 141-166.

60.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2016), “Determining the Ideological Orientation of Terrorist Organizations: The Effects of Government Repression and Organized Crime,” International Journal of Public Policy 12, 1/2, 71-97.

61.  Hausken, K. (2017), “A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Terrorist Attacks,” Defence and Peace Economics, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2016.1158440, Forthcoming.

62.  Bier, V. and Hausken, K. (2011), “Endogenizing the Sticks and Carrots: Modeling Possible Perverse Effects of Counterterrorism Measures,” Annals of Operations Research 186, 1, 39-59.

63.  Hausken, K. (2012), “Terrorism Risks, Civil Liberties, and Privacy Concerns,” International Journal of Critical Infrastructures 8, 4, 293-305.

Incorporating terrorism, these may be useful:

64.  Bier, V. and Hausken, K. (2011), “Endogenizing the Sticks and Carrots: Modeling Possible Perverse Effects of Counterterrorism Measures,” Annals of Operations Research 186, 1, 39-59.

65.  Hausken, K. (2012), “Terrorism Risks, Civil Liberties, and Privacy Concerns,” International Journal of Critical Infrastructures 8, 4, 293-305.

66.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2015), “Government Protection against Terrorism and Crime,” Global Crime 16, 2, 59-80.

67.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2015), “Terrorism and Organized Crime: The Logic of an Unholy Alliance,” International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 52, 2, 141-166.

68.  Hausken, K. (2017), “A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Terrorist Attacks,” Defence and Peace Economics, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2016.1158440, Forthcoming.

69.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2016), “Determining the Ideological Orientation of Terrorist Organizations: The Effects of Government Repression and Organized Crime,” International Journal of Public Policy 12, 1/2, 71-97.

Incorporating war, these may be useful:

70.  The Lanchester war models have outcomes that depend on the initial conditions, and information is complete, see e.g.:

71.  Hausken, K. and Moxnes, J.F. (2000), “The Microfoundations of the Lanchester War Equations,” Military Operations Research 5, 3, 79-99.

72.  Hausken, K. and Moxnes, J.F. (2002), “Stochastic Conditional and Unconditional Warfare,” European Journal of Operational Research 140, 1, 61-87.

73.  Hausken, K. and Moxnes, J.F. (2005), “Approximations and Empirics for Stochastic War Equations,” Naval Research Logistics 52, 682-700.

74.  Hausken, K. (2016), “Cost-Benefit Analysis of War,” International Journal of Conflict Management 27, 4, 454-469.

Hello 

Olivier Naray

please check the attachments which are given elow

Agency includes the varying manner in which populations (in this case young people) pursue their goals in different places.

Now we have a new feature, not foreseen by Marx, Steven. Man - machine conflict. Mentioned by You fundamentalism is the part of this problem, reaction of ordinary traditional man to nowadays machinary.

Putin and Trump solve nothing. They are instruments of states-machines. To my mind uncontrolled development of machines becomes dangerous and must be stopped. It may be done by education, turning to the real human's problems, also to religion. No religion support any fundamentalism and terrorism. They are products of ignorance, bad thinking and other material factors.

Dear Md. Awal Hossain Mollah.

IMHO, your question is quite interesting, makes me also eagerly waited for another scholars' opinions :-)

However, please find as attached a humble concept that might shed some light for the time being.

Happy researching.

hairuddin

Thanks Emmanuel.

Is there any colleague, from Carthage University, interested to join our team of Sustainable City. He must be Associate or Full Professor. Contact: abdesselemahmoud@yahoo.fr

In my experience, an interesting source of information could be the UNCHS Habitat Report regarding the Global Urban Observatory. I will update other more specific references ASAP.

You can also provide this article to your students:

"The impact of human capital on economic growth: a review"

by Rob A. Wilson, Geoff Briscoe

 When a large group is in a big transition, there would be socio-psychological fluctuations that acts alike umbrella to expand or constrain the other sub- divisions of life and living perspectives of economic, social, judicial, and political thoughts & activities. Based on the primary need of a human-kind, food, shelter, caring, an individual could be controlled by variety of donations, media, education, for most.   

Thanks for your response. Best.

This is indeed a concern everywhere. However I do not know why people  everywhere continue to feel that it is possible to reduce or even eliminate inequalities in a world where social stratification is entrenched: upper, middle and lower social classes. Let us remember that the implications of this is an unequal distribution of power, authority and influence and those who have more of any of these would use it for self-preservation and the maintenance of a system that serves their interests. While I am not advocating a shift towards communism it seems as though the world is caught between a rock and a hard place give that democracy is designed to serve the needs of all people. This system however finds itself coexisting in the same society with capitalism which is not people-oriented but profit-oriented . In such societies they 'pull'in opposite directions. Capitalism wins out and inequalities are created and never the twain shall meet. Is a solution possible? Yes...we can begin by developing a fairer measure of development.   

Acknowledging the factors mentioned in the earlier comments, I would also add another factor here that is collaborative research. I say this because I was personally conducting research on dental implants at the Material Testing Laboratory, Departments of Material Science, IIT Bombay, a few years ago. The aim of the research among other things was to improve the mechanical strength of the dental implants to lend them longevity as well as making them cheaper by using newer materials. We were fortunate to be partnered by the local dental colleges in and around Mumbai; although, we had to struggle with a lot of dentists due to their inertia to participate in such research. They were not really enthused about the project primarily due to lack of mental bandwidth that a practising doctor can offer and also because research in India is unstructured. 

I would, therefore, say that more structured collaborative research is required which would not only enrich the field but ultimately benefit the patients too. 

Please clarify your question. It seems to be an interesting question.

Thanks Randall. I am familiar with the work the Scripps group (Cayan, etc.) has done, and I will check back to look at some of their recent publications. I am also very familiar with your work, so I appreciate the advice. Looking forward to diving into this topic more thoroughly. 

Check out the literature revolving around Organizational Theory, more specifically the organizational process model, and foreign-policy-making. A lot of that touches down upon "multi-tasking" and could indeed be called vertical interplay. I used this literature to create an argument for multi-tasking in national/regional/global drug policy-making. 

South–South cooperation is something of an umbrella term that describes the exchange of resources, technology, and knowledge between developing countries. (To my mind, even if cooperative agreements are commonly framed as a means to enhance strategic resources, the more important rationale is always the intent to learn.) This said, asymmetries between parties do (naturally) exist, which of course explains why they partner in the first place. Knowledge-related asymmetries, for example, fall in three categories: (i) information, (ii) knowledge, and (iii) learning. Capabilities in each will have a different effect on the individual performance of partners, the realization of objectives, and the stability of the cooperative agreement. And so, yes, South–South cooperative agreements should not be sold as if they were partnerships of equals. Therefore, the least that partners should do is to be conscious of that so they may, proactively, work together to resolve variegated differences and enhance overall effectiveness.

This is not exactly my field of study, however,  the cosmopolitan theory has investigated this topic. Hoping they could be usefull, I suggest you some readings:

I don't think it has been done empirically (not in the organization and management field at least) but it would be very useful to use Ranciere to reanalyse work that has been done on anti-sweatshop protest using theatre such as that by David Boje. There's very little use of him theoretically either - some in ethics, a liitle in aesthetics - as his approach to politics is rather challenging for MOS.

Environment of earth belongs to each living organism but man has encroached on rights of all other animals and have been exploiting earth water air sea and all that makes environment including trees. Multinationals and corporates and industrialization and urbanization are main sources of environmental destruction to the benefit of a few individuals. If all the ground water resources are encroached by some groups or bodies the environmental rights are infringed. Unless development is sustainable and water is recharged and not mined from the soil forests are replanted and not devastated the soil is replenished and not devastated the the environment will not longer be habitable and man along with other species will disappear. People haver the right to know what are their environmental rights and how to protect them. 

My research focuses on the recent history of the (small-scale) gold mining sector in Tanzania. There is a little section on this in "Just picking up stones: Gender and technology in a small-scale gold mining site."

Dear Noel. You should consider the case of Tijuana (Mexico)-San Ysidro/San Diego (USA). The highest multipurpose (mainly workers and commercial trade,) temporary people flow around world (pedestrian, vehicle). Those flows are legal (visa) crossings and are registered by customs of both countries.

 Best regards!

Some conceptual clarification is relevant. "Smart power" does also comprehend more traditional forms of hard power such as military and economic power. Economic instruments (power) are not "soft power". Even though there has been considerable "conceptual stretching" over the last few years, Joseph Nye (who conceptually developed the concept) has been resilient in clarifying this issue and in a more recent article (2006, "Think Again: Soft Power" Foreign Policy) arguing: "Economic Strength Is Soft Power. No. In a recent article on options for dealing with Iran, Peter Brookes of the Heritage Foundation refers to soft power options such as economic sanctions. But there is nothing soft about sanctions if you are on the receiving end. They are clearly intended to coerce and are thus a form of hard power." While economic strength can be converted into hard or soft power, Nye highlights the difficult distinction: "You can coerce countries with sanctions or woo them with wealth. As Walter Russell Mead has argued, economic power is sticky power; it seduces as much as it compels. There's no doubt that a successful economy is an important source of attraction. Sometimes in real-world situations, it is difficult to distinguish what part of an economic relationship is comprised of hard and soft power. European leaders describe other countries desire to accede to the European Union (EU) as a sign of Europe's soft power. Turkey today is making changes in its human rights policies and domestic law to adjust to EU standards. How much of this change is driven by the economic inducement of market access, and how much by the attractiveness of Europe's successful economic and political system? Its clear that some Turks are replying more to the hard power of inducement, whereas others are attracted to the European model of human rights and economic freedom."

I perceive the issue you raised from the lines and prism of modern constitutionalism and broadly constitutional studies, in this insight I think that the most serious challenge and decisive threat to the modernity are the nullification of the outcomes of the so-called enlightenment era, the undermining one of the central pillar of the enlightenment pattern and narrative - rationality. The recent events in the world, particularly Paris attacks and continuation of the struggle between rationalists and dogmatists or fundamentalists confirmed this thesis or approach. Thus, as enlightenment philosophers and thinkers put it correctly Sapare Aude is the most desirable motto of our age. The struggle for rationality is dynamic and as Arab Spring and other global events indicated never ended phenomenon.

As the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights states, “[n]o free government, or the blessings of liberty, can be preserved to any people, but by a firm adherence to

justice, moderation, temperance, frugality, and virtue, and by frequent recurrence to fundamental principles.” This was topical not only in the 18th century but remains as such today as well.

All the best,

Karlo Godoladze

Dear Marcio Giannini,

see the following publications...

Diana Ürge-Vorsatz, Sergio Tirado Herrero. Building synergies between climate change mitigation and energy poverty alleviation. Energy Policy 2012;49:83–90. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Diana_Uerge-Vorsatz/publication/257125693_Building_synergies_between_climate_change_mitigation_and_energy_poverty_alleviation/links/0c96053cda6cc8a431000000.pdf

Climate Change and Poverty: Conference Summary, February 9-10, 2015 (Washington, DC). http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Climate/Climate%20and%20Poverty%20Conference/Conference_Summary_Climate_Change_and_Poverty.pdf

World Energy Outlook Special Report 2015: Energy and Climate Change. OECD/IEA, 2015. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2015SpecialReportonEnergyandClimateChange.pdf

Best wishes from Germany

Martin

Not a specialist on nuclear armament and missile technology but I have some clue on the competing hegemonic policies of present powers. What Russia, China, Iran and North Korea do is not happening in a void and it is not just dependent on their attitude.  Since the supposed end of the Cold War there are some countries, the United States for example, that could not live without creating a different "global threat" every three or four years, to keep their war-drugged economy ongoing and justify an unbelievable amount of public money spending on military and "un-" security policies. Obviously,  other countries rightly see that level of spending as an announce of what they can perceive (and in fact is) as a future balance of power "according to the US". More aggressive tones, more sanctions, more attempts to "isolate" the "enemy" and more likely a worrying (and warring) answer and temptation to form even unlikely coalitions. All specialists of the Cold War will tell you that the tactics has been used by the hawks inside Moscow and Washington leadership whenever some window of peaceful relationship was in sight. 

Thanks dear Michael. I have read this paper and its helpful.

Countries are converging and so, emerging as a global village.

So useful -- exchange of data.

This is natural and exchange will increase in future for mutual benefits.

see my paper :

VR

Pat, There certainly is a school of thought that argues that environmental problems (especially greenhouse gas pollution) is caused by over-consumption in the developed world and that over-population in developing countries is a non-issue. See George Monbiot < http://www.monbiot.com/2009/09/29/the-population-myth/>. And yes, there is enough food in the world right now to feed everyone; nonetheless  842,000,000 are hungry, and more people today die of starvation than of AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined <http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats>.

Most environmentalists don't see the environmental problem in such stark terms as does Monbiot, but argue that it's caused both by over-population and by over-consumption by the rich, as well as environmental destruction by the desperately poor. See Jonathon Porrit <http://www.jonathonporritt.com/blog/george-monbiot-guardian-population>.

Priorities vary. Paul Erhlich is famous for saying "Whatever your cause, it’s a lost cause without population control".

Just because we could feed everybody adequately now doesn't mean we will. And it also doesn't mean that we would be able to if, even if the will were there, when and if  the population grows from 7 billion to 9 billion.

Probably, you could find some data in the recently released version [6th Wave] of the World Values Survey. Official documentation and data are available at the website below.

WVS

Also, although a little old one, you might be interested in the following article.

Participation and protest in the European Union and the ‘outsider’ states

Thank you for your kind attention.

Best wishes,

Katsuto Furusawa

There's a quirk in Canadian constitutional law which means that unless lands are specifically ceded through 'treaty or sale' they remain the property of first nations people and are held in trust by the Government of Canada. This has had major implications in the succession of negotiations about self-government and resource extraction and is, I think, a big part of the background to the establishment of Nunavut. It has been nearly 20 years since I looked at any of this, but it definitely will muddy your calculations because by some estimates the first nations in Canada essentially own nearly all of the country --- the threat from the Cree to the Quebec separatists has long been something like "if you leave Canada, we will leave Quebec, and we own all of the land on which Quebec Hydro has dams" which would financially kill any idea of an independent Quebec. I'm simplifying massively, but you can dig up more by following your nose from my very reductionist paragraph.

For more detailed information try combing through the Canadian rough equivalent of FUNAI -- http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/ -- the federal ministry for indigenous issues. The current government is not big on disclosing anything despite its rhetoric, but who knows what is burred on the site.

University can play various roles for regional development. They can play as engine of growth to drive local economy as being a new urban center. Then it create demand for services e.g. dormitory, shopping center, banking, book store and health care. University can generate many jobs for local people and nowadays through sub-contracting or out-sourcing.University can educate skilled workforce which partly come from local and regional residents. Lastly university can provide technical outreach and research catering for the specific needs of both local and regional people or organizations.

Dear Miranda

In India, we have caste system. There is a most vulnerable group of people called scheduled castes (SC) and scheduled tribes (ST), which in all are about 22 percent of Indian population. SCs have been, and in reality continue to be, seen as untouchables by the highest castes for centuries. There are so many stories of their repression.

I have lived in a small village of Delhi till I was 20 years. In this village there were about 150 houses, of which about 30 houses were of the SCs. Despite Constitutional protection, they could not share a well, a temple, and other community services with the upper castes. They have no land like the other castes. They lived in ghettos on a fringe of the village. They were/are basically sweepers, animal skin flayers, etc. My heart would bleed to see them in that state. .

Even as I left the village some 44 years ago, they are all there living in same houses, but perhaps in a bit better state..

Few good things have changed the life of some of the SCs in general in the country. I think, the community will take several decades to come up with some semblance of equivalence. These good things have improved their position, though not exponentially, but in good measure.

1. To me, the best thing for them is the emergence of Dr BR Ambedkar, who was a SC himself, and was also one of the architects of the Indian constitution. He saw to it that the Constitution made provision of free education for SC/ST children with reservation of seats for them and scholarships for their education at all levels.

2. The Constitution also provides reservation of jobs for them in government and public sector (15% for SCs and 7.5 % for STs)

3. There is reservation of seats for them in Parliament and legislative councils, on which people from other castes can not contest elections. So some leaders have emerged to take up their cause.

4. A powerful leader named Ms. Mayawati has come up to give them a voice. She has been instrumental in providing them still better protection in terms of awareness of their rights and realization of the importance of political power.

I feel, but for these four factors, their condition would have been vulnerable beyond imagination.

This is a really important topic. In Central America, for example, Nicaragua is the only country with a rate of crime and violence lower than its neighbors. While a community oriented police and large percentage of women in the security forces have been credited for the difference, the key factor for greater security in Nicaragua is that it spends a considerable amount of its GDP in private security. There are approximately 100,000 people engaged in private security in a country of only 6 million people and 140 companies providing services to citizens and private sector. I would suggest that you look more into this topic.

A person who has the ability to think and take correct decisions at suitable time and and critical points should have the qualifications to be the leader of any group

Dear Theodora Issa,

Regarding the implementation of these seven steps, the most important step seems to be the Seventh one (Fundamental reforms needed in the global economy). This can be implemented only with strong political will power and support from the public and other major stakeholders. Having implemented the seventh, implementing the Sixth step (global minimum wages / guarantees) might be relatively easy. So also is the case of the Fifth step (liberation of research from private ownership). The first three steps can be implemented only over a period of time and that too on a phased manner, as these are all rather "idealistic" in nature than practical; but these are all excellent propositions if they could be practically attained. The Fourth step (direct democracy instead of political parties..) seems to be the most difficult step as far as its implementation is concerned.

With regards,

Dr. MANOJ P K

CUSAT, KERALA, INDIA

In the latest developments of the migration-development debate, European actors have been increasingly concerned with 'return migration'. Whilst it is evident how this is linked to aspirations of migration management, there is a general dearth of evidence that return indeed does promote development (and of what kind) in sending countries.

...and here we are again... This paper is already accepted for publication, but not yet published.

Undoubtedly, globalization and the emergence of the knowledge economy have generated opportunities for multinational companies to expand their activities in markets around the globe, seeking locational advantages of countries, natural resources, proper institutional frameworks, favorable labor conditions and high-quality infrastructure. Market seeking FDI involves the attempt by MNCs to establish their business in important export markets, in order to exploit advantages such as trade barriers, cost and investment factors. According to Rugman & Verbeke, 2010, strategic asset seeking FDI incorporates R&D operations to maintain competitiveness and firm growth through acquisitions, strategic alliances and joint ventures, all of which contribute to the creation of synergies and knowledge capital.

Collective diplomacy is really an interesting topic - to engage with, but we will need some more feed-in information. What are the specific evidence of collective diplomacy in this region? Regional trade agreements and political / military alliances have a long history. How collective diplomacy is different - in a world where each nation-state or regional authority pursue their own interest?

We have to keep in mind that the present topic requires a reformulation of your question:

For which areas of international law can scientific and technological assessment be relevant?

For the most of them, but I will only name some areas where science and technology are very important for a correct legal assessment:

1. International environmental law;

2. International IPR protection

3. Global antitrust law

4. International trade laws and standard setting.

The innovation of today can set the standard of tomorrow and it is important to be able to cope up with tomorrow in the field of trade and competition. The scientific research also establishes what can be considered to be sustainable technology, what is dangerous for human/animal health etc

It would be helpful to have a definition of innovation. What do you mean by innovation? Do you rely on the legal definition used in the field of the IPR? Do you mean some new knowledge that can be used in order to manufacture a new or improved product? We discuss even process innovation today. Your question is too wide, it must be narrowed down a bit.