Geoscience - Science topic

Dear Rob Keller, thank you for quick response.

Dear Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl ,

The beofre made answers ( Borys Kapochkin , Evan Strickland , Oswald Malcles ) are relevant to your question:

I suggest you check out the stratigraphic courses that are based on geosynclinal theory... You will not be able to use the current global tectonics... Always be careful, try to think with a simple mind, because if you don't, you'll get confused.

Note that the Earth expanded and events that occurred after the Jurassic period. Don't forget to consider the theory of catastrophism (with well defined processes) and principle of actualism.

Regards,

Laszlo

Dear Mehdi Jouhari ,

You got very good answers to your question from: Ajit Singh , Andreas Paul , F. O. Balogun and Siraj Beyan Mohamed ,

All of them are valuable, even if some of them differ slightly from the subject of the discussion.

F. O. Balogun 's next observation is very good:

'As much as sample coordinates are important in research and in other academic publications, it is not out of place to make samples private and confidential due to company data privacy terms.'

Personally, I would not provide the coordinates in case the samples have economic significance. You can benefit from it at any time. It is certain that this information must be collected in a booklet.

Not worth storing on a computer, because hackers will steal it.

Thank you very much for reading my article:

Regards,

Laszlo

Generally, flooding in underdeveloped countries is a serious problem that can cause considerable damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and human lives. Geoscience can be applied to help reduce the impact of flooding in underdeveloped countries in a number of ways. I think that one way is by using hydrological and geological assessments to better understand the hydrological cycle and the geological processes that influence flooding. Hydrological assessments can be used to identify areas of high risk for flooding, as well as areas that are more likely to experience heavy rainfall. This information can then be used to create flood maps and develop strategies for mitigating the effects of flooding. Geological assessments can also be used to identify areas that are more prone to landslides and erosion. This information can be used to develop strategies for preventing landslides and erosion, and to reduce the chances of landslides occurring in areas that are at risk of flooding.

Another approach is to use geomorphological techniques to identify areas that are at risk of flooding and to develop strategies for managing and controlling water flow in those areas. This approach can involve constructing levees, dams, and other structures to control water flow, as well as installing drainage systems to reduce the risk of flooding in certain areas.

Finally, geospatial technologies can be used to monitor the effects of flooding in real-time and to provide data that can be used to develop emergency response plans. This data can also be used to assess the impact of flooding and to develop strategies for improving flood management in the future.

Dear Saifur Rahman Khan and Al,

lI wish you Happy New Year: success in your spiritual achievement, good health and prosperity for it!

I found the next on the facbook (https://www.facebook.com/USGSVolcanoes):

'A volcanologist is a person who studies volcanoes, but there are many different specialties within the field of volcanology. Which interests you and what steps should you take to achieve your goal? Find out more in #VolcanoWatch.

Earthquakes are one primary tool used to study volcanoes. A volcano seismologist studies the earthquakes that are generated as magma moves through Earth’s crust.

A volcano geodesist studies the deformation, or change in shape, of a volcano caused by the movement of magma and gases beneath the surface. Many features of volcanoes can be studied from space, as well, using satellite sensors. Tools like these provide clues about the state of the volcano.

Geologists and geochemists study the composition of lavas and gases to understand the source and style of the eruption. Measuring gas emissions is especially important, as the vog (volcanic air pollution) caused by toxic volcanic gases can contribute to breathing problems, acid rain, and agricultural problems downwind, especially during long-lived eruptions.

If you are interested in becoming a volcanologist, you’ll need to work toward a bachelor’s degree, preferably in a STEM field (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math). Volcanologists frequently pursue degrees in geology, chemistry, physics, and/or mathematics, but that is not always the case. Oceanography, computer science, engineering, environmental science are all potential pathways, and the list goes on. Explore different fields to find what interests you most.

After achieving a bachelor’s degree, consider options for advanced degrees like a Masters or Doctorate. Many advanced degree programs in the sciences are funded, meaning tuition may be waived, and you might get a stipend for doing the work. Basically, you get paid instead of having to pay for school, and you gain valuable work experience at the same time.

You might consider working for the USGS or other agencies and companies. You have seen many photos of HVO scientists working during the eruptions of Mauna Loa and Kīlauea. The National Park Service also offers a variety of positions for people with either bachelor’s or advanced degrees, such as park geologists, archaeologists, botanists, guides, interpretive rangers, and law enforcement rangers. Science writing and journalism are also excellent ways to explore the excitement of volcanology, natural disasters, and cutting-edge science, while encouraging those passions in others. Similarly, eco- and geo-tourism are great ways to get close to the action and work outdoors, while also meeting, educating, and inspiring people from all over the world. Careers in emergency management will have you helping people stay informed during crises.

Check out usajobs.gov for positions within the federal government. There is even a special section for students and recent grads.

Volcano Activity Updates

#MaunaLoa is not erupting. Webcam imagery shows weak, residual incandescence intermittently in the inactive Northeast Rift Zone fissure 3 lava flow at night. Seismicity remains low and ground deformation rates have decreased. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rates are at background levels. For Mauna Loa monitoring data, see: https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mauna-loa/monitoring-data.

#Kilauea is not erupting. Lava supply to the Halemaʻumaʻu lava lake in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park ceased on December 9. Sulfur dioxide emission rates have decreased to near pre-eruption background levels and were last measured at approximately 200 tonnes per day (t/d) on December 14. Seismicity is elevated but stable, with few earthquakes. Over the past week, summit tiltmeters recorded several deflation-inflation (DI) events. For Kīlauea monitoring data, see https://www.usgs.gov/.../past-week-monitoring-data-kilauea.

There were three earthquakes with 3 or more felt reports in the Hawaiian Islands during the past week: a M3.3 earthquake 14 km (8 mi) S of Fern Forest at 7 km (4 mi) depth on Dec. 27 at 4:33 a.m. HST, a M3.4 earthquake 7 km (4 mi) WSW of Volcano at 2 km (1 mi) depth on Dec. 24 at 8:31 p.m. HST, and a M2.5 earthquake 1 km (0 mi) S of Mountain View at 11 km (7 mi) depth on Dec. 24 at 9:57 a.m. HST.

In the photo, an HVO technician adjusts a volcanic gas analysis instrument that was specifically designed for this Unoccupied Aircraft System (UAS) unit, which carries three one-liter analysis bags. The instrument transmits gas concentration information in real-time during the flight at Kīlauea summit. USGS has special use permits from the National Park Service to conduct official UAS missions as part of HVO's mission to monitor active volcanoes in Hawaii, assess their hazards, issue warnings, and advance scientific understanding to reduce impacts of volcanic eruptions. Launching, landing, or operating an unoccupied aircraft from or on lands and waters administered by the National Park Service within the boundaries of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is prohibited under 36 CFR § 1.5 - Closures and public use limits.

USGS image taken January 14, 2022 by M. Warren.

#USGS #HVO #HawaiianVolcanoObservatory'

Maybe it can help you!

Regards,

Laszlo

Dear Paul L. Broughton ,

Indeed, using CETI and journal renders virtually nothing in Google. It appears that the magazine no longer exists (what I found is some papers between 2012-2016) and the website www.ceti-mag.ca no longer is active.

However, if you search for one of the following search items:

Canadian Energy Technology and Innovation journal

ISSN 1929-7408

It renders some hits in Google (also look at Images) and Google scholar. As far as I can see it use to be a magazine with nicely edited papers (see enclosed file for an example). However, I doubt the originality of the content, it looks to me that most of the papers are re-edited papers published earlier in for example conference papers, just have a look at:

Best regards.

By mixing fertilizers with water, some organic matter (compost, aged manure, plant waste products, etc.) plus psyllium as a tackifier, you can start the process of the mosses growing and stabilizing the soil first. If you wanted to accelerate that process, you could add some crushed dried moss pieces to your slurry, as is described at

Also see article about propagation of desert mosses at https://plantmethods.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13007-021-00740-7

Dear Benjamin Gérard,

when generating swath profiles that do not follow a straight line there are many pitfalls. Therefore, I suggest the following literature for theory and a tool for generating swath profiles with ArcGIS:

Hergarten, S., Robl, J. & Stüwe, K. 2014. Extracting topographic swath profiles across curved geomorphic features. Earth Surface Dynamics, 2, 97–104, http://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-97-2014.

Pérez-Peña, J.V., Al-Awabdeh, M., Azañón, J.M., Galve, J.P., Booth-Rea, G. & Notti, D. 2017. SwathProfiler and NProfiler: Two new ArcGIS Add-ins for the automatic extraction of swath and normalized river profiles. Computers & Geosciences, 104, 135–150, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2016.08.008.

Abdelrahim Ruby

You might be biased against measurements because you feel you cannot afford them. But often there are meteorological networks nearby - based on stations, weather radar, lidar, GPS dual frequency electron density, meteorological satellites, and many amateur networks. One measurement is sometimes worth 10 supercomputer's. You did not say what you are trying to do, or where. The location matters a lot - for the complexity of the modeled region, for the sparsity or abundance of continuous data stream, and for the possibility of others working on the same place.

I found that many of the seismic stations are recording meteorological data. Because when you work at parts per million or parts per billion problems the atmospheric variations are often one of the largest variations. Sometimes simple correlations remove or identify the the big variations. But I found that imaging arrays ultimately are needed.

I am sorry I cannot answer you more clearly. You don't say your restraints in terms of computing resources. If you have 10 supercomputer nodes, there are one set of options. If you have only a Raspberry Pi, then something else is needed.

I am sitting here listening to a lightning storm passing over the area. It reminds me of all the electromagnetic sensor methods for monitoring weather in 3D and quantitatively. You did not say how long your project related to the question might be. If it is a casual "I wonder?" or "a ten year plan", the methods are different.

I see you are working with geopotential. The daily variations of the gradient of the potential are easily measurable. After subtracting the sun moon portion of that, the largest component is the local atmosphere. I mentioned the seismic stations measuring temperature, pressure, humidity, acoustic. That is because the acceleration is correlated with atmospheric events and properties.

The most cost effective way to get good estimates for different locations is to use a combination of all the available continuous data streams and their correlations, then use algorithms that can run on low cost equipment. But all that is set by what you are trying to accomplish.

Atomic clocks are "direct geopotential sensors". You might want to look more closely at gravimeters and gravity gradiometers. Again, I cannot tell what you are trying to do, so I cannot be more specific. But generally the gravimeter networks are more sensitive to meteorological changes. I am trying to set up gravitational imaging arrays to 3D image the atmosphere for cities that also have 3D weather radar and climate models at sufficient resolution - for correlations. The less expensive gravitational sensors, once calibrated, are not bound by electromagnetic noise or weather conditions as much.

You seem to be assuming "I can get some data more easily by running a model". But often the best models are proprietary or horribly difficult to run. Then your best bet is to locate places on the Internet where the data is served continuously. The European Space Agency has a rather large project on global climate change that has to estimate global climate at any location over long time periods. Their model outputs are available. They keep moving things around, but you might try looking here - https://spacedata.copernicus.eu/ just to get some sense of what is going on. Brian Bramanto link is good. But the global climate model community is large and varied, and has many applications.

All their models, and any model you find will have to have been calibrated using real data, to be of any use. So whether you tap the raw data, or they do it and feed you the processed results - you are ultimately looking at measurements by someone. Usually many someones.

Looks like you and I are in the same project. You might want to take a closer look at Mossbauer methods for measuring the geopotential. That is the first absolute gravitational potential measurement. Also, the neutrino and cosmic ray networks are getting to the level of sensitivity and temporal resolution they can pick up daily and hourly variations driven by local pressure temperature humidity. Their results depend on the local atmospheric density.

Rather than TPH, you might want to think more in terms of mass density variations. PV = nRT is really very useful. n(i) = ParticlesPerCubicMeter(i) = MassDensity * AvagadrosNumber/ MolecularWeight(i) for sets of molecular and atomic species. i is the index for the species. It might seem trivial, but if you have to use it a million times and it gets embedded in thousands of different models, it is good to bring it out explicitly to be able to combine results from many groups.

Richard Collins, The Internet Foundation

Also check please the following very good RG link:

Paper publishing is imperfect. Some great papers get rejected and some bad papers get published. It takes a while to develop a sense of what constitutes a worthy publishable unit. Not every research we do is publishable. Rejection is part of the training. Try to find value in the reviews and improve the paper if you think they are helpful, if not let them go and move forward. If in doubt, consult with peers you trust. Try to be critical about your work but do not be too hard on yourself either. Communicating discovery should be fun.

Dear all, thank you for your suggestions! I appreciate your help! It seems that the majority prefer Inkscape! Thanks a lot!

Dear Xin Liu, China University of Petroleum - Beijing.

I recommend using the magnetic anomalies to estimate the Curie boundary, which indicates, direct or by analogy, the distribution of the thermal anomalies, present-day heat-flow, providing a clear marker for the thermodynamic effect in the crust and mantle. Therefore, I recommend first the use of magnetic anomalies, for example, from the EMAG2 datasets, it is free, and it has the wavelength (deep mantle large-scale structure) that you need in your research.

The knowledge of the magnetic anomalies in LIP (large igneous provinces) regions is a geophysical way, due that the mafic and ultramafic intrusions linked to those LIPs and their contrast in magnetic properties, magnetic susceptibility, using modeling and inversion.

Also, high densities contrast mafic/ultramafic rock compatible with serpentinized, also could show you in gravity anomaly inspection of a LIP, particularly regarding Bouguer complete anomaly map / Residual isostatic anomaly map.

I attached Jennifer Blanchard´s Marter of Science thesis, "Geophysical identification and characterization of mafic-ultramafic intrusions in plume centre regions", 2015, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. I recommend reading in focus the Modeling methodology, it has wonderful examples.

Best regards, Mario E. Sigismondi

Carbonate mineralisation can be used to track thermal histories, utilising U-Pb geochronology (giving you time), in combination with clumped isotopes (giving you temperature).

These papers combine these two methods (and there are many others utilising the methods individually):

Mangenot, X., Gasparrini, M., Gerdes, A., Bonifacie, M. and Rouchon, V., 2018. An emerging thermochronometer for carbonate-bearing rocks:∆ 47/(U-Pb). Geology, 46(12), pp.1067-1070.

Pagel, M., Bonifacie, M., Schneider, D.A., Gautheron, C., Brigaud, B., Calmels, D., Cros, A., Saint-Bezar, B., Landrein, P., Sutcliffe, C. and Davis, D., 2018. Improving paleohydrological and diagenetic reconstructions in calcite veins and breccia of a sedimentary basin by combining Δ47 temperature, δ18Owater and U-Pb age. Chemical Geology, 481, pp.1-17.

Brigaud, B., Bonifacie, M., Pagel, M., Blaise, T., Calmels, D., Haurine, F. and Landrein, P., 2020. Past hot fluid flows in limestones detected by Δ47–(U-Pb) and not recorded by other geothermometers. Geology, 48(9), pp.851-856.

MacDonald, J.M., Faithfull, J.W., Roberts, N.M.W., Davies, A.J., Holdsworth, C.M., Newton, M., Williamson, S., Boyce, A. and John, C.M., 2019. Clumped-isotope palaeothermometry and LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of lava-pile hydrothermal calcite veins. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 174(7), pp.1-15.

Looser, N., Madritsch, H., Guillong, M., Laurent, O., Wohlwend, S. and Bernasconi, S.M., 2021. Absolute Age and Temperature Constraints on Deformation Along the Basal Décollement of the Jura Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt From Carbonate U‐Pb Dating and Clumped Isotopes. Tectonics, 40(3), p.e2020TC006439.

Pan, L., Shen, A., Zhao, J.X., Hu, A., Hao, Y., Liang, F., Feng, Y., Wang, X. and Jiang, L., 2020. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology and clumped isotope constraints on the formation and evolution of an ancient dolomite reservoir: The Middle Permian of northwest Sichuan Basin (SW China). Sedimentary Geology, 407, p.105728.

Hoareau, G., Crognier, N., Lacroix, B., Aubourg, C., Roberts, N.M., Niemi, N., Branellec, M., Beaudoin, N. and Ruiz, I.S., 2021. Combination of Δ47 and U-Pb dating in tectonic calcite veins unravel the last pulses related to the Pyrenean Shortening (Spain). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 553, p.116636.

Satellite driven data integrated with local geology will give you good suface control and then seismic stratigraphy integrated with well loh sequence stratigrpahy can help you demarcate pockets suitable for hydrocarbons

It looks like you have to hire a security guard to be able to prospect.

In remote Canada one needs a gun to avoid nasty confrontations with bears, there are no bandits around.

It is a branch of geology to study the geological features through aerial photography. There are three types of aerial photography like vertical, low oblique and high oblique. Yes, it is a usual field withing geology.

Hi there, there are a few cases of ecological restoration in New Caledonia, however it might be useful to ask for this paper :

Good luck !

There are for sure many papers,

But I can offer you F77 code to calculate PV Power generation. Have a Look at:

Cheers,

Frank

The equation must solve any problem

Due to COVID-19, maybe there is some suspension in the review process. But if you feel a wastage if time simply, withdraws that paper and submit to another journal of the same field for timely publication.

This may be a different explanation. See https://www.chinasona.org/Thiaoouba/Bermuda-triangle.html

There are standard methods for testing soils to consider. Usually soil samples are taken and put into a container of water so the soil is saturated from the bottom, about 24 hours. Unless there is a water table to saturate soils in the field, ability in reaching saturation may vary with the conditions. I remember we had a dry period and wildfire, then a substantial rain, about 3-5 inches. Water was pounded on the surface the next day, but the soil scientist found the soil totally dry about 12-18 inches below the surface. I also learned that an upper clay layer needs to be saturated before the lower sandy layer can effectively gain water and this is related to the tension with which clay holds water as compared to sands. Some soil layers have difficulty becoming saturated, such as well developed forest soils seldom exhibit runoff due to high infiltration and macropores from roots, etc. other soils as hydric soils are saturated frequent enough to exhibit hydric soil indicators due to frequency of high water table. Sampling the soil depth or horizon is probably the most reliable using standard methods to saturate and measure.

I would not use just the high reading in 6 month period, unless at least I reviewed nearby stream gauging stations and the rainfall during the 6 month produced at least a bankfull streamflow event, which occurs generally about every year, and the stream channel is at a level where flooding begins for stable channels that have not aggraded or degraded. I would want to be pretty sure there was a reasonable likelihood of saturation based on evidence like the streams were near or at flooding. The other option might be to set up so the area with the data sensors can be irrigated for long enough so the detectors stabilize after reaching their approximate maximum. Saturating from the surface can apparently leave some air spaces unfilled, but unless the area periodically has a high water table, the air spaces may not be filled easily to saturation by rainfall anyway.

Dear Vivian,

Yes hyperpicnal flow is the riverine/fluvial water continuity in a lake or marine environements. Alternatively we can also observed homopycnal flow in lake system which are spread over to total water column. These currents can create a turbidity current and thus turbidite deposit in regard to sediment density. But mass wasted deposit related for instance to earthquake could also induce turbidity current. To resume turbidity current is a large definition which include many triggering processes while hyperpicnal flow is very specific to fluvial inputs.

Best regards

Pierre

"Geology has not brought losses in any country of the world" (Antoine de Saint-Exupery, the author of "The Little Prince").

Anyone here interested in Wavelets?

Follow my dissertation about PCBs Fast Wavelet Transform.

Please, download and read it!

Link:

Christoper Jan Landicho , thank you, and I hope you are doing great.

That information should be easily available from school or university websites as was suggested above. Information on this from Universiti of Brunei Darussalam is given below. Earth Sciences is not taught at school or college levels here, so, this should cover the entire country for you.

http://fos.ubd.edu.bn/undergrad/geology.html

Hope this helps.

Kind regards

ambient noise consist of body and surface waves and their complex interference (diffarciton, scattering, dispersion etc.). Within this scope P waves echos in the range of 'broad band' frequencies between 0.1-2 Hz. You can use therotical p wave/s wave amplitude spectrum in order to obtain h/v transfer function for deep basin (as your case-5 km)

D'Souza, Rohan, 2016. "Drowned and Dammed: Colonial Capitalism and Flood Control in Eastern India," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780199469130.

Klaus Hanke It's probably just a promotion for the article, not an actual question.

Dear Patrice:

There are 3 basic steps in seismic works, chronologically such as:

1) Design and Acquisition.

2) Processing the data, from 1).

3) Interpretation the data, from 2).

The objective of the point 2), seismic processing (your question) is to try to convert the acquired seismic data (using artificial “earthquakes” source: impulsive / vibrators / air-gun; and several receivers: geophones / hydrophones) to a seismic image.

Due that the data are recorder in time-sequences, and you use the multiple-fold coverage, you need to re-order the field data by CMP / CDP. Therefore, the basic processing sequence usually involves the following steps: Read the acquired data and assign its geometry; amplitude recovery; deconvolution, noise filtering; static corrections; rearrangement of traces by CMP; velocity analysis; correction for normal move-out NMO; residual static; Stacking; Migration.

On the other hand, you are talking about seismic interpretation, the third step. I recommend to read this wonderfull synthesis by Alistair Brown, AAPG, only 4 pages, a clear ideas, a better understanding what we (me too) do everyday.

If you are interesting to find a little more knowlegde, there are a lot of papers and books ... but please, you do not try to start with Oz Yilmaz´s bible for example ...a lot !!!!!!

Cheers, Mario E. Sigismondi

The geological map shows the distribution of the formations and their contact ( different kinds of rocks and faults).

There are three major types of maps they use: topographic, cross-sectional, and structural.

A structural map shows the geologic features of an area. Its appearance is similar to that of a topographic map, but a topographic map displays elevations of the Earth's surface and a structure map displays the elevation of a particular rock layer, generally beneath the surface. a geologic map shows the distribution of geologic features, including different kinds of rocks and faults.Rock units or geologic strata are shown by color or symbols to indicate where they are exposed at the surface. Isopach maps detail the variations in thickness of stratigraphic units.

A cross-sectional map shows the cross-section from the side.

So you can't talk about stratigraphic maps, but rather structural maps at different stratigraphic levels,

I recommend:

1.https://www.findaphd.com/

Following

Check the geological history of the area in the past, say, 600 million years. Climatic change can bring forests. The present dry land is not geologically old. If there are fossil wood remains as in the Sahara, and even those of mammals, it is possible with return of wetness to have rivers flowing.

Obianuju P. Umeji

I will be glad to help.

Regards

Dear Pooya,

I think that the optimal way of learning spatial data analysis and gaining the mentioned skills depend on the person we are talking about. For example, if the person was me, I would select an/some environment(s)/software(s)/IDE(s), and search for online tutorials and download/buy books about this topic. But I'm sure that there are guys who prefer intensive courses, others like BSc/MSc at university. So I can't give the exact answer for your question.

HTH,

Ákos

Well,

the attached pdf may help.

Sincerely

Dear Dr. Turco,

Dear Dr. Jerez,

I would like to thank you for this kind invitation.

Kindly be advised that this will be a pleasure for me to contribute with my original research articles, reviews, and other materials to the Special Issue "Climate prediction of extreme events" in the journal Geosciences and I will proceed for submission of the manuscripts.

Thank you again very much,

Best regards

Raisa Shpakova

Simple trigonometry and direction cosines.

The z-coordinate of your sample = z(collar) - depth(sample)*sin(DHdip), where

depth(sample) = halfway point between top and bottom of sampling interval and

DHdip = drillhole inclination angle from horizontal.

Sample x (Easting) and y (Northing) are given by:

x = x(collar) + depth(sample)*cos(DHdip)*sin(DHazi)

y = y(collar) + depth(sample)*cos(DHdip)*cos(DHazi)

As you know, I guess, you have to express the angles in radians for the trigonometric functions in Excel, so divide angles in degrees by 180 and multiply by pi.

You can correct for DH deviation using one of the common correction formulas. I have made an Excel spreadsheet that does that using the minimum curvature algorithm. I can send you a copy when I get back to my office computer on Monday. Haven’t checked the link William sent you above, but I guess you should find your answer there too.

Dear Sir

I have some collection of Field photographs pertaining to my previous project. The following attached field structural photographs are from part of Bastar Craton Central India

Dear Adil - I think that both types of scientist are equally important to the development of a discipline. Both specialists and generalists have a role to play. Much of today's research is cross-disciplinary. This requires people with specialist expertise and also people with the ability to synthesise and forge links. In practice, I don't think that one can exist without the other, and I do not think that one is necessarily more prolific than the other.

Dear Adil and colleagues:

I think the validity period of scientific results in Geosciences is different from one discipline to another, but all of the disciplineas share in common the concept of paradigm shift.

Since the "inflation" of the observations, data, and knowledge in Geosciences, e.g., Plate Tectonics, we constantly shift the paradigm from the older to the newer. When changes are dramatically, such as Plate Tectonics, you can talk about a period.

I strong recommend the The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, by Thomas Kuhn: As for his big idea – that of a "paradigm" as an intellectual framework that makes research possible –well, it quickly escaped into the wild and took on a life of its own.

An excelent example at present-day, is the concept of the Anthropocene: it has created a profound paradigm shift within the scientific community that we argue will create equally important changes in philosophy, history and politics. There is general scientific agreement that human activity has been a geologically recent, yet profound, influence on the Earth System. The magnitude, variety and longevity of human-induced changes, to the lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere and atmosphere suggests that we should refer to the present, not as within the Holocene Epoch (as it is currently formally referred to), but instead as within the Anthropocene Epoch. (taken from the American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2015, abstract id. GC14B-01).

I hope my answer can help to your own ideas, thinking about it.

My best wishes, Mario E. Sigismondi

Having been in this same situation myself when trying to decide on a doctoral research topic, I would suggest the following pathways. First, where are you located globally? Is there oil & gas activity in your country or your local area (if you are in a very large country)? If so, research what the exploration and production targets are and what is the drilling method: conventional or unconventional, is it offshore or onshore? Secondly, look into the problems associated with this industrial effort. Are there exploration issues such as unusual geology, poor seismic quality, not utilizing gravity or magnetic surveys, is there an issue with random reservoir quality, etc. Are there problems with development wells? If production is underway, how could it be made more efficient? or more cost effective? If there is no oil & gas industry where you are working, then you might want to look at industry-wide issues in general, depending on what is your skill set: geologist, geophysicist, engineering, mathematics, or computer programming. Ask yourself "What could I do that would make a difference in success rates or cost effectiveness?" Trying to solve industry problems in your research efforts will get you noticed when you graduate. A word of caution is not to make your research too obscure, such that it has a limited application. Too many graduate students spend years on research that very few people care about or find useful, and then wonder why they can't find employment. Make that time and effort count!

The criticality issue pertaining to EOR is the ability to understand the flow behaviour at all scales. The dynamic of the reservoir is scale dependent. It is very essential to enumerate it at different scale. The approach is to create Multiscale Geological models encompassing the reservoir heterogeneity and inherent uncertainty in data due to tool resolution. This model needs again a multiscale dynamic simulation. Any EOR technique needs to be established first at the laboratory followed by a field trial before field implementation.

Check the links below also;

Wishes

My email is chris.harris@uct.ac.za

Hello dear Nabil,

tank you for your quik answer!

I respect your opinion, all journals édirors around the world say the same thing!

and I understand it very well, considering your position in this Journal and in in this conference,

for the acceptance I do not generalize but I know works with errors of beginner, and with a english of google translation.

So by respect to the authors, I do not want to mention name or works published in this journal

  .

 must we accept criticism to improve and advance?

   cordially

Hassan IBOUH

You may find the link below:

Dear John,

Thanks for the reply. I have checked the papers too. Is the Raman spectra associated with Beta carotene?

Dear Aurelio, I scanned both thin sections and bulk sections too. Thin sections also gave the same problem, so I assume the luminescence is coming from the rock (organics, clays) etc. I state this because these baseline shifts are usually associated with the CH stretching band between 2700-3000 cm-1. And thank you for your time!

Hello!

I'm trying to plot a chromatogram in .SMS format. I've tried some programs and all the others. TXT or .CSV or some other ASCII file. Please, does anyone know of any software that can open this kind of file in .SMS?

Thanks!

It is time for someone to do a serious study of these events. Not just one investigator, but many of various disciplines and specialties.

People have already solved the disappearance of dinosaurs, why not these phenomena?

First of all it is...what kind of fluid, at what temperature, how much volume and into what kind of rock

every thing varies depending on all these criteria

In a hard rock like granite which is un weathered...if you try to inject fluid by making some hole or along some plane...it will be less effective whereas

in case of sandstone it will occupy pore spaces, in case of shale it will react with soft clay minerals...

when you simply inject and withdraw fluid unless it is of large volume

nothing big will happen

you have to add the other dimensions also, specially time.

Dear Dr Peter Roussos, the methodolgy I suggested four years ago (see above) is now bearing fruit and the first of a series of papers on ageing monumental specimens of yew will soon be forthcoming. It is with Fellows of Brunel and Harvard Forest for revision right now. There are a few surprises, and the current methodology which yields a parabolic age/girth curve based on constant annual increment derived from John White's Forestry Commission note 250 (e.g. Tabbush and White 2006) is overturned. I believe that the method may be transferrable to monumental olives. Key is measure/re-measure data in order to inform and verify theoretical work. This ageing conundrum cannot be solved using mathematics and theory only. I will alert you when publication is complete. Keep measuring and re-measuring to the highest accuracy possible.

The publisher of this journal is at Beall's list of predatory journals (https://beallslist.weebly.com/).

This suggests that it is more or less a pay to publish venue, with questionable (if not at all) peer review practices. Some argue that published in predatory journals might be harmful for your career.

In any case, there are decades of established and reputable peer reviewed journals so I would not see a reason for going there.

Computers & Geosciences, Comptes Rendus Geoscience , Journal of China University of Geosciences by Elseviers ;Mathematical Geosciences by Springer ; Geosciences — Open Access Journal; Journal of Geoscience Education ...

i dont have any idea which mathematical problems i will face during my research because have'nt start my research.

Dear Kathleen,

For topography/map printing I've seen LOM (laminated object manufacturing) being used. It is a rather fast and "cheap" technology.

See https://www.ihk-koblenz.de/innovation/innovation_technologie/techniken_und_technologien/Additive_Verfahren_-_3D-Druck/Laminated_Object_Manufactoring_LOM/1494346

or http://www.raprotec.de/lomtechnik.htm (both links lead to text in German)

Regards

Felix

Thanks Drs. Ayub and James for your concern

Hello Hein,

I answered yesterday but it appears that me reply was never added here. Your topic is quite stimulating. Are you interested in contributing with an interview?

My email is luigi.lombardo@kaust.edu.sa

Just send me an email and we'll take it from there.

Thanks in advance for your interest and potential availability.

Regards,

Luigi Lombardo

To assess the correlations in your data set you could use a non-parametric correlation measure like Spearman's rho. Also, if you analyse spatial autocorrelation in your spatial pattern, you should use a Monte Carlo/ramdomization approach to determine you p-values. See e.g. http://pysal.readthedocs.io/en/latest/library/esda/moran.html --> p_rand

Another thing you could use is Poisson regression to determine the strength and direction of influence of your environmental factors on the number of local disease cases. 

Cheers,

Jan

The history of the term "Quaternary" is well explained above by Mr. Dill. So in an old way of earth creation classification, Quaternary was the fourth phase, and maybe the etymology is from Italian language "Quarto".

Arduino was firs to use it, when studying the geological cross section of north Italia observed four kind of rocks, which began from ultramaffic rocks (primary) to recent unconsolidated depositions (fourth or quarto).

The acceptance of this concept was very difficult, but at the end the Quaternary is the only therm survived by the fourth class classification.

Today is accepted than Quaternary begin 2.6 million years before now, and is subdivided into Pleistocene -2.6Ma to 11.7 ka, and Holocene from 11.7Ka until present.

The main characteristic is the appearance of Homo Sapiens during this geological Period and the glacial inter-glacial oscillation during Pleistocene (four significant).

Quaternary deposition are deposition that belong to this period, younger of which belong to Holocene. Quaternary landslides is a therm that I encounter for the first time, but I believe they are actual and active landslides and that this must be the correct terminology. I don't believe a landslide can be collected with an entire geological period, as we can do it with tectonic activity.

But it must be in the concrete framework. if they are some landslides, created by sea level rise during the Holocene transgression, you can use a term like Holocene landslides, but the correctness of this term is to be evaluated.

 

 

It is interesting for me.

Jacek:

GFZ has such scanner and Andrea Forster is the person to be contacted. Same scaller designed originally by Drs Popov and Huenges and produced by a Leipzig company by special orders is also a property of Polish Geological Institute in Warsaw.

Cheers

Jacek M

Dear Bernhardt

Thank you for the question - an interesting one. 

From my perspective there are not any step change geophysical technologies on the immediate horizon.  Likely developments are in the foreseeable future are tensor potential field systems and EM systems capable of lower base frequencies and so hopefully better penetration.  This will certainly improve things but its my opinion that at present the weakest link in the exploration chain is our ability to interpret the geoophysical data.  For this reason here at UWA we've started working on the petrophysics of the mineralised environment and in particular the integration of the petrophysics with mineralogical and geochemical data.  Its early days but its clear that just thinking about the problem in terms of lithological controls only (as is common in most petrophysical studies) is not the right way to go. Alteration is very important especially in mafic and umafic rocks.  Apart from serpentinisation the petrophysical consequences of common types of alteration is hardly studied at all.

I am actually quite concerned about how geophysics is currently being used in mineral exploration, in particular the creation of 'geologically realistic' models of the subsurface.  These frequently have a level of complexity inconsistent with the resolving power of the geophysical data.  And then there's ambiguity.  For these reasons, another line of research we're pursing here is finding a way to represent uncertainty and resolution in a sub-surface physical property model.  Which parts of the model are most reliable; which parts are not well constrained etc?

So to summarise, I don't see any geophysical silver bulletins on the horizon and a short term objective  is to make better use of what we already have.  

Regarding the original question about discoveries and resources.  Are you aware of the work of Richard Schodde?  Richard has compiled a lot of data of this kind and its accessible in summary form on his website.  It would be great to include something similar in the new book with emphasis on geophysical discoveries but as I've already found published data are often contradictory, there is often dispute about how deposits were actually discovered and data on resources is commercially very sensitive for obvious reasons.  So its a tough question to resolve at the moment.

Thanks Kenneth. I viewed at the first instance a situation of articulated storage, which certainly is limited by the storage capacity of the storing medium. In all of this, safe storage is of key consideration

Dear Sumanta: the question you posed is a very complex one! The supercontinent cycle has been operating since at least the Paleoproterozoic or Neoarchean, assembling and disrupting continental masses, creating -and destroying- orogenic belts and ocean basins, volcanic belts, and the like. So it is unquestionable that such tectonic variarions had a strong influence on past climate, just as they have been doing since the Pangea disruption in the Jurassic. The problem is relatively easy to resolve in Mesozoic terrains, a bit more difficult in Paleozoic, and really a hard one in the Precambrian. Conditions for deposition of evaporitic basins were widespread during the Permian, but also in the Devonian and Proterozoic, where large evaporitic basins are found, also aeolian sandstones are frequent in this very dry period, and in older times too. Climate changes so profound as to be unimaginable to us happened when continental blocks collided to form supercontinents. Pangea was covered possibly by a desert three times larger that the actual Sahara, and by an enormous ice cover in its southern parts. The uplift of the Appalachian-Caledonian belt surely had a profound effect in the climate of this supercontinent and global Earth. Before this, in the Neoproterozoic, the uplift of the world-wide Greenvillian system of orogenic belts, which was probably even higher than the Himalaya and longer than the Andes..., due to the assembly of Rodinia, certainly had a marked influence in atmospheric and oceanic circulation, as to eventually lead he planet to the "Snow-ball Earth" global glaciation, just as the uplift of the Andes and Himalaya has done in more recent times, creating large deserts in South America and Central Asia. The problem in older terrains is the large uncertainties in the relative shape, positions and paleolatitudes adquired by land masses, this is relatively easy to solve during the Jurassic, but increasingly difficult to ascertain in older times. With regards, Sebastian.