Geography - Science topic

NDVI values vary depending on the volume and condition of the vegetation cover. In the same region there may be crops with soil gaps, or meadows (with high/medium/low green (fresh) or dry yellowed grass, and forests (coniferous or deciduous)/ Each of these sites/vegetation states may correspond to different NDVI values. For this reason, each of these landscapes will have a different range of NDVI values. That's why your question misses the main point - from which landscape do you want to separate your particular site? What index values will be found in your study area?

Dear Vladimir M Moskovkin . See the following useful link: https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/IFIC_and_JBICI-Studies/english/publications/reports/study/topical/approaches/pdf/higher_02.pdf

I don't think people are necessarily prisoners of geography. Geography can place potential barriers to progress but these are not insurmountable. The factor of human agency and ingenuity tends to be ignored in studies of the link between place and poverty. Social, economic, political, historical factors as well as individual choices may offer more clues to the real roots of poverty than the place where one is born or lives.

Geography predates the division of knowledge into specific disciplines. In the beginning it was simply writing about the earth from the Greek words geo graphein. This is why it overlaps with climatology, hydrology, geology, biology, epidemiology, pedology etc. in the natural sciences and economics, sociology, politics, history, languages, literary studies etc. in the social sciences and humanities. In fact some have gone so far as to say there is no such thing as geography as a specific discipline. However, others have said that whenever we focus on the nature, causes and effects of spatial variation of any phenomenon over the earth's surface we are doing geographical work. So to answer your question directly: Yes, literary geography can be considered a part of geography as long as it studies spatial aspects of literature.

Sorry, I don't have maps of Crimea

Dear Anna-Maria and Shota,

yes, I agree with you both that there are a lot of very useful secondary sources on Ratzel et al. However, I sometimes had the feeling that proponents of so-called "critical geopolitics" had perhaps made some undue claims about the origins of geopolitics, geostrategy etc. - especially about their implications for today's world. That's why I would always argue for trying to read the original sources (a descent English translation should make do, too, of course).

Thanks & cheers to everyone!

Julius

The stories about the Amazons are plentiful in the ancient Greek writings. In order to understand them fully one has to study the meaning of the names of the Amazons themselves. As an example, one of them "Ypsilipili" means "tall gate", therefore, she was a rather tall person. "Smyrne" is a name for an aromatic plant probably grown around the town of Smyrne, etc

How about the Amazon river in South America? Did the Amazons travelled there or was it called after women warriors gave a hard time to the first explorers?

Good for sharing, this was an interesting program.

indeed very interesting

You may use Google Earth Pro or Arc Earth.

There are a number of excellent references. Take for example:

Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K. (2011, 7th edn.). Research Methods in Education (7th edn.), London: Routledge

Connolly, P. (2007). Quantitative Data Analysis in Education: a Critical Introduction Using SPSS, London; New York: Routledge.

Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (4th edn.), Boston: Pearson.

Creswell, J. W. (2009) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and mixed methods Approach. Los Angeles, Calif; London: Sage

Denscombe, M. (2014). The Good Research Guide: For Small Scare Social Research Projects (5th edn). McGraw-Hill.

Morgan, D. L. & Nica, A. (2020). Iterative Thematic Inquiry: A New Method for Analyzing Qualitative Data. (2020). International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19, 1-11.

Dear Christiano,

The concept of Precipitation Concentration is crucial to understand the spatial and temporal patterns of precipitations. Many authors define thresholds which mostly converge: the most common (you can find in the following open access article) are :

Wet day: >= 1mm/day

Heavy wet day: >= 10mm/day

Extreme wet day: >= 50mm/day

Best regards,

Reference: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331411976_Rainfall_distribution_and_trends_of_the_daily_precipitation_concentration_index_in_northern_Morocco_a_need_for_an_adaptive_environmental_policy

Mendeley and EndNote

8-15

My regards first of all Congratulations, very interesting question, Thank you Please recommend items

Arcmap.

Desiree Beaudry , Mostly he need to download the pdf copy of the article. Arun Kumar K C already give him what he need.

Long ago, I was a polish kid with an open mind and a wish for learning new things about the world. I was always curious about distant places and exotic lands. I love maps and atlases. They are very useful tool, especialy at school, but they also bring so much joy for young readers. I cherish many beautifuly ilustrated books and encyclopedias given to me by my mum. She hoped to spark in me intrest to learn and to think about our world, its problems and hidden treasures. I enjoyed learning English too in my early childhood. Sometimes I enjoyed it much more than learning about my mother tongue! At some time, I was given a lesson by my Godmother to folow my personal interests by using English language. She said - "Do what you want, and read what you want, but read it in English!" And that's a secret. This is how I polish my English right now. I have still much to learn thow. I also keen on Tolkien and his works. He was a linguist, and he created magnificent world resembling one of my favourite epochs in history, the transistion time between Late Antiquity and so called Dark Ages. He introduced me to a world of ancient ethymologies, roots of words, and forgotten meanings. The marvelous odyssey of early germanic peoples, Saxons, Jutes and Angles seeking new home in Auld land of Brittania. From humble origins, as pirates, mercenaries and auxilaries from today Niedersachsen and Denmark, they have established petty kingdoms and so called English Heptarchy, and then, they have experienced truly heroic period led by Alfred the Great repelling pagan invasions. Gradually they united and developed their civilisation with a little help of the Normans :) Their world was transforming, jus as their language, reciving another wave of new words of romance origin. It is so fascinating! Now lets talk about a couple of words wich still retain their archaic meaning. Oxford for example, the name implies it was a river crossing. We have many place names ending with -shire, or -borough. Such words can tell us much about old administrative systems. We have place names with endings like -by, or -ville. We can see clearly that they have a foreign origin, Viking and Norman respectively. Lets talk about Newfoundland - it is so obvious it doesn't need any explanation at all. I could add many more examples. To sum up, there are plenty of reasons why Geography can help us understand language and culture of particular country. I hope my way too long text was just a little bit helpful to You. God bless You and stay healthy!

Hi Li, as per your question, The term "geographic mobility" refers to how people and goods travel over time. A measure that tracks movement within a country is known as geographic mobility, population mobility, or simply mobility. It's a term that's commonly used in demography and population studies to describe the movement of populations between spaces. These relocations may be as big as foreign relocations. Mobility is mostly temporary in nature.

While migration is the movement of people between regions or countries. It is the process of changing's one place of residence and permanently living from a region or a country. According to the UN Demographic dictionary " Migration is such an event in which people move from one geographical area to another area. When people leaving their place of residence and go to live permanently in another area is called migration". It may be temporary or permanent with intentions of returning to the place of origin in future.

For your further clarification attaching some reference below,

1)

2)https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12339560/

3)https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/14984678.pdf

4)

5)http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/nhdr_migration_gn.pdf

please check this articles

is it under Scopus index?

Dear Jimoh you can refer the following links.

1. http://uregina.ca/~sauchyn/geog423/phil.html

2.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030913257900300105?journalCode=phgb

3.https://www.google.com/amp/s/hohmannchris.wordpress.com/2014/10/30/approach-philosophy-or-methodology/amp/

Hope it will help.. thanks

You are quite right about "textual" and "visual" - one would usually consider the film as a text to include both its verbal and visual elements. In this sense and in lieu of further information, I would consider visual analysis as a subcategory of textual analysis, where the former focuses on the visual elements of the film alone and the latter on the visual, verbal, and narrative elements.

With respect to how to carry out and write the analysis, I usually begin by distinguishing between film form from film content and then describe either the overall structure of the film or specific shots, sequences, or scenes. There is an example using a novel, television series, and feature film here:

Felix Malte Dorn NFCC & HMPP

Many many congratulations. Really a very good topic of research.

To devleop these type of models on a single country, you have to start your study by a strong motivation to convince the reader why you do such a work on a single country. This has its limitations.

normally, we these type of questions Gravity models to be applied and Dynamic Panel data models for robustness.

As you are facing a single country, consult time series tools: Cointegration, ARDL, NARDL or VECM

Jose Gilberto Souza as attached.

Good luck.

Just volunteer, after a year they'll recognize you thn start by giving travel allowance then after get you a permanent job, one thing you need to bear in mind it will take time be patient

Yes, it is a comprehensive channel..

GIS Users conference, San Diego.

Understand science first, then application to systems, then keep using.

Sure. For example, the emissions of night lights maps contribute to an understanding of the geographic distribution of the population. The spectral emissions based on physical foundations.

Time series map is a good choice for mapping Covid-19 (or Covid-20 ??) development and changes.

Geographic information systems are the most suitable environment for doing geographical analysis. It is a tool that developed from the geography departments.

Pooyan,

Our paper will be published soon. It may be helpful for you.

Best wishes.

Left.

yes its do it

Thank you very much Mohamed Buheji for the interesting question. I take the liberty of synthesizing Zagir Ataev 's great contribution - please correct my misconceptions -, "...geography provides an interrelated knowledge of nature, population, economy and the relationships between them, both of the country as a whole and of its individual regions, necessary for a wide variety of development problems in any country... I don't think there would be many more to add.

I add other questions in line with Mohamed Buheji 's: What are the theoretical economic frameworks present in the different spatial theories of geography or the so-called "new economic geography"? Do their contributions to socio-economic development go beyond merely identifying problems, such as determining economic potentialities, measuring socio-economic imbalances at the spatial level, among other contributions? We are waiting for contributions from colleagues who are working on these issues, to deepen.

Thank you very much.

Greetings

Fernando (From Argentina)

Muchas gracias Mohamed por la interesante pregunta. Me tomo el atrevimiento de sintetizar el gran aporte de Zagir –por favor corríjame mis equívocos–, “…la geografía proporciona un conocimiento interrelacionado de la naturaleza, la población, la economía y las relaciones entre ellas, tanto del país en su conjunto como de sus regiones individuales, necesarios para una amplia variedad de problemas de desarrollo en cualquier país…”. Creo que no habría muchas más que agregar.

Sumo otras preguntas en línea a la de Zagir: ¿Cuáles son los marcos teóricos económicos presentes en las diferentes teorías espaciales de la geografía o la denominada “nueva geografía económica”? ¿En sus aportes al desarrollo socioeconómico se traspasa la mera identificación de problemas, como por ejemplo determinar las potencialidades económicas, medición de los desequilibrios socioeconómicos a nivel espacial, entre otros aportes? Esperamos los aportes de colegas que estén trabajando estos temas, para profundizar.

Muchas gracias

Saludos

Fernando (desde argentina)

A free tool can be found here:

The early writings on "Youth Sociology" focused on the dangers related to the repercussions of class, culture, and production methods adopted by the State, until it turned today towards influential youth groups and the role of youth in the development of local societies. Among the most prominent writers in this field are:

1- Christine Barrett

2- Steven Roberts

3- Catherine Waite

4- David Hickman

I suppose that these references may be useful :

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107706033.006

There are many aspects that geography deals with regarding COVID-19.

As a physical geographer, we may track the changes and patterns of some satellite-derived air quality variables such as NO2 above cities.

For human geography, mapping COVID-19 causes and analyze them spatially is one of the clearer roles.

Hope this gives an idea about some roles.

There are many aspects that geography deals with regarding COVID-19.

As a physical geographer, we may track the changes and patterns of some satellite-derived air quality variables such as NO2 above cities.

For human geography, mapping COVID-19 causes and analyze them spatially is one of the clearer roles.

Hope this gives an idea about some roles.

I too would love to participate in your essay/book project if it covers education in Africa.

Thanks all, I got it from https://openflights.org/data.html

and I created a database of Air transport.

Hi, to be more specific, when you are searching for journals, you need to identify three unique areas; discipline, sector, country and publishing costs. In this case, It is a bit hard to direct you to a specific journal because it is a general title that could be in any discipline, that is why I suggested journals that could be interested in this paper. But I hope these links help for a start.

https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tepn20/current

https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/cres20/current

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/1099162x

https://www.jstor.org/stable/1349744?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents

https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/0732-1317

In my research, language is the very basis for being, as everything exists only in language. Without a written, or notated, universal language of music, that music could never travel more that between tribal members, and even then could not be reproduced in original form without notation. The same applies to law, government, economics: everything is embedded in it's own unusual language. And culture is ONLY contained in language. As dictators have demonstrated throughout time, to quickly destroy a culture, first ban its language. And individually, in terms of consciousness, we exist as a series of stories that collectively form our understanding of self. Read Gadamer, who encapsulates this with: "We language ourselves into being".

Andrew L. Rypel , Douglas A. Burns Thank you for your responses! My bold challenge got some attention and good information! This has been an interesting exploration of free-flowing rivers and I've learned from it!

I admit I'd like to champion the Delaware River because 3/4 of the non-tidal Delaware River is designated "Scenic and Recreational" under the Wild & Scenic Rivers Act, administered by the National Park Service for which I work, and it has very good populations of diadromous fishes that freely migrate through the entire mainstem.

However, I also have to admit there are some low-head dams on it, and several major dams/reservoirs on major tributaries that compromise it's "free-flowing" quality. So I have to rescind my bold claim. But that's o.k. It's still a great river that deserves more appreciation. Some of that seems to be coming: American Rivers just designated the Delaware River the River of the Year!

This pandemic is an urban disease. It is currently in process of diffusing into rural areas. As time passes, the prevalence of the disease will increase disproportionately in rural areas. You might consider using Standard Metropolitan areas as your regions for analysis. Nationwide these areas have the advantage of crossing state lines, just as settled areas do. This process can be observed in Washington State: Seattle and the Puget Sound region has a nicely flattening curve while the state as a whole is not so blessed.

Hi Trevor,

FTP (.nc) files (or NetCDF) can be converted into a raster file using ArcGIS if you have access to that (see https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/manage-data/netcdf/exercise-1-displaying-a-raster-layer-from-a-netcdf-file.htm#ESRI_SECTION1_EBF9F2717E9D4349B7173EE7EF23A893). Once you convert the netCDF to raster you should be able to import it into ENVI.

There are also ways to do this with QGIS (see http://www.ggiuliani.ch/download/netcdf_qgis_GG.pdf).

I hope this helps.

Best,

Dylan

The number of internal migrants in India was 450 million as per the most recent 2011 census. This is an increase of 45% over the 309 million recorded in 2001. This far exceeds the population growth rate of 18% across 2001-2011. Internal migrants as a percentage of population increased from 30% in 2001 to 37% in 2011

Journal of Rural Development (https://www.researchgate.net/journal/0970-3357_Journal_Of_Rural_Development)

In addition to the obvious (obj, fbx, wav, jpeg, png, etc) there are some uniquely VR formats.

Point cloud data ( ASCII (TXT, XYZ, PTS) and LAS ).

Volumetric video VFF, 3DZ, VMF, 4DS, UVF, etc

As for the audio fmod or wwise will be your most useful tools to mix spatial audio with multiple tracks in VR.

In the end these all boil down to your choice of capture technology. But the basic obj fbx wav files will probably be used in all projects.

Agreeing with Benedikt M. Orlowski , the errors associated with environmental determinism must be carefully avoided; however, humanity would be remised to not include the negative impacts climate change scaling up through Maslow's Hierarchy (especially learning). Now, if we could control for all the complexity of Earth processes we would find that socioeconomic well-being is certainly impacted by climate, latitudinal gradients, land cover, and of course natural resources.

I am doing some research about the world's distribution of terrorism events as my term paper, getting data from Global Terrorism Database (GTD) built up by university of maryland, and the website is: https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/

please write in English...

Thank you all or suggestions and comments. After discussion, we’ve already decided to select 300m buffer (less than 5 min easy walk) for the definition of close walking distance. We agreed with the concept presented in EU handbook entitled “European Common Indicators: Towards a Local Sustainability Profile” and some other papers where the accessibility of green areas in European context is widely discussed. As we don’t have any data on hotel guests, we cannot predefine pedestrian types to be considered as Robert Bartlett suggested. However, the investigation of walking distance definition from the perspective of hotel guest seems to be interesting from the perspective of both academia and hotel industry. What is the perception of close walking distance by people of different age or family status (suggestion of David Berrigan), with different disabilities (if occur), in different spatial (e.g. urban or rural) and temporal contexts, in different climate conditions as Aryan Shahabian suggested? This is a serious question we should address when doing next research project. Thank you for inspirational discussion.

They are improving students' map reading skills. A combination of both the digital map reading tools and the traditional method will definitely be more effective.

Dear Dominic Obeng ,

The following text is from a research on Geography and Identity, in the conception of the school geography.

The place and the construction of identity (O Lugar e a construção da identidade).

The text is in Portuguese, but nothing that Google Translate can not help.

Regards,

Fábio.

Hi Fabio

Could be this information help you about Colombia: Ley 1450 de 2011, decreto 1120 del 31 de mayo de 2013: http://www.minambiente.gov.co/index.php/component/content/article/116-ordenamiento-manejo-integrado-costero-y-marino

And this: http://www.invemar.org.co/redcostera1/invemar/docs/458ZonasCosteras.pdf

Best regards.

Hi Zeeshan Ilyas ,

it is a very intresting question, the key is that the sum of the angular momentum (push) of the solid Earth plus atmosphere system must stay constant unless an outside force (torque) is applied,” Salstein said. “So if the atmosphere speeds up (stronger westerly winds) then the solid Earth must slow down (length-of-day increases).Also if more atmosphere moves to a lower latitude (further from the axis of rotation), and atmospheric pressure increases, it also gains angular momentum and the Earth would slow down as well.

Regarding this, it can definitely be true, but! I don't think that it is that much noticeable for being worried about it right now!

btw, thank you for such a nice challenging question!

Thank you very much Bryan Higgins and Srini Vasan

First download Malaysia from DIVA GIS. Then open QGIS (you can download it) and click on "add vector layer" and browse the country's map. Then click on "select feature" and pressing "Ctrl", select all the states you want to show on your map. Then click on vector and select " geoprocessing tools" and then click "clip". Then select the appropriate layers from the list. And click at the last dropbox to create temporary layer and click "run". Then right click on the already created layers panel and click "property" and then "labels". From the dropbox select " show labels for this layer" . Then select the appropriate names from the "label with" and click "ok". You will get the states with their name. Then continue exercising.

What an interesting project! I love working with children's drawings to collect information on geographic knowledge. Have you published any articles about your Geography and Foreign Languages work for me to read?

of course you can do it best your observation--hand of hand experience

Adil Salhi, this is a fascinating topic and the source of much frustration. I recently read a paper that specifically addresses this topic in the field of psychology where the use of the correct term can be critical for a questionnaire or professional report. I would be curious to hear your reaction. https://www.aclang.com/blog/is-there-inherent-bias-in/

I am very grateful George S Spais .

Dear Abbasi,

Please you write in google in form "canbay MS, canbay Faroe, canbay radiologically, canbay is not, canbay cytokine, canbay the essential" , you can find answers to your question. Good studies.

Cahit Canbay

Hello Loris,

I think that the first question that you need to answer is, what is the accuracy needed for your project. I know, the higher the better, but this is true only if your funds are unlimited.

First thing to consider is the device. I'm big fan of smartphones, but from my point of view, there are two significant drawback. First - primitive antenna. Due to miniaturization in cell phones they use primitive patch antennas, which cannot mitigate negative effects (multi-path etc.). Second - no differential corrections. In order to achieve centimeter or even decimeter accuracy you need differential corrections between two GNSS receivers (currently this is often solved using permanent observational services). However, until recently, smartphones did not provide raw data needed for such calculations. Now this is changing, but the data could be still insufficient due to poor antena design. From my point of view, if you'd omit smartphones, you can also omit recreational-grade and mapping-grade receivers without differential corrections (as these give you slightly higher accuracy for significantly higher price). Then, your next choice are mapping- and survey-grade receivers with corrections, but you need several thousands of Euros.

Second thing - measurement method. In principle, you can go kinematic or static. If you need real-time positioning, don't expect very high accuracy, especially with lower grade equipment. Measurement conditions are also crucial. Currently we are evaluating measurements with a survey-grade receiver. With 15 seconds observation time, we can achieve few centimeters under open area conditions, but almost 1.5m in forest...

Regarding smartphone GNSS accuracy, we tested several smartphones under open area and in forest (both leaf-on and leaf-off). The accuracy in forest was between 5-10m, while ~3m in the open area. Study is available here

It's already a bit outdated, but perhaps it can give you some insight.

Other studies are available here:

Regarding software, if you are using Android OS, I consider the Locus Map (https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=menion.android.locus&hl=en_US) the most versatile GNSS software. You can record track and points (also with text, audio or photo attachments), use various maps etc. The drawback is that Locus Map does not support GIS shapefile layers. If you need these, you can try Locus GIS or mobile QGIS.

If you need water/dustproof device, go for higher grade phone. Most flagships have some degree of it. If you need rugged phone, you can try Samsung Galaxy Xcover, CAT, or perhaps some chinnese brands.

Regarding multiconstalation device - in theory, more satellites= better position. I think that currently you will have problems to find a phone without at least GLONASS. New high-end chipsets support also Galileo, Beidou, QZSS.

In terms of brands and devices, I don't think that it would be possible to generalize and prefer one over the other. Just make a market research, search for user experiences, buy one and, most importantly, test it yourself. I think that this is crucial condition if you want to be "scientific". Even the same device with e.g. another OS update could achieve different accuracy.

Please check reference below.. hope it will be helpful for you… Regards…

What about standardised coefficients in logistic regression?

I would also try linear regressions for those dichotomous variables to get standardised coefficients.

Anyway each of these suggestions would have their own cons.

Thank you @Julien Gloanec for your answer. Actually, we intend to know how to map the historical heritage, not the public health issues. Regards

Hello Adil,

Great suggestion by Dr. Yadollahi!

Dr Kramer´s suggestion about symbols is absolutely correct, ... using the appropriate symbols for your mapping, and defining them in a clear, non ambiguous manner is absolutely necessary for the map to communicate the spatial relations that your research has identified. Nothing is more frustrating than studying a map with symbols not explained by the keys. Said in another way, map symbols should have clear, absolute meanings.... spatial relations of these symbols will more than likely be subject to dynamic, sometimes fuzzy, contextual and even unclear meanings pending further data. Intangible heritage may have this kind of mapping characteristic... my humble advice, is for you not to worry too much about "getting it right" at once , but do look at the relations and re-examine them constantly,... spatial relations have a habit of lying hidden sometimes, until we ask the "right" question.

Thank you Joanna Gocłowska-Bolek for your answer. Here in North Africa we have the same observation. Kind regards