Science topic

Gender Identity - Science topic

Gender Identity is a person's concept of self as being male and masculine or female and feminine, or ambivalent, based in part on physical characteristics, parental responses, and psychological and social pressures. It is the internal experience of gender role.
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For the purpose of writing a research paper on this topic.
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You can check with Google !! Regards.
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Dear colleagues,
As a scholar, I am often faced with the question of whether a care provider (psychologist, therapist, counselor, or other professional) may or may not disclose their own sexual or gender identity when they provide care services to their sexually- and gender-diverse clients. I have so far not been able to find good resources on the topic, esp. those related to questions of whether professional identity may or may not be relevant in context of care; in cases if a decision is based on some individual circumstances, which those may be; or generally if there is some good peer-reviewed literature about this topic.
I'll end my question with a famous and not entirely unrelated line by Celia Kitzinger and their colleagues from 1998: "'Gay and lesbian sychologist'” can be heterosexual, just as a “social psychologist” can be anti-social or a “sports psychologist” a couch potato'" (Kitzinger et al., 1998, p532).
Thank you for your insights and time,
Michal
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The therapist should not hide their identity (think of today's Instagram pages, or pictures that are in one's office), but if they disclose it, that should be in the interest of the client, and that may also be an important moment for the therapeutic relationship.
I found that the book chapter offers a different and empowering perspective to clinicians, touches on therapists’ rights and responsibilities, exploring ethical decision-making processes, and even situations in which the clinician and client may share the same community.
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I have been looking at family violence data in Australia and noticed a pattern of gender symmetry emerging in DFV murder victimisation. While men are still over represented in DFV perpetration data, it has made me question why there is such a strong focus on segmenting data by gender in DFV research, and why there is such a high level of polarisation around discussions of DFV data and public policy.
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Why? Because we live in the generally post-Truth Age of ShowBiz, which maintains divisive normalized mass-confusion and mass-delusion. Of course, the enabling syndrome is the normalized anti-ethical cultural illness of ecocidal consumerism, financialist globalization, and pandemic authoritariasn personality disorder. For more basics & details, see my preprint "Trump, Hitler, Freud, and Monstrosity" (available here via my RG profile pages), etc. (available elsewhere online).
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books on flexibility and gender equality. concepts and theories
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Hochschild, A. R. (1989). The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home. Viking Penguin.
Slaughter, A.-M. (2015). Unfinished Business: Women Men Work Family. Random House.
Chapman, G., & White, P. (2011). The 5 Languages of Appreciation in the Workplace: Empowering Organizations by Encouraging People. Northfield Publishing.
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During the match that took place between YouTubers around the world, there were only male members playing on the field. However, there are many female YouTubers who have a large number of followers. What is the reason that this only happened to a certain gender and did not happen to the other gender?
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Michael
my dear
Thanks for your
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this is a comparative study question between Islamic law and Common law/ Civil law
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There is no gender bias for being an arbitrator even in Islamic jurisdictions as far as I am aware of. One must quality with the skills required to be an arbitrator and register with local arbitral institutions. Contribute to the profession by volunteering for events, writing articles in the magazines and attending conferences to meet and expand your network. Sooner or later you will get your appointment as an arbitrator.
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Hello everyone, does anyone know how to calculate the simple size for a 2(gender: male, female)*2(culture: Asian, European)*2(age: children, adult)*2(direction: back, front)*2(position: left, right)*2( condition: confort, non-comfort) repeated ANOVA? We have 6 factors, among these, gender and culture are between-factors, while age, direction, position, and condition are within-factors. I'd appreciate it if someone can help me.
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Hi Hsin-Yuan Che, your are so nice, thanks again!
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California Senator Scott Welk on Friday called on parents who "love their children" to flee the state before it's too late, in response to "disturbing language" in the "gender identification" bill.
The warning came after amending the "Gender Confirmation" bill among children's needs for "health, safety and well-being," according to "Fox News" channel. If parents refuse to confirm their child's preferred gender, they may face charges of child abuse and lose custody disputes.
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Good question, follower
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Hi, I have data that are not distributed normally, i tried to make it normal by using log, inverse, or root square transformations but without any success. Are there non-parametric tests that can test moderation? So far i just analyzed men and women separately using Mann Whitney test (with the split file function in SPSS). Is there some way to explore whether the interaction with gender is significant?
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Thank you!
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How does gender affects the relationship between 21st century skills and expectancy-value?
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Dear Colleague Alwielland Q. Bello,
Whose 'expectations' do you mean? The answer may not be determined until we specific the cognitive gent of the 'expectations.'
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Hai JAcob., how are you? I am attracted to your question as I have some information on it. Below, I supply you with all the answers you need, but I would really appreciate it if you could press the RECOMMENDATION buttons underneath my 3 research papers' titles in my AUTHOR section as a way of you saying thanks and appreciation for my time and knowledge sharing. Thank you in advance and please read my answers below
Neo-colonialism is a complex and controversial topic that involves the influence and control of powerful nations, often former colonial powers, over less developed countries or regions. It is characterized by economic, political, and cultural domination that can perpetuate inequalities and hinder the self-determination and development of the affected nations.
The concept of neo-colonialism suggests that while formal colonial rule may have ended, economic and geopolitical relationships continue to perpetuate dependency and exploitation. Critics argue that neo-colonial practices include unequal trade agreements, debt burdens, foreign investment that benefits multinational corporations more than local communities, and the propagation of Western values and culture.
The paper you've linked to discusses racial and gender inequality in the context of a stagnant economy for marginalized populations. It highlights the intersectionality of these issues and their impact on economic development and social well-being. It's important to recognize that neo-colonialism can exacerbate such inequalities, as historical power imbalances and exploitative practices persist.
Scholars and activists often debate the extent to which neo-colonialism influences global dynamics. While some argue that it perpetuates exploitation and inequality, others contend that the concept may oversimplify complex geopolitical and economic relationships.
It's worth acknowledging that the discussion around neo-colonialism involves diverse perspectives and interpretations. Critical examination of historical and contemporary interactions between powerful nations and marginalized regions is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of its implications on socio-economic development, inequality, and the pursuit of self-determination.
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I am working on a research on challenges and opportunities that women entrepreneurs face in informal trade.
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CGE MODEL, WHICH CAN TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE WHOLE ECONOMY. Formal, informal, and gender as well.
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To clarify gender mainstreaming and make women an essential and indispensable dimension in the process of designing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating policies and programs in the political, economic and social fields, so that women enjoy rights and freedoms on an equal basis with men, and so that the ultimate goal is achieved, which is the achievement of gender equality.
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What are the biological differences between Sex and Gender?
How can we classify animals according to Sex and Gender?
How can teachers in schools in some countries explain Gender and sex for children? is that brainwashing or not? Can we teach children anything out of their awareness?
I am happy to share your ideas.
Regards
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Quan Thuong Pham , my friend:
Children do not have correct levels of hormones and they can not aware of the actual situation of their behavior and psychological tackling with this type of ideas, and with time and changing hormones will be known.
If gender is psychological behavior, animals have psychological behavior and adapted to different conditions during their life. Also, animals have levels of hormones and different sex, Why is difficult to distinguish animals using the same tools and parameters as humans?
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I am curious to know if is there any recent evidence suggesting that gender can play a role in the development of dissociative identity disorder, as well as the type and manifestation of the DID?
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Greetings Dr. Bevan,
Thanks for sharing your perspective on this specific question on the impact of gender on the manifestation and type of dissociative identity disorder (DID).
Although, I am aware that DID is more commonly diagnosed in female individuals, it is essential to avoid generalizations. Further, I was of the assumption that gender-based differences in DID are not well-established, due to the relatively low prevalence of profiling the magnitude of the disorder and the complexities of its diagnosis.
However, some studies have suggested that trauma, which is often a contributing factor to DID, may be experienced differently based on gender, potentially influencing its manifestation. Therefore, I was nevertheless curious if is there any available clinical research work corroborating my claim to fully understand the gender-related aspects of DID and how they may affect its presentation and treatment.
Regards,
Muziwandile
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SOCIOLOGY AND HUMOR
Humor “breaks the ice” between strangers, and unites people in different hierarchical positions. It creates a sense of “shared conspiracy” as when gossiping or joking about superiors. The flip side is that those who do not join in the laughter, either because they don’t catch on, or because the joke targets them, will feel left out, shamed, or ridiculed. Joking relationships build group identity and solidarity. They promote communities over hierarchies and reveal ambiguities that enhance and subvert the expectations of people in religious and civic groups.
Laughter always ties into the humor of a particular social group—even if you are laughing by yourself at something you receive over the Internet. Some scholars argue that humor is a social corrective, linked with embarrassment. People learn what not to do when they see who gets laughed at. This goes back to the beliefs of Henri Bergson, who called humor a “social corrective…intended to humiliate.”
In the early 1980’s Emily Toth, wrote about the first “Humane Humor Rule,” “Never target a quality that a person can’t change.” Later Humane Humor Rules Include:
• Target yourself, i.e. use self-deprecating humor.
• Target your own ethnic group or gender, but no other ethnic group or gender.
• Never target the victim.
• Always target a strength so that it empowers rather than humiliates the target.
• Be sure that there is spatial, temporal and psychological distance before making fun of a tragedy.
• Remember: Tragedy + Time = Comedy
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I can't agree more with the observations about social aspects of humour. I'd add to the list. Humour helps overcome sorrow and utter disappointment. I am Ukrainiian and have experience I'd rather not have. Looking back as far as one year I am now convinced that humour has helped my country to go through the tragedy of war. And still does. What else surfaced in the said period is the unexpected abundance of obscene language in induced (political, media) discourse. In those days of desperation and uncertainty it sounded somehow unbelievably comforting or so. It has been less intense after it became clear that Ukraine is going to survive with Russians having left Kyiv region in April 2022. Desperate situations which break normal course of life bring forth desperate reactions, including extreme verbal behaviour.
I think that humour almost always performs well when it subtly violates the rules - breaks Grice's conversational implicatures and works nicely in pragmatic transposition including status-role relations. When the hearer is prepared to the ordinary, normal, routine flow and .... oooops! ... here comes an unexpected bend that tears apart the predictabilities of regularized, standardized, formalized social frame.
Are social rules (Austin-Searles' speech acts, and Grice's conversational implicatures) meant to be followed, broken, or both?
My answer is: 'Both'
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I want to compare customer groups by gender (Male and Female) for 'Willingness to Pay for Health Products.' However, 'Willingness to Pay for Health Products' is a latent factor measured by 3 observed variables. I am unsure how to compare them and have researched 'Levene's Test for Equality of Variances,' but I couldn't find how to run it in Stata. I'm in need of assistance!
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I cannot help with you Stata, but in general you are asking about what is known as "moderation," where the effect of your independent variable differs by gender. Note that this is equivalent to an interaction effect, but within the Structural Equation Modeling literature, it is now know as moderation.
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I am trying to perfom a sample size calculation for neuroimaging study. Specifically, the participants, after filling questionnaire yileding a spefic score, perform a task in three different conditons, based on two different sensorial modalities and I have to study response accuracy between Male vs Female.
I would like just make sure that, beside the power and alpha level, I have chosen the paramters properly:
1) The effect size is a squared conversion to f Coehn from the Pearson correlation score;
2) 12 is the factorial product between 3 conditions X 2 kind of stimuli X gender;
3) Number of Predictors, 3 (referred to conditions, stimuli and gender);
4) Response variable, 3 (referred to accuracy in the three conditions);
Is this sample size analysis calculation well done?
Thanks
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Hello Giansalvo,
Which specific hypothesis test is it you are considering when setting up this g*power computation?
1. Main effect of condition?
2. Main effect of sensory modality?
3. Main effect of gender?
4. Interaction of 1 & 2? 2 & 3? 1 & 3? 1, 2, & 3?
5. Something else?
The reason for asking is, the setup could be different for each possible hypothesis.
As well, I can't tell whether participants are exposed to one or all conditions, and one or both sensory modalities.
Finally, it's not clear to me that this is genuinely a multivariate design, especially if the three scores represent the performance under each of the three respective conditions. That sounds more like a repeated measures dimension.
Could you please elaborate?
Good luck with your work.
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The liberal view of gender ethics in the postmodern era, despite the demise of most major narratives, differs from the Islamic view or the view of anti-genderists,For reasons that seem logical to each of them, it is not permissible to resist or challenge them What led toThis endless debate lost the rights of many people, women and men alike
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Over the past three decades, the global death rates of both genders decreased. However, there has been an increase since 2017 among women and 2018 among men, which must, in part, be seen in relation with the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, there were 172 deaths per 1,000 men between 15 and 60 years, and 119 per 1,000 women of the same age.
gender mortality in present era - Search (bing.com)
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I am seeking to make an inventory and evaluate storybooks or projects that are intended to introduce concepts of gender equality or feminism to young children in the Sub-Saharan region or the Islands of the Eastern part of the Indian Ocean within the last 10-15 years.
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This Question stimulated to answer some how that Eastern regions of the Sub-Saharan Africa are Indian Ocean are mostly gender equality and feminist concepts toyoung children in the sense that both boys and girls have no thinking about the issue of Gender equality.
All these the critical issues will start after the childhood stage only. Both sexes of the children are together without knowing the gender differences and to learn the diversified subject knowledge.
Schooling of this stage could bring adjustable knowledge of the school environment than other issues.
Islands of Eastern part of the Indian Ocean are somalia, Ethiopia, and Kenya mostly including Tanzania etc.
The way of learning has the impact of India and the children have eager to know the wide spread knowledge in the school.
The impact in education could be one the results of India and its effects. Introducing the feminist concepts to young children that will pave the way of achieving Gender equality and these could excercise like research focus to identity the gender equality or inequality.
After schooling, the some women specified colleges that is the system which regulates the society in order to have the Gender diffi aspects.
The mind, behaviour and routine activities will create these gender differences as the age increases.
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My topic is Women and Leadership: A Complex Intersection between Gender and Race?
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The way you phrase your question/title now, there is no clear hypothesis or research question that can be answered. First you need to get to a point where you have an potnetially answersble question related to your interestes in women, race, gender, and leadership. Think questions like “how does race impact women’s ability to attain leadership positions” then a hypothesis may be “women of color hold fewer leadership positions in this field due to X reason(s).”
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As in French le/la, in German der/die/das & other languages, thera are genders for words & so articles in some languages. Grammaticaly gender for words are complete redundancy !? Governments have to cancel them offically as soon as possible so that people can learn those languages easily also. One of the reason English almost became universal language is due to being genderless for words !
"It's an inheritance from our distant past. Researchers believe that Proto-Indo-European had two genders: animate and inanimate. It can also, in some cases, make it easier to use pronouns clearly when you're talking about multiple objects."
As Mark Twain once wrote in reference to German:
A person’s mouth, neck, bosom, elbows, fingers, nails, feet, and body are of the male sex, and his head is male or neuter according to the word selected to signify it, and not according to the sex of the individual who wears it! A person’s nose, lips, shoulders, breast, hands, and toes are of the female sex; and his hair, ears, eyes, chin, legs, knees, heart, and conscience haven’t any sex at all…
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Each language has its own rules and structure. Governments have nothing to do with this. It is language specific. You can not change it in a fortnight.
Regards
Mustapha Boughoulid
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I am definitely not an expert in statistics, so I was wondering if someone could assist me in selecting the appropriate (and simplest) statistical test.
My research focuses on examining the impact/relationship between weight and shape concerns (ratio variable) on excessive exercise (ratio variable) while considering two moderators: anxiety (nominal, dichotomous) and gender (nominal, dichotomous).
Which analyses would you recommend? Additionally, would you include both moderators in the same model or would you conduct separate analyses?
Thank you in advance for your help.
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Structural equational modeling SEM using AMOS will be helpful for such analysis, please see the below youtube video
then see the complete video list of SEM analysis steps for further knowledge about SEM analysis and the combination between SPSS and AMOS in analysis
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facts on gender equity
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Gender Empowerment means both Male and Female Empowerment issues in the societies.
In general, this is the Male dominated societies where Female are not able to claim their rights in a reasonable way.
The patriarchial societies have greater dominance from Male counterparts than Female one.
There are many literatures were identified, measured, interpreted and analysed towards Women Empowerment aspects at large.
Of course, very percentage of the Male don't have courage to achieve their targets like women.
Majority of the Government and NGOs have conducted the projects on Women Empowerment mostly because women are the main target groups to promote socially, economically, politically and environmentally sustainable societies.
Women become the leader can get power and designation have brought all the positions in the town areas of Chennai.
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To Whom It May Concern
Kindly, if anybody there is interested in collaborating with me as well as other psychology researchers on the topic of personality, please let us know. Right now we are investigating "Narcissistic Personality Traits" in correlation to age, gender, perception, causal attribution, culture, PNI dimensions, etc.
Please, if interested send me/ us a CV to:
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Yes I am interested c
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I'm looking for a database with data on several corporate governance structures such as;
Board Size, Board Independency, CEO Duality, Board Gender Diversity, etc.
Is there a database around that holds this kind of data for e.g. NASDAQ or NYSE companies?
Furthermore, I am looking for a database that contains data with information from annual reports such as Audit Commitee Size or Number of Board Meetings.
Instead of collecting this data by hand out of firms' annual reports, it's more efficient if there is a database available that contains this kind of data. Is there any?
I am reading about Refinitiv, BoardEX or Bloomberg. Somebody who can help me out?
Thanks in advance.
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I search the US data from Thomson Reuters Datastream and companies’ annual reports.
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How your understanding of the opposite gender is improved after the marriage?
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Jane Elizabeth Thomas Aqsa Batool thanks for your kind replies.
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Does anyone have the Short Form Sex Role Behavior Scale?
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Firth logistic regression is a special version of usual logistic regression which handles separation or quasi-separation issues. To understand the Firth logistic regression, we have to go one step back.
What is logistic regression?
Logistic regression is a statistical technique used to model the relationship between a categorical outcome/predicted variable, y(usually, binary - yes/no, 1/0) and one or more independent/predictor or x variables.
What is maximum likelihood estimation?
Maximum likelihood estimation is a statistical technique to find the best representative model that represents the relationship between the outcome and the independent/predictor variables of the underlying data (your dataset). The estimation process calculates the probability of different models to represent the dataset and then selects the model that maximizes this probability.
What is separation?
Separation means empty bucket for a side! Suppose, you are trying to predict meeting physical activity recommendations (outcome - 1/yes and 0/no) and you have three independent or predictor variables like gender (male/female), socio-economic condition (rich/poor), and incentive for physical activity (yes/no). Suppose, you have a combination, gender = male, socio-economic condition = rich, incentive for physical activity = no, which always predict not meeting physical activity recommendation (outcome - 0/no). This is an example of complete separation.
What is quasi-separation?
Reconsider the above example. We have 50 adolescents for the combination- gender = male, socio-economic condition = rich, incentive for physical activity = no. For 49/48 (not exactly 50, near about 50) of them, outcome is "not meeting physical activity recommendation" (outcome - 0/no). This is the instance of quasi-separation.
How separation or quasi-separation may impact your night sleep?
When separation or quasi-separation is present in your data, the traditional logistic regression will keep increasing the co-efficient of predictors/independent variables to infinite level (to be honest, not infinite, the wording should be without limit) to establish the bucket theory - one of the outcomes is completely or nearly empty. When the anomaly happens, it is actually suggesting that the traditional logistic regression model is outdated here.
There is a bookish name of the issue - convergence issue. But how to know convergence issues have occurred with the model?
- Very large co-efficient estimates. The estimates could be near infinite too!
- Along with large co-efficient estimates, you may see large standard errors too!
- It may also happen that logistic regression tried several times (known as iterations) but failed to get the best model or in bookish language, failed to converge.
What to do if such convergence issues have occurred?
Forget all the hard works you have done so far! You have to start your new journey with an alternative logistic regression, which is known as Firth logistic regression. But what Firth logistic regression actually does? Without using much technical terms, Firth logistic regression actually leads to more reliable co-efficients, which helps to choose best representative model for your data ultimately.
How to conduct Firth logistic regression?
First install the package "logistf" and load it in your R-environment.
install.packages("logistf")
library(logistf)
Now, assume you have a dataset "physical_activity" with a binary outcome variable "meeting physical activity recommendation" and three predictor/independent variables: gender (male/female), socio-economic condition (rich/poor), and incentive for physical activity (yes/no).
pa_model <- logistf(meet_PA ~ gender + sec + incentive, data = physical_activity)
Now, display the result.
summary(pa_model)
You got log odds. Now, we have to convert it into odds.
odds_ratios_pa <- exp(coef(pa_model))
print(odds_ratios_pa)
Game over! Now, how to explain the result?
Don't worry! There is nothing special. The explanation of Firth logistic regression's result is same as traditional logistic regression model. However, if you are struggling with the explanation, let me know in the comment. I will try my best to reduce your stress!
Note: If you find any serious methodological issue here, my inbox is open!
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Hi David Eugene Booth , you are right! I have fixed it. Thanks a lot
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The title of my study is 'The sociocultural factors that influence body image and self esteem of young people'. The sociocultural factors I am looking at are media, and friends and family. My aim is to see which of these factors has the greatest impact on body image and self esteem, and to see whether males or females are more influenced by these factors.
My DVs are body image and self-esteem, and my IVs are media, friends and family, and gender. Any help would be really appreciated !
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Given that you stated in your goals in terms of independent and dependent variables, it sounds like you want to do quantitative research. For that, you would need well-validated measures for each of your variables. For the statistical analyses, I would recommend regression analysis to "see which of these factors has the greatest impact." Within the regression model, you could test interaction effects to determine any differences between males and females.
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Can anyone suggest good open access free journal for the topic?
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OK. I suggest the Journal of Sexual Health Psychology.
Best wishes
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where as gender is socially constructed concept to refer the role of men and women in society, the term is also used to replace sex by many people. if so, how can we determine whether they are used to refer to one idea or the other?
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Cara Lilani este tema é espinhoso poque termina numa necessidade de re=educação da maioria da sociedade que nem sabe das diferenças entre sexo e gênero, mas é sua pesquisa e você deve continuar até onde ela parar. sorte! André sales
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what is the hypothesis and questions for single-gender classes i should out in my research paper
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Define what you mean by a class with a single gender please if you can.
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Where can I find sources or sites on Pandemics and Gender in SADC countries, ie. in Southern Africa?
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ESTUDE UMA COISA MAIS IMPORTANTE. É OBVIO QUE A PANDEMIA NÃO ESCOLHEU MATAR MAIS MULHERES MAIS NEGROS.... E A CIÊNCIA É PARA DESCOBRIR O NOVO, E NÃO ESTUDAR O ÓBVIO. PORÉM É IMPORTANTE A QUESTÃO DE QUE QUANTO MAIS POBRE O PAÍS, INDEPENDENTE DE ÁFRICA OU OCANIA, OS POBRE MORRERAM MAIS E FORAM AFETADPS MAIS.... MAS ISSO É QUASE PASSADO!!! VC NÃO TEM ALGO DO PRESENTE PARA ESTUDAR!!!!! E AJUDAR AOS NEGROS E NEGRAS AOS POBRE, A ÁFRICA!!!!!!
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I am looking for recent quantitative studies on gender and ethnicity discrimination in higher education in English, French or German. Thank you.
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Is there any way to reliably identify the gender of the person in Twitter data (which has no gender identifiers)? I'm talking about content in Polish.
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Hello,
I was wondering whether there are any texts on the experiences of Romanian scholars in gender and queer studies vis-a-vis the governmental attempts at banning "gender theory" in higher education. Anything would help - academic texts or other media.
Thank you!
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Thank you!
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Gender relations in the Mediterranean region are a kaleidoscope of overlapping social, economic and cultural roles, spread across a diverse multitude of countries and communities. The European Mediterranean countries have distinct social patterns and gender norms, which differ from the MENA Mediterranean countries, for example. Additionally, the political climate in the region also determines how women and men are able to access and leverage sustainable development opportunities to be able to cope with climate risks, and achieve social and environmental co-benefits.
The degree to which people are affected by climate change impacts is partly a function of their social status, gender, poverty, power and access to and control over resources. Despite the international community’s increasing acknowledgement of the differential experiences and skills women and men bring to development and environmental sustainability efforts, women still have lesser economic, political and legal clout and are hence less able to cope with—and are more exposed to—the adverse effects of the changing climate.
Detrimental effects of climate change can be felt in the short-term through natural hazards, such as landslides, floods and hurricanes; and in the long-term, through more gradual degradation of the environment. The adverse effects of these events are already felt in many areas, including in relation to, inter alia, agriculture and food security; biodiversity and ecosystems; water resources; human health; human settlements and migration patterns; and energy, transport and industry.
In many of these contexts, women are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change than men—primarily as they constitute the majority of the world’s poor and are more dependent for their livelihood on natural resources that are threatened by climate change. Furthermore, they face social, economic and political barriers that limit their coping capacity.
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Yes, gender has an impact on climate adaptation policies in the Mediterranean and is considered an important and influential variable.
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Dear all,
I have the following doubt:
Can a model be proposed if it is tested through two or more different tests?
The model is figured how A influencing C, with a mediation from B. Gender is considered as moderator on all effects.
However, it is tested through different regressions run with process:
(1) A, gender, interaction AxGender -> B
(2) A, B, gender, and the interactions AxGender, BxGender -> C
I have my opinion, but I would like to hear other researchers first. What is your opinion in this regards?
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It certainly has advantages to estimate the parameters of a model with multiple outcome variables as a single-step (simultaneous equation) model (path analysis). I would always recommend doing so for practical reasons, and also so one can study a test of overall model fit for overidentified (df > 0; non-saturated) models (i.e., chi-square test of model fit). Such a test is not available within a multiple regression framework.
However, for saturated (just identified) mediation models (df = 0), it really does not matter whether you estimate them in a single step (path analysis) or multiple steps (multiple regression analysis). You should get the exact same direct effects (regression/path coefficients), and therefore also the same indirect (mediated) and total effects. Therefore, I would not generally agree with you that the parameters of a single model with multiple outcome variables could not be estimated in several steps/analyses.
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Hello, I'm currently working on my data analysis but I'm not sure what statistical test to use.
My research objective is: To determine the effect of age, gender, and GPA on the work readiness of graduating students
My hypotheses are:
  • H1: Age significantly affects students' work readiness
  • H2: Gender significantly affects students' work readiness
  • H3: GPA significantly affects students' work readiness
In my study, work readiness is measured through a Likert-scale instrument (from 1 to 5), and I'll derive the mean scores to interpret work readiness.
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If your the IV have sub groups e.g.
Age = in range (14-16, 17-19, 20-22)
Gender = m x f
GPA in range (1.5-2.00, 2.1-2.5, 2.6-3.00, 3.1-3.5, 3.6-4.00, 4.1-4.5, 4.6 and above)
Then you use 3 way ANOVA
But if there are no groups, you can use linear multiply regression
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Senior Leaders in higher ed have the power to make and execute changes. Yet, data show that the leaders’ gender, race/ethnicity (Johnson, 2021), inexperience in leadership style, and their predecessors' policies and informal groups (Fagan et al., 2022; Guo et al., 2020; Javeed et al., 2019; Marchiondo et al., 2021) can impact their power/influence in the making decisions or implementing anti-racist policies. This influence continues to adversely affect the Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC) geoscientists on campuses and neighboring communities (Wolfe & Riggs, 2017).
What else am I missing?
References:
Guo, Y., Zhu, Y., & Zhang, L. (2020). Inclusive leadership, leader identification and employee voice behavior: The moderating role of power distance. Current Psychology, 41, 1301-1310.
Javed, B., Abdullah, I., Zaffar, M., Haque, A., & Rubab, U. (2019). Inclusive leadership and innovative work behavior: The role of psychological empowerment. Journal of Management & Organization, 25(4), 554-571.
Johnson, G. (2021). Gender, diversity, and the United States judiciary. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 41(1), 61-71.
Marchiondo, L. A., Verney, S. P., & Venner, K. L. (2021). Academic leaders' diversity attitudes: Their role in predicting faculty support for institutional diversity. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 1-10.
Wolfe, B. A., & Riggs, E. M. (2017). Macrosystem analysis of programs and strategies to increase underrepresented populations in the geosciences. Journal of Geoscience Education, 65, 577-593.
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Of course, the race cultures are bring practiced in some countries. This could be chronic problems among the people and how the Government treat them through those policies which are favourable to the low race people.
I think that the anti-racist policies in some countries but some countries have caste system policies to save weaker section of the citizens.
There must be reservation for the racist people for higher education quota to enter it.
The main impact of the the implementation of those policies due to the discrimination against the race background people have been neglected off for higher education.
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There are two categorical data i. e., gender and color preference like red, yellow and green which has no specific order value.
In this data, we want to know that how the gender associated with color preference and also there are more demography variables which also affect the color preference. How can we measure the predictor?
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What you need is a probability-test for the presence of any given value in your data set.. The best such test is the Chi Test, See:
A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis
A Satorra, PM Bentler - Psychometrika, 2001 - Springer
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Dear Researchgate Community,
I need your suggestions for methods that can be adopted for gender inclusion assessment at different levels. The focus of this topic shall remain on social life and community development.
Thanks
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Guidelines for the assessment of gender mainstreaming (fao.org)
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I'm looking for a database with images of gender-neutral faces for a study I'm looking to propose for class. Thanks for the help!
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Hi Maddy, did you find such a dataset? I'm also looking for it
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Specifically, I'll be interviewing people in a community where the idea of fluid gender is likely scoffed at by most people. However, I still need to know their self-identified genders, so I have to find a way to ask without also distancing myself from them through the very act of asking. For instance, a participant might not only not believe in gender fluidity but also be insulted that I would even ask because that would imply that I can't tell if they consider themselves to be a woman or a man or something else. For those with experience in this sort of environment, how do you ask the question?
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I understand why the researcher is asking the question about how to ask. This is clear. I am answering from my perspective simply because I, in turn, was asked.
You and him and anybody else are in their perfect right to ask such a question, as would I , when the answer would bear on my research question. That is all I'm saying
And on that note, the far more relevant information would be the individual's sex rather than her/his gender. This of course, from the perspective of my research interests that are biological, adaptive, and economic in broad terms.
I thank you and the original proponent of the question. Honest differences of opinions on these issues enrich us all.
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Education discrimination could occur based on ethnicity, nationality, age, gender, race, economic condition, disability and religion. The germane question is" how can we pragmatically combat discrimination and prejudice in schools?" Sharing is caring. Thanks
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hello ..
thank you for reading my quistion and i will appreciate any help. i am doing my master dissertation now which i am investigating gender represenatation in textbooks. my method is content analysis and i will collect data which includes genders of poets, scientists, authours, leaders and so on. i also will look at the appearance of each genders in varied areas. the data will be gathered from texts and pictures and i will interpret it (after analising) in charts and diagrams.
my quistion is does this process considered as qualitative or quantitave or mixed methods? and about the data is it qualitative data or quantitative ?
thank you
Fatema
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Mixed methods requires two sets of results, one qualitative and one quantitative, as well as the integration of the those sets of results. A straightforward content analysis such as you propose would not meet this definition.
Instead, it sounds like you want to do a quantitative content analysis (i.e., based on counting things), but you want this analysis to be essentially descriptive (i.e., you will not be testing any hypotheses).
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Answers are no more needed
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Yes. A problem with using the exact ages in a correlational analysis is the split between the two age groups, so you don't have a continuous distribution of age. A Fisher exact test might be best given the small sample size. I agree that the analysis might be rather sparse, but that is a limitation of your data. For publication, I suggest that you aim for brief report rather than a full article.
You would report the 2-tailed p-value if you had no a priori hypotheses and your experiment was exploratory, but a 1-tailed if you predicted a specific result. SPSS can do a Fisher exact, but how you access that depends on the version you are using. It's rather tedious to do a Fisher exact by hand IMO.
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Hello,
I am currently running a Multiple Linear Regression with 4 independent and one dependent variable. My moderator is gender (0=female, 1=male). Now I would like to investigate whether there are gender differences in the influence of gender on the independent variables.
And now the question arises whether I can split the data in SPSS according to female and male and then see whether the respective independent variables are significant for women and men and then use the non-standardized coefficient B to compare for whom the effect is more pronounced is or do you have to do something different to investigate this moderation?
Thanks in advance!
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No, it seems that you did not understand the fundamentals of moderation analysis, I suggest to read an introductory book on regression (like Cohen, Cohen, West & Aiken as the seminal classic). Your approach is wrong, since it does not test the research question. The regression coefficients test, if the coefficient is significantly different from zero (so in the split case, each coefficient would be tested against zero idependently). But moderation is concerned with the question if these two coefficients differ from each other, which cannot be derived from each individual coefficient itself. It may be the case that there is an significant effect for man and an sig. effect for women, each, but that this two coefficients differ from each other, because the effect is more pronounced in one of the groups. Do you know what I mean?
Therefore, you need to learn the principles of multiple regression and/or consult a local statistician, to help you, because there may be some pitfalls you cannot identify without a decent understanding of the topic.
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I am attempting to explore the relationship between my recorded demographic data (age, gender, education, house income bracket, number of dependents and number of pets - all these are categorical) and the results of a wellbeing questionnaire (the results are displayed in a singular total score).
I am not sure how to proceed in exploring this relationship and examining an possible correlations or the most appropriate analysis within SPSS.
Any advice would be greatly appreciated.
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one can convert questionnaire result into categorical variable like good and poor score and apply Chi-square test for association between the independent variable
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Hello everyone,
I would like to do a multiple regression with 4 independent variables and 1 dependent variable. Also i have a dichotomous moderator "gender" which is split in female = 1 and male = 2.
How do i test the moderator with SPSS to see if it is linear?
I have already checked the assupmptions of the multiple linear regression with the dependent variables and independent variable using partial regression plots, But how can i check the dichotomous moderator if it is linear?
Thanks in advance!
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Again, there is no way that a dichotomous variable could have a non-linear relationship with another variable. Therefore, no need or possibility to check for non-linearity.
You can see this by plotting the dichotomous variable against the DV in a scatter plot. The dichotomous variable has only two possible values on the x axis. The OLS regression line will go through the group means. You could not fit anything other than a straight line through the two means.
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I am looking for articles that could explain why new fathers are reporting less needs than mothers, probably due to gender communication or else.... if anybody has article who highlights the differences in needs between mother and father or men and women and why this difference exist.....
I would be very happy
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Systematic review of the differences between mothers and fathers in parenting styles and practices
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When I embarked on this journey of exploring more on exploring the condition and status of gender equity and equality in architecture, or public spaces, or urban design, I found very little literature is available. Would be great to discuss on this topic. I have started to get an impression perhaps this topic is irrelevant or not trending at all. But I have strong feeling that has an importance, but very little research has been done on this. Would be great if you know of some documents or share some light on this.
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Designing Gender Sensitive Public Spaces – Cidco Smartcity (niua.org)
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Gender in Agricultural development
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Gender issues are common in agriculture all over the world, mostly in developing nations.Women do most of the agricultural work and they are still paid less as compared to male for the same level of work. Particularly for maize,in my view knowledge level of both male and female in production may be the issue.
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After running hierarchical regression based on attachment and gender, both of my attachment scores (anxious and avoidant) have significant negative interactions with gender. I gender coded results as male=1 and female=2. How do I interpret this negative interaction?
I think this could mean that higher attachment scores are stronger predictors for males than females, but I'm not 100% sure that's right
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Hello Kirsty,
can you 1) repeat the analysis with gender dummy coded (0/1) and 2) present the complete regression table (please don't post it in the text field but attach it as a text file).
All the best,
Holger
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Response variable: teachers` implementation of Differentiated instruction, their familiarity with, and use of, differentiated instructional strategies.
Predictor variable: gender, years of teaching experience, teaching grade level, teaching subject, teaching load, types of school they work in – primary, middle, and high school, and qualification.
Please answer my question.
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The order of entry of variables in a hierarchical regression depends on your hypotheses. It is a question of theory, and so it is not determined by any statistical issues.
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If my dependent variable is open defecation and has one value (yes) and my independent variable is gender with two values (male and female). How do I go about it in spss if I intend to do a chi square test?
For example: I have this data - Gender (Male = 244, Female = 95) that practiced open defecation. I would like to test if there is an association between gender and open defecation practice. Thank you
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Before being able to answer your question, I think you should address one key point. You stated that "my dependent variable is open defecation and has one value (yes)". I suppose that all the other answers were left blank. The issue here is that a blank answer may either stands for a "no" or a "I don't want to answer". Consequently, it would be hardly possible to assess whether there could be an association between gender and open defecation practice. At most, it would test for whether there is an association between gender and the willingness to answer to this kind of questions.
Accordingly, if you choose to use a 2x1 design you should opt for a non-parametric test. Otherwise, you might recode blanks into "no/I don't want to answer" and compute a Chi-Squared.
Finally, since Chi-Squared tests are sentitive to sample size, you may want to evaluate the effect size of your test.
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Do you dummy cope gender within Pearson r correlation?
Do you dummy code gender within multiple hierarchial regression?
Do you have to dummy code gender even when your aims of your study are not looking at gender?
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that should read ratio data, not ration data.
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I am trying to assess factors affecting publication outcomes among Radiology residents such as Gender (male vs female residents) but there are 3x more males in my sample population.
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Thank you very much!
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Your replies will be helpful towards completion of MPhil research.
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Hello. Many of schools In Iran are Single gender and some universities are too. for example Alzahra University has female students or Emam Sadegh university has men and female students in separate.
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I got set of data that includes:
Gender: categorical (classified as IV in jasp)
Ethnicity: categorical (classified as IV in jasp)
Congruent: continuous data (classified as DV in jasp)
Incongruent: continuous data (classified as DV in jasp)
I have been asked the following questions:
Is there a significant interaction between ethnicity and implicit association?
I am struggling to choose the correct test; I am trying ANOVA but actually I don’t know what I should measure to answer the question!
Is it the interaction between Ethnicity and gender? What about congruency data?
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Chi square test for association of categorical variables.
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I am looking at gender equality in sports media. I have collected two screen time measures from TV coverage of a sport event - one time for male athletes and one time for female athletes.
i am looking for a statistical test to give evidence that one gender is favoured. I assume I have to compare each genders time against the EXPECTED time given a 50/50 split (so male time + female time / 2), as this would be the time if no gender was favoured.
my first though was chi square? But I’m not sure that works because there’s really only one category. I am pregnant and so my brain is not working at the moment lol. I think the answer is really simple but I just can’t think of anything.
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independent sample t-test best
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I'm doing my research entitled, "The Bystander's Attitude Towards A Person's Gender and Their Willingness to Help Them: A Correlational Study". I originally planned to use Pearson-r to determine if there is a significant relationship between the two variables, but my professor told me that Chi Square is more appropriate.
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In a simplistic way. Chi square is used when you want to establish an association relationship between two qualitative variables. Meanwhile, pearson is used when you want to establish a relationship between two dichotomous quantitative variables.
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I was tasked to use SPSS process for my thesis and check if participant generation (Gen X, Millenial, and Gen Z) has a moderating effect on the regression between the IV and DV. How could this work? Every video I’ve seen so far seems to use just dichotomous categorical variables such as gender. Should I dummy code each generation as 1,0 like other videos suggested or is there another way to use a non-dichotomous variable?
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I agree with both answers by Christian Geiser and Bruce Weaver , but if you really need/want to use PROCESS (which is not necessary as explained), there is a button "multicategorical" since at least version 3.5 (I did not check for even older versions), where you can tell PROCESS which variables (including moderators) are multicategorical and also which coding scheme should be used (e.g. indicator, effect...).
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Hello, I have been working with gender issues in urban studies and I am looking for studies that have used photographic activities as a methodological tool with older women.
Thank you in advance!
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Hi Thais,
I'm fascinated by your research as I am also considering to do digital/ photography ethnography for my future research on women's entrepreneurship in poverty contexts. Have you read Sarah Pink and colleague's work on digital ethbography? You may find some inspirations there.
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Hello everyone,
I am conducting a study evaluating the effects of product X on their sleep patterns over time. There are 3-4 time points and drop outs at each time point. These are the same participants and my client wants to take gender, age, and dosage into consideration when examining effects. I thought of conducting a repeated measures ANOVA but the drop outs would not allow me to conduct an accurate test. Is the only option to eliminate the incomplete cases? Would an MMRM work?
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I'd use a mixed model before considering imputation.
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Gender representation in numerous school textbooks across diverse societies has been studied and discussed since the 1970s. A substantial number of these studies stated that gender bias in textbooks (GBIT) is quite stubborn and practically a barrier in the way of gender inequality (Ullah & Haque, 2016). In particular, in textbooks of Social Studies, the construction of gender is solely stereotypical (Jabeen, Choudry, Omar, 2014). Hameed (2012) in his study on gendered based English textbooks found that in shaping up ideas of the children and for encouraging optimist gender roles in children, textbooks play a decisive role and can be a valuable tool. Further, Jabeen and Illyas (2012) emphasize that characters in (learning resources (textbooks) play a significant part in children. Characters influence children's choices concerning to what type of being they want to become (Jabeen & Illyas, 2012).
Unterhalter and North (2010) therefore argue that to achieve gender equality through education, the concerns of men and women would be considered as integral parts monitoring, designing, evaluating policies programs in all social, political, and socio-economical domains to provide equal benefit for men and women and to not perpetuate inequality. Emphasizing on efficiency approach of Gender and Development (GAD), Cornwall (2000) also mentioned that men as oppressors and women as a victim of gender inequalities is a simplification of reality. So, there is a need to view gender, not as a unilateral issue of women but it should also be considered in terms of power relations and powerlessness where men and women may be dis-empowered and vulnerable (as cited in Gender analysis framework of Leach, 2003, pp.10-11).
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There is need to relook at the true meaning of gender-neutral laws on sexual harassment which should aim at protecting both men and women against sexual harassment in work settings. An enabling environment for prompt reporting and quick redressal with an unbiased investigation and a well laid out counselling system to ensure safety, as well as emotional and mental support to the victims, are important preventive strategies. These measures may help address the problem of hesitancy &/or other reasons for non-reporting. It is also pertinent to offer the accused a fair opportunity to defend, as there may be instances of false allegations
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This article suggested weighted population density in some epidemiological studies.
Do you know in which type of study weighted is preferable? Should other population characteristics be weighted also? Such as gender ratio, population income... Also, some events, such as infectious disease and healthcare utilization, are strongly related to density.
Many thanks for considering my request.
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Suraj Kapoor , thanks Mr Kapoor. It is very interesting paper. However, they only say: "that is better sutied" without explanation, but providing great practical examples.
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The UK government defines gender as: "a social construction relating to behaviours and attributes based on labels of masculinity and femininity; gender identity is a personal, internal perception of oneself and so the gender category someone identifies with may not match the sex they were assigned at birth where an individual may see themselves as a man, a woman, as having no gender, or as having a non-binary gender – where people identify as somewhere on a spectrum between man and woman.
Based on the above mentioned concept, would it be reasonable to express gender not qualitatively, but quantitatively (e.g. as self-reported score reflecting how much 'masculine' or 'feminine' an individual is self-identified on a visual analogue scale)?
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Vasileios Papadopoulos If I understood you correctly, you have research in mind in which you would like to correlate gender with other variables. Maybe you could use two continuous variables? One with the poles of "gender identity existing - no gender identity" and the other one with "masculine - feminine".
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I have a base model: leader ~ gender + posture leader is the dependent variable. gender and posture independent variables.
I want to control for control variable, like probands' gender, age etc. To solve this, I use an Anova to compare the base model with complex model ( leader ~ gender + posture + probandGender ). If it's significant, the control variable probandGender will have a meaningful influence on the model, and thus it should be kept for further analysis. Is that correct so far?
If yes, it leads me to my actual question:
Variable gender has two categories (female and male), but it consists the pictures of 2 males (male1, male2) and 2 females (female1, female2). Hence, there is the control variable single_person. I want to control, if the gender effects is reliable, or a single person stands out and make it significant. Is it allowed put single_person into a term like leader ~ gender + posture + single_person and to compare it to the basic model like before? it feels wrong, because it's like single_person is in gender. Are they nested?
Thank you for any idea.
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، وبالتالي يجب الاحتفاظ به لمزيد من التحليل.
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Persoalan sosial yang disebabkan isu gender senantiasa mengemuka, bagaimana pandangan anda berkaitan hal isu gender dengan konsepsi manusia dan kebudayaan?
Silakan dijawab dengan Bahasa Indonesia ataupun Bahasa Inggris. Terimakasih.
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Selamat sore, Pak.Izin memberikan pandangan mengenai suatu permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan gender dan budaya yang sudah sering kita dengar, Ditambah lagi di Indonesia kita memiliki budaya yang amat beragam.Menurut saya permasalahan terkait hal tersebut datang dari faktor internal dan eksternal.
Faktor internal contohnya doktrin pemikiran dari keluarga,kerabat,dll. Sedangkan faktor eksternal doktrin pemikiran dari bangsa luar melihat gender maupun budaya.Yang sering menjadi permasalahan yaitu adanya pemaksaan kehendak dari seseorang dari doktrin internal dengan seseorang yang mendapat doktrin dari bangsa luar atau modern.
Contoh yang dapat kita ambil yaitu isu adanya kesempatan wanita dalam memilih ingin memiliki anak atau tidak memiliki anak. Hal ini pasti menyebabkan banyaknya pendapat antar individu. Oleh karena itu, untuk mencegah permasalahan yang bersumber dari gender dan budaya ini adalah memahami bahwa memang kita memiliki perbedaan pendapat maupun budaya sehingga dari sikap tersebut tumbuh toleransi yang mendahulukan kepentingan bersama daripada kepentingan pribadi saja.
Hal yang ingin saya tekankan toleransi yang dimaksud bukan berarti membenarkan segala pemikiran-pemikiran baru yang dibawa oleh bangsa luar.Pada dasarnya kita tau itu adalah hal yang salah dalam nilai-nilai kehidupan berkebangsaan namun kita membenarkannya karena kata toleransi tersebut, contohnya LGBT.
Mohon arahan dan bimbingannya selalu, Pak. Siap terima kasih, Pak.
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My group is conducting a study to determine if our 3 IVs are predictive of the DV, and which among these IVs is the most significant predictor, thus the use of forward selection. However, before that, we would like to control for two of the other variables which are gender (male, female) and academic track (HUMSS, STEM, ABM). I'm aware that to control for these variables they must be first entered into the regression before commencing forward selection. If gender only was to be controlled, I would have no trouble. But with the presence of the other categorical variable academic track, I have found myself confused in the process. Hopefully someone can help me figure this out.
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I usually agree with James and David on statistical issues but here I do not. If you want the most accurate prediction equation I have to suggest adaptive lasso because of it's oracle properties. I'm going to suggest that you use R as your stat package if you're not familiar with R I recommend an excellent book. You will find how to download it from the z-library. This includes how to download everything for free. That is is the first attachment. The second attachment includes a full description of why you should use adaptive lasso and included in the references are the complete details. Third attachment contains R code to run all of this. Cut and paste it into a text file and you are ready to go. If you have questions please feel free to ask. Best wishes David Booth
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Hi peers,
I used AMOS to test the moderating effects of demographic variables (gender, age, marital status, education, and income). However, the results of multiple group analysis and interaction moderation are largely different. (n=302)
In particular, when using MGA for testing moderating effect, marital status significantly moderates the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable,
Single Married
Estimate P Estimate P z-score
ITUT99 <--- EFCT99 0.335 0.001 -0.033 0.686 -2.802***
ITUT99 <--- PFCT99 0.261 0.008 0.656 0.000 2.894***
but when using the interaction method, these interaction effects are non-significant. (I standardized values of the independent variables and demographic variables, interaction = Zindependent*Zmaritalstatus)
Estimate S.E. C.R. P
ITUT99 <--- PROxMAR .221 .205 1.076 .282
ITUT99 <--- EMOxMAR -.208 .206 -1.012 .312
I am very grateful if you can help me explain why there is a big difference in results between the two methods. Are there any ways to improve the results in the interaction effect?
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Hoang T.P.M. Le Engagement is more general than moderation. The function of the two variables involved in the interaction is distinguished by moderation. So, when we state X and Z interact in their impacts on an outcome variable Y, there is no actual differentiation between X's and Z's roles.
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How is your view?
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Many Chinese citizens are skeptical about the state’s renewed effort to control childbearing. Online discussions are ripe with worries about the new policy’s effects on employment and families and how unfair population policies are for women. Many women worry about being pushed out of the labour market and losing the right to equal work opportunities with relaxed birth quotas. There is very real concern that discrimination against Chinese women will only worsen with a three-child policy.
Openly discriminatory hiring requirements leave working women at a disadvantage. Despite being illegal, many job ads list a distinct requirement for men or married women with kids, and other employers convey such a preference during the hiring process. In 2020, 11 percent of postings on the Chinese government’s national civil service job list specified a preference or requirement for men. The preference for married women with kids also disadvantages single women and those with no or fewer children. Under the three-child policy, women with two kids can now legally have another, making them “risky” hires in employers’ eyes and, thus, prone to discrimination.
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Ethnic, gender, or generational diversity?
As awareness of corporate sustainability grows and organizations around the world adopt ESG, what is harder to achieve in top management? Ethnic, gender, or generational diversity?
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I believe the most difficult to achieve in top management is generational diversity. Strategies for working on corporate sustainability that involve everyone with their beliefs, ways, cultural heritage, etc. are not simple to develop. Breaking some paradigms becomes a barrier to the adoption of ESG.
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Hello,
I am looking for a gender stereotype scale to test leader gender stereotypes. Any recommendations would be appreciated.
Thank you!
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Hi
I study how gender can moderate the relation between driving self-efficacy and the tendency to get distracted while driving. I found a non significant self-efficacy*gender interaction effect (p=.19). However when I looked at the plot I found this (attached file).