Gender Discrimination - Science topic

Gender inequalities we do face first at schools, later at workplace...

With outreach firmly on the agenda for the modern university, one way institutions can aspire to shape and transform local communities is by embedding service to society within the educational experience. As well as enriching students’ time at university, this can have both short- and long-term benefits to wider society....

Some 21 million girls in India are "unwanted" and receive fewer resources because their parents wanted a son, the government said, as analysts called for action to boost women's earnings.

India has 21 million 'unwanted' girls due to preference for sons (timesofmalta.com)

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In fact It is very frequent to think that equality means identity. But equality us about rights, not about being different in our identities. Being a man or being a woman means different identities with equal rights. So It is not a problem at all to wear different uniforms, if the curricula and the treatment are equal for both, girls and boys.

I want to have a knowledge, of tecnic and scientific nature, non only a funny conversation of joke nature, on the "homosexuality" word.

Also if OMS does no more consider homosexuality an organic disease, from the 1973 year, and the OMS does no more consider the homosexuality a psychological disease from 1980, and the new books of medicine and phsicologydo not mention more this disease, i want to read or I want to listen a serious conference that treats the problem in a serious way, that can desribe the real scientific and tecnical nature, as well as the medical enciclopedy described the homosexuality before the 1973 year, with a scientific and tecnical description, that can be also very long, hundreds of pages, with diagnosis, symptomatology, etiology and, at last an adeguate therapy without sufferings and pains for the patients affected by this disease, in order to awake not an insult from homofobic people, but only, a real, scientific knowdlege of the problem, without jokes on the "homosezuality" word, and over all in order that anybody can know the difference among homosexuality occasional or temporal, and, instead the genuine or permanent kind of homosexuality, in order that nobody cannot more commit the bad mistake to push, a genuine or permanent homosexual, to contract heterosexual marriage. I think that i have been clear on this my answer.

Hello Faith! What an awesome and bold move you have made! I have a Ph.D. in Communication and Culture from Howard University. I like your topic. Would you be interested in doing something specifically with women--and black women maybe?? I currently teach at Princeton Theological Seminary in the USA. I teach Speech Communication and Intercultural Communication. Let me know what you think?

It can be a civil law problem as the discriminated person claims for damages against the tort upon the dignity rule and personal rights protection. (Civil law liability) On the other hand, the ombudsman or a specialized agency can impose a fine on the employer. (Public law liability)

as long as users are not volunteering or opting-in to the research, I am afraid GDPR is right, and in fact has been before. Companies tend to give a damn about the concerns of users sand their behaviour, but research should not to the same though. I suggest to think of a way to make sure the users are aware of the ethnographic research going on or, if not possible, agreed to be tracked by whomever.

Natalia Krzyzanowska Thank You for your esponse !

Its related to Asia and Arab world being east .

I am looking into your reccomendation .

Thanks alot.

Interesting thread here. What do you think about the move to remove the word woman completely from these discussions and activism? I keep seeing activism that just calls women 'menstruators' or 'ovary-havers' 'cervix-havers' but refers to men as 'men'. This is being argued as a nod to gender ideology, but I cannot understand why removing the word woman is so prevalent whilst the word 'men' is still being retained in everything. Just wondered what you thought.

I generally use the Attitudes Towards Women Scale. Here is a paper we wrote on attitudes towards women in Latin America.

Women and men differ in terms of their definition of care and love. Women, often tend to define their self in terms of their relationships (Surrey, 1985). Defining care in terms of sacrifice is also common. You might go through self-silencing theory in this context. I believe that women's ways of defining relationships, their empathy, and self-sacrificing behaviour might provide some answers.

I agree with Pradeep Baral, we need to be more precise in the definitions. One issue, as he says is abortion after in utero sex section tests. But female infanticide and neglect leading to death of female babies and toddlers does seem to exist, at least very recently. The clearest evidence is for India and China where the male/female ratios are significantly different from those in other countries. The former one-child Policy in China surely affected this behavior in China. The evidence in China and India doesn’t preclude the existence of the practice in other countries with strong preferences or needs for male children.

As Erica Terranova says, the reasons can be many and are related to sociocultural, legal, political, and economic factors that can be country or region specific. Regardless, general empowerment of women, starting with education, can be a good place to start. But China is a good example of a sweeping policy change that can also alter a direct, though not underlying, motivation to effect great change.

Wala nice. I wish I was, but I am in Erbil.

Nice to hear that you are back. We will meet Inshallah. I will be in Ranya tomorrow

Please let me know if this reference/site is helpful to you:

Women in sports.

INF25 Gender equality and elite sport - Council of Europe

by G Pfister - ‎Cited by 10 - ‎Related articles

Nov 28, 2011 - 2 http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/epas/resources/texts/Res(81)3_en.pdf .... In Norway team handball is a sport dominated by women, whereas female.You've visited this page many times. Last visit: 9/10/17.

Please see reference attached.

Dennis

Dennis Mazur

I would say the main causes of gender discrimination can be traced to culture/traditions and religions (virtually all world religions); I am yet to know of any exceptions. Having said that I also think there is an inherent psychological side relating to what Carl Jung called archetypes for instance, the shadow. This might explain why gender discriminations occur universally and are found also among people who do not ascribe to any religion whatsoever. The roots are actually complex. Look up chapter seven of my book, Overcoming Women's Subordination.

The classic answer to this question is in Linda Nochlin's 1971 article, "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists." Definitely read this if you genuinely are interested in the question. 

Good afternoon Maria,

In my opinion the construction of gender dialetics by the social sciences, beyond a theory, is a form to distinguish societies levelings in, as you well say it, social categories. However I consider that gender differentiation should not be seen as social evolution, agreeing with Bussey and Bandura when they say: "Human differentiation on the basis of gender is a fundamental phenomenon that affects

virtually every aspect of people’s daily lives."

The "Gender Perspective in Social Research" should be a base for social criticism if seen as a differentiation factor, as well as a behaviour conduct.

Dear Charles,

You may find that the Dutch Gender Imapct assessment instrument does give you very valubale information on the forms of and factors that contribute to gender inequalities or discriminations within the context of community development. 

It is an instrument that hs been used several times, but do keep in mind that is a qualitative instrument!

Since this is highly individual -- as in: what a certain person desires can be so very different from what another person desires and differences across the gender spectrum are probably less distinct than differences within certain areas of the gender spectrum -- I'm not sure this is done anymore and if, I would take it with a huge grain of salt.   What is the context you need it for and are you saying academic articles or articles addressing the general public?

I agree with Susan's comments about intersectional theory.  

Another resource that would be useful is Westlund 1999 - she talks about the use of modern and postmodern power in the context of domestic violence. 

In my opinion, the public sphere is as engendered as the private spaces of home and family. For instance, the discourse around certain professions is extremely gendered.  Youngsters are trained in such a manner throughout their academic journeys that they believe in the legitimacy of gender as a key factor when they make professional choices. I am cautious that the constructs of gender, profession and discourse are not monolithic and assume different meanings in different socio-cultural context. 

Dear Bamboo Allcen,

Could you read Spanish? If yes, I recommend you to go tohttp://www.juntadeandalucia.es/haciendayadministracionpublica/planif_presup/genero/preguntas.htm

The Junta de Andalucia is using the GRB since 2003 and there you can find answers for your questions and solutions. 

If not, they have another page http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/haciendayadministracionpublica/planif_presup/genero/bibliografia/bibliografia_0.htm

where you can find a lot of bibliography in Spanish but also in English.

Good luck!!

Gloria

Thanks Dapo,

It recently occurred to me that Prof. Kurt April might make an excellent resource for your question and perhaps also serve as a matchmaker in case you are seeking a mentor or collaborators. http://www.kurtapril.co.za/

Mark

Hi Simone, I'm not sure if you are looking for international figures or only for the USA?

In case you are looking for international data, have a try on Eurostat's data base: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database

You'll find the "Information Society Statistics" under the Link "Industry, Trade and Services". In the drop down menues you can specify besides age classes also the variable "sex".

Thank you, Arin, we will measure the participants judgments about quotas. But we need some items to measure also the participants judgments (or perceptions) of beneficiaries' abilities, competence, or merit.

Hi,

Have you thought about Masculine Honor? Don Saucier (Kansas State Univ.) is developing a measure of masculine honor that accounts for several honor related attitude dimensions, but broadly, it predicts the use of aggression to protect honor. It would be interesting to explore whether men high in masculine honor would choose household activities that allow them to maintain to their sense of honor. For example, protecting the family is an important dimension, so maybe men high in MH will only take on projects that are deemed "essential" to the household (i.e., repairing the roof), and other projects that show neighboring men how "masculine" they are (i.e., sociocultural issues of male pride in the U.S., such as a manicured lawn, hedges - however, SES concerns may drive this behavior). De-masculating activities may be folding laundry, or doing dishes.

Also, benevolent sexism comes to mind. Maybe men help more in the house if they believe women "need" the help. Or maybe, it's a subtle form of hostile sexism, dominance-maintaining helping.

Just some thoughts, Happy Days,

DT

The journal Discourse has as it's paper of the month Jill Blackmore's "Doing 'emotional labour' in the education market place" free for March. 

Better access to contraception in rural India and the slums? Like, maybe low-no cost condoms and easy access to birth control pills (but with 1 billion people, this second could have major impacts on water quality, so I hesitate on that one). 

I suggest using ground theory approach (inductive). From the observation and a small interview of experts you can design your schedule. I agree with ethnographic methodologies

Hello Showkeen,

The answer lies in how your are defination gender and also the teachers.For example, if a teacher is of the belief  in two genders they may state they a negitive view on discrimination but in pratice they may not. Or from that binarybelief that may well be true in practice but of a cross dreser, a transsexual, or a gay man, or lesbian?

Depending on you answer and the teachers under study then you match the answer to the revelant theoretical model and the methodologies found in that theoretical framework. 

In your question I suggest there are two Theories already you can use:

1) Gender is an issue therefore Gender Studies would be a good place to start from.

2) Discrimination is in your question so therefore some critical theory I would suggest

4) Based on those two bits of information I would suggest a Critical Feminist Theory or a Critical approach in Gender Theories.

5) If the defination of gender is larger then look into Queer Theory.

Data collecting,

 6) I think it will be very difficult to get access to teachers grade books so I would suggest an observational approach.

7) You can also use interviews but I caution unless you are very skilled in interviewing you may not get the data you are after.

8) You can use questionnaries but again issues of trusting the results can be brought up.

9) If I were doing the research I would use a much broader defination of gender than male-female. This wouold entail a Queer Theory combined with a Critical Gender Approach maybe one based in Patrricia Hill Collings work. I would use interviews and observations.

10) My tools would be transcribed notes from the interview, and my research field notes and possibly a survey.

11) in my analysis again from a critical point of view but I would search through Theories of discrimination.

I hope this helps

Douglas 

I interest in  studies of gender issues in architecture and urban planning. I wonder if there are any arguments which show how gender was taken into account in architecture and urban planning? What are the added-values?

I think to answer your question you need to expand on this.....What is the best way to mitigate arising issues in adjacent private spaces?

Annette, you are welcome.  Have you been able to find any research?  It's my impression that empirical studies in this area, in general, a lacking.  This book may help you, especially finding others who are doing similar research in this are.

Latina/o Sexualities:Probing Powers, Passions, Practices, and Policies

Marysol Asencio (Editor)2010

Dear Attia Zulfiqar,

I do not know of a study that deals with stationary cartoons (for example Charles Schultz's Charlie Brown) or animated cartoons (for example Tom and Jerry as was mentioned by Sunitha Gandhavalla Ganiger above).

Further, a great many people would become angry if I were to conflate animated cartoons with computer games, so, I must not do that. However, I would like to suggest that the work of Anita Sarkeesian in the domain of computer games in some ways appears to parallel your question. As far as I know, Sarkeesian's work is intended to serve the gaming community, which includes developers and players, and she has not published her research yet in any academic journal. (Please correct me if I am wrong and provide the references!) Perhaps she is keeping her data private until she publishes it in some number of articles or as one selection from a number of possible research problems for a dissertation.

From the anger and the praise her work has attracted, I think that there is little doubt that her question, like yours, is an important one. Until Sarkeesian publishes her work, perhaps one way to answer your question would be to search for themes and "Likes" and "Dislikes" (is there such a thing as a "dislike"?) in social media around her video reviews as a way to quantify the answer to her question, which would perhaps parallel the answer to yours.

Here is her web page. I believe that this has links to her YouTube channel

I was fortunate to hear her 2012 talk at TEDxWomen and meet her briefly afterwards. I recommend the talk as background information http://www.tedxwomen.org/

Good luck with your research.

In my Ph thesis I explored the concepts of social capital related to socioeconomic status in competitive youth sport. We found social mobility expectations, individual either familiar, and that sport could be a familiar strategy in disadvantaged youth sport in Mexico. I was focused from the social capital theory and, in my opinion these families believe that their sons or daughters being successful in sports could exchange their sport capital into social capital and therefore in economical capital.

Social capital and it measurement especifically in sports interests me a lot. I am working now in some projects about these constructs.

Dear Aysha, your passion is admirable and it is this passion that no doubt has been responsible for the support that shelter victims have received. I understand the concern that the recent attacks on issues such as women's health have made it clear that gains achieved in the late 20th century are not as stable as young adults perceive them to be. However, where there are statements that might feel true based on lived experience they are not supported by research studies. I've provided some cites for the many of the observations I've noted below.

IPV rates have declined in the US, while lower, it is at a rate comparable with crime in general (including assaults). Among college students females engage in more IPV than males.

Regarding "Backlash" this isn't coming solely from men. There are many women whose experiences are not consistent with those in shelters or murdered/attempted murder, particularly women who either experience only psychological IPV or mild-moderate physical IPV I have spoken with some and they feel that the traditional IPV advocates are overlooking their needs in order to provide support to shelter victims. To ignore these women's experiences is counter to the origins of feminist research. Because traditional IPV advocates are feminist's doesn't mean that all of their positions reflect feminist research principals.

Unfortunately, the evidence continues to mount against the traditional IPV model that "power and control" causes IPV among those who have been arrested for IPV or in the community. In fact, comparing outcomes for individuals who are arrested with no treatment and those who are arrested and receive treatment -- they have essentially the same outcomes. Instead of blaming this on men's resistance to treatment, substance abuse offenders had similar problems yet a treatment model was developed that gets results (Motivational Enhancement Interviewing). My concern is that unless traditional IPV advocates are willing to explore a more nuanced model and target funding for victims in their niche (shelters, hospital emergency room, protection orders) they are going to loose the VAWA funding as well as community funding becuase they blamed "blacklash" and tried to convince people to ignore research findings after 1995 instead of adapting their theory to accommodate the research in the past 15-20 years.

I began my Ph.D. program (recently) with similar views and it sounds like i grew up in the same timeframe as yourself. But as a researcher, I need to follow the data and explore the disconnect between the data and personal experiences/traditional IPV theory. Perhaps as researchers we have to become comfortable with holding paradox while following a theoretical position while continuously scanning the research for shifts.

Warmly, Kathy

Cho, H., & Wilke, D. (2005). How has the violence against women act affected the response of the criminal justice system to domestic violence. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 32(4), 125-140.

Catalano, S. (2007). Intimate Partner Violence in the United States. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from http://library.softgenx.com/Children/DV/ipv%201993-2004.pdf

Straus, M. A. (2008). Dominance and symmetry in partner violence by male and female university students in 32 nations. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 252–275, doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.10.004.

Langhinrichsen- Rohling, J., McCullars, A., & Misra, T. (2012). #10 Motivations for men and women’s intimate partner violence perpetration: A comprehensive review. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 1-33.

Stover, C. S., Meadows, A. L., & Kaufman, J. (2009). Interventions for intimate partner violence: Review and implications for evidence-based practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(3), 223-233. 10.1037/a0012718

Stith, S. M., Smith, D. B., Penn, C. E., Ward, D. B., & Tritt, D. (2004). Intimate partner physical abuse perpetration and victimization risk factors: A meta-analytic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10(1), 65-98. 10.1016/j.avb.2003.09.001

Bohan, J. (2002). Sex differences and/in the self: classic themes and feminist variations, postmodern challenges. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 74-88.

Weisstein, N. (1993). Psychology constructs the female, or the fantasy life of the male psychologist (with some attention to the fantasies of his friends, the male biologist and the male anthropologist. Feminism & Psychology, 3:2, 195-210.

I feel this study requires an emperical study. As far as i know there are very less women in this field

women are discriminated at all spheres and especially it is evinced in education and profession by labeling it as hard and soft for females. further science subject is hardly reachable to all due to varied reasons like cost, attitudes towards the subject, prevalence, professional growth in traditional sciences etc all impedes women into entering science subject. education is given to women just to know 3 R's and henceforth women and science going together is less prevalent but not absent.

Although Larry Summers' statement should not be interpreted in the common way used by media [Summers spoke of a "denser rate of males" in the highest range of STEM tests, which does not mean at all that he was suggesting anything congenital or innate in male gender per se], I got the idea that the issue is completely dependent from a culture matter.

In particular, I believe that this is a complex matter of "obsessions", overlapping and recursive.

These *obsessions* were / are still related to the social inclination to predominance, and to the need to demonstrate rational capacities in an hierarchical model, more practiced by |males upon males| [the fathers upon the male children, for example], than |females upon females| [daughters from mothers].

A social engagement to determine males strongly rational - therefore, inclined and dedicated to the STEM areas - was greater, regular and repeated over the centuries from the Roman world and before, so that the male "obsessions" addressed in this direction have assumed the character of a praxis, a full acceptance, an meme incorporation into the dominant culture.

This is not valid for females, which - in some sense - have moved more freely from these cultural "obsessions" [though they have always been victims of other kinds of obsessive harassment].

In the article "Womenomics — Behind the enemy lines" [http://myurl.theprimate.it/MTctMjYwLTAtMC0w], my collegue dr. Marika Mazzi Boém explains well this subtle paradox of freedoms vs. obligations, in which women developed a "free area" that is often interpreted as a limit — reason why Summers identified a lack of density of women in the higher range of STEM tests.

—g

In reponse to point 1 above, indicating that some women academics have children - might not this observation also apply to some men?

For a scholarly view on the topic of gender balance in univesities, read:

Fotaki, M. (2013). No Woman is Like a Man (in Academia): The Masculine Symbolic Order and the Unwanted Female Body. Organization Studies.

I am doing 'Women empowerment through micro credit on self employment' to my PhD programme and analyze the women empowerment at household level and community level. the domestic violence also one of the variable at household level. My sample is women headed households and who are suffering from various issues in my country. If I will do this topic iIn my country It will be 'violence against women' it may be domestic and community violence. You can decide which is suitable in your country. And I appreciate your comments on this regards.

I would suggest taking a postcolonial feminist approach if you are actually seeking to not only get women to participate as labour, but to support women to actually take control of resource (water) management in their context. One of the key problems in many development contexts is the failure to integrate women's emancipation into their participation in development. As long as women are subordinate in social relations their participation in any program is unsustainable over the longer term.

I agree that finding one article that estimates a percentage of "highly prejudiced people" who then discriminate would be challenging, because both "prejudice" and "discrimination" can be broadly defined. An earlier answer also suggested that finding high prejudice people is hard - but I think it depends on your prejudice. For example, I study prejudice based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity, and whoa boy people are willing to share their prejudices on those topics in the US. But also like another comment stated, we found that other predictors (such as threats to masculinity) are better predictors of how does nasty things to LGBT people than prejudice per say. Unfortunately, I can't recommend an article to answer your question because in a way it might be too broad (again, definitional issues). Were you chasing a specific type of discrimination? Or a specific prejudice?

Thanks Esmaeil Damavandi

The impact is absolutely positive since it will simply add more skilled people to the work force. In addition the more equity the more participation in the economy the more the growth. Most importantly the more access for women to education the greater the impact is on the upbringing of children. These children would have a more creative and critical mind; the snow ball effect is huge

Dear Faustinus, I think you could to use gender theory. There you find a clear explanation about gender as domain of social practice. An author Pierre Bourdieu. Good luck!

Dear Pandelis, I think, even though the functional form is different (OLS linear, versus nonlinear probit in the selection equation), the explanatory variables in the wage equation and the selection equation have to different, for identification purposes. I can imagine X, a vector of covariates in the wage equation, but Z as the vector of covariates in the selection equation: while Z can be =(X,W), so added some variables to X, or can be nesting X, or mutually exclusive. All these alternatives are better (and maybe essential) than having X in both the OLS wage equation and the Probit selection equation. In the paper I alluded to above, for example, I used different mix of variables in the selection equation: but this was based roughly on economic theory or intuition. It is that the main identification variable I added to the selection equation is, I claim, affecting the decision of participating in the labor market, but does not have an independent effect on the wage determination. This economic distinction allows using the variable as such--and actually made for the strength of the paper. Economic theory and intuition should be behind the choice of variables, and not just a technical exercise. Although, on the technical side, I think if X is the same in both equations there won't be identification, or would be at most a poor one.