Gas - Science topic

This is a problem from the engineering field, and it is expected to design appropriate adsorbents. Q1: How to design an O₂ selective adsorbent in a mixture environment of CH₄ (60%), N₂ (20%), O₂ (3 - 8%), C₂H₆ (5%), C₂H₄ (5%)? Q2: How to design a high - performance Ne selective adsorbent in the Ne/He system (the temperature can be reduced), and it is required to reduce Ne in high - purity He gas to the ppm level? Q3: How to remove various sulfur - containing compounds, thiols, carbonyl sulfide, etc. in the coal/petroleum industrial gas system?

Q4: Design a low - partial - pressure - selective adsorbent in the high - purity electronic specialty gas system, with the requirement of removing impurities to the ppb level.

I want to know more about gas reservoirs in world.

I want to know more about gas and oil reservoirs in Iran.

I want to know more about gas and oil reservoirs in Iran.

In the LIBS experiment, if I want to detect methane gas, how do I know that this is the spectrum of methane without knowing that it's methane gas.

I want to know more about gas and oil reservoirs in world.

In LIBS experiments measuring gases, it is not known how to determine whether this is the spectrum of the measured gas, if the type of gas is not known.

Dear Sir/Madam,

Kindly help me with this doubt, I am injecting 50 PPM H2 gas standard for the calibration of 1 mL (1000 micromole). I need to convert this PPM to micromoles kindly help me.

Thank you,

Without changing catalyst (ZN)

I would like to include an internal standard in my method for testing ethylene, CO₂, and O₂ using gas chromatography (GC). I am currently using helium (He) as the carrier gas and nitrogen (N₂) as the makeup gas, with a Porapak Q and Molecular Sieve (Molsieve) column setup. An FID detects the ethylene, and a TCD detects CO₂ and O₂. Could you please advise me on choosing an appropriate internal standard and how to approach the calibration process, including the internal standard? Additionally, I’ve read about the use of Tedlar bags for gas sampling, but I am unsure of how these bags work. Could you provide some guidance on this?

We are milling highly reactive materials such as Sm or Ti under Ar gas purging into it. Still oxidation occurs during the milling process.

Hi everyone I'm a student working on my final year project.. I would appreciate if someone can assist me in finding a way to measure ethylene levels in gas in ppm

I am working on heat pipe two phase simulation.In this density variation with temperature is an important parameter. I do not encounter any problem in my simulation if i opt constant vapor density, however when i go for ideal gas or polynomial (density variation) i am getting floating point exception error.. How to avoid this problem without changing density variation(ideal gas).

I understood it in 29 years work in field works.

What is the Wobbe Index, also known as the Wobbe Number or Wobbe Value ?

For those upgrading in petroleum engineering or department of chemical engineering

I want to know more about gas and oil reservoirs.

I want to know more about gas and oil reservoirs in Iran.

I want to know more about gas and oil reservoirs in Iran.

Hello,

Can anyone provide me with the absorption coefficient of methane gas at 7.7 um? Any reference?

There are anaerobic gas pak jars and environment providers in the laboratory that provide anaerobic environmental conditions for the growth of anaerobic bacteria. However, there is no anaerobic chamber to transfer anaerobic bacteria. Do you have any advice for this?

List down the various factors responsible and how does this effect the overall biogas production when it is related to Hydraulic retention time of the digester based on the feedstock?

It is known that cooking or domestic gas is composed of chief components like propane and butane. Recent discovery have shown water being present in dometic gas cylinders (locality is confidential). Is the reaction of water and propane or butane gas feasible? Should the presence of water in these cylinders be a call for concern or a it is another innovation to science. Is it just a means for fast cash by local producers or sellers of domestic gas? Please this scenario is fast spreading and creating panic. I need your contribution.

I need to measure the H2S gas from my batch reactors; eventually, the available device for checking is a UV-vis spectrophotometer. Is it possible to measure the gas with it?

Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS) in Aquifers

1. Since, hydrogen no more directly exists as a gas, how easy would it remain to separate hydrogen, either from water, or, from fossil fuels, despite its abundance in the universe?

2. Whether subsurface hydrogen(H2) storage has been tested in a commercial-scale environment – either in deep saline aquifers, or, in depleted oil/gas reservoirs (apart from salt caverns, practiced in Texas/UK), where, temporarily stored hydrogen has been produced back on demand?

3. Whether, saline aquifers, and/or, oil/gas reservoirs, towards H2 storage, is expected to ensure sustainability and resilience of the planned clean hydrogen economy in order to meet the global de-carbonization goal?

4. In the absence of H2 storage, in a thick, porous and permeable saturated subsurface formation (like a salt cavern), will we be able to satisfy required storage capacity and sufficient injectivity for acceptable well operating rates – either in saline aquifers, or, depleted oil/gas aquifers?

5. Whether, UHS is expected to provide storage capacity in order to balance seasonal supply and demand fluctuations; and also, to meet peak demand towards stabilizing the power grid?

6. How exactly to handle

(a)        The enhanced physical risk of hydrogen leakage (higher tendency of H2 to spread laterally in a porous reservoir increases the probability of escape of the stored H2 either through the abandoned/leaky wells or through the leaking faults)?

(b)       Reduced recoverability of stored H2 product – either in depleted oil/gas reservoirs, or, in deep saline aquifers – given the fact that the H2 remains associated with reduced viscosity and enhanced diffusivity (with reference to natural-gas)?

7. Unlike the minimum requirement of cushion gas in salt caverns, to what extent, cushion gas (employed to ensure sufficient pressure maintenance and adequate withdrawal rates) gets factored into the subsurface storage costs in saline aquifers and depleted oil/gas reservoirs?

8. Towards storing hydrogen in depleted oil/gas reservoirs, how easy would it remain to handle the dynamics of reservoir wettability (that impacts H2 injection and storage); viscous fingering (providing means for hydrogen loss); and the reactivity of H2 with the organic constituents of depleted oil/gas reservoirs (including kerogen, residual hydrocarbons and microbes – leading to H2 losses resulting from chemical or microbial interaction)?

9. Whether the greater compressibility of a cushion gas would really improve the H2 production rate @ the end of a production cycle

? 10.                  Whether the application of standard diffusion models would remain to suffice towards the estimation of the amount of H2 lost through dissolution into formation brine; and diffusing away from the aquifer of interest into the overlying caprock?

Suresh Kumar Govindarajan

Professor (HAG)  IIT-Madras

25-July-2024

Will it be scientifically correct to follow the close chamber technique of gas sampling from a pot experiment that is particularly used to collect gas samples from field experiments. What are the basic precautions that must be undertaken to carry out the process?

how much efficient

I am testing lipase activity for certain test strains however my negative control strain which is clostridium difficile did not show any growth in 24 hours of incubation at 37 degrees. The incubation is done using a CO₂ gas chamber.

We are analyzing lipase activity using TWEEN OPACITY TEST. So far clostridium difficile within 24 hours has shown no signs of growth on the media. Is there any other bacterial strains that can be used as negative control for Tween Opacity Test.

I'm trying to figure out how to calculate leak rate for various materials used for elastic vacuum seals (such as Viton) from permeation coefficient K. I'm basing this on values from a paper referenced below. The units provided in the paper are m² s^-1 hPa^-1. A similar combination of unit I have seen is cm³ cm/cm² s^-1 atm^-1.

Leak rate is then F = K A (p1 - p0) / d, where A is exposed area of the seal, d is the thickness of the seal, and (p1 - p0) is the pressure differential. Since I'm dealing with vacuum systems, this can be assumed to be 1 atm (~1000 hPa). The A / d term is the reason for the cm / cm² portion of the units combination, or if you combine all the distance units, you get something like m².

Where I get confused is if you work through this equation, you end up with m³ / sec. However, leak rates are usually stated with units such as Torr liter / sec. Which makes sense, because the pressure-volume product defines a molecular quantity of gas (it's the left-hand side of the Ideal Gas Law, PV = nRT). Specifying just the volume is meaningless. So there is a quantity of pressure missing somewhere?

Sometimes, I see the units include "std" - what is this unit in reference to?

Thanks for the all help!

Paper: Journal of Geophysical Research (2004) vol 109, D04309, "Permeation of atmospheric gases ..." by P. Sturm et al.

Have you encountered a CAR1 AFC control irregularity error with Shimadzu's GC instrument? Manual states that there is a problem with carrier gas supply and advises to contact service. Could not find any leaks with a leak meter but could this be cause of a leak in the inlet? I am running a Frontier 3030 pyrolyzer with the GCMS.

WHICH TECHNIQ (MASS SPECTROMETRY AND ËLECTRON IMPACT IONIZATION"IS BETTER TO ANALYZE H2 IN EXHAUST GAS

Let us say that I have an equation of state for a non-ideal gas (i.e. the Vanderwaals equation). I would like to calculate the internal energy of the gas U(V,T) without any 'microscopic input'.

1) Is that possible?

2) If so, how should this be done?

explain the calculations

According to my research: the core of the sun is formed among gas masses. The formation of nuclei is initially by nuclear fusion. The collision of nuclei creates larger nuclei.

When the volume of the gas mass decreases, the volume of the core remains constant. In the core of the star, nuclear fusion stops completely.

I discovered a new nuclear model. This model is common to atoms and stars.

In my model, instead of nuclear fusion in the sun, other methods are used. These methods correspond to all the characteristics of the stars from the birth of the star and answer many mysteries.No nuclear explosions occur in the Sun's core, while the heat inside can reach such a level that the entire core disintegrates.

I prepared an article in which: the birth of a star to the death of a star is described. With all the details, with mathematical formulas. My method is classic. It is not quantum or theoretical.

Recently I noticed that the rotation speed of the sun's crust is slowing down compared to the rotation speed of the sun's core. I calculated the size of the inner core of the sun.

The radius of the inner core of the sun = 131000

The volume of my discoveries is large. in different elements of space and methods of nuclear enrichment and... and all based on my nuclear model. I have about 50 articles.How can I present my discoveries?

We use ... Desktop sputter coater device

Is it possible to produce a very small amount of volatile oil along with condensed gas? If so, could you please provide a real example? Thank you.

Dear all,

After checking DSC and TGA analysis for ZIF-8 samples, it was possible to observe an endotermic peak at around 50ºC, using DSC under N2, and a weight loss in TGA at around 38ºC and 125ºC using He gas. It was checked that there was no impurities in the sample analyzed ( ZIF-8). Is is possible at those low temperatures to eliminate gas/ water trapped, or you suggest another process?.

Thanks in advance for your response/clarification

Kind regards

Rosa M Huertas

Hi,

 I'm using Brooks mass flow controller 5851E with Brooks control and readout unit 0152E. The differential pressure is set at 15 psi. Even though the set point is zero at the control unit, the mass flow controller lets through the gas. I cannot completely stop the gas flow, it still shows 2.5% on the control unit when the set point is at 0.

rGo by heating GO

sample is getting out by tube

WHY?

I need an oil that is inert to Gallium

Sputter coater

If liquid crystals represent a bridge from the solid state of matter to the liquid state. Is there a bridge between the liquid state and the gaseous state of matter?

I am new to NANDA, so it seems like a basic question for nursing fellows. Could you explain when to choose the NANDA priorities, for example, in patients with ARDS or COPD on mechanical ventilation? It seems the clinical indicators are almost the same, requiring the result of arterial blood gas.

Gas diffuses into vacuum, dQ=0, thermodynamic entropy dS=dQ/T=0. The second law of thermodynamics cannot be calculated.Please refer to the attached diagram for details。

"Ds=dQ/T" is defined as a reversible process that can be used, but an irreversible process that cannot be used. This violates the universality and consistency of natural science.

Dear connections, I’m currently searching for a PhD/Research position in the field of “Energy Transition”, with a strong interest in Energy Systems Analysis & Modeling as well as Clean Energy Technologies (EV,..). My research track is in the field of energy market analysis & forecast using AI. In my M.Sc. thesis at The American University in Cairo, I managed to build an energy planning model using different ANN topologies, that will help in securing the balance between the energy supply and demand in the United Kingdom for different end-use sectors; domestic, industrial, transport, and services sectors. I also carried out a long-term forecasting for the UK's final energy consumption up to the year 2035, and analyzed the results comparing to the outlook of the UK’s governmental department of Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS). Being a Future Energy Leader at the World Energy Council and an energy transition advocate, I understand the importance of humanising energy and contributing to the global dialogue on energy and sustainability issues. On the other hand, I have 11 years of professional experience in the oil and gas, refining, and petrochemical industries at Enppi, one of the leading engineering and EPC main contractors in the Middle East and Africa. I am definitely open to expanding my career path in other "Energy Transition" fields of research, and open for relocation, if the PhD requires so. Please let me know if there are any potential openings. Thank you.

I am trying to calculating the amount of adsorption of specific gas from a mixture of gases on a adsorbent(solid material)like zeolite, activated carbon. The adsorption process takes place by varying the pressure(Pressure swing adsorption).

Hi, I have some problems with detection of CO2 by GC-TCD molecular sieve 5A. I used nitrogen as carrier gas and i did not get any pick for CO2.( but I know I have at least 5 percent CO2 I have analysed gas by gas analyser).

Gas radiation has no thermal equilibrium, and the second law of thermodynamics is invalid. The following pictures are all from the content of heat transfer and university physics, combined together, it is found that the second law of thermodynamics is invalid.

Please refer to the picture for details.

In a thermal plasma a gas is heated such that the electrons have sufficient energy to separate from nuclei leaving bare nuclei. Thermal plasma are thus highly charged and highly conductive.

I'm currently encountering issues with my untargeted metabolomics approach using the Agilent ESI QTOF 6550 i-funnel. I've been working on metabolomics analyses for different biological samples, including plasma, cell lines, and drosophila. Despite adhering to standard protocols (including Agilent application notes for instrument parameters and protocols from reputable papers), I've identified around 700 compounds with over 3000 features. However, upon closer inspection, many of these compounds don't seem to align with the expected profile of my samples, including the precence of plant metabolites, drug molecules, antibiotics (not even present in my sample), and amino acids appearing in conjugated forms like Ala-Lys-Gly.

I'm utilizing an InfinityLab Poroshell 120 HILIC, 2.1 mm, 2.7 µm column in reverse phase for both positive and negative ionization modes. The instrument tune at 1700 m/Z has shown a good response. Mobile phase compositions include 10mM ammonium formate in water + 0.1 % Formic Acid (A) and 10 mM ammonium formate in ACN + 0.1 % Formic Acid (B) for positive mode. For negative mode, it's 10mM ammonium acetate in water (A) and 10mM ammonium acetate in ACN (B). I'm using a non-linear gradient of 20 minutes for positive mode and 25 minutes for negative mode.

Aquastion parameters involve gas temperature at 225 degrees Celsius, drying gas at 6L/min, nebulizer pressure at 40 psi (for positive) and 35 psi (for negative), sheath gas temperature at 225 degrees Celsius (for positive) and 350 degrees Celsius (for negative), sheath gas flow at 10 L/min (for positive) and 12L/min (for negative), capillary voltage at 35000 V, nozzle voltage at 0 V, fragmenter at 125 V, skimmer at 65 V (for positive) and 45 V (for negative), Octapole 1 RF voltage at 450 V (for positive) and 750 V (for negative), acquisition range m/z 50 to 1000 (for positive) and m/z 60 to 1600 (for negative). MS acquisition rate is 1 spectrum/sec, with reference masses at m/z 922.009798 (for positive), m/z 68.9957, m/z 980.0163.

Im using MPP (mass profile professional) using mass tolerance 5ppm + 2mDa, peak height 3000.

I've been using the METLIN library (AMRT, METLIN lipids, and HMDB) for plasma metabolites, but the results are showing significant discrepancies, including the identification of plant metabolites, conjugated amino acids, and drug molecules. Any assistance or insights would be highly appreciated. Thanks in advance!showfragmented

Collections of Green House Gases From Gas Sampling?

How to collect green house gases?

Methods of Collections?

I'm working on utilization of wastes for biogas production.I streak a loopful cowdung slurry collected from biogas plant on sodium thioglycolate media.I got some colonies on the media.I need to confirm it.How I can confirm the colonies for methane gas production?

Which option is most suitable when considering factors such as gas emissions, environmental consequences, and economic implications?

We are observing a very strange behaviour in characteristic gas constant, where there is a huge variation in it's value at large pressure ratios > 100. Can someone corroborate/counter this observation from their own experiences?

Hello,

I am trying to do methanol calibration in gas phase.

What I did was to vaporize liquid methanol in a vail and then take some amount with a syringe and inject . I am having weird data. My calibration curve is not linear... Any suggestions on better ways to do this?

Does rice cultivation in Iran and all over the world cause the production of methane gas and destroy the ozone layer?

As you know, one of the most destructive gases that destroys the ozone layer is methane gas (CH4). About 60% of the total methane gas is related to human activity. The most methane gas emissions are from rice fields. Paddy fields are responsible for nearly a quarter of human resource methane gas production. Decomposing bacteria in the stagnant water of rice fields (especially in South and Southeast Asia and the Far East) are the main cause of methane gas production. Other activities that cause an increase in methane gas include animal husbandry, burning of straw and coal, burning and agricultural waste water. Since the number of livestock increases by 5% and the amount of agricultural land increases by 7%, the annual share of these resources is increasing every year. Because the rate of decomposition of methane gas by bacteria is slower than its production rate. Ruminant animals speed up the production of methane gas by digesting food and excreting it. They are in the atmosphere. And it causes the ozone layer to be destroyed sooner.

Hello.

There is a file that is attached here.

I want to calculate pressure (P) and gas velocity (u_g).

The data are:

The system is an ideal gas mixture in a fixed bed reactor, the gas goes up through the reactor and I am using numerical methods to calculate my parameters from mass and energy balance. But inside the problem, I am facing the following problem :

temperature (T) a function of z and is know for z₁

P is a function of z not r.

u_g is not a function of r.

r₇=r₉=r₁₀=0

𝑐𝑡 is molar concentration of gas mixture.

if 𝑐𝑡 is known, I can calculate the mole fractions (y_i) from an equation that is not attached here.

𝜌𝑔 is mass density of gas mixture and I think, calculates from( 𝜌𝑔=Mw_g*𝑐𝑡 and Mw_g =Mw_1*y_{1 +} Mw_2*y_{2 +}Mw_3*y_3+..., Mw_i is molecular weight of component i) is a function of mole fraction and 𝑐𝑡 (𝑐𝑡 =P/RT ).

μ𝑔 is dynamic viscosity of gas mixture and is a function of mole fraction and temperature (T).

d_p,epsilon_b are known and are constant.

How can I calculate P pressure and u_g from these equations for z₁?

Hi, I am using FLUENT 19.2 to simulate a packed bed reactor of simple rectangular cross section. Solid inside the reactor (CaO) is porous and gas (Steam) enter the reactor from bottom. Product of the reaction is calcium hydroxide(which is also solid). The reaction is exothermic and the heat generated is transferred to fluid (HTF) flowing outside along the walls of the bed.

I need to know if it is possible to simulate this reaction using Ansys Fluent. If yes then which models/procedure should be used. Is there any tutorial available for this kind of reaction in fluent? Thanks

I want to know more about gas and oil reservoirs in Iran.

Too expensive to buy and replace often. Does anyone know the magical formula to make this in the lab?

Pressure data has been recorded at each crank angle in a diesel engine, and I couldn't able to understand how to calculate the temperature from that data. is it possible or any other way to calculate the temperature inside the cylinder?

Thank you

Regards

Arun

Over the past decade, a relatively large and focused effort has been undertaken to measure methane emissions, primarily from the oil and gas industry. Many of the initial studies were done in North America, slowly expanding to other parts of the world. Findings from this effort have indicated significant discrepancies between the magnitude of reported and measured methane emissions and improved understanding of unknown and/or unexpected sources of emissions. For the first time, an understanding is emerging of what emissions were produced, where, and from which sources.

The characterization of methane emissions is about to shift from using estimated emission factors to using empirically derived data and measurement based factors that capture the spatial and temporal heterogeneity that characterizes methane emissions. This shift allows for, for the first time, the accurate tracking of changes in emissions. This improved understanding of emissions based on empirical data will dramatically improve the accountability of industry as well as the ability of policymakers to target regulations effectively. It will also support companies’ strategic investment decisions.

Are the Amazon forests considered the breath of the earth?

The great forests of the earth such as the Amazon and Southeast Asia such as Borneo and the tropical forests of Africa, next to the Congo River, may be mentioned as the breathing of the earth. Because every broad leaf (broad leaves) is a factory of oxygen production on the planet and this humus brings the forest in nature. But unfortunately, some countries like Brazil have started to destroy forests and have livestock farming, especially cattle farming, to produce beef. . In Brazil, where they have destroyed the Amazon forests and started cattle ranches instead, they have destroyed both the vegetation and the soil of the forest. And the cows themselves, because they have 4 stomachs, produce methane gas in the air, which destroys the ozone layer.

Isn't it time to prevent the destruction of broadleaf forests?

I have selected two deep learning models CNN and sae for data analysis of a 1 d digitized data set. I need to justify choice of these two dl models in comparison to other dl and standard ml models. I am using ga to optimize hyper parameters values of the two dl models. Can you give some inputs for this query.thanks.

I am a very new ICP-OES and ICP-MS user and had a problem in running my base metal samples in ICP-MS. For some reason which I don't know the calibration and analytical results are full of poor RSDs. Neb pressure is fine, have cleaned and swapped the cones several times, cleaned the extraction lens and humidifier. But could not obtain a good and clean result. Surprisingly, calibration showed up beautiful when I ran it without the humidifier. However, turning on the humidifier resulted in poor output. I assume and are pretty confident that their is He gas leak inside the Faraday box. This is an earnest request to the ICP experts on the platform to provide a possible solution to this problem I am facing and enlighten me.

Thank you in advance.

I am doing GC-RGA data for the experiments. When I am doing GC analysis online then there is too much deviation in the results from first-hour run to second-hour run. However, when I am doing the GC analysis through tedlar bags then the GC analysis is showing the same results.

Which is the better way online GC or through Tedlar bags? and why there is a deviation from the first run to the second run in the GC analysis. Any comments will be helpful.

Thanks

I need to design a burner with multiple nozzle jets that burns hydrogen and oxygen in stoichiometric ratio. The supply pressure is about 3,000 psi (20,500 kPa) and the burner is feeding heat into a gas at about 2,500 psi (17,000 kPa).

Any suggested references are appreciated.

Methane and carbon dioxide are the main gas fluxes emitted from the soil, and many studies have focused on the relationship between the two. In forest soil, methane is typically manifested as a carbon absorption source, while carbon dioxide is often expressed as a carbon emission source. In our experiment, we conducted dynamic monitoring on a monthly basis through real-time measurements (with Li-7810) using soil respiration collars (PVC) in the field. This was done to investigate the relationship between these two gases, especially under conditions where carbon input changes, such as the removal of litters and roots.

I am considering whether a method involving the conversion of the carbon element proportion in gas molecules between the two can be used, aiming to transform the measured gas concentrations into carbon concentrations. Specifically, for carbon dioxide, we multiply its concentration by 3/11, and for methane, we multiply its concentration by 3/4. Is this method correct?

My analyte standards are highly pure. R match and F match were good (800-900) but probability of match with the coumpound in Nist Library was Low(20-60%). How can i improve it? I am Using 10PPM standards prepared in HPLC grade N-Hexane. I am using Helium as my carrier gas?

In one sentence, the second type of perpetual motion machine in science popularization radiation:

The radiation intensity of low-density gases is directly proportional to their density. Radiating gases with different densities can create a temperature difference: high density leads to low temperature. Low density, high temperature. The second law of thermodynamics is invalid.

Below are further text, simulation images, and literature links.

1. This setting includes radiation experience: when the gas density is low, the radiation intensity is proportional to the density, and the absorption coefficient is inversely proportional to the density (the smaller the absorption coefficient, the stronger the absorption capacity)----- Domain 1 gas density=1, Domain 2 gas density=2.

2. Radiation generates a temperature difference of 2.1 ℃, rendering the second law of thermodynamics invalid.

3. This transposition can be connected in series to generate stronger heating and cooling capabilities, with low cost, and can be industrialized and commercialized.

More detailed literature links.

Have sputtered metals, but having difficulty RF sputtering MgO. I have tried many options, but none seem to have any impact. No MgO is detected on the substrate. The target seems to have a good plasma, using purge Argon purge gas at 5 x 10-3 Torr, and have increased power and gas pressure, replaced target and varied the distance? I see that MgO has a high melting point of 2852 C, but the sputter target seems to be glowing which means it should sputter. What is the correct offset power/distance to get a coating.

Thanks in advance, -e

Dear researchers, I have exposed a powdered sample with flue gases and want to detect the composition and amount of gases adsorbed in the sample. Please suggest, is there any physical or chemical method for identification of gases on lab scale. Can BET be a good option to analyze NOx as nitrogen is already involved in the technique? please share research articles or links related to the relevant studies.

Waiting for your kind response.

When doing NH3-TPD, using 2%NH3 in He,

after getting the data (TCD signal VS. temperature and so on )

how to know the concentration of gas from the area under curve??