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In the context of extended classical mechanics, an important aspect of negative apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ) and how it interacts with positive matter mass (Mᴍ) as the electron accelerates, particularly when approaching high velocities. To reflect this, we need to focus on the dynamics between the electron’s matter mass and apparent mass, and how these interplay as the electron approaches the speed of light, eventually making the matter mass negligible and the apparent mass dominant. This leads to the effective mass transitioning toward negative values, which could imply a shift from gravitational attraction to antigravitational effects.
Structural Implications of Negative Apparent Mass:
As the negative apparent mass −Mᵃᵖᵖ becomes dominant, it exerts an increasing pressure on the positive matter mass of the electron, which can cause the structural integrity of the electron to be compromised.
The pressure exerted by the negative apparent mass could overwhelm the electron's normal structure, potentially leading to its disintegration or transformation into a state where the traditional concept of "matter" no longer applies in the usual sense.
The key insight here is that as the electron accelerates to high speeds, its matter mass Mᴍ becomes negligible, and the negative apparent mass −Mᵃᵖᵖ becomes dominant.
This transition leads to the effective mass becoming negative, which shifts the electron’s behaviour from gravitational attraction to antigravity.
As the kinetic energy increases, it is no longer just a result of the matter mass, but instead is primarily driven by the negative apparent mass, which could result in the electron reaching speeds near c and transitioning to a state where its structural integrity is challenged by the forces acting on it.
Electron Transition from Matter to Antimatter:
Transition from Matter to Antimatter:
As the electron's velocity increases toward the speed of light, the negative apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ) becomes dominant, reducing the effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ).
When the velocity approaches c, the matter mass (Mᴍ) effectively becomes negligible compared to the negative apparent mass. In this state, the electron could experience antigravitational effects as a result of its negative effective mass.
This leads to the electron being subjected to forces that no longer attract it to gravitational sources, but instead, these forces would push it away from those sources. This is an antigravity effect.
Structural Integrity and Breakdown:
The most critical point is that, as the negative apparent mass grows, it exerts a counteracting pressure on the structure of the electron.
This pressure is not simply a force acting against gravitational attraction; it is a fundamental change in the dynamics of the electron's existence, transitioning it from matter to something that could potentially behave like antimatter under the extreme conditions.
Gravitational Bound Systems:
In any gravitationally bound system (such as a galaxy), as an object’s speed increases and it approaches c, it becomes increasingly difficult for the object to maintain its matter mass structure.
At the limiting point, when negative apparent mass dominates, the matter mass of the electron would no longer be able to counteract the pressure from the negative apparent mass, leading to the breakdown of its structural integrity.
Thus, the electron would no longer behave as conventional matter; its behaviour would be governed by its negative effective mass, and its structure could potentially collapse or dissipate under these extreme conditions. This breakdown explains why no matter can survive as matter within a gravitationally bound system at light's speeds, where negative apparent mass takes over and results in antigravity.
In essence, the application of force to accelerate matter to light's speeds in a gravitationally bound system results in a transition from a gravitationally attractive state to a repulsive, antigravitational state governed by negative effective mass.
Conclusion:
The framework of extended classical mechanics provides a novel lens to understand the transition of an electron from matter-like behaviour to an antimatter-like state. As the electron accelerates toward the speed of light, its positive matter mass (Mᴍ) diminishes, and the negative apparent mass (−Mᵃᵖᵖ) becomes dominant. This transition redefines its effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ), leading to a shift from gravitational attraction to antigravitational effects. The interplay of these mass components, under extreme conditions, challenges the structural integrity of the electron, potentially transforming it beyond the traditional concept of matter. These findings elucidate a critical mechanism by which matter, under intense forces and velocities, could evolve into a state exhibiting antimatter-like properties, driven by the dominance of negative effective mass.
Description of Mathematical Terms:
1. c (speed of light): A fundamental constant in physics, representing the maximum speed within a gravitationally bound system at which information or matter can travel in a vacuum, approximately 3 × 10⁸ m/s.
2. F (force): A vector quantity representing the interaction that changes the motion of an object, calculated in extended classical mechanics as F = (Mᴍ − Mᵃᵖᵖ)⋅aᵉᶠᶠ.
3. KE (kinetic energy): The energy an object possesses due to its motion, driven by both matter mass (Mᴍ) and negative apparent mass (− Mᵃᵖᵖ) in this context.
4. Mᵃᵖᵖ (apparent mass): A concept in extended classical mechanics representing the negative contribution to effective mass, arising from kinetic energy or other dynamic effects.
5. Mᵉᶠᶠ (effective mass): The net mass of a system combining matter mass (Mᴍ) and apparent mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ), expressed as Mᵉᶠᶠ = Mᴍ − Mᵃᵖᵖ. It governs the dynamic response to forces.
6. Mᴍ (matter mass): The intrinsic positive mass of an object, such as an electron, representing its rest mass without motion effects.
7. Mᴍ,ᴘᴇ (matter mass potential energy): The contribution to energy arising from the object's position within a potential field, linked to its intrinsic mass (Mᴍ).
8. Mᵃᵖᵖ,ᴋᴇ (apparent mass kinetic energy):The kinetic energy associated with the negative apparent mass, highlighting the dominant role of Mᵃᵖᵖ at high velocities.
9. PE (potential energy): Energy stored in an object due to its position within a gravitational or other force field, related to Mᴍ.
10. v (velocity): The speed and direction of motion of an object. In this context, v approaches c, leading to significant effects on Mᴍ, Mᵉᶠᶠ, and F.
In light of my paper "Dark Matter is Just Gravity, Only Normal Matter is the Truth" (Indian Journal of Advanced Physics, October 2023), which demonstrated that dark matter is essentially gravity, a pertinent discussion arises about dark energy. Could dark energy, like normal energy, simply be a force we already understand, causing the universe's expansion and the movement of objects within it? This parallels the understanding of dark matter not as a mysterious entity but as a familiar force affecting planetary and galactic movements.
The question now is whether the research community on platforms like ResearchGate agrees with this perspective. Why do we tend to label unexplained phenomena as "dark" or mysterious, when perhaps they are simply manifestations of forces we encounter daily? By shedding light on these concepts, we might discover that what we perceive as "dark" is actually well within our grasp of understanding. Can we collectively agree that embracing the light of scientific inquiry could dispel the so-called darkness surrounding these cosmic forces?
A universe model compatible with VSLT
The research of Halton Arp and Eric Lerner supports a stationary universe, and the intrinsic nature of redshift, i.e. not linked to its presumed expansion (Doppler effect).
I also believe that the universe is stationary. Which doesn't mean static. Galaxies are not eternal, but have a limited average lifespan (of the order of a few tens of billions of years). Galaxies were not all born at the same time, but each galaxy has its own moment of birth. Two different galaxies have different birth moments (often billions of years apart).
A galaxy is born from PLASMA released by a supermassive rotating black hole when it EXPLODES.
The fact that black holes explode is confirmed by the GAMMA RAY BURST phenomenon. These are beams of gamma rays so intense that billions of suns are needed to generate them.
How do these rays originate?
The only possible explanation is that the electromagnetic radiation that composes them was IMPRISONED in a black hole which, EXPLODING, released it into space.
Rotating black holes are essential for the existence of a galaxy, because they provide the gravitational force that allows the galaxy's stars to rotate in a plane passing through its nucleus. All galaxies have stars that rotate in a plane. This is evidence that the galaxy's core is super-massive and rotating black hole.
This black hole absorbs not only the radiation that goes beyond its event horizon, but also all the MATTER that passes through it.
This matter is endowed with kinetic energy which is released to the black hole. The TEMPERATURE of the latter is therefore destined to increase over time.
It follows that inside the black hole matter can only exist in the PLASMA state.
When the black hole explodes, this plasma is projected into space together with the radiation which, due to the very high temperature, will have a very high frequency (gamma rays).
From the plasma projected into space, a new generation of neutral atoms will arise (due to Coulomb attraction), stars, a new super-massive rotating black hole and a new galaxy.
The atoms of a newborn galaxy emit light at the fastest possible speed. And since the speed is proportional to the wavelength, with the maximum possible wavelength.
As time passes, the atoms emit light at a slightly decreasing speed. In fact, atomic electrons move in a sea of NEUTRINOS. These latter particles, like electrons, have mass, although infinitesimal. They therefore interact with atomic electrons, slowing them down. And since the speed of electrons is proportional to the speed of light, it follows that v, and therefore c, decreases slightly over time.
The redshift is therefore not linked to the distance between galaxies, but to their age difference.
Our galaxy is one of the oldest in the visible universe. This is the reason why almost all galaxies appear red (they are younger. They emit light with a great speed and therefore a long wavelength).
The reason why redshift appears to be linked to distance is that to observe distant galaxies they need to be very BRIGHT, i.e. very YOUNG.
As time passes, the atoms present in galactic clouds are pushed towards the outside of the galaxy by the "radiation pressure" emitted by the stars in the galaxy. They thus form a shell of matter that absorbs the photons coming from the stars of the galaxy (at a surface temperature of around 5700 °K) and re-emits them at a much lower temperature (around 2.75 °K)
This is the origin of the cosmic radiation we observe. This radiation comes from the shell of NORMAL matter that surrounds OUR galaxy, placed at such a distance that the temperature of the photons that hit it goes from 5700 °K to 2.75 °K.
In fact, the temperature map of the cosmic background radiation presents symmetries around the GALACTIC PLANE.
This shell is present in all older galaxies, while it is absent in young, newly formed galaxies.
It is responsible for the fact that for older galaxies the number of visible stars is much lower than that of stars actually present, number deduced from the deflection of light passing near the galaxy which provides its effective mass.
How are earthquakes in the world of quantum mechanics?
What causes an Earthquake?
When I put the above question into social media, the response on all the sites was the same: an earthquake occurs when the rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault line. The sudden release of energy causes the seismic wave that makes the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates rub against each other until one of the rocks or plates break, is when the earthquake occurs. This is the general answer for the cause of an earthquake.
My question is: what is it that caused these two rocks/plates to rub against each other in the first place? And what caused the rock underground to break at the fault line?
We really don’t know what caused it or for what reason an earthquake suddenly takes place. There is no straight forward answer for this question.
My theory of a Quantum Mechanics Universe has the answer for this phenomenon and can be described by Quantum Mechanics Unification Gravity.
My suggestion at this point is to read my Quantum Mechanic Gravity (QMG) to understand the concept.
Let me explain:
The Earth has four major layers: the inner core, the outer core, the mantle and the crust. The inner core of Earth consists of harder and heavier elements. As we travel to the surface, the heavy elements become lighter. The character of a heavier element is that it can take more heat than lighter elements.
The Earth is about 10 minutes in light years away from the Sun and the Sun is shining on the Earth 24/7. The character of the Sun’s energy wave or sun’s mass-less particles are traveling through the earth and nothing can stop it. Light is thermo-dynamic energy (thermodynamic is the relationship between heat and exertion).
Where does all this energy go and what is it used for?
Most of the energy is used or wasted over the surface of the Earth; but the energy wave that is shining perpendicular to the Earth has a better chance to travel into the Earth where eventually it meets at the center (inner core). The energy of the Sun is interchanged to quantum mechanics energy in heavier elements in the center of the solid hard core of the Earth.
NOTE: This is additional hard evidence that sunlight does not carry any mass. If the sunlight had mass, the inner core of the Earth would not be hot, because mass cannot travel through a harder mass.
The center of the Earth consists of heavy elements of the periodic table that first absorb this energy wave of heat from the Sun. Secondly, the surrounding core (outer core) is another heavy metal family that also absorbs this heat, until both, inner core and a part of the outer core become a melting pot of bubbling heavy elements, which then cause a new heavy metal of the inner ring of the outer core (close to the center of the Earth) to join this hot melting pot.
The quantum mechanics gravity causes the heavier elements to sink more into the center; meanwhile more sunlight energy is still being absorbed. It gets to a point that this boiling pot has limited space to expand and the heat generates a sudden expansion which creates a high pressure in the center of the Earth in both the inner and outer cores. The stress of this built up energy and pressure under the tectonic plates create the underground shaking and earthquakes as a result of the release of this heat and pressure. At first the heat and pressure is released through volcanoes but it also causes the plates to shift/break and create earthquakes.
We all know too well of the horrific results of an earthquake or a sudden volcanic eruption. Hundreds or in some occasions thousands of lives are sacrificed because of these two catastrophic events, but unfortunately the Earth is not aware of the loss of these lives, it is trying to prevent a greater global disaster.
Everything in the Universe that has conscience movement has intelligent life. That applies to everything from an atom up to the Earth itself and beyond.
Here, believe it or not, the Earth acts similarly to a human. As when we eat, our body is trying to save some of the energy for future needs, and the Earth is doing the same thing. It keeps this energy inside the inner core for two reasons, one it is part of its nature or growing to be completed, and keep the heat for a crucial moment that may arise.
This procedure of transferring heat to the center core is the natural behavior of any spherical atomic element in the space of the Universe, because in general the heat always transfers with outer chemical elements into the core of that planet. This course of action is the formation for the creation of a planet.
We learned from my paper on Gravity, how we walk on the Earth and how the Earth creates an electromagnetic force field in conjunction with a space wave. This friction of the Earth and space causes the Earth, after a long period of time, to lose its momentum in space of both its rotation and its revolution around the Sun by a very small fraction of its speed. To re-energize its momentum and movement to coordinate with the solar system and galaxy’s movement, it needs this energy from the Sun, inside at the center core, to generate its speed back to normal. The Earth is an intelligent planet and has been performing this procedure for billions of years. It wants to keep all its elements in good working order, especially with today’s demand of humankind which uses so many natural resources which change the distribution of the weight on Earth and pollutes the Earth in all sectors; here the Earth must create more of the heavier elements in the center to maintain this momentum.
The space of the Universe is very clear, but when there is wave and temperature that exist, friction also exists. We experience this phenomenon with all the satellites in orbit around the Earth. Sometimes, from the control room on Earth, for similar reasons, we must boost the satellite’s speed or get it back to its original speed. Otherwise they would lose their orbit and momentum and sometimes they fall back to the Earth. For the same reason, if the earth was going mechanically (the Big Bang theory) around the Sun, it would stop spinning after a period of time.
An earthquake is based on this same principle; when micro gravity is trying to pull heavier matter to the center it pushes the lighter elements up as we have observed with volcanoes. Probably, by knowing this phenomenon we should be able to predict the region of earthquakes better.
Here I should mention that the inner core of the Earth helps the Earth to keep the magnetic field of the North and South Poles in an orderly manner as well.
At the end of this segment, I should mention that the nature of the Earth is that it has had volcanic eruptions and earthquakes all its lifetime, for the natural release of this excess heat and also to support the vegetation life as well, by producing carbon-dioxide. In a sense, in layman’s terms, the Earth is breathing, by naturally absorbing the heat from the Sun and placing the heavier elements towards the center and pushing lighter elements to the surface of the Earth, through volcanoes and earthquakes.
Suad Mohammed Ali added a reply:
At the moment, there are several hypotheses in geophysics that explain especially dangerous processes of the earth's crust movements - sudden outbursts of rocks and gas from a rock mass from the point of view of classical physics. Despite the fact that various macroscopic systems can be accurately described using classical mechanics and electrodynamics, a real mechanism and a working model of this phenomenon cannot be built. Consequently, to develop a model of sudden outbursts of rocks and gas, it is necessary to apply new approaches and methods, different from the description of macroscopic systems. This article describes a quantum version of the process of the ejection of rocks from a rock mass. In particular, we described the mechanism of the Coulomb explosion that occurs in the rocks of the earth's crust with a sharp change in rock pressure and built a model of the sudden release of rocks and gases. In our opinion, the quantum processes described by us can be sources not only of sudden outbursts and rockslide but also sources of more formidable phenomena - earthquakes and volcanic explosions.
Hasan Altawil added a reply:
In quantum mechanics, earthquakes can be understood metaphorically in terms of fluctuations and disturbances at the quantum level, but they are not directly related to classical seismic events. Quantum fluctuations, for instance, involve temporary changes in energy in a point in space, somewhat analogous to how stress builds and is released in an earthquake. However, quantum mechanics primarily deals with phenomena at the subatomic scale, making the analogy only conceptual rather than literal.
Does "dark matter" make up large proportions of those galaxies?
Newtonian gravity behaves differently at very large scales of mass and distance, i.e., galaxy scales, in contra-indication to the assumption that massive quantities of invisible, or "dark matter" make up large proportions of those galaxies.
… Read more
- 717 kB27.pdf
Preston Guynn added a reply
Your discussion statement question is:
- "Does 'dark matter' make up large proportions of those galaxies? Newtonian gravity behaves differently at very large scales of mass and distance, i.e., galaxy scales, in contra-indication to the assumption that massive quantities of invisible, or 'dark matter' make up large proportions of those galaxies."
The phrase "Newtonian gravity" refers to a very specific equation relating mass and acceleration, so saying it behaves differently under some condition is not a correct usage of the phrase. Newtonian gravity is Newtonian gravity, and it gives incorrect results at scales greater than the solar system. There is a significant body of research on modified Newtonian gravity, and you can find it by searching on the phrase or "MOND".
Your question"Does dark matter make up large proportion of those galaxies?" is the question that numerous branches of research are investigating either experimentally or theoretically. First of course is the search for any experimental evidence of any matter that couples gravitationally but not via the electromagnetic field. No evidence of any such matter has been found. Second is that there is no such matter expected from current models such as the so called standard model of physics.
Even if there were some type of matter that couples gravitationally but not via electro-magnetic coupling, the number of non-conforming physical observations cannot be solved by such matter. The galaxies not only have a rotation that is unexplained by GR, but the galaxies interacting in clusters, and the clusters of galaxies interacting in superclusters could not simultaneously be described by such matter regardless of its distribution patterns. Additionally, gravitational lensing observed due to galaxies and clusters of galaxies could not be described by GR simply by applying such conjectured matter. The number of non-conforming observations cannot be solved by adding matter or energy, so general relativity should be abandoned as a dead end. Newtonian gravity does not apply, and no known modification of Newtonian gravity describes all the observed interactions. Modern physics will only progress when GR is abandoned and my research based on special relativity is adopted. See
Article The Physical Basis of the Fine Structure Constant in Relativ...
Article Thomas Precession is the Basis for the Structure of Matter and Space
For some insights on dark matter see :
Article Cold Dark Matter and Strong Gravitational Lensing: Concord o...
Abbas Kashani added a reply
Dear and respected Preston Gan
Researcher in Guynn Engineering
United States of America
You answered my question very well. Thank you very much for your excellent and technical explanations. You made me proud and I am happy for you because you are a great scientist. Thank you Abbas
Jouni Laine added a reply
According to my theory, the influence of quantum entanglement on spacetime curvature could provide an alternative explanation for the gravitational effects attributed to dark matter in galaxies. Traditional models suggest that large proportions of invisible “dark matter” are required to account for the observed gravitational behavior at galaxy scales. This is because, under Newtonian gravity, the visible mass of galaxies cannot account for the gravitational forces observed, leading to the hypothesis that there must be additional, unseen mass—dark matter.
However, my research proposes that quantum entanglement could be influencing spacetime curvature in a way that mimics the effects of this “missing” dark matter. If quantum entanglement can alter the curvature of spacetime, it might enhance the gravitational pull within galaxies without requiring massive quantities of unseen matter. This would mean that the observed discrepancies at galactic scales could be due to quantum entanglement effects rather than vast amounts of dark matter.
In this view, while dark matter has been the dominant explanation, it might be possible that the gravitational anomalies are instead the result of entanglement-induced modifications to spacetime. This theory could offer a new perspective on why Newtonian gravity appears to behave differently at large scales, suggesting that the need for dark matter could be reconsidered in light of quantum effects on gravity.
Abbas Kashani added a reply
Dear Johnny Line, greetings and respect
You answered my question very well. Thank you very much for your excellent and technical explanations. You made me proud and I am happy for you because you are a great scientist. Thank you Abbas
Does "dark matter" make up large proportions of those galaxies?
Newtonian gravity behaves differently at very large scales of mass and distance, i.e., galaxy scales, in contra-indication to the assumption that massive quantities of invisible, or "dark matter" make up large proportions of those galaxies.
… Read more
- 717 kB27.pdf
Preston Guynn added a reply
Your discussion statement question is:
- "Does 'dark matter' make up large proportions of those galaxies? Newtonian gravity behaves differently at very large scales of mass and distance, i.e., galaxy scales, in contra-indication to the assumption that massive quantities of invisible, or 'dark matter' make up large proportions of those galaxies."
The phrase "Newtonian gravity" refers to a very specific equation relating mass and acceleration, so saying it behaves differently under some condition is not a correct usage of the phrase. Newtonian gravity is Newtonian gravity, and it gives incorrect results at scales greater than the solar system. There is a significant body of research on modified Newtonian gravity, and you can find it by searching on the phrase or "MOND".
Your question"Does dark matter make up large proportion of those galaxies?" is the question that numerous branches of research are investigating either experimentally or theoretically. First of course is the search for any experimental evidence of any matter that couples gravitationally but not via the electromagnetic field. No evidence of any such matter has been found. Second is that there is no such matter expected from current models such as the so called standard model of physics.
Even if there were some type of matter that couples gravitationally but not via electro-magnetic coupling, the number of non-conforming physical observations cannot be solved by such matter. The galaxies not only have a rotation that is unexplained by GR, but the galaxies interacting in clusters, and the clusters of galaxies interacting in superclusters could not simultaneously be described by such matter regardless of its distribution patterns. Additionally, gravitational lensing observed due to galaxies and clusters of galaxies could not be described by GR simply by applying such conjectured matter. The number of non-conforming observations cannot be solved by adding matter or energy, so general relativity should be abandoned as a dead end. Newtonian gravity does not apply, and no known modification of Newtonian gravity describes all the observed interactions. Modern physics will only progress when GR is abandoned and my research based on special relativity is adopted. See
Article The Physical Basis of the Fine Structure Constant in Relativ...
Article Thomas Precession is the Basis for the Structure of Matter and Space
For some insights on dark matter see :
Article Cold Dark Matter and Strong Gravitational Lensing: Concord o...
Abbas Kashani added a reply
Dear and respected Preston Gan
Researcher in Guynn Engineering
United States of America
You answered my question very well. Thank you very much for your excellent and technical explanations. You made me proud and I am happy for you because you are a great scientist. Thank you Abbas
Jouni Laine added a reply
According to my theory, the influence of quantum entanglement on spacetime curvature could provide an alternative explanation for the gravitational effects attributed to dark matter in galaxies. Traditional models suggest that large proportions of invisible “dark matter” are required to account for the observed gravitational behavior at galaxy scales. This is because, under Newtonian gravity, the visible mass of galaxies cannot account for the gravitational forces observed, leading to the hypothesis that there must be additional, unseen mass—dark matter.
However, my research proposes that quantum entanglement could be influencing spacetime curvature in a way that mimics the effects of this “missing” dark matter. If quantum entanglement can alter the curvature of spacetime, it might enhance the gravitational pull within galaxies without requiring massive quantities of unseen matter. This would mean that the observed discrepancies at galactic scales could be due to quantum entanglement effects rather than vast amounts of dark matter.
In this view, while dark matter has been the dominant explanation, it might be possible that the gravitational anomalies are instead the result of entanglement-induced modifications to spacetime. This theory could offer a new perspective on why Newtonian gravity appears to behave differently at large scales, suggesting that the need for dark matter could be reconsidered in light of quantum effects on gravity.
Abbas Kashani added a reply
Dear Johnny Line, greetings and respect
You answered my question very well. Thank you very much for your excellent and technical explanations. You made me proud and I am happy for you because you are a great scientist. Thank you Abbas
Forrest Noble added a reply
18 hours ago
No ! Dark Matter, like Dark Energy, is simply a 'place holder' for an unknown source of energy which cannot presently be explained excepting via speculation and related hypotheses. If either or both do not exist, their replacement will do damage to, or also cause the replacement of mainstream cosmology, by far simpler but presently unrecognized alternative(s).
Does "dark matter" make up large proportions of those galaxies?
Newtonian gravity behaves differently at very large scales of mass and distance, i.e., galaxy scales, in contra-indication to the assumption that massive quantities of invisible, or "dark matter" make up large proportions of those galaxies.
Hello,
I would like to know how to calculate the mass of an elliptical galaxy. If someone could explain the commonly used methods and formulas, it would be greatly appreciated. Additionally, could anyone provide me with the masses of the following galaxies:
M87 (NGC 4486) , M86 (NGC 4406), M60 (NGC 4649), M49 (NGC 4472), NGC 1316, NGC1399 and NGC 4889?
Thank you in advance for your help.
Is there a galactic rotation anomaly? Is it possible to find out the speed and time of the galactic rotation anomaly?
Abstract: Orbital speeds of stars, far from centre of a galaxy, are found roughly constant, instead of reductions predicted by current gravitational theories (applied on galactic and cosmological scales). This is called the anomalous rotation of galaxies. This article intends to show that constant angular speeds of all macro bodies in a galaxy are natural phenomenon and there is no mystery about it.
Keywords: Galaxy, Stable galaxy, rotational anomaly.
A planetary system is a group of macro bodies, moving at certain linear speed in circular path around galactic centre. Central body of planetary system is by far the largest and controls mean linear speeds of all other members. Gravitational attractions between macro bodies of planetary system cause perturbations in their directions of motion, resulting in additional curvatures of their paths. When perturbed paths of smaller macro bodies are related to central body in assumed static state, we get apparent orbital paths of planetary bodies. They appear to revolve around static central body in elliptical/circular paths. Apparent orbital paths are unreal constructs about imaginary static state of central body. They are convenient to find relative positions of macro bodies in the system and to predict cyclic phenomena occurring annually. In reality, planetary bodies do not orbit around central body but they move in wavy paths about the central body. Central and planetary bodies move at a mean linear speed along their curved path around galactic centre.
Perturbations of orbital paths of macro bodies in planetary system are related directly to their matter-content and inverse square of distance from central body. Distance from central body has greater effect of magnitudes of perturbations. Hence, normally, paths of planetary bodies at greater distance from central body are perturbed by lesser magnitudes. Curvatures and thus angular speeds of their apparent orbits reduce as distance from central body increases. Since planetary system has no real spin motion, this is an imaginary phenomenon. However, many learned cosmologists seem to take spin motion of planetary system as real phenomenon and consider that members of all spinning group pf macro bodies should behave in similar manner, i.e. angular (spin) speed of members should reduce as their distance from centre of system increases.
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Stable galaxy consists of many macro bodies revolving around its centre. This group can be considered as a spinning fluid macro body, rotating at a constant angular speed. Gravitational collapse initiates spin motion of galactic cloud and maintains constant spin speed of outer parts of stable galaxy. Centre part of galaxy, which is usually hidden, may or may not be spinning. We can observe only visible stars and their angular speeds about galactic centre. Linear motions of macro bodies, caused by gravitational attractions towards other macro bodies in the system, have two components each. One component, due to additional linear work invested in association with it, produces macro body’s linear motion, in a direction slightly deflected away from centre of circular path. Other component, towards centre of its circular path, is caused by additional angular work invested in association with it. This component produces angular motion of macro body.
All matter-particles in a fluid macro body, spinning at constant speed, have constant angular speeds. Consider a matter-particle at O, in figure 1, moving in circular path AOB. XX is tangent to circular path at O. Instantaneous linear speed of matter-particle is represented by arrow OC, in magnitude and direction. It has two components; OD, along tangent XX and DC, perpendicular to tangent XX and away from centre of circular path. This component, DC, represents centrifugal action on matter- C particle due to its motion in circular path. In
📷order to maintain constant curvature of path, X D O X matter-particle has to have instantaneous A linear (centripetal) motion equal to CE E
toward centre of circular path. If magnitudes B Figure 1 and directions of instantaneous motions are as shown in figure 1, matter-particle maintains its motion along circular path AOB at constant angular speed.
Should the matter-particle increase its instantaneous linear speed for any reason, both components OD and DC would increase. Component OD tends to move matter-particle at greater linear speed along tangent XX. Outward component DC tends to move matter-particle away from centre of its circular path. The matter particle tends to increase radius of curvature of its path. This action is usually assigned to imaginary ‘centrifugal force’. In reality expansion of radius of curvature of path is caused by centrifugal component of linear motion. Reduction in centripetal action also produces similar results.
Should the matter-particle decrease its instantaneous linear speed for any reason, both components OD and DC would reduce. Component OD tends to move matter-particle at lesser linear speed along tangent XX. Reduction in outward component DC tends to move matter-particle towards centre of its circular path. The matter particle tends to reduce radius of curvature of its path. Reduction of radius of curvature of path is caused by reduction in centrifugal component of linear motion. Increase in centripetal action also produces similar results.
In other words, matter-particle regulates its distance from centre of its circular path so that its angular speed remains constant. This is the reason for action of centrifuges. As linear speeds of matterparticles increase, they move outwards, in an effort to maintain their angular speed constant.
Additional work, done for linear motion of a matter-particle and additional work, done for its angular motion are entirely separate and distinct. Additional work for linear motion of a matter-particle can produce only linear motion and additional work for angular motion can produce only angular motion. In the case, explained above, increased in linear speed of matter-particle is considered. That is, additional work invested in association with matter-particle is of linear nature. It can only increase its linear motion. As no additional work for angular motion is invested matter-particle cannot change its angular speed. Instead, matter-particle is compelled to move away from centre of its rotation, so that it can increase magnitude of linear motion while keeping magnitude of angular motion constant.
Similarly, increase in centripetal effort invests additional work required for angular motion of matterparticle. Matter-particle tends to increase magnitude of its angular motion. Curvature of its path
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increases by reducing its distance from centre of circular path. Matter-particle tends to move towards centre of circular path, so that it can increase its angular speed while keeping its linear speed constant.
Every macro body in a stable galaxy behaves in a manner similar to matter-particle, represented in figure 1. They tend to position themselves in the system, so that their linear and angular speeds match corresponding works associated with them. Macro bodies strive to maintain their angular speeds constant by keeping appropriate distance from centre of rotation. Macro bodies towards the central region may experience additional centripetal effort. They might increase their angular motion and move towards central point to merge with black hole present there. In due course of time, macro bodies on outer fringes move away from galaxy and destroy its stability.
In a galaxy, various macro bodies arrive at their relative position gradually by error and trial, during which their relative positions and linear and angular speeds are stabilized. Galaxy, as a whole, stabilizes only when constituent macro bodies have reached their steady relative positions and motions. In order to maintain stability, it is essential to maintain relative positions of all constituent macro bodies by having constant and equal angular speeds and linear speeds corresponding to their distances from galactic centre. Change in relative position or linear or angular speed of even one macro body is liable to destabilize the galaxy.
As and when superior 3D matter-particles at the fringe of galaxies attain linear speeds approaching speed of light, they break-down into primary 3D matter-particles and produce halo around equatorial region. Halos of neighbouring stable galaxies interact to prevent their translational movements and maintain steady state of universe.
Therefore constant angular speeds of constituent macro bodies of stable galaxies are their natural states. There are no mysteries or anomalies about them. This phenomenon is mystified by those who consider imaginary spin motions of planetary systems are real. Therefore, assumptions of dark matter, time dilation, modification of gravitational laws, etc and complicated mathematical exercises are irrational and unnecessary to prove non-existing rotation anomaly of galaxies.
Conclusion:
Galactic rotation anomaly is a non-existing phenomenon derived from imaginary spin motions of planetary systems about their central bodies in assumed static states. Constant angular speeds of stars in a galaxy confirm static state of galactic center (in space), rather than produce an anomaly.
Reference:
[1] Nainan K. Varghese, MATTER (Re-examined), http://www.matterdoc.info
Hello all,
I wanted to know, can I use galaxy (USA, Europe or Australia) platform for analyzing the shotgun data, and can it be used for publication purpose as well?
Thanks :)
AGN (Active Galactic Nuclei) are high energy galaxies powered by supermassive blackholes. The evolution of a galaxy is characterized by parameters such as luminosity and redshift. The redshift is a measure of how far away a celestial object such as a star is away from earth as a frame of reference.
"The structure and function of the kidneys is altered by space flight, with galactic radiation causing permanent damage that would jeopardise any mission to Mars, according to a new study led by researchers from UCL"
Will artificial intelligence help analyze images taken by space supertelescopes and help identify other life forms on distant exoplanets?
Will generative artificial intelligence technology help analyze images taken by space supertelescopes and identify other life forms on distant exoplanets millions of light years away located in other planetary systems, constellations, galaxies?
Space supertelescopes, including one of the most modern and powerful space telescopes, which is the James Webb supertelescope, take many images of galaxies, suns, nebulae, etc., millions of light years distant. In distant galaxies, of which there are millions if not more in the Universe, there are many constellations numbering in the billions, planetary systems that contain many exoplanets. Many of these billions of exoplanets orbiting other suns in other planetary systems are similar in many ways to our plaenta Earth. For many thousands or millions of these exoplanets, the similarity of chemical element composition, physico-chemical conditions, temperature levels, chemical composition of inorganic compounds, atmospheric processes, surface formation, possible presence of water or highly alternative chemical-physical structures, etc. with what is found on Earth may be so great that it is highly likely that life is or has been found on many of these exoplanets. Most likely, these are different life forms to those we know. The dissimilarity of these life forms is determined by different conditions of physical and chemical processes, different composition of chemical elements, different chemical compounds, different atmospheric processes, different temperature ranges, different calendar of rotation around other suns, etc. Perhaps on some of these exoplanets where other life forms arose other intelligent beings also arose. Perhaps on some of these exoplanets where evolved life created other intelligent beings are also present advanced civilizations created by said other intelligent beings. Humanity has been searching for many years for answers to questions about the possible existence of other forms of life, other intelligent beings, other civilizations on distant exoplanets.For years, space supertelescopes have been involved for this purpose, which successively over time as space exploration technology advances, take more and more perfect photographs of more and more distant celestial bodies, galaxies, constellations, planetary systems, exoplanets. This produces a huge amount of data contained in the thousands or millions of photographs taken in this way. It would take many years for a human to analyze such a large amount of data contained in these photographs. Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies, including Big Data Analytics and generative artificial intelligence, can help analyze these large data sets contained in the aforementioned many photographs.
I described the applications of Big Data technologies in sentiment analysis, business analytics and risk management in an article of my co-authorship:
APPLICATION OF DATA BASE SYSTEMS BIG DATA AND BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SOFTWARE IN INTEGRATED RISK MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATION
I described the key issues of opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology in my article below:
OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Will the technology of generative artificial intelligence help to analyze images taken by space supertelescopes and to identify other forms of life on exoplanets millions of light years away located in other planetary systems, constellations, galaxies?
Will artificial intelligence help analyze images taken by space supertelescopes and identify other life forms on distant exoplanets?
Will artificial intelligence help identify other life forms on distant exoplanets?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
Wondering if I should get an individual subscription to Article Galaxy, seems like a useful tool for accessing and organizing papers. Let me know your thoughts.
Today, I published an article about First Motion. It is based on the notion that all matter is always on the move; how there is no matter that exists at a standstill.
Then, viewing Einstein's GR, this motion is not incorporated in his work. As a result, we long for an ether, or a spacetime with properties of its own, to explain all motions of matter.
For instance, there needs to be more gravity to hold a galaxy together if we follow Einstein's GR. Yet with First Motion, all known gravity is indeed all we need.
Will you engage me in a discussion on this subject matter? Did Einstein miss out on the most important motion that matter is involved in?
Find attached the article I published today. Note that Einstein's mathematical framework is not in question. Rather, the First Motion turns that framework inside out (and remains correct therefore). All of a sudden, there is no need anymore for all that extra gravity to hold a galaxy together.
Thank you for your help in discussing this question.
Dear Friends, awesome finding. The 127th finding in my TOU (Theory of Universality) is that the electrons are space-waves just like gravitons. If we take the mass of the graviton as 2.89186 x 10^-38 kg, the speed of graviton as 4.586509 x 10^6 m/s, the surface speed of electron in hydrogen atom as 2.2 x 10^6 m/s and the surface speed of electron as SQRT(-25.963) x linear speed. Now, if consider the gravitons and the electrons in the space-time frame of Milky way Galaxy, and keeping in mind that the electron has 3 degrees of freedom of movement, the mass of electron works out to be 9.11941635 x 10^-31 kg; which agrees with the observed value of 9.1093837 x 10^-31 kg. To be published in next Annexure.
Pl join :
In "Remembering V.M. Slipher’s work at Lowell" (April 2020 - https://www.astronomy.com/science/remembering-v-m-sliphers-work-at-lowell/), Astronomy magazine's editor David J. Eicher writes that redshift indicates the velocity of recession, and also says USA astronomers Vesto Melvin (known as V. M.) Slipher and Edwin Hubble * discovered the expanding universe. My opinion is that the Editor is right to give V. M. Slipher credit for a major cosmic accomplishment but mistaken about the nature of that accomplishment. I also think Slipher and Hubble didn't discover the expanding universe because redshifted spectral lines don't indicate recession of astronomical bodies. Rather, Slipher found the first proof of Albert Einstein's General Relativity Theory - beating Arthur Eddington's 1919 eclipse measurements, and even beating the full General Relativity theory's 1915 publication by at least a year.
* Edwin Hubble (1889-1953), the astronomer credited with discovering cosmic expansion, remained doubtful about the expansion interpretation for his entire life. He believed “expanding models are a forced interpretation of the observational results.” (E. Hubble, “Effects of Red Shifts on the Distribution of Nebulae”, Ap. J., 84, 517 [1936]) According to astronomer Allan Sandage, "Hubble believed that his count data gave a more reasonable result concerning spatial curvature if the redshift correction was made assuming no recession. To the very end of his writings he maintained this position, favouring (or at the very least keeping open) the model where no true expansion exists, and therefore that the redshift "represents a hitherto unrecognized principle of nature." (Sandage, Allan, "Edwin Hubble 1889–1953", The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol. 83, No.6 [1989])
V. M. found evidence of Relativity's gravitational redshift, which was found by Einstein 8 years before his full theory. The term "gravitational redshift" refers to the shift of wavelength of a photon to longer wavelength (the red side in an optical spectrum) when electromagnetic waves radiate within a gravity field. Relativity says gravity results from the curvature of space-time. Therefore gravity is spacetime - and the more spacetime there is between Earth and a star or galaxy, the greater is the gravitational redshift. The redshift has nothing to do with velocity but increases with distance. We should not be surprised that light waves do not follow exactly the same Doppler effect as sound waves, since they have a different form. Light and other electromagnetic waves are transverse while sound waves are called compressional or longitudinal. Andromeda galaxy's apparent approach is related to Slipher's finding that "spiral nebulae" (as galaxies were called 110 years ago) are rotating. A large, close galaxy like M31 (Andromeda) would appear to be approaching us because it isn't far enough away to send us light that's significantly redshifted; but a huge number of its stars are currently approaching us as they orbit Andromeda's centre, and therefore sending us blueshifted light.
Light should be dispersion in the gravitational field:
Therefore, to have a right measurement of the numbers and spectrogram of the celestial objects and to have an accurate measurement of the size and distance of a celestial object, light dispersion in gravitational field need be considered.
For example, as one galaxy with multi-wavelengths was observed as several galaxies with one wavelength, it should result in that the numbers and spectrogram of the galaxy is wrong. Further, it should result in that the conclusion about the origin and the element making up of the galaxy is wrong.
And, the observed size and distance of the galaxy are not accurate.
Therefore, astronomical observation need be reconsidered as Light dispersion in gravitational field is known.
In your opinion, what is the essence of life in the context of the Universe, i.e. in the context of other life forms potentially occurring on many distant exoplanets relative to the known life occurring on planet Earth?
How do you think very different forms of life might exist on distant exoplanets relative to the life forms we know?
Given what we know and what we don't know about the cosmos, how different do you think life forms might be on distant exoplanets relative to the known life forms found on planet Earth?
Considering how different environmental, climatic, geological conditions, the composition of elements and inorganic and possibly also organic compounds, etc. on distant exoplanets may be under many or even all of the categories known to us, how different life forms may exist on these other planets located many millions of light years from our solar system?
According to some astrophysicists, what we do not know about the cosmos is estimated to be 96 per cent. Included in this is, for example, the essence of dark matter beyond the Universe as we know it and dark matter causing the expansion of the Universe as we know it. Life in its essence is defined in an ambiguous way. Depending on whether the definition refers only to life forms found on planet Earth or to possible other life forms that may exist on distant exoplanets, the definition of life is not necessarily the same.
Depending on what role the billions-of-years-long process of evolution of life forms on planet Earth has played in the development of life forms and the resolution of the question of the randomness of the emergence of life on different exoplanets or the intentionality of the evolutionary process aimed, for example, at the to the creation of more and more complex forms of life, forms of life increasingly adaptable to specific, changing environmental conditions of a specific exoplanet, increasingly better adapted to different environments, and to the possibly intentional or accidental bringing about of intelligent beings, including beings forming organised civilisations, changing the environment of the planet and aiming at space exploration, colonisation of other exoplanets similar to their home planet. These eventualities to be resolved that have not been resolved are many. Consequently, defining the essence of life in the context of possibly other extraterrestrial life forms on many exoplanets is not uniform. In the context of potential completely other, unknown forms of extraterrestrial life that probably occur on many distant exoplanets, life can be defined as a process of spontaneous, self-contained, independent, organised processing of matter based on energy acquired from the environment and forming, through this process, more complex structures of specific chemical compounds, elements of matter available on a specific planet and adapting to the more or less variable environment of the planet, etc. It is likely that many questions will be answered when the first evidence of the existence of other forms of extraterrestrial life occurring on many distant exoplanets emerges. There are already more than 5 500 confirmed existing exoplanets, and there is already fragmentary information about another 9 000, also suggesting their existence. This knowledge has been building up very rapidly over the past decade or so. On some of Jupiter's moons, there are deep water oceans many kilometres deep beneath the icy crust, in which specific but as yet unknown chemical compounds and perhaps certain other forms of life exist. For example, there are planets in our Solar System with largely different environments to planet Earth. For example, the atmosphere of Venus contains mainly sulphuric acid. But does this rule out the existence of some firm, less organised, procariot-type life forms. Not necessarily.
In view of the above, I address the following questions to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Given what we know and what we do not know about the cosmos, how much different environmental, climatic, geological conditions, composition of elements and inorganic and possibly also organic compounds etc. on distant exoplanets can be, how much different life forms can exist on these other planets located many millions of light years from our solar system?
Given what we know and what we don't know about the cosmos, how very different life forms might exist on distant exoplanets to the known life forms found on our planet Earth?
How do you think very different life forms might exist on distant exoplanets to the life forms we know?
What do you think is the essence of life in the context of the Universe, i.e. in the context of other life forms potentially occurring on many distant exoplanets in relation to the known life occurring on planet Earth?
In your opinion, what is the essence of life in the context of the millions of planet Earth-like exoplanets found in the Universe?
What is the essence of life in the context of the Universe?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this subject?
Please respond,
I invite you all to discuss,
Counting on your opinions, on getting to know your personal opinion, on an honest approach to the discussion of scientific issues and not the ready-made answers generated in ChatGPT, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
I have not used other sources or automatic text generation systems such as ChatGPT in writing this text.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The standard model of cosmology presents a rather dismal picture of the future of the universe with dark energy and accelerated expansion leading to a cold death with no stars. The results of the JWST will be able to show the spectrum of light from the distant galaxies and cosmologists confidently predict that there will only be hydrogen and helium. When the results show that these galaxies are much older than the universe we will have to look for a new model of the evolution of the universe.
The key to understanding the evolution of the universe is to recognise that it is finite with a space boundary. When we think we are looking back to the beginning of time we are really looking out towards the observation horizon. The first galaxy formed around 126 billion years ago and the number of galaxies increases by a factor of 20 every 14 billion years.
In this model of the evolution of the universe the Cosmic Microwave Background is coming from radiating matter held at the event horizon of the universe. This has the effect of ensuring that all the matter formed within the event horizon stays within the event horizon. The expansion rate of the universe is constant. Renewal comes from galaxy mergers and dark matter provides neutrons for star formation.
This is a much more optimistic view of the future of the universe which can continue in a stable state for the indefinite future.
Richard
Black Holes out of a galaxy: do they exist???
🔴➣➣The question is as follow.
Are there black holes (also binary or system of more than two elements) outside the confines of a galaxy{*}, in the spaces between one galaxy and another???
{*}Galaxy is not meant only the Milky Way but any type of galaxy.
In what way can be identified and/or measured these hypothetical extragalactic black holes???
🔴➢➢Il quesito è il seguente.
Esistono buchi neri (anche binari o sistemi a più di 2 unità) al di fuori dei confini di una galassia{*}, negli spazi tra una galassia e l'altra???
{*}Galassia non viene intesa la sola Via Lattea ma qualsiasi tipo di galassia.
in che modo possono essere individuati e/o misurati questi ipotetici buchi neri extragalattici???
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🟥➢➢Moreover there are other related topics in this multiple RG Open question:
Are the singularities of the universe correctly counted??
Is the mass of the singularities of the Universe correctly evaluated and evaluable??
What are major singularities (ex: black holes) made of??
Time**, in this Universe, does not flow constantly but is directly a function of the density of the Universe itself measured at the various evolutionary stages??
**When this Universe is very expanded (example ... > 10 billion years) then time would proceed much faster than when the Universe was much less expanded (example ... < 1 billion years). Does this mean that counting time with the current average density of the Universe would give a distorted estimate of the overall age of the Universe?? Could the first billion years of the universe have lasted billions of current years due to the very high density of the universe itself at that age??
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Previous POSTS:
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With the James Webb Telescope, will we learn the answer to age-old questions about the existence of extraterrestrial life forms, other life forms, intelligent other living beings, other civilisations operating on exoplanets billions of light years away, located in other planetary systems, in other constellations, other stellar constellations, located in other galaxies, galactic nebulae, etc.?
For centuries, man has been searching for an answer to the question of whether life originated and developed only on planet Earth, or whether it originated beyond Earth and came to Earth, e.g. whether life originated and developed only on planet Earth, whether it originated beyond Earth and came to Earth, e.g. in the form of simple microorganisms in the rocks of meteorites falling to Earth, whether it also developed in many other places in the Universe, whether life also developed, used to function and/or still functions, whether other forms of life developed, whether other intelligent life forms developed, whether these other intelligent life forms have created other civilisations on other exoplanets many millions of light years distant, located in other planetary systems, in other constellations, other star constellations, located in other galaxies, galactic nebulae, etc.? ? For several decades now, as man has been building ever more perfect space telescopes and listening for sounds from distant corners of the Universe, the possibilities of answering these questions have been gradually increasing. On the one hand, cosmologists, astronomers, researchers into astrophysics, the biosphere of the cosmos, etc., are trying to estimate the number of exoplanets which are at a similar distance from their suns as the planet Earth, have a sufficiently abundant amount of various elements and chemical compounds, and have the potential for the emergence of at least simple forms of life. On the other hand, it has still not been possible to hear a sound from space that would be evidence of the existence of another civilisation. It has still not been possible to photograph exoplanets millions of light years away in such a way, with sufficiently close-ups in the photographs, that traces of other life forms can be seen. But technological advances in the possibilities of space exploration and research are continuing relentlessly. Recently, the most advanced space telescope to date, called the James Webb telescope, was placed in Earth's orbit. The James Webb Telescope is currently the most perfect device ever created by man to photograph distant cosmic objects, distant galaxies, constellations, planetary systems and also exoplanets, millions and billions of light years away. This telescope is superior to the previously used Hubble Telescope for infrared observations. The James Webb Space Telescope was built between 2007 and 2021 a space telescope for observing and taking pictures of distant space objects mainly in the infrared. In a sense (observing the Cosmos only in the infrared range), the James Webb Space Telescope is intended to be the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. Overseen and largely funded by NASA, the project was developed in collaboration with ESA and the CSA. With the James Webb Telescope, it is possible to photograph and study exoplanets located in other planetary systems, in other constellations and to photograph distant galaxies up to 13 billion light years away from Earth. As a result, the James Webb Telescope is already being described as a kind of cosmic time machine, as it takes pictures of galaxies billions of light years away, the photographed image of which shows these galaxies as they looked those billions of years ago. The James Webb Space Telescope was placed into Earth's orbit at the end of 2021, and to date has photographed many cosmic objects that were previously virtually invisible to humans in any way. The date for the launch of this telescope has been postponed several times since 2007, because due to the global financial crisis of 2008 and other economic issues, there was not enough money to complete the project in the previous years before 2021. The cost of building the James Webb Space Telescope was estimated to be around USD 10 billion. In view of the above, the James Webb Space Telescope is the most powerful telescope ever built by man to be placed in Earth's orbit and the most perfect device for taking photographs of space objects billions of light years away. Perhaps, thanks to the James Webb telescope, man will finally get an answer to the above questions.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
With the James Webb Telescope, will we learn the answer to the age-old questions regarding the existence of extraterrestrial life forms, other life forms, intelligent other living beings, other civilizations operating on exoplanets billions of light years away, located in other planetary systems, in other constellations, other stellar constellations, located in other galaxies, galactic nebulae, etc.?
What do you think?
What is your opinion on this subject?
Please respond,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The Andromeda galaxy is approximately 2.5 million light years away and is approaching the Milky Way galaxy at around 110 km/s. We know that the motion of galaxies is affected in two ways. One is the expansion of space and the other is the acceleration due to gravity.
If we take the hypothesis that the Milky Way and Andromeda were relatively at rest at some time in the past we can envisage what would then happen. Initially the expansion of space would take the galaxies further apart. Then the gravitational attraction between the two galaxies would accelerate the galaxies towards each other so that eventually the velocity due to this acceleration would exceed the effect of the expansion pf space. The galaxies would then move towards each other. We know that they are now at a distance of 2.5 million light years travelling at 110 km/s so we can model their past history.
The problem is that the calculation shows that the galaxies started at rest 53.9 billion years ago.
This is fine in a model in which the first galaxy formed 126 billion years ago:
But it does present a problem if you think the universe is 13.8 billion years old.
The spreadsheet model tracking the motion of Andromeda is also useful because it illustrates the dynamics of the combined effect of the expansion of space and gravitational acceleration. This is helpful when explaining how spiral galaxies form from two spherical regions of gas and dark matter. This also solves the angular momentum problem first identified by Fred Hoyle which questions the cause of the rotation of spiral galaxies.
Richard
Aberration of starlight, was discovered and measured by Bradley at the end of '700.
Bradely detected a constant angle of tilting of the telescope 20", the tangent of it corresponds to v/c (he was aware of the estimation of the speed of light made by Romer) with v = 30km/s is the speed of Earth around Sun.
Aberration is due to a change of position of the observer in regard to light rays while they cross the telescope. Because the telescope moves a distance vh/c during the time it takes light to travel down the tube, the tube must be tilted in the direction of motion for the light to move along the optical axis of the tube.
An indirect measurement of Earth's speed rotation was found by Bradley.
Bessel in 1838 managed to implement the stellar parallax and needed to deal with aberration. He excluded that the motion of the stars could make any difference, due to their distance hence corroborating Bradely's explanation of the phenomenon.
In '800 when the Luminiferous Aether was in vogue, many including Stokes tried to provide an explanation with aether dragged but it was not found compatible.
Einsteins in 1905 provided an explanation of it with the Lorentz Transformations. The angle as v/c comes from a first approximation of the formula of aberration in SR, where v is the speed of the observer in the reference frame of the source.
This demonstration considers also the fact that since stars are quite far away so rays come parallell as if they come from infinite distance.
There is also an aberration due to rotation of Earth, but in this case it is quite small since the speed of rotation of earth is lower than .5 km/s on its surface hence the value of the aberration due to it is about 60 times smaller, depending also on the position on earth of the telescope.
Only in 1925 Hubble discovered that we are part of a galaxy and after that it was clear that the relative speed of earth and stars can reach 400 km/s.
So why stellar aberration should depend only on the speed of the earth around the Sun (and around itself) but is virtually independent of the speed of Sun in the galaxy?
The satisfactory answer given by some partecipants seems to be:
Bradley made a certain observation with a certain inclination of the telescope on Earth's orbit such that he would only spot close enough stars which are virtually in the same restframe as the solar system.
The other day i saw a picture of a galaxy inside galaxy. I can create a galaxy through a radar graph but couldn't in creating a galaxy inside galaxy. Is there any theory to support this phenomenon?
Construction and Destruction words are complex and conjugate quantities such as life and death , begining and end etc. Birth of a child and formation- of Universe and Destruction of a child and Universe concerned to Quantum and Quantization process.
My researches on the field of Cosmology have discussed very well such secret issues , especially a research paper " Quantum and Quantization (Theory of Everything") .
Spiral galaxies differs from other galaxies.Their formation and Destruction dynamics are different.But one thing is sure that this all concerned to Quant and Quantization process.
Here I am attaching my gew papers to solve such problems.
We know that the massive stars at the ends of their lives turn up to be black holes, and we know that in the center of each galaxy there's a massive or super massive black hole. Does this mean that we can say that the galaxy is a remnant of that star after it exploded?
Hello,
The NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database gives two velocities for each galaxy: The velocity (helio) and velocity (CMB).
I need just to know, if possible, the difference between these two velocities.
Thanks in advance.
Hello everyone!
If anyone working with galaxy cheminformatics server for virtual screening of compound library could help me out please let me know that:
I've screened a library of compounds through vina tool of galaxy by giving input files: protein.pdbqt, conf.txt and library.sdf (with valid chunk sizes). I opted output format .pdbqt instead of .sdf assuming to visualize the poses more efficiently. Like for sdf output, the results can be compiled as csv from galaxy, is there any way to do the same for pdbqt output format as well? Since I want all the ligands in a single tabular form to shortlist on the basis of binding energy/docking score.
please suggest some alternative.
Thank you in advance!
I am still an undergraduate and a newcomer to this field, so I very much appreciate any Professor answering my question.
Thank you,
I have a dataset (fastq files) of 15 fastq flies uploaded on Galaxy bioinformatics portal. I deleted them some time back to free some space. Now I want to retrieve these files. I can see these files as deleted, but not able to restore or download them. Is there any way to get these files back on my portal.
I am analyzing my small RNA seq data on Galaxy, I need to remove all rRNA reads from my data. I downloaded a rRNA reference genome for mice and tried mapping with Bowtie2, but it kept failing. Apparently my rRNA reference file had multiple duplicate names. Where can I get a rRNA reference genome from?
Have any of you used Galaxy (https://usegalaxy.org/) to analyze NGS RNAseq sequencing data to search for new splicing forms of RNA? I am looking for a pipeline for data analysis in Galaxy. Which programs are the best to use to find new splicing forms?
Question1 : I would like to know if possible the distance separating the elliptical galaxy M60 (NGC 4649) and some spiral galaxies belonging to its group such as: NGC 4019, NGC 4037, NGC 4049, NGC 4064, NGC 4116 and NGC 4123 ?
Question2 : Same question for galaxy M86 (NGC 4406) and members of its group: NGC 4435, NGC 4438, NGC 4458, NGC 4461, NGC 4473 and NGC 4477.
Question3 : Same question for galaxy M87 (NGC 4486) and members of its group: NGC 4206, NGC 4262, NGC 4298, NGC 4302, NGC 4307 and NGC 4313.
I thank you in advance for any information that can help me.
I want to perform RNA-Seq data analysis for DEG's, by taking RAW reads from the NCBI-SRA database, of DENV1, DENV2, DENV3, DENV4. I want to perform this analysis on a galaxy web server. I'm a bit confused about the datasets from SRA. My confusion is, in this accession no from GEO-database- GSE69602, there is a total of 116 data are present. and I took only Total cell lysate data. In total cell lysate, there are two biological replicates at each time interval, like 6hr, 12hr, 24hr, 48hr, 72hr, and the other one is mock. I performed one analysis by taking two biological replicates of 72 hr and two mocks. workflow is, FastQC-Trimmomatic-RNA-STAR, StringTie, DEseq2. I want to know that is the right way or I'm doing anything wrong & if I have to take all the data from the respective time intervals, what is the protocol to specify those data at DEseq2?
All datas are singel-end data,
if you need to see my galaxy history I can share it with you.
A big thank you in advance
Do you think that man will ever leave our solar system?
Please, answer, comments.
I invite you to the discussion.
Best wishes
Will as a result of the continuation of technological progress in the twenty-first century more perfect telescopes or other astronomical instruments that will allow to know what is on the surface of the nearest exoplanets, and above all the guilty star systems similar to the Earth exoplanets located in other planetary systems circulating around other suns?
Please reply
Best wishes
I have been investigating astronomical reference system inversion effects for an article on astrophysics. I need to find examples of "shrunk space".
This would manifest itself as an increase in star counts per unit volume of space. It should be found at the center of large galaxies like the Milky Way and M87. Inversion effects would be accompanied by intense radio and infrared emission.
Stars are normally separated by a few light years. I am looking for examples where the interstellar distances are much less than expected, and preferably in the central portions of large galaxies.
Can anyone help?
Supposedly Pioneer 10 will fly to the nearest Alfa Centauri constellation for about 10,000 years.
Will humanity manage to build a new generation of space ships that will be able to overcome such huge distances in the galaxy many times faster?
When could this happen?
Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.
Do you think that there is life beyond our Solar System?
Please, answer, comments.
I invite you to the discussion.
Best wishes
Why in spite of the many years of listening to radio waves emitted from various parts of the cosmos, did not there appear such, which would mean the possibility of existence in another cosmos of intelligent creatures?
For several dozen years, various astronomical programs have been running radio-frequency listening programs of various emission ranges to diagnose those that could be a testimony that somewhere in another constellation there is or has existed the civilization of other intelligent beings.
However, up to now, it has not been possible to diagnose such waves that could confirm the existence of other intelligent beings in the cosmos and thus other, developed forms of life.
Why has not it worked so far?
Why in spite of the many years of listening to radio waves emitted from various parts of the cosmos, did not there appear such, which would mean the possibility of existence in another cosmos of intelligent creatures?
Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.
"THIS IS AN ABSOLUTELY SCIENTIFIC QUESTION"
Planets considered habitable by researchers are located in a region relatively far from the star only so that water is in liquid form. However, it can't be too far away to freeze water. That's how we've been doing research to look for life and habitable planets.
However, could it be that this is not absolutely true?
Extremophiles here on Earth find ways to survive in unimaginable places.
Tell us your original opinion, without the "Google Genius" or other people's opinions, just be yourself!
There are several tools such SExtractor, GALFIT, ALADIN, SALSAJ etc., used by different researchers for the photometric analysis. Which tool do you recommand for the photometric analysis of the galaxy structures?
Does the Solar System move in a meaningful pattern?
I have use HISAT2 for alignment . Now i want to obtain contig sequence from from BAM file in galaxy server?
I have used Samtools View. That is giving me some sequence but I am not sure whether it is contig or not?
Just think of a photo sent by the Chandra x-ray telescope clicking a large galaxy
at a distance of 100 million light years and it be true ? aren't we seeing a virtual galaxy
whose light travelled 100 million years in past ? to reach us now
