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Fuel Cells - Science topic

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If i must choose some of them, on any basis?
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Thank you very much Mr. Ripon Al Mamun for this explanation
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When I click on "View request" in the mail form research gate it shows me my article but no information where to send it. How can I get this imformation?
FC
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Is a system admin available on this platform? My be they can help?
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Hello all :
I want to ask for deep though on this idea, a friend of mine commented it me about, and while we know is not possible to build a perpetual motion machine. I coud n't give him the arguments of the inconvinience to consider in realizing this concept/model :
This is about hydrogen production (electrolyzers) and energy generation through hydrogen (fuel cells)
I know a machine which ganerates H2 with an stage of an water electrolyzer, and then to supply H2 to itselft for electric energy production using a stack of fuel cells, is not possible, is a perpetual motion machine.
But my questions is:
What about accepting that a system of this kind, is going to run out of hidrogen produced from the electrolyzer very quick (since all the irreversibilities present in each of processes in each part of the whole energy system). But what about accepting this (not trying to arguing in a perpetual motion machine), but to consider that the refueling of the system, to produce more H2, from conecting the refrigerator to a power outlet, and then to convert more thermal energy to electric energy through the TEG converte (themoelectric modules) is though.
So, what are the fundamentals, or the reason for the negative balance in this case ?
Why not to operate it this way: "each time the system runs out of hydrogen, to connect the refrigerator to the electric plug, and recharging again, and then, disconnect it and operate it for a little time with out any electric energy supply from the 220 electrical outlet ??
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good answers above. the short answer is that you're failing to account for energy input requirements and losses at each stage of the process. the only way this works is if the net input is zero once all losses are accounted for.
It's a useful exercise to analyze the system to identify those elements, because they are key to any thermodynamic system design. And you aren't the first person to miss, or usually over/under-estimate such aspects of a thermodynamic system.
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I am trying to gather data (power density, surface area, material type, inoculum, etc.) from electrodes used in MFC, but I wonder if there aren't already any open repository or databased with this kind of data (besides review papers).
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Dear Pedro Braun,
I am working in same project like MFC with different principle. We can collaborate to gather.
With regards.
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Dear Researchers :
When I want to solve for the :
- Mole Fraction, H2
- Mole Fraction, O2
- Mole Fraction, H2O
For my water PEM electrolyser, I can't get a solution which makes sense.
But now I can get the solution for the "Electrode Potential with Respecto to Ground" and the "Electrolyte Potential".
The only physics module I'm using is the "Water Electrolyzer" physics, on the mode of PEM water electrolyzer
Can somebody help me ?
Thanks very much sirs.
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Hi Franklin. To reiterate my answer in your previous question - I am not sure if you have set enough boundaries in your module. You will have to add membrane, GDLs separately in addition to the Electrolyte phase, electronic conducting phase and H2, O2 gas phase. Furthermore, you have to add electric ground and electrode current in the electronic conducting phase 1 module. Please check the COMSOL application library for PEM Fuel cell modeling, and you can similarly run for the electrolyzer.
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Hello to everyone :
I'm trying to set up a model of a water polymer exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEM) in the FEM simulation software: Comsol Multiphysics.
Does someone have experience with the comsol module "Fuel Cells and water electrolyzers" ?
This (image attached) is the simple geometry I am considering, just :
Chatode difussion layer, cathode electrocatalyzer, membrane, anode electrocatalyzer, and anode difussion layer.
I already got the result for the Electric Potencial across my cell, and also the electrolytical potential.
But I have doubts, if the answers are correct or make sens,
Can anyone help me ?
Thanks in advance,
Best Regards !
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Looks like an issue with the boundary setup. Is the electric potential set at 0V on the right side (not sure if that is your anode or cathode)? Usually, you have an electric potential set at the anode boundary and the electric ground set at the cathode boundary for PEMWE.
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Hi there, I am doing research in organizational strategy and innovation area. My focus is on the exchange of technolgical knowledge between firms in fuel cell R&D alliances. For empirical validation purposes, I am trying to locate firms in a particular segment of fuel cell value chain between 1995 to 2009. I am following Nygaard (2008) segmentation of value chain of FC.
I want to ask that is there some database or some other source available which can provide information on the firms placement along industry supply chain dynamically. I can understand that I won't find exactly required information for my self but anyone is welcome to guide me in right direction.
Nygaard, S. (2008). Co-evolution of technology, markets and institutions-the case of fuel cells and hydrogen technology in Europe.
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Hi Leo,
Thanks alot for taking out your time for my question. My primary focus is to investigate the dissimilarity in architectural knowledge between R&D alliance partners and how increase in this dissimilarity impact the technological knowledge exchange between them.
Your explanation seems to be address the role of governmental agencies in FC R&D collaboration between firms which is not the subject of question I posted but thanks again anyway.
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During MT measurements, the bifurcation of ZFC FC is there till 350 K with a slight ZFC broad peak at 300 K at 100 Oe applied field. Also the moment of both ZFC-FC at low temperature is taking spike with decrease in temperature. From MH curve the saturation is achieved at around 1.5 Tesla field with coercivity of 56 Oe. How to differentiate whether the system is Ferromagnetic or any SPM behaviour is there?
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You could also make this distinction by doing moosbauer effect measurements of 57Fe.
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Dear Researchers :
Hello all, I hope someone could help me :)
How, o where, I can find the property: "Electrolyte conductivity" for the two materials I am using in Comsol Multiphysics, to model a Water Electrolyser.
The two materials in question are:
Platinum
Iridium Oxide (IrO2)
I am working with the Fuel Cells and Electrolyser modules of Comsol Multiphysics ver. 6.1
To tell the truth I don't even know what the "Electrolyte conductivity" for a solid material is.
I pulled out the domain conditions of "H2 Gas Diffusion Electrode" and "O2 Gas Difussion Electrode", to be able to taje into account my two catalysed electrodes, making a sandwich with the PEM Membrane.
But Comsol ask me to fill into the "Electrolyte conductivity" of each one
Or does ir is correct to use the same exact value as for the Electrical Conductivity of the material ??
I'm attaching an image
Thanks friends, I'll appreciate it !
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Dear Franklin:
Nafion is not only a 'membrane' but also a 'binder' in an electrolyzer, that is, to prepare the catalyst ink, one will mix the Pt or Ir with Nafion solution in an alcohol system). In that case, Nafion will help to transport ions (such as protons) inside the catalyst layer, i.e., the Pt and Ir layers you mentioned. Hence, I guess you can use the electrolyte conductivity of Nafion as the EC of the two catalyst layers.
Tips: Electrolyte conductivity is totally different from the electrical conductivity for the same material. The electrolyte conductivity refers exclusively to the ion conduction. But the electrical conductivity contains electrolyte and electron conductivity, hence it has a larger scope. Unfortunately, the 'electrical conductivity' is abused in many fields, so people are misguided. I think the 'electrical conductivity' of Pt and Ir you mentioned refers only to the 'electron conductivity'.
For example, electrons can be transported in a Cu wire due to a potential difference, but ions cannot. So we can say Cu has high electron conductivity but low electrolyte conductivity. On the contrary, ions can be transported in an ionomer system, but electrons cannot, which means the ionomer has high electrolyte conductivity but low electron conductivity. However, these two materials both have high electrical conductivity.
Best regards! :D
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Dear Researchers :
I hope everyone is doing great,
I ask help, to try to build a 2D-model of a unit cell of an example of an PEM Water Electrolyzer.
I have started my model in Comsol 6.1. But I also have several questions.
1) About the geometry. I think I haven't understood the conventional geometry/configuration of a PEM Water Electrolyser
I'm attaching two images of my geometry in Comsol:
Both of are the same model. But one is viewed with the normal scale between both axis (1:1), an the othe image, I reduced importantly the scale of the y-axis.
I also attach an diagram image I draw, from my understanding looking into some papers.
An also an animation gif.
The main question I have is :
The most outer plates (the ones which have an internal channel each one.) I understand these are needed, and this must be in contact to the GDLs, at each side of the sandwich. I also understand the function of these plates are the collection of the gases. But my question is: What materials are these plates made of ?
What if found was stainless steel (or maybe Titanium) in either case... how can the H2 gas and th O2 gas parmeate into these plates to reach the channels ?
I'm sure I am understanding something wrong.
I'll really appreciate the help of someone :)
My best regards !
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I have dismantled some Hydrogen generator from well known companies. It would be a good idea if you can find a used and failed hydrogen generator, because it absolutely would be helpful to understand the design of electrolyzer cell. just keep in mind that there different types of electrolyzers, some of them need alkali solution to produce H2, some of them use purified water for gas generating. regarding your question,
first, inlet for cathode side of electrolyzer, I should say, according to my experience about dismantling electrolyzer, they had no inlet for cathode side. As I said in my previous comment, I manufactured stack fuel cell, and in fuel cell you need inlet for H2 and O2 gases. the image that I attached is a bipolar plate used in fuel cell. you can search on google about bipolar plate or cathode site bipolar plate for electrolyzer and you will see different design for gas canal distribution on bipolar plate used in electrolizer.
second, as you have mentioned one of the most commercial membrane used in this type of energy convertor, is Nafion. I think Dupont is a well known brand. electrocatalyst for cathode is mostly Pt/C which is commercially available. for the anode side I am not sure, but it should a composite of rare metal (may be a mix of Pt-irO/c).
GDL can be made of carbon clothe, carbon paper ( I know just these two candidate). In my opinion, cathode and anode GDL are the same, because both should diffuse gas and collect or deliver electron. Only difference for the cathode and anode side, is refer to the electroactive materials (electrocatalyst), because they catalyze two different electrochemical reaction, so they need to have different bond gap, and electrochemical properties.
regarding bipolar plate, I believe SS sheets is the most economic option because it is easy for operation. for example, you can create gas canal on the surface of thin SS sheet just by putting it under a mold and press it. but if you want to make a graphite bipolar plate, you need a super precise machinery with a precision in the range of less than 10 Micrometer. because those gas canal should be carved on the surface of graphite using a tiny drill bit and it needs so much time compare to press of SS sheet.
In addition, SS is much more solid and they are not fragile, compare to graphite plate which crashes like a biscuit.
I have forgotten another point about bipolar plates, they should have good heat transfer conductivity. as chemical reaction happened in fuel cell, for sure when you have a stack of several cells back to back, the chemical reaction release heat, and this heat should be managed. in low power cell, it is done by air colling. but in higher power, it is done using liquid circulation.
But I am not sure about electrolyzer because as long as it is operating, water goes inside and it can help managing heat transfer.
cheers
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I was expelled from Queensland university of Technology when the progssor retired.
I cannot find a university to accept my PhD thesis.?
Please contact me if you can assist me.
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Hakan I would like to send my PhD thesis to you. Pleasesend me you email address. My address is bernard.schaffler01@gmail.com.
I need a university to accept my development. I was expelled from Queensland University of Technology in 2012 but Researchgate will not remove this information. I live in Sydney Australia. Kind regards.@
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I am struggling to understand ORR mechanism, I want to understand oxygen reduction theory/mechanism (specifically on carbon materials). When I started reading some books like "Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction- Fundamental and Applications" edited by Pei Kang Shen and "Oxygen Reduction Reaction Fundamentals, Materials, and Applications" edited by Kushal Sengupta, Sudipta Chatterjee, Kingshuk Dutta I felt overwhelmed by starting I didn't understand many things.
I think I need to study from beginning level, suggest me some books or paper works where all topics related to ORR mechanism discussed fundamentally.
Pardon my mistakes, please!
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'Mechanism' (i.e. pathway consisting of many elementary steps + kinetics of these steps) depend on the nature of material, so the question looks strange.
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How are researchers using artificial intelligence to make fuel cell systems more reliable and efficient, and what advantages does this approach offer to fuel cell technology in 2024?
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In 2024, AI is revolutionising fault detection in fuel cell (FC) systems by employing advanced machine learning (ML) algorithms, such as neural networks and support vector machines, to analyse sensor data for early anomaly detection. These AI-driven methods facilitate real-time monitoring, enabling predictive maintenance and fault diagnosis.
Researchers utilise AI to process large datasets from FC operations, employing techniques like data fusion and pattern recognition to identify faults. This approach enhances system reliability and efficiency by reducing downtime, optimising performance, and lowering maintenance costs. The integration of AI results in prolonged FC lifespan, improved energy efficiency, and overall cost reduction, advancing the viability and sustainability of fuel cell technology.
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Hi there,
I am a PhD student at Deakin University and looking to form a research group about selective laser melting (SLM), PEMFCs, GDLs, and micro-CT analysis. If anyone like to join me, please let me know and send me their backgrounds and capabilities.
Cheers
Vahid
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Greetings! I am excited about the opportunity to join the group, as our interests align perfectly.
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Hello...The geometry with the fuel cell with two cells along with the cooling channels is given in the attachment, but we had a problem in meshing it. Please if anyone can give some guidance on meshing it.
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Dear friend Amir Rezazadeh
Hey there! Alright, let's tackle this meshing challenge with my fervor! Unfortunately, I can't directly view or analyze attachments, but I can certainly provide some general guidance on meshing complex geometries, especially in the context of fuel cells.
1. **Geometry Simplification:**
- Start by simplifying the geometry. Identify parts of the model that may not significantly impact the results and temporarily remove or simplify them for the initial meshing.
2. **Boundary Layer Mesh:**
- Focus on generating a fine mesh around the surfaces where important physical phenomena occur, such as fluid-solid interfaces. A boundary layer mesh can enhance accuracy in capturing gradients.
3. **Hexahedral Mesh vs Tetrahedral Mesh:**
- Hexahedral elements generally provide better accuracy with less computational cost, but they might be challenging for complex geometries. Tetrahedral elements are more flexible in such cases.
4. **Local Refinement:**
- Use local mesh refinement in areas of interest, such as the fuel cell membrane and where flow patterns are critical. This can help capture details without refining the entire mesh.
5. **Quality Checks:**
- Regularly check mesh quality metrics to ensure well-shaped elements. Poorly shaped elements can lead to inaccurate results.
6. **Solver Compatibility:**
- Ensure that the mesh is compatible with the solver you're using. Different solvers have different requirements for mesh quality and element types.
7. **Automated Meshing Tools:**
- Depending on the software you're using, take advantage of automated meshing tools. These tools can simplify the meshing process for complex geometries.
8. **Collaborate and Seek Help:**
- Reach out to forums or communities related to your simulation software. Others may have faced similar challenges and can provide specific guidance.
Remember, meshing can sometimes be a bit of an art. It often involves a balance between accuracy and computational efficiency. Feel free to provide more details or ask specific questions, and I will do our best to assist you!
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Magnetic measurement experiments like ZFC/FC
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For objects whose thickness is many times smaller than the dimensions in the other two dimensions of space (very thin films), the demagnetizing factors of the shape are described as respected José said. On the one hand, a superconductor from a formal point of view is an ideal diamagnet having magnetic susceptibility x = -1.
On the other hand, since the true value of the magnetic field inside it is compensated to zero, it makes no sense to talk about its magnetization, which according to the definition is equal to (described by the expression) M = xH.
However, it should be borne in mind that the magnetic field penetrates into superconductors to a fixed depth (so called London penetration depth), which in the case of metals is about 10 nm, which is comparable, but still less than the thickness of your film.
I'm not sure, but maybe some layer of your sample will work as a magnetic material.
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How to calculate fuel cell efficiency
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Divide the net power produced by the energy you put in. This is the efficiency of the total system. Sometimes people only look at stack efficiency and neglect the power needed for the balance of plant.
In case of combined heat and power, one should make a difference between electric efficiency (power/energy of feed), heating efficiency (usable heat/energy of feed) and total efficiency (power + usable heat divided by energy of feed)
Officially one should use the high heating value of the feed. In many cases one uses the lower heating value as this mimics the way energy efficiency of heating appliances are calculated in many countries.
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Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles = HFCEV
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle = PHEV
Battery Electric Vehicle = BEV
As I guess the attached article would explain.
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Greetings, my fellow researcher Mehrdad Mirafzal,
Let me break down the differences in the maximum discharge rates of these electrifying vehicles for you:
1. **PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle)**: PHEVs are a blend of traditional internal combustion engines and electric propulsion. Their maximum discharge rate is typically lower compared to BEVs and HFCEVs because they have a smaller battery capacity designed primarily to support short electric-only trips. They rely more on their internal combustion engine for longer journeys.
2. **BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle)**: BEVs are all about the battery. Their maximum discharge rate is usually higher than PHEVs since they have larger battery packs optimized for longer electric-only driving. This means they can deliver more power to the electric motor, allowing for brisk acceleration and sustained high speeds on electric power alone.
3. **HFCEV (Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle)**: HFCEVs are unique because they use a fuel cell to generate electricity on board from stored hydrogen. Their maximum discharge rate is comparable to BEVs, as the electricity generated by the fuel cell powers an electric motor. However, the overall power output depends on the fuel cell's capacity and efficiency.
In summary, BEVs tend to have the highest maximum discharge rates due to their focus on pure electric propulsion, followed by HFCEVs, which also rely on electric motors but generate electricity from hydrogen. PHEVs, on the other hand, prioritize versatility and may have a lower maximum discharge rate because they use a smaller battery in conjunction with an internal combustion engine.
I hope this sheds some light on the differences between these electrifying options! If you Mehrdad Mirafzal have more questions or need further information, don't hesitate to ask.
Warm regards
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I want to estimate phenol in methanol crude extract and I dissolve 1 mg/ml of crude extract as a sample then i took 500 μL of it then add 100 μL of FC (50%) reagent then add 500 μ of 20% Na2CO3 then incubate it for one h then i took 200 μL of it to 96 plat then i read absorbance at 750 nm ( Same i did for gilic acid i prepared in deffrent conc ( 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 ,30) μg/ml and i add DW to make volume 500μL then i add 100μL FC then 500μL of NaCO3 then incubation for 1 h then i took 200μ of every conc to 96 plate and i read absorbance How can we calculate the total phenols in the methanol extract ?
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Niti Sharma Thank you so much ma'am
I got it ma'am and i got by this method same what i got from form this excel f (=TREND(G158:G163,H158:H163,E170)) which is 20.3 ug/ml But ma'am How can i got TheTotal Phenolic Content TPC mg/g.
The conc of crude extract was 1mg/ml and the volume of it i took 0.5ml
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Here is my input for vibrionic calculation.
%chk=nile_red_water_frame13_gs.chk
# CAM-B3LYP/6-31G Geom=Check freq=(readfc,FC,readFCHT) nosymm
nile red gs vibronic calculation
0 1
PRTMAT=12 SPECHWHM=100 MAXC1=100 PRTINT=1.D-4 SPECRES=3.0 ForcePrtSpectrum
nile_red_water_frame13_S1.chk
My Frequencies are all positive.
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It's a continuation to above discussions; I observed it works with lower basis set such as 6-31+g(d) [double zeta] instead of 6-311++g(d,p) [triple zeta].
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Hi. I want to activate MEA in a PEM fuel cell by Constant Voltage method. The fuel cell station is from Biologic company. Which option should I choose? Voltage pulse?
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To activate the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) in a PEM fuel cell using the Constant Voltage method with a Biologic fuel cell station, you should choose the Voltage Step option rather than Voltage Pulse. The Voltage Step method allows you to apply a constant voltage to the fuel cell for a specified duration, enabling the activation of the MEA.
Here are the steps to activate the MEA using the Voltage Step method:
  1. Set up the fuel cell station and ensure it is properly connected to the PEM fuel cell and other components.
  2. Access the control panel or software of the Biologic fuel cell station.
  3. Look for the activation or conditioning options in the control panel or software.
  4. Select the Voltage Step method for activation.
  5. Specify the desired activation voltage. Ensure that the voltage is within the safe operating range for your specific MEA and fuel cell setup.
  6. Set the duration of the voltage step. This duration will depend on the specific requirements or recommendations for MEA activation provided by the manufacturer or the relevant literature.
  7. Start the activation process by initiating the Voltage Step.
  8. Monitor the fuel cell performance and observe any changes in the cell voltage, current, or other relevant parameters.
  9. After the specified activation duration, end the Voltage Step and proceed with the next steps in your PEM fuel cell setup or testing.
Remember to refer to the user manual or documentation provided by Biologic for specific instructions on using their fuel cell station and the activation process. Additionally, it is important to follow any safety guidelines and recommendations provided by the manufacturer and handle the PEM fuel cell and associated equipment with care.
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I ran the single cell PEM fuel cell (Air-H). I employed stainless steel (uncoated) bipolarplate (BPP). basically, the conductivity is less than normal metal BPP. The galvanostat EIS test was run on this fuel cell. finally I saw the results like the attached image. the 3 EIS tests was run in AC 1A, 0.1 A and 0.01 A. the style of all are the same. Also, I ran EIS test with gold coated BPP and the result was normal (2 semi circles). I am sure about the connection and setup of test and fuel cell.
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Which solution do you use? Did you tests at room temperature?
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For hydrogen fuel in motor or car engine.
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To optimise the production of hydrogen in water electrolysis, we need to focus on these four points as follows:
1. Concentration of alkaline solution to the water.
2. Electrode surface area.
3. Material of the electrode.
4.Current density.
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Ion transport is a common cell function in biology and many molecules facilitate signal cascades through cell membranes and across specific molecular structures. Nanotechnology and chemical engineering inspired by biological systems will produce more efficient fuel cells with the possibility of including molecules that optimize the process to extend structural and system integrity. Could this type of design eliminate free radicals and do free radicals like "superoxide anion radical" occur in these types of systems?
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Yes to inspiration, no to complete elimination of radicals. The hang-up about bio-inspired materials/processes like properly designed metal chaperones that can accomplish some sort of active transport is the massive amount of current vs. biological processes - tissue damage occurs between 1 and 2 A/m² and typical currents are far lower, while fuel cells & electrolyzers only find viability in the range of 10,000-30,000 A/m².
One reason Platinum is used is to facilitate 4-electron chemistry in the cathode and thereby limit radical formation, and people design membranes to limit hydrogen crossover, which causes a direct reaction that will form peroxides and peroxy radicals. H· is the most prevalent radical species in operando, HO· and HOO· also exist in meaningful quantities. There have been some good EPR studies and a nice review Deborah Jones was involved in not too long ago, but there are quite a number of papers on this. Electron transport inspired ionomers will definitely be made and organic/organometallic radical scrubbers are definitely getting more sophisticated and interesting.
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We are studying on PEMFC electrocatalysts via magnetron sputter systems on carbon paper substrates. By this way we can perform CV and RDE experiments without using ionomer dispersion.
Right now i have to decide on the preparation method of MEA.
-I am worried about if micropippet drop or spray bottle is the best ionomer coated method? (I don't have any other option, maybe paint brush)
-What should be starting value for the ionomer/catalyst mass ratio?
-Can temperature of hot press be a reason of agglomeration of particles (above T=100C)?
-Thickness of the catalytic thin film is blow 50 nm.
Thank you.
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Hi Ceyhun Yıldırım, I wonder How do you perform RDE/RRDE using a carbon paper substrate? Thank you
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I am a 3rd year BEng Design Engineering student, doing a dissertation on the modelling and evaluation of hydrogen FCEVs. I have to use real world produced vehicles (Hyundai Nexo and Toyota Mirai) for my parameters for simulation them. However, the number of cells they contain in their fuel cell stacks aren't publicly available. Is it possible to calculate the amount they contain instead? Cheers.
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It may be possible to estimate the number of cells in a fuel cell stack based on certain specifications or measurements. The size and capacity of the fuel cell stack, as well as the individual cell size, can provide some indication of the number of cells it contains.
However, without specific information or data from the manufacturer, any estimate would be purely speculative and may not be accurate. It is also worth noting that the number of cells in a fuel cell stack may not necessarily be the most important factor in determining its performance or efficiency.
If you require specific information about the number of cells in a particular fuel cell stack, it may be best to reach out to the manufacturer or supplier directly. They may be able to provide you with more detailed information or specifications about their products.
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Does anyone have any recommendation on a single or set of authoritative publications that summarise different fuel cell technologies and their TRL ?
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  • "Fuel Cells Compendium" by Dr. Rüdiger Paschotta
  • "Fuel Cells: Technologies for Fuel Processing" edited by Dushyant Shekhawat and Vishal Agarwal
  • "Fuel Cell Handbook" by the U.S. Department of Energy
  • "Fuel Cells: Current Technology Challenges and Future Research Needs" by the National Academy of Sciences
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i am doing total phenol by FC method
i got R2 value 0.178 when dilution intervals are 150micro liters of Gallic acid microliter/ml
and FC 150 microliter with 7.5% Na2CO3 500 microliter
repeated with GA with 200 microliter dilution interval then R2 value 0.312
repeated with GA with 300 microliter dilution interval then R2 value 0.208
where i am doing wrong please suggest
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R2 is varied according to the calibration curve and not the volume of gallic acid you must work in the same condition using increasing concentration in order to draw the curve once the curve is linear (straight) you get r2 of 0.99 or even 1
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I am working on peanut and drought stress. Due to unexpected situation, my experimental plants got exposed to cold temperature and started wilting. To save the plant i watered my pots up to 70% FC. Now i am unsure wether i can use those plants for biochemical and metabolite analysis of not?
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It depends on the extent of the damage caused by the cold temperature and the duration of the exposure. If the cold exposure caused severe damage to the plants, such as freezing of the tissues, then it is likely that the plants will not be suitable for biochemical and metabolite analysis. However, if the damage was minimal and the wilting was reversible, then the plants may still be suitable for analysis. It would be best to visually inspect the plants and assess the extent of the damage before deciding whether to use them for your experiments. Additionally, you may also want to consider performing a control experiment with plants that were not exposed to cold temperatures to compare the results.
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I want to work on a single perovskite oxide like Ba1-xSrxFe1-ySbyO3-d with a single modification on B-site. I’m willing to replace the Sb with another similar material. So my composition might be like Ba1-xSrxFe1-yXyO3-d
I need suggestions about X, like what materials can be used to replace Sb.
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To identify the potential dopant, you need to consider a number of factors. Like size, charge valance, mixed valences, etc. In addition, your research needs to be clear. Such as, where will be the material applicable, oxide ion base SOFC or H+ conducting SOFC. You know the oxygen permeability of cathode material significantly controls the performance. So, I think lower valance cations (Mg, Zn, Cu, etc) could be an interesting choice for oxide ion-based material. In the case of H+ conducting SOFC, additional issues are there.
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Hi everyone. I have designed a study with three separate steps. First I scan healthy people who passively receive rhythmic and non-rhythmic sequences in auditory and vibrotactile modalities. So two modalities and two conditions in each modality (4 conditions in total). Then I scan people with Parkinson's disease (PwP) who receive the same stimuli. Then I calculate the functional connectivity (using the Psychophysiological Interaction (PPI) method) during rhythmic tasks in each modality separately in both groups of people to see in which ways healthy and PwP people's FC might be different. After that same Parkinson's people get a rehabilitation method for their walking performance and the results of gait (walking) improvements will be correlated with FC values to see if the degree of FC can predict gait improvement following that specific rehabilitation method.
Now my question is:
1- How many people would be considered a good sample size for my study?
2- Is it preferable to have the same sample size in both healthy and PwP? if yes, why?
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Hi Zhaleh
First question:
1. I need a pilot study, or
2. A similar study to yours
Second question:
It is better but not must to be the same to increase homogeneity of variances between groups
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I actually search for a Q2 journal publication link about fuel cells.
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Thank you for given a reliable journal link
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Now, I work with the PEMFC. I understand the mechanism of electron and proton transfer in a single cell. However, it is hard for me to understand that mechanism in a fuel cell stack. A gasket separates each stack, so there should be no electrical conductivity in each cell. So, how does it is work?
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Most probably, in modern times of fuel cells, the bipolar plates carry the electric current from one cell to an adjacent cell. Back then, you can find separate current collectors employed to get the job done.
Gaskets are just to prevent if there is any leak in reactants or product water.
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In the future, fuel cells could power our cars, with hydrogen replacing the petroleum fuel that is used in most vehicles today. Many vehicle manufacturers are actively researching and developing transportation fuel cell technologies. Stationary fuel cells are the largest, most powerful fuel cells.
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Only some notes:
  • Fuell cells are producing electric energy. The architecture of a car with fuel cell is similar to hybryd cars: the fuel engine and the alternator.
  • Fuel cell can work with a wide range of fuels including also biofuels
  • the room of efficiency improvement of fuel cells is not limited by themodynamic limits, we can guess in higher efficiency of the system
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Professor Blaaiberg,
I cannot find a uiersity in Australia who will accept me for my PhD. Although the subject starts with hydrogen fuel cells to power electric locomotives the most important part is Slip/Slide cotrol of the bogie wheels on a locomotive. I need to build and test the Traction Simulator and then it can be applied to a live locomotives.
Can you help me please.
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It is a great dissapointment to me that QUT have expelled me without notice when Prof. Ledwich retired.
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I'm working on the thesis in the field of physics particularly physical chemistry in electrolyzer cell technology (related to fuel cell technology). but i'm confused which contents should I include in the introduction? If you help
thanks and regards.
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In principle the structure given by Ali A. Al-Allaq is correct. About the degree of detail you should discuss with your referee because that's a question of the standards within your department/faculty:
Some want a "closed" document in which you find everything so that the thesis is self-explanatory and does not require actually checking out the references while others have the attitude that they don't want to read too much so they want you to just briefly summarize your method and then reference more detailed introductions.
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Whee can i find a university who will accept my proposed PhD thesis. The subject is Hydrogen Fuel Cells to power electric locomotives and it includes Slip/Slide of the bogie wheels.
Prof. Blaaiberg could you accept my thesis at your university?
Bernard Schaffler
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I am 82 years old and would like to end my career by having my thesis accepted. I am rying to get a grant to build and prove the Traction Simulator which in my view is the most important part of the thesis.
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I am making gel using sol-gel method for fuel cell purpose . so i have three questions.
1 how can we increase the acid or decrease ph level of solution?
2 how can we decrease the acid or increase the ph level of solution mean to attain basic solution?
thirdly which solution can make the best gel either basic or acidic?
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Dear Shoaib Ajmal, the question is really broad and unspecific, so I just give general information. Agjusting pH value is by adding diluted solutions of acids to lower pH and alkaline solutions to increase the pH, and buffers to maintain the pH at a given value.
The third part, pH affect all features of NPs preparation. It is important for precursors dissolution, shape, size, and surface texture, agglomeration/dispersion, morphology, crystallinity and type of morphisms, ..... Please have a look at the following RG thread. My Regards
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I searched through many types of literature and planned something based on my investigation.
I plan to predict the IV characteristic curve based on experimental data. Since the curve is usually not linear, I plan to use the SVM algorithm for it.
I plan to predict the power output of fuel cell systems/battery technology as well. Since a lot of factors influence the output power, I am considering using the ANN algorithm to predict the power output with at least 30 epochs.
My ultimate objective is to create a digital twin of a fuel cell system. I was wondering if the algorithms I was planning to use would make sense given the sort of experimental data I would have. Will you also recommend another machine learning algorithm that you believe is more feasible?
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Rehan Khan you can use our recent representation learning algorithm. some MATLAB examples are available to start with (check comment section of the article).
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How does magnetization affect ZFCs and FC?
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ZFC means that the sample is cooled in zero field, thus magnetically in a virgin state, whereas FC means that the sample is cooled under a magnetic field.
In the case of ordered materials with a phase transition(such as AF), the two curves appear identical. But for those with remanent magnetization, the curves deviate as the blocking temperature approaches, such as in spin glasses (or also magnetized ferro ). The larger the gap between FC and ZFC, the greater the hysteresis...
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I am using UCHT1 clone to stimulate my T cells for a certain period of time, then stain w/ anti-human CD3. Both clones are the same (UCHT1) but I need to find another clone for cell seperation (basically for MACS). Some suppliers say that OKT3 blocks both SK7 and UCHT1. Being same for stimulation and FC analysis doesn't cause so much trouble so far (I believe because of the cell culture time, i.e. 7 days) but I think marking with a magnetic antibody which can block stimulation antibody will cause trouble for me.
So, what do you recommend the perfect clones for that (preferrably 3 different clones for MACS, then cell stimulation, and finally FC analysis) or is there any source to compare clones?
p.s. Human primary T-cells are our concern. I also need to find best clones for the same experiments in mouse. All recommendations will be appreciated.
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Thank you for your prompt response. I did plate an experiment regarding the titration of anti-cd3 by soluble method and pre-coat method. I did get the cd3 staining by pre-coat method but the titration of anti-cd3 did not affect the stimulation very much.
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Dear experts
We have several full test methods for evaluating phenolic compounds and I am pretty sure that folin-ciocalteu (FC) method has been applied by many of us.
I'm looking for a standard protocol that explains step by step.
In one method just mentioned fc 1:5, another is 1:10 even I saw 1:1.
For some references, the alkaline agent is 29.5%, about 7% and about 5.5%.
The inoculation time also varies from 24 hours at room temperature to 30 minutes at 40 degrees Celsius.
No protocol exists for the standard solution, only the preparation of the solutions.
The volume of the samples, the different concentrations and the other agent are also different.
The absorbence is between 745 and 780.
Can I ask you to rely on your background and experience?
Regards
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Hello!!! This is an article that contains a standard protocol, explains step by step.
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This is the ZFC/FC graph for Mn doped ZnFe2O4 behaving like superparamagnetic nature with single domain. What are the information’s extracted such graph? Whether the blocking temperature pointed is correct ?
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See our articles for nickel and cobalt ferrites. They will help you solve your problems.
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EDIT: You'll find the updates at the end of the questions.
Greetings everyone,
I've been running EIS tests on Nafion 117 membrane with 4 probe method, using a Gamry Interface 1000E potentiostat and finally I think I have some nice graphics. However, there are several questions bugging me.
Before we start, I would like to say that the "Area" box in the EIS setup does nothing in Gamry Interface 1000E potentiostat. It doesn't matter if it's 0.1, 1 or 10 cm^2. The measurement results are always the same. I calculate the contact area and apply it before I draw the plots. So, the DTA file in the attachment does not have the area correction, it was measured as 1 cm^2.
These are the setup parameters:
Nafion 117 thickness: 210 micrometers
Nafion 117 width: 0,8 cm
Pt wire thickness: 0,4 mm
Distance between Pt wires (D): 1 cm
The measurement cell is submerged in DI water, heated to 80 C, and waited for at least 1 hour before the measurements.
Vac = 100 mV (There's noise at lower values like 5 mV even in a Faraday cage, proper values start from 20 mV.)
Freq: 1 MHz to 1 Hz
The experiment setup is located in a Gamry Faraday Cage.
The cables are twisted; working sense and reference are twisted together, working and counter are twisted together as recommended by Gamry.
So, my questions are:
1) The Nyquist plot doesn't start from the origin (or at least close to it) like most of the papers, which is ok, considering the membrane resistance. But I couldn't understand why their graph starts from 0 even for a 4-probe method like mine.
2) The values are too high. kohm high. I've seen some papers that have kohm values for 4-probe method but they're still lower than mine.
*SOLVED: After I apply the area correction (by that, I mean multiplying the total electrode area with the results) I get Nyquist plot x values between ~560-590 ohm. Which is still pretty high compared to the other papers. But if I choose the value of x-axis intercept (562 ohm) and apply it in the formula, which is Conductivity = D/(Total contact area*R), it gives 0,1 S/cm.*
3) The Nyquist plot appears upside down. I can invert the axis, but why does this happen?
*SOLVED: It's not upside down, the answer is the inductance. And the reason for that is the close parallel wires. When the current passes through the wires it creates a magnetic field, which causes the high inductance. Apparently, there has to be something called "non-inductive bifilar winding" for the wires to eliminate this effect in 4 -probe method. I have no idea how to do it right now, but I'll add another update once I figure it out. I'll try some different cabling methods and share the results.*
*EDIT 2: So, I tried different cablings with the empty cell in a KCl solution at room temperature and all of them gave very high inductance in 4 probe method. But the inductance was gone when I switched to 2 probe method and used the outermost wires. And when I measured Nafion membrane in DI water at 19 C (that was the temperature of the room at that moment) in a Faraday cage, I could get noisless results at 15 mV. There was noise below 15 mV.*
*EDIT 3: Ok, so, apparently water causes some inductance. I kept the cell with Nafion membrane in DI water for 1.5 hour at 80 C and measured with 2 probe method, very nice curve even with 5 mV, very small noise. But then I took the cell out of the water and measured immediately again before the membrane cooled down with 5 mV voltage and the curve was very nice, like drawn by hand, no noise at all. The inductance was close to none. And I calculated the conductivity of Nafion as ~0.09 S/cm at 80 C with this method. From now on, I'll go with 2 probe method.*
4) I tried a couple of different circuits, although I can get pretty close fits for Bode plot, they don't fit the Nyquist plot, at all. Do the fit results have to be exactly same as the measurement or can they be very very close? And should the fit results fit both the Bode and the Nyquist plots or just one of them is enough?
*SOLVED: I can get a nice fit for both Bode and Nyquist diagrams now. It took a bit of work but i figured it out. And yes, the equivalent circuit should fit for both of the plots.*
You can find the DTA file of my measurement and a picture of the cell. Although it is a PBI membrane in the picture, now I use Nafion in the same manner; outer electrodes on one side and inner electrodes on the other. Working, working sense, reference and counter electrodes, respectively. The counter sense electrode is hanging free in the air and ground electrode is connected to the Faraday Cage. I've also run the K-K transform and it fits perfectly with the plots. You can also find the Bode and Nyquist (original and inverted) plots, as well as the OCV plot.
I've read all the membrane EIS measurement related question here, checked all the recommended papers and the answers. Also, I've read many papers about 4-probe Nafion and PBI EIS tests, too. Still trying to fully understand the EIS analysis, though. If you could help me, I'd really appreciate it.
Thank you everyone who's spent time to read this.
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Thank you for your clarification on the area, Mr Braun. I updated the cell picture and showed the electrodes in it.
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Research point of view
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The open circuit voltage of a fuel cell is the maximum functioning voltage (while no current flows) and is defined by the chemical thermodynamics of overall cell reaction. The Nernst equation establishes the relationship between cell reaction's standard potential and the open circuit voltage. I. e., if the standard potential at the desired temperature is determined, the open circuit voltage at other partial pressures of products and reactants at that temperature may be calculated.
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Hello everyone,
My PhD research includes degradation and stability study of fuel cell Pt/C catalysts for ORR. This is a new area of research, both for me (I'm coming from TEM background) and my lab, which is why I'm learning most experimental procedures and parameters from papers rather than more experienced colleagues.
Unfortunately, it seems to me that there's no agreement in electrochemical community regarding said procedures/parameters and here I would like to specify what causes my confusion:
- regarding CV and LSV procedures, from what I've already read and from my experimental data, it seems that scan speed influences ECSA data (extracted from H2 adsorption region on cyclic voltammograms) and activity data (extracted from linear scan voltammograms). Yet, I see different papers publishing data obtained with different parameters, which for me makes the results virtually impossible to compare. Additionally, some procedures include the so called electrochemical cleaning and stabilisation of the working electrode by performing 40-100 CV scans with higher speeds (100-200 mV/s), yet some papers seem to omit it. With LSV some procedures call for background subtraction of LSV data obtained from the measurement performed in N2 saturated electrolyte but again, not all papers include that step (yet both approached seem to be acceptable for publication).
Regarding accelerated degradation testing, the procedures seem to be a lot more all over the place:
-different scan speeds
100-500 mV/s, and from my experimental data I already see that scan speed influences degradation rate,
-different approaches to experiment
continuous scan vs 'sample and hold' (square wave) scan,
-different potential ranges
lower limit being 0,4 - 0,6 V, higher 0,9 - 1,2 V for operating condition testing, start-stop testing seems to be consistant 1 - 1,5 V,
-different "atmosphere" of electrolyte
O2 saturated, deoxygenated and "as prepared" electrolyte, all of those seem to be leading to publishable results.
So to sum up my stream of consciousness:
I'm not looking for specific experimental parameters (although getting some suggestion on those would be more than great) but rather some insight on the general consensus in electrochemical community regarding said parameters and why discrepancies in them seem to be widely accepted. Also, if someone feels like they have more spare time than they can utilise, I would be more than willing to participate in an internship in a unit focused on degradation/stability study of catalysts.
Thank you and have a great day,
Szymon
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Hi,
Very good points Szymon! To me also it seems sometimes impossible to compare the results in electrocatalysis due to different measurement and calculation procedures.
Talking about degradation tests, I am not sure about ORR, but in water splitting electrocatalysis the reason why different procedures are all accepted may be that these tests are usually performed in much harsher conditions that is required for industrial applications and they all pass the criteria defined for them to be called "stable".
I suggest reading this paper which is in water splitting electrocatalysis but can be a help for you too!
"Anantharaj, S., et al. "Precision and correctness in the evaluation of electrocatalytic water splitting: revisiting activity parameters with a critical assessment." Energy & Environmental Science 11.4 (2018): 744-771."
Good luck!
Arash
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Please suggest me to how to perform cyclic voltammetry, when the composition of electrolyte is unknown how can we use reference electrode in that type of fuel cell setup.
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You can get details in paper
Harnisch, F., & Freguia, S. (2012). A basic tutorial on cyclic voltammetry for the investigation of electroactive microbial biofilms. Chemistry–An Asian Journal, 7(3), 466-475.
Even I can help you out for CV measurement & analysis -MFC
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Energy coupling technologies connect two or more types of energy systems (energy vectors) to each other.
For instance, heat pump, electric/gas boiler, CHP/CCHP, fuel cell, etc., are energy coupling technologies.
In this context, what other technologies do you know?
The following work may be useful in this regard:
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I appreciate you for your helpful answer in enumerating an energy-efficient and eco-friendly energy coupling technology that is beneficial in exploiting geothermal energy.
Best regards,
Omid
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Hello,
Thanks in advance.
I did my Bachelors in Chemical Engineering and now Im doing my masters in Clean Energy Processes.
I study about thin film processing, fuel cells and electrolysers, microfluidics, clean combustion, batteries, PV cells etc.
Based on your expertise, can you tell me about the necessary skills (software or analytical) that the modern industry demand so that I can equip myself with them by the time I graduate.
Kind Regards
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I am interesting
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Hello,
Thanks in advance.
I did my Bachelors in Chemical Engineering and now Im doing my masters in Clean Energy Processes.
I study about thin film processing, fuel cells and electrolysers, microfluidics, clean combustion, batteries, PV cells etc.
Based on your expertise, can you tell me about the necessary skills (software or analytical) that the modern industry demand so that I can equip myself with them by the time I graduate.
Kind Regards
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Dear Arjun, Your passion for learning is admirable. I'm not an expert to help you decide, but as a good friend, I recommend that you gain knowledge about incorporating AI and ML, especially in the energy sector (notably fuel cells and electrolyzers, as the rest already are progressing at their own rhythm with fierce competition). In fact, you should be aware that renewable energy companies (wind, solar, hydro, nuclear) had already significantly aided from the strength of AI and ML so over years, despite the reality that they still have a long road ahead to go in the energy sector. With developed nations intending for a totally green economy, a resourceful and reliable energy power system is a key focus, and there are still a lot to be said about you collaborating with the strategic and tactical level to guarantee the best results.
As of now go through those few research papers, and eventually we must have this discussion prolonged in a positive way to brainstorm ourselves.
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1. How does oxygen concentration/saturation in electrolyte plays an important role in ORR reaction?
2. What will happen if the oxygen concentration/saturation is less in electrolyte?
is the onset potential of ORR activity or current density may fall down? if yes means why?
please attach any related literature...
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Oxygen saturation means the concentration of oxygen in solution at given pressure of O2 in the gas phase. This is called a solubility of oxygen. "how exactly the oxygen concentration can affect the ORR activity?" I would expect an increase of the reaction rate with an increase of oxygen pressure in the gas phase.
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The field capacity (FC) is the water-retaining capacity of a soil usually including both the hygroscopic and capillary water of the soil and being expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the soil. In long-term conservation agriculture systerm, soil FC would be enhanced mainly due to the increase of SOC, but the determination of FC with large amound of samples is not easy. Does anyone knows how to determination soil field capacity in a simple way? or have relevant instruments........
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You better try Pressure Plate apparatus. Where you can maintain 0.33 bar Pressure. And can determine FC easily.
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In recent times, hydrogen (as a fuel) has captured attention of the scientists, researchers, industries, governments and environmentalists. Meanwhile, the researchers in porous/fractured media have proposed temporary and permanent storage of hydrogen. The proponents of temporary or seasonal storage have proposed that since hydrogen consumption would be subject to demand and/or supply fluctuations, so it is proposed to storage them in porous/fractured subsurface geological media. Wettability has been identified as one of the key factor to achieve the hydrogen storage task.
The researchers on the platform are invited to contribute to this discussion as what wettability scenario is desirable for both temporary storage, and permanent storage (in which hydrogen acts like a battery fuel cell - see http://www.hydrogenbatteries.org/What_Is_A_Hydrogen_Battery.htm).
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I could argue with those scientists who argue that the hydrogen wettability of the pores is of great importance. It is better to talk about hydrogen adsorption rather than wettability. After all, hydrogen is not a liquid. Hydrogen adsorption will be in one or two layers, and then, possibly, capillary condensation of hydrogen molecules, but this is also not wettability. If they are stored in storage facilities where there was oil, then hydrogen will dissolve in the pores. It is completely forgotten that hydrogen with various elements forms hydrides. The reaction will be biased towards their formation, since hydrogen will be stored at high pressure (concentration).
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Hi, I am working on PBI membranes for FC applications. I have prepared a PBI polymer using the monomers 3,3-diaminobenzidine and isophthalic acid. When I try to cast it as a membrane the polymer is not miscible with DMAc solvent a powder-like material settles down, so I tried centrifuging it filtered the solution and cast the clear solution even the membrane was not formed. Can someone help me in this regard
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Dear Siva Moorthy, please specify the type of the membrane (filtration, electrochemical celles, ...). Please have a look at the attached file. My Regards
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Let me tell you what i did
First i extracted 1 g of my fruit sample in 10 ml of Methanol (7) and Water (3).
After that i took 1 ml of the extract amd again added 9 ml of mathanol and water (7:3) respectively, to make it 10mg/ml.
Then i took 1ml of the (10mg/ml) extract for FC Method
My equation comes as y=0.0071X +0.2446
R Square value = 0.9987
X = 181.18micg/ml
Then what should i take M as 1 or 0.01 in the equation C= C1 x V/M.
If i take it as 1 then the total phenolics in my sample will be 181.18mg/g GAE.
But if i take it as 0.01 then the total phenolics in my sample will be 18118mg/g GAE. which keeps me in doubt.
So i am confused about the value of M.
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The total phenolic content was determined quantitatively using the Folin Ciocalteu reagent, with Gallic acid as the standard.
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"Published a review on Hydrogen production with our collaborators from Iran and China" Do you know Hydrogen is future fuel which will replace other non renewal energy sources and will help to stop carbon emission and control global environmental changes.
Hydrogen is an energy carrier that can be used in internal combustion engines or fuel cells producing virtually no greenhouse gas emissions when combusted with oxygen. The only significant emission is water vapour.
@ Dr Dinesh Pathak .
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Yurii V Geletii commenting on a research platform like an amateur social media user is neither professional nor ethical either.
If you don't have to recommend the research it's ok, but commenting on why someone is recommending it, reflects your false ego. [Breakdown:
17.54% Publications out of 229.93]
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I need to calculate fold change (and LFC but I know how to do that) manually (in excel) using normalized alignment counts from Partek Flow. I don't want to use DESeq2 or another DEG application. I want to understand the math. I may be a bit masochistic, but can anyone walk me through it?
Thanks much,
Dani
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I am trying to implement a simple irrigation model based on evaporotranspiration and soil moisture sensors and need to calculate the 3 thresholds above.
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Hello,
Following an irrigation until saturation of the surface layer (about 30 cm), the reading of the humidity sensor gives you the field capacity moisture (FC) 24 hours after the irrigation. The maximum allowable deflection (MAD) should be estimated at about 30% of the AWC (available water holding capacity - AWC - that you can estimate with FC). For an average soil (less than 8% clay) the wilting point would correspond to a sensor reading after 4 days following the irrigation without any rain or watering during these 4 days.
Best regards.
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I am doing LCMS data analysis in MetaboAnalyst. Example of a metabolite..
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid
Positive ion mode, 0.771 (FC), -0.374 (log2(FC))
Negative ion mode, 1.168 (FC), 0.225 (log2(FC))
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The difference is ionization efficiency. Some ions 'fly' better than others in the same mode in MS. There is lots of speculation about why this is so, which occasionally breaks out in shouting matches (reaching the point of fist-a-cuffs) at ASMS and other MS conferences. Consequentliy, I will leave my speculations out of this response. However, just like some ions will only be seen in positive ion mode and others only in negative ion mode, the differences in relative ionization between molecules in a single mode can easily give you the result you see. If you really want to see if the molecule is upregulated or downregulated, you can spike the sample with a 13C or 18O-analog of the compound and deconvolve the isotopic patterns quantitatively. see reference attached.
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Dear all, I am happy to share my latest publication in Ceramics International. The article is particularly interesting for those with catalyst, fuel cell, material engineering, or renewable energy background, as well as those who have interest in advanced technology. It is free to access for 50 days (before October 25, 2021). You can view and download the article using the following link: https://lnkd.in/gm4P_SCu Best regards, Isyraf Aznam
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Congratulations!
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Hello,
Are there any recent alternative (cost-effective) materials to replace Nafion membranes and Pt/Ir electrodes for application in PEM-based electrolyzer and fuel cells? I am looking for both (a) commercially available products and (b) novel recent materials reported in scientific papers. It would be also great if you can also describe why there aren't much alternative materials for these purpose. Kindly provide me comments or relevant references. Any assistance provided will be greatly appreciated.
Thank you!
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Hello,
There are so many hydrocarbon membranes have been demonstrated as an alternative for Nafion membranes in PEM fuel cells. However, the durability of such hydrocarbon membranes are lower compared to Nafion membrane because they are highly vulnerable to hydroxy and hydroperoxyl radicals generated in fuel cells. For the research purpose, sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane is one of the notable alternative with low cost. To synthesize SPEEK, you may directly buy PEEK and perform the sulfonation.
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The PEM fuel cell has been worked on and the efficiency has been confirmed. This question has been recorded. How do you calculate the PEM. fuel cell efficiency?
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Thank you very much for the answer
Best Regards
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I am using dynamic compaction to improve CBR of the subgrade soil for pavement design. Now, I can't convert my energy into CBR value which has been improved by compaction. suppose i applied 700kj/m^3 energy into a subgrade of CBR value 3. After dynamic compaction what could be the CBR value? soil is clay. and spt value is 2 and FC is 90%
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Literature shows methanol oxidation in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) takes place by noble metals like Pt, Ru etc. Could we use other transition metals or non-metal nanocomposites for the oxidation of methanol. what are the things to be considered for selecting electrode material for DMFC or DEFC
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Dear Vishnu,
many thanks for sharing this interesting and important technical question with the RG community. In view of the extremely high current prices of noble metals like Pt, Ru etc. it is not surprising that researchers make serious efforts to replace these platinum-group metals by cheap transition metals or even non-metallic materials. In this context I can suggest to you the fowlloing very interesting literature reference:
Methanol-Tolerant M–N–C Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reactions in Acidic Media and Their Application in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Fortunately this article has been posted by the authors as public full text on RG. Thus it can be freely accessed and downloaded as pdf file. Please also check the references 18 and 19 in this article. They also describe cheap replacements of expensive platinum-group metals for use in methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).
Good luck with your research and best wishes, Frank Edelmann
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In my opinion, hydrogen fuel cell technology and electromobility should become economical and safe in the future. However, currently hydrogen production is not cheap. The storage of hydrogen, e.g. in cylinders in cars that would be fueled by this fuel, is associated with a high risk of a dangerous explosion. Space shuttles in space programs in the USA were fueled by hydrogen-oxygen fuel. However, there have been tragic catastrophes.
Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.
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Many special thanks Prof. Dariusz Prokopowicz for your question! The great reset of energy resources began with the Paris Agreement to which the vast majority of states have acceded, and agreeing to revise their energy strategies at the national level. Along with wind energy, solar energy, hydro energy, hydrogen-based energy seems to be at least now one of the resources optimized by the human factor and can be controlled by the human factor in the production process. Moreover, being a green energy, it agrees with the two Agreements, namely the European Green Agreement 2050 and the UN Green Agreement 2050, which is why it also supports a predictability in the strategic direction of action of any state. Accidents will definitely be part of the process as well. But starting from the personal motto feel-think - act and these types of green energies I appreciate that they must be treated in a balance.
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I am Looking for a Reaction or phase change material to Produce Heat From Ice to oprate the fuel cell in Sub-Zero temprature in Static conditon. to oprate AFC's it is needed to be heated up.
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Solvent extraction
Direct aqueous injection
Head space extraction
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I've read in some research articles that they have used anode stoichiometry nearly 2, and cathode stoichiometry more than 2. Is there any thumb rule to fix the stoichiometry of the reactant flow?
Also, if we have more anode stoichiometry, is it practically possible to recirculate the excess hydrogen [from outlet] in an open anode PEMFC in automotive perspective?
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Hi
In my opinion, the stoichiometry of reactant gas (O2 /H2) is most dependent on the flow field and manifold. To control gas velocity and manage the water content in the channel, in some flow fields you must increase the stoichiometry.
There is no clear rule for correcting stoichiometry but you consider that the best stoichiometry is the minimum amount of it which the PEMFC works stable and has maximum performance.
Most of the time, the recommended stoichiometry of the PEMFC stack is given by the stack manufacturer or power system integrator.
Yes, we have three methods for PEMFC stack operation: Flow-through, Dead-end, and Recirculation. In the third method what you said is happening.
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I am working on power quality issue in dc micro grid and its mitigation techniques please help me to develop a mathematical model/ dynamic model with ( PV+BOOST CONVERTER+ load+BATTERY+ SUPER-CAPACITOR AND FUEL CELL) mainly i am try to control dc bus voltage ripple mitigation
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Dear Dr.
This cell is a combination of an alkaline fuel cell with an polymeric, so what is the principle of its work?
My Regards
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Dear Dr. Yashwant Pratap and
Akula Komuraiah
Thank you very much
My Regards
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Hi All,
I have been running CV on a single fuel cell using two different flow rates: 0.2 H_2/0.5 N_2 and 0.4 H_2 / 0.001 N_2 - A/C @ 20 mVs-1 scan rate. However, I am encountering a noise issue in the second flow rate which is supposed to give me a better CV curve with resolved Pt peaks. Can any one suggest how to get a proper CV?
Thank you
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