Fuel - Science topic

Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) in Power Plants refers to the amount of fuel required to generate a unit of energy output. It is a key performance metric used to assess the efficiency of different power generation systems.

Specific fuel consumption (SFC)= Fuel consumption in kg/hr / Power generation in Kwh

Specific fuel consumption (SFC)= Specific steam consumption (SSC) / Steam to fuel ratio (SFR)

Factors affecting the Specific fuel consumption:

1-Steam consumption of the Turbine: Higher steam consumption of steam Turbine leads to more Specific fuel consumption (SFC).

2-Main steam parameters like pressure & temperature: Should be always on higher side but within design limit.

3-Boiler efficiency: High efficiency boilers consumer lesser fuel and hence Specific fuel consumption (SFC) will be on lower side.

4-Turbine efficiency: High efficiency Turbines will have higher out put on lesser input, hence Specific fuel consumption (SFC) of such Turbines is LESS

5-Fuel type & quality: High GCV fuel firing power plants will have lesser Specific fuel consumption (SFC).

6-Boiler operator competency: Efficient Operation of the Boiler, Turbine and other power plant equipment depends on the skill & competency of the operators.

7-Plant load factor: Operation of the Power plant units on higher loads or optimised loads leads to lower Specific fuel consumption (SFC) & Vice Versa, that is operation of plant on partial loads results into more fuel consumption and hence leads in more Specific fuel consumption (SFC).

8-Atmospheric conditions: Atmospheric conditions like temperature, pressure & humidity play a very vital role on achieving best efficiency of power plant equipment.

Specific fuel consumption (SFC) is also termed in terms of heat rate.

Heat rate = Energy consumed in kcal/ Power generation

It is measured in terms of kcal/kwh

Specific fuel consumption (SFC) is different for different fuels, fuels having higher heating value or calorific value will have lesser Specific fuel consumption (SFC) & fuels having lower calorific value will have higher specific fuel consumption.

It’s always recommended that Specific fuel consumption (SFC) should LESS.

Power plants having lesser Specific fuel consumption (SFC) are in more profit.

Specific steam consumption (SSC) is the amount of steam consumed by Turbine is always lesser to achieve lesser Specific fuel consumption (SFC). It’s measured in kg/kwh or MT/MW.

Similarly, Stam to fuel ratio (SFR) is the amount of steam generated on burning 1 MT or 1 Kg of fuel. It’s measured in kg/kg or MT/MT.

Given data,

Power generation = 1200 MW

Fuel consumed = 960 MT

Specific fuel consumption (SFC)= Fuel consumption in kg/hr / Power generation in Kwh

Given data,

Specific steam consumption (SSC) = 3.5

Stam to fuel ratio (SFR) = 4.5

Specific fuel consumption (SFC)= Specific steam consumption (SSC) / Steam to fuel ratio (SFR)

3-A Boiler consumes 25 MT of bio mass to generate 55 MT of steam per hour at pressure 67 kg/cm2 and temperature 490 deg C, which is used to run the 12 MW condensing Turbine. What would be the specific fuel consumption of this plant?

Given data,

Fuel consumption = 25 MT

Steam generated = 50 TPH

Power generation = 12 MW

Steam to fuel ratio (SFR) = Steam generated per hour / Fuel consumed per hour

Steam to fuel ratio (SFR) = 55 / 25 =2.2

Specific steam consumption (SSC) = Steam consumption by Turbine TPH / Power generated in MW

Specific steam consumption (SSC) = 50 / 12

Specific steam consumption (SSC) = 4.16 MT/MW

Specific fuel consumption (SFC)= Specific steam consumption (SSC) / Steam to fuel ratio (SFR)

The synthesis of some biomass platform molecules into aviation fuel by carbon-carbon coupling, is there any valuable research topic in reaction selection and catalyst design?

# 201

Dear Godswill Osuma and, Nadia Yusuf

I read your paper

Towards an Optimal Renewable Energy Mix for the European Union: Enhancing Energy Security and Sustainability

My comments:

1- I have read the full paper and I am impressed for the richness of the references but fundamentally, because the paper states very clearly what is obvious, but if my memory serves me well, I have only seen it in this paper and in another one.

It refers to the need of considering a problem holistically, that is, simultaneously with all criteria and alternatives, and that the paper illustrates so well. It is something that I have been preaching in loud voice along many years in Research Gate. However, people continue using MCDM methods that do not adhere to this basic requirement, and analyze each criterion separately and then add up the values of each one, apparently not realizing that real-life projects are not the same as blackboard examples used in university classes teaching MCDM, without realizing that a final result is normally not equal that the addition of the parts.

Practitioners are not to be blamed, but the methods, that do not consider that the initial decision matrix is a system, and as that, criteria are not independent but normally highly related. There are more than 200 different MCDM methods, but only one of them allows to perform this system analysis: ‘Linear Programming’ (Kantorovich,1939), (Dantzig, 1948), by considering the problem holistically. This development was so important that Kantorovich was awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize on Economics.

This paper is so full of truths that for me is a pleasure to recommend its reading

2- However, I am not in agreement with the authors that wind energy will be the renewable for the future, at least partially. The authors do not consider some issues as the load factor of both systems, that is the ratio between energy actually generated in one year and the energy that could be generated.

The reason is simple, photovoltaic cells need solar irradiation that in part, depends on the latitude of each site, and also exists, even with cloudy days, between certain hours, probable since 9 in the morning to perhaps 17.00 hours. In that interval the sun irradiation is maximal and obviously there is none before dawn and after sunset.

Wind energy depends on wind force between certain limits, and if wind is blowing, generation can take place day and night. But what happens if the wind is not blowing? Generation is zero.

In this aspect, PV has the advantage that in a certain interval these is always guaranty of generation that can be expanded up to midnight, by using another system of sun radiation called PV Thermal, where radiation is used to heat water at very high temperature and stored, which permits generation until about midnight. In addition, there are laboratories that are working in using organic PV or (OPV), at a very reduced cost and even cells using another not contaminant minerals.

Another disadvantage of wind is environmental, since the blades made with resins do not have any further use and must be buried in land fields.

3- Page 14 “The future of the region’s energy security will depend on the EU’s ability to maintain a balanced and resilient energy mix. “By combining the integration of renewables with a strategic phase-outof fossil fuels, the EU can potentially meet its environmental objectives”:

This is so important a subject that cannot be reduced to a simple comment of mine. Please allow me to extend on this matter.

These is a very good point, and the main word is ‘balanced‘, that can be only achieved by a holistic analysis. The bold word is, according to my opinion, the only way to achieve zero emissions by 2050 and ‘phase-out’ is the key word.

The balance is obtained combining the construction of renewable generation units, taken into account forecasted increases of energy demand, and, at the same time phasing-out progressively old fired installations.

Naturally, this can take many years, consequently, the period between 2025 and 2050 must be considered, making the balance and the phase-out simultaneously in each period, that is, this is a dynamic scenario, that can only be addressed using Linear Programming, as per my understanding.

Why?

In part because the need for holistic approach, but also due to the extensive gap among these years, it must be divided in periods, and the decisions values for the next one based on the last one, i.e. there is a need to consider precedence. That is, in 2030 make the analysis for 2030/2035 on the base of what happened in 2025/2030, new demands and new advances in electricity generation, like for instance, using organic PV solar cells (OPV), as well as political considerations.

You said that the EU estimated that by 2030 the share of renewables would be about 45% which in my opinion was over optimistic. I wouldn’t be surprised if they did not consider the construction time for new wind, PV, and biomass installations. In 2022, I did the calculation for 2035 following the above-mentioned procedure, and obtained a total value for renewables of 34%, and an estimate that the 100% would be reached around 2075, unless nuclear fusion plants, (See ITER), still in tests, are put in operation about 2040. Also, AI says that the EU has an ambitious goal for 2050

However, I did not consider the energy that can be generated by renewables and stored in packs of batteries, that can even sustain deliveries of up 50 MWh. Obviously, they will probably will reduce the interval to reach zero emissions.

4- In page 16 your formulas indicate a linear regression to link criteria, but even when this is an acceptable procedure, you add-up each one of these expressions, which in my opinion, does not address the problem. You list energy mix, renewable energy consumption, foreign investment, GDP per capita, e missions, world indicators and variance on inflation factor. Thus, you cover four economics indicators, demand, renewable participation, and two indicators, which is correct, but what about health, people approvement, workers compensations, environment, land use, etc.? In addition, where is the construction of new renewable plants?

It does not contemplate either the mutual influence of each criterion on the others, like energy mix and the construction of new units, also linked to investment and GDP/capita, etc., however you show that this relation in formula (3), and also in page 16 you detail some more interrelations, formulas (5), but only considering pairs of criteria.

5- However, my concern is related with the fact that you determine pairs of correlations, and from that you assume a cause-and-effect relationship, that may not exist. For instance, you say that since energy mix strongly correlates to renewable energy consumption. I am afraid that it possibly is not true, because from the correlation you deduct that if energy mix increases it affect consumption and this is probably inexact..

Remember that correlation indicates that two variables in crease/decrease in the same sense, i.e. If one increases the other must also increase and that is not what a correlation measures. For instance, consumption due to many different reasons like an increase due to better economic conditions allowing many people to buy and enjoy more electricity, like a fridge, even when the ix has not changed

Page 25 “FDI may not directly impact the energy mix” I believe it is the opposite, the investment can be directed to building a OPF farm, that did not exist as an option before.

Page 25 “The interaction between GDPPC and CO2 emissions in Eq. (4) shows no significant impact on the energy mix, indicating that economic growth within the EU does not necessary lead to a cleaner or more diversified energy mix when considered in isolation”

I think that this is a conclusion very difficult to prove or believe, since the GDPPC can in ease due to many different concepts, for instance a considerable improvement in the prices of commodities that the country exports. Therefore, economic growth that depends on hundreds of issues may lead to the necessity to add more sophisticated options to satisfy demand. For instance, in some countries a large farmer cultivating peanuts can modify the mix by using the shell of the grain as fuel

6- Page 26 “This finding is consistent with research suggesting that without targeted policies, economic growth alone does not guarantee a transition towards a sustainable energy mix”

I agree, and the word here is ‘targeted’. If you do not have targets for your goals or criteria, it is

impossible to register progress or setbacks

7- Page 26 “On the other hand, solar photovoltaic energy shows a negative and significant effect in the Fixed Effects and GMM models.This could reflect challenges in integrating solar”

And wind does not have fix effects? I think that along the day the irradiation may change, but the solar cell continues working albeit with different outputs, while in the same period the wind can vary from very weak to very strong, and out of established limits in ceases to generate. There could also be no wind at all

It is obvious that your paper approaches the zero emissions problem very seriously, and in much more depth that other studies I have seen, but I believe it is incomplete, since not all interrelations between all criteria and energy sources are taken into account simultaneously.

I will be delighted If you wish to discuss this subject with me either publicly or privately

Nolberto Munier

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I was wondering whether advancements in biodiesel technology and the increasing global emphasis on sustainability will drive its dominance, or if its future is more likely to be as a supplementary fuel in the evolving energy mix

I am designing and manufacturing a turbojet engine based on a turbocharged system and require assistance with combustion chamber sizing, systems control for fuel and airflow regulation, and afterburner sizing to enhance performance and thrust. Additionally, I am researching fuel performance, comparing petroleum-based and alternative fuels, and need recommendations for cost-effective methods of data collection during testing, such as affordable sensors for measuring combustion efficiency, emissions, and thermal output. Any advice or resources on these design and research aspects would be greatly appreciated.

Good afternoon.

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Thanks.

"How do we understand special relativity?"

The Quantum FFF Model differences: What are the main differences of Q-FFFTheory with the standard model? 1, A Fermion repelling- and producing electric dark matter black hole. 2, An electric dark matter black hole splitting Big Bang with a 12x distant symmetric instant entangled raspberry multiverse result, each with copy Lyman Alpha forests. 3, Fermions are real propeller shaped rigid convertible strings with dual spin and also instant multiverse entanglement ( Charge Parity symmetric) . 4, The vacuum is a dense tetrahedral shaped lattice with dual oscillating massless Higgs particles ( dark energy). 5, All particles have consciousness by their instant entanglement relation between 12 copy universes, however, humans have about 500 m.sec retardation to veto an act. ( Benjamin Libet) It was Abdus Salam who proposed that quarks and leptons should have a sub-quantum level structure, and that they are compound hardrock particles with a specific non-zero sized form. Jean Paul Vigier postulated that quarks and leptons are "pushed around" by an energetic sea of vacuum particles. 6 David Bohm suggested in contrast with The "Copenhagen interpretation", that reality is not created by the eye of the human observer, and second: elementary particles should be "guided by a pilot wave". John Bell argued that the motion of mass related to the surrounding vacuum reference frame, should originate real "Lorentz-transformations", and also real relativistic measurable contraction. Richard Feynman postulated the idea of an all pervading energetic quantum vacuum. He rejected it, because it should originate resistance for every mass in motion, relative to the reference frame of the quantum vacuum. However, I postulate the strange and counter intuitive possibility, that this resistance for mass in motion, can be compensated, if we combine the ideas of Vigier, Bell, Bohm and Salam, and a new dual universal Bohmian "pilot wave", which is interpreted as the EPR correlation (or Big Bang entanglement) between individual elementary anti-mirror particles, living in dual universes.

Reply to this discussion

Vacuum

Wolfgang Konle added a reply

April 17

Fred-Rick Schermer "He (Einstein) used the term Spacetime to help declare aspects about the gravitational effects of matter, in specifics the anomalies as for instance seen with the perihelion of Mercury."

Spacetime is a term in relativity theory which only indicates that the structure of space and time is related.

"Once a person accepts that matter came about in the Big Bang model, then one cannot declare at the same time that unification is real as well."

The big bang model is bullshit.

The only relevant model is about an eternal universe. Instead of a big bang only cyclic bangs happen, which affect about 10% of the mass of the universe. The restricted cyclic bangs release astronomic signs, which we misinterprete as traces of a big bang.

The cyclic bangs resolve all black holes, once every 20 billion years, and retransform their matter to new star fuel.

All arguments against that model of the eternal cyclic universe can be disproven in a factual way.

Sergey Shevchenko added a reply

April 17

The thread question rather in detail is scientifically answered in SS 5 posts series on page 1.

Dear Fred-Rick

- in that

“…Matter’s spacetime is fundamentally absolute."

I fully agree here but only if I understand you correctly. It is matter that is the source for spacetime; space and time are actually not part of the discussion. Rather, all words apply to the behavior of matter and nothing of these words applies to space or time. though the words are implying they are...”

- you understand what is in the SS posts above correctly, however only in certain sense, though.

To understand more it is necessary to read at least first few pages in https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354418793_The_Informational_Conception_and_the_Base_of_Physics, where it is explained what are absolutely fundamental phenomena/notions “Space” and “Time”; and their concrete actualizations in every concrete informational pattern/system - concrete spaces and time

[ while in the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s philosophical 2007 “The Information as Absolute” conception, recent version of the basic paper see

- it is rigorously proven that there exist nothing else than some informational patterns/systems of the patterns that are elements of the absolutely fundamental and absolutely infinite “Information” Set; including Matter is nothing else that some the Set’s element.

At that the utmost general definition of the absolutely fundamental phenomenon/notion “Information” is

I.e. the “Logos” set elements “make something to be an information”, and any/every concrete pattern/system, including Matter, is made absolutely obligatorily by some concrete “composition of the “Logos” elements actualizations”.

“Space” and “Time” are just the “Logos” set [besides any informational pattern/system “is made” also, first of all, by “Logos” elements “Energy”, “Change”, “Logical Rules”] and their actualizations in concrete cases are concrete space, that can have any number of concrete “space dimensions” [the number is equal to number of degreases of freedom at change of state of a pattern/system], and the unique in the Set “time dimension”.

Any concrete pattern/system can exist and change, in a system its elements interact, etc., only in its concrete space and time.

So, including any “behavior of matter” is possible only in some space, Matter is rather simple logical system that is based on binary reversible logics, and so Matter’s utmost universal space has 4 dimensions – X,Y,Z are necessary – “allow” to make binary operations, cτ- dimension allows reverse binary operation.

Correspodingly the space and time intervals between elements, motion of elements in space and time dimensions, etc., are absolutely necessary for existence of everything in Matter –

- and at description and analysis of what exists and happens in Matter. If you don’t know these data, you by no means can describe and analyze “behavior of matter”.

Besides, really it is fundamentally senseless to ask “what appeared earlier – Matter or its spacetime”, Matter could appeared only in its spacetime, which – as logical possibility to create, and to exist of, Matter – existed as a part of the Set’s spacetime, which contains all spaces of all Its elements – and one time dimension;

- while the Set exists absolutely “eternally”, having no Beginning and no End, since absolutely fundamentally - logically - cannot be non-existent.

Fred-Rick Schermer added a reply

April 18

Wolfgang Konle

Thank you, Wolfgang, I understand better now where you are coming from.

The model you embrace is not the model I embrace, and this helps us understand what each of us is saying.

I do not support the cyclic universe; it was a one-time event in which the prior state broke at a fundamental level. Hence my saying that, once we have an omelet, we know that the egg was broken. There is no return to the original state available.

An eternal universe requires that we have evidence for that eternal aspect. We do not have that evidence. I will not stand in non-scientific grounds. I will only stand with my feet on the ground (even when that is on a planet floating through space) and I will not stand with my feet on space.

It is illogical to have matter be eternal. There is no indication that matter is eternal, rather we have a clear understanding that matter did begin with hydrogen (and helium), and how all other elements arrived in various subsequent fashions.

Matter returning to an immaterial state is not supported by scientific evidence. At best, it can be read in models, but then we need to discuss the value of these models. I am not convinced that black holes are actually real, but that is a different discussion.

I am standing with the scientific evidence, Wolfgang. I do not extrapolate it into additional dimensions. I may not be the best scientist, but I will not stand outside the scientific realm.

Thank you again for explaining where you are standing.

Cosmin Visan added a reply

20 hours ago

Spacetime doesn't exist. "Spacetime" is just an idea in consciousness.

… Read more

Wolfgang Konle added a reply

15 hours ago

Fred-Rick Schermer "It is illogical to have matter be eternal. There is no indication that matter is eternal, rather we have a clear understanding that matter did begin with hydrogen (and helium), and how all other elements arrived in various subsequent fashions."

We do not have the faintest valid explanation about a possible creation of electrons and protons without the simultaneous creation of positrons and antiprotons.

This fact and the unlimited lifetime of electrons and most atomic nuclei leaves us with the only possible conclusion that matter must be and must have been eternal.

Fred-Rick Schermer added a reply

13 hours ago

Wolfgang Konle

Thank you for that answer, Wolfgang. We are not thinking fully along the same lines. That is very clarifying; after all, communication is difficult enough.

Let me find out if this is about language or if we really say something else.

I can say that the unlimited lifetime of electrons points to a potentially eternal nature of Energy. This is what you may want to say, but you placed eternal with Matter, which is in my model not possible.

If the transformation of Energy into Matter occurred some 13.8 billion years ago, then the term eternal cannot be applied to Matter. A (fundamental) transformation undermines being able to use the word eternal.

It is not known how old Energy is, so I cannot make the claim that Energy is, or is not eternal. We just don't know. Yet Matter is a result. We know therefore that it cannot be eternal; it was produced at one point in time, something new got produced from something old(er).

--

In my model, I do not need to start with the same amount of matter as antimatter because the starting point for matter begins under extreme circumstances. It is not an ordinary circumstance. Antimatter will occur, but it is a circumstantial byproduct.

We can discuss this further if you want, but the special circumstance is more interesting now.

There was a special circumstance in which the prior normal conditions of whatever or however energy existed before caused itself to move toward that special circumstance. This could have been done in a happenstance manner, or in a directed manner. But it was a step that led to a fundamental undermining, with either option we pick.

As a consequence, (some) original energy got deformed during these special conditions, and a quark soup got created (to keep the storyline simple). Then, the special conditions were reversed, everything back to normal, yet the deformed quarks were not able to return to their original state. They were and are deformed packages of original energy.

The reversal of the special conditions occurred at the CMBR, when conditions were normal again. Here the quarks aligned themselves immediately into neutrons and protons.

That is the point Zeus overthrew Cronus, if you allow me to throw in some Greek mythology as support that I am not thinking up something structurally never considered before. Where immaterial Energy was first the only circumstance for energy, with the transformation of some energy into quarks, they actually took the lead.

Matter became the center of energy (quarks in nuclei of atoms). Everything else remaining in the original energized state then falling in place, aligning themselves with the quarks in the center.

Yes, electrons then also part of the original immaterial energy, but then pulled into the deformed reality of the energized quarks, causing the tip of that iceberg to become material.

Preprint On Quarks Explaining Our Universe

Cosmin Visan added a reply:::

Wolfgang Konle Matter doesn't exist. "Matter" is just an idea in consciousness.

Cosmin Visan added a reply:::

Fred-Rick Schermer You really do have a communication problem. Have you tried a psychotherapist ?

Reply to this discussion

Mercury

Stam Nicolis added a reply

May 20

We understand it just fine and it would be a good idea to learn it. Special relativity is nothing more and nothing less than the covariance of the equations of motion under Lorentz transformations.

Stefano Quattrini added a reply

May 20

under Einstein's formulation of the Lorentz Transformations...

Christian Baumgarten added a reply

18 hours ago

"How do we understand special relativity?"

By unlearning Newtonian mechanics and (re-) learning Hamiltonian mechanics.

Abdul Malek added a reply

16 hours ago

Abbas Kashani >"How do we understand special relativity?""

By not trying to understand Special Relativity (SR), because it is a Kantian unknowable thing-in-itself. In Einstein’s own word, “Who would imagine that this simple law has plunged the conscientiously thoughtful physicist into the greatest intellectual difficulties?” A. Einstein, in "Relativity, The Special and General Theory" (Three Rivers Press, New York, 1961).

Special Relativity is a brain-cooked fabrication, have no basis in objective reality and was meant to be an imaginary shield against the newly recognized “Evil Quanta” – a new Satan menacing God’s universe of perfect order and certainty. SR and related mathematical fabrications based on Pythagorean geometry, i.e., LTs, "spacetime". gamma factor, etc., are mental and mathematical fabrications, all derived from the false “axiomatic truth” that light photons are massless and their velocity c is an absolute and universal constant. A cursory glance at the following few publications (in order the first one last) will make it clear”:

"New Physics – The Negation of Einstein’s Theories of Relativity". JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS, 22, 54–61. https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v22i.9594

Recommend

Issam Mohanna added a reply

15 hours ago

Abbas Kashani,

Question:"How do we understand special relativity?"

Answer:"Shut up and calculate."[Richard Feynman]

Lena J-T Strömberg added a reply

5 hours ago

It's not so typical Einstein, since he was concerned with curved spaces and more deterministic physics. Reading this, I remembered changing time for some plants at home, with magnets. They don't grow so fast, and need not so much water. In honour of Einstein, an area format for modeling is given in my latest paper.

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The following exception was added to earlier drafts of this regulation: synthetic fuels produced from, for example, water or hydrogen extracted from the air on the basis of zero-emission production of these fuels, i.e. by using electricity generated from renewable and zero-emission energy sources in the hydrogen production process. Such solutions for the production of e-fuels and their use in powering motor vehicles will be permitted in the European Union after 2035. In the government-controlled meanstream media in the country where I operate, there has been the usual misinformation about the European Union's climate policy. Under the current plan, it will not be possible to register a car with an internal combustion engine powered by petroleum refining derivatives. Well, the possibility of buying and registering cars with combustion engines will not necessarily be prevented after 2035, because it will not be economically viable to buy a new car with such an engine after the restrictions have been introduced. According to current forecasts of electromobility development, it will not be economical to buy an internal combustion car after 2035, because after 2035 these types of vehicles will be the most expensive due to additional punitive charges that will be imposed by the state on car companies that still want to produce these types of internal combustion vehicles. There will be no restrictions or limitations for the purchase of vehicles powered by e-fuels, i.e. synthetic fuels whose combustion process will be emission-free. Technologies for the production of e-fuels based on water, hydrogen drawn from the atmosphere, the process of producing these e-fuels using electricity from large-scale renewable and emission-free energy sources already exist, but are expensive for the time being. But as there is still more than a decade to go until 2035, so there is enough time to adequately refine these technologies and make them widespread so that they become much cheaper. A rapid decline in the price of these new green e-fuel technologies over the next few years is possible. In the past, an analogous process has occurred for other green technologies. For example, the cost of photovoltaic technologies has fallen by almost 99 per cent in the three decades to 2019. In addition, the scale of restrictions on driving in certain public places, mainly in city centres for internal combustion vehicles, will increase in the coming years. Already, more and more cities are closing their city centres to combustion cars, starting with restrictions on this issue for cars powered by diesel and manufactured many years ago, as such cars are the most polluting and emit toxic chemicals, toxic especially to children.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the Honourable Community of scientists and researchers:

What is your opinion on this topic?

What do you think about this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

How can we optimize the flow & consumption of fuel in Aerospace sector using CFD ?

Is Kerosene used in rocket fuel? What is the density concept of kerosene in rocket fuel?

I am planning on transitioning towards Power-to-X with a focus on water splitting and CO2 to fuel applications. However, there is still a lot that I need to learn before I can start working on the subject. Can you please recommend some good resources to start understanding these techniques from the very basics?

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) and Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) are advanced engine technologies that aim to improve engine efficiency and reduce emissions in modern automotive engines. Each technology offers unique advantages that contribute to overall performance enhancements. Here's how HCCI and GDI achieve these objectives:

a. Improved Efficiency: HCCI engines operate at higher compression ratios, similar to diesel engines, resulting in higher thermodynamic efficiency. The higher compression ratios contribute to better fuel economy compared to conventional SI engines.

b. Reduced CO2 Emissions: HCCI's improved combustion efficiency leads to lower fuel consumption, resulting in reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, a significant greenhouse gas.

c. Lower NOx Emissions: The absence of a flame front in HCCI combustion reduces peak temperatures and, consequently, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, a major contributor to air pollution.

a. Better Combustion Control: GDI allows for more precise control of the air-fuel mixture, enabling stratified charge combustion. The stratified mixture creates leaner conditions during low-load operation, leading to improved efficiency.

b. Higher Compression Ratios: GDI's ability to control the air-fuel mixture facilitates higher compression ratios, leading to improved thermal efficiency and fuel economy.

c. Reduced Particulate Matter (PM) Emissions: GDI can help reduce particulate matter emissions compared to PFI, as the fuel is directly injected into the combustion chamber, leading to better fuel-air mixing and more complete combustion.

d. Enhanced Knock Resistance: GDI can inject small amounts of fuel during the compression stroke to create a charge cooling effect, which improves the engine's knock resistance, allowing for higher compression ratios and more advanced ignition timing for improved efficiency.

By leveraging HCCI and GDI technologies, automotive engineers can achieve higher engine efficiency, reduced fuel consumption, and lower emissions. These advancements play a crucial role in meeting stringent emissions regulations and achieving sustainable mobility goals in modern automotive engines. However, it's important to note that implementing these technologies requires careful engine calibration and control strategies to ensure proper combustion and avoid potential challenges such as uncontrolled combustion, engine knock, and particulate matter formation.

The chemistry of combustion is a process where a fuel reacts with oxygen in the presence of heat, resulting in the release of energy in the form of light and heat. The process can be explained using the fire triangle, which represents the three essential components required for combustion to occur: fuel, oxygen, and heat.

For example, in the case of hydrocarbons like gasoline or methane (natural gas), the combustion reaction can be represented as follows:

Fuel (hydrocarbon) + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

C8H18 (Octane) + 12.5O2 → 8CO2 + 9H2O + Energy

During combustion, the oxygen reacts with the carbon, hydrogen, and other elements present in the fuel, breaking the chemical bonds and forming new compounds like carbon dioxide and water.

Once the combustion reaction begins, the energy released during the process further provides the heat needed to sustain the reaction. The heat generated helps maintain the high temperature required to continue the combustion process.

The Fire Triangle: The fire triangle represents the interdependence of these three components in the process of combustion. If any side of the triangle is removed, combustion cannot occur. For example:

The fire triangle helps to understand the essential components needed for combustion and is a fundamental concept in fire safety and firefighting.

What does it mean by fuel wood and what is its importance

Kindly provide detailed information.

We are refuelling helicopters by using fuel in Barrels and using a fuel pump.   Can the same be used for fix wing aircraft for locations where fuel bowser is not available?

Consider the reaction, Y(NO3)3 + NH4VO3 + 2N2H4CO = YVO4 + 2CO2 + 6H2O + 4N2

if the amounts of Yttrium nitrate is 1.4030g and that of ammonium metavanadate is 0.5969g, what will be the amount of urea required to use for combustion synthesis.

hello guys , i need an analysis about the total specific consumption of a dual fuel fuel diesel engine in the marine propulsion or in any activity , operating in different gaseous fuel

The extent to which water can be used as an alternative fuel to car fuel as an available source as well as to reduce pollution levels.

hello;

In my research on calculating the minimum ignition energy analytically, I need Jet A-1 fuel properties, especially the quenching distance, viscosity, and flame speed, which are expressed as a formula in terms of temperature or pressure, so that I can calculate the minimum ignition energy by placing them in the main formula.

But I did not find enough information about the mentioned fuel. Can anyone help me?

We know that one of thyroid functions is for regulation of our body temperature. When winter already come and fuel are not available because of war impact, could we use any substances to increase body temperature through thyroid pathway ? For example increase our yodium uptake. For our lives survival beside use others ways like wear very thick sweater or jacket.

1.hello every body

I'm currently doing research on Bioethanol with various chemical blends( simulation with converge). Since all the fuel blends not provided in the fuel library, so how to create it? Do I need to provide all those data in "parcel simulation" tab? (i.e. viscosity, surface tension, density etc...).

It seems quite lots of data and very long process to conduct all those chemical testing . Any suggestion? Thanks...

NB:

I need thermo data of hydrous ethanol?

For the elementary reaction: HO2 + O <=> OH + O2, If G (which can be regarded as an oxygen isotope) is used to replace one of the O in HO2, make it become HOG, which of the following reaction formula is correct? Or both exist, but at different rates?

I know some common sense (for example, the law of dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon fuel), but I am not clear about such elementary reactions.

I wish you a wonderful day.

I appreciate it if anyone can offer any help.

In some countries in Europe, taxes have already been introduced in autumn 2022 on the excess and historically highest windfall profits of companies in the mining, energy and fuel sector obtained in 2022 in connection with the exploitation of the situation that has arisen in the context of the energy crisis derivative of the war in Ukraine in 2022. Unfortunately, some of the countries that called for the introduction of economic sanctions that increased the scale of this crisis and, at the same time, countries with an energy sector built on an archaic model based mainly on the combustion of fossils, nevertheless did not introduce this tax. This is still the case, for example, until February 2023 in the country where I operate. In connection with the publication of historically record profits of mining, energy and fuel sector companies operating in Poland and controlled by the government, obtained in 2022, as well as increasing criticism of opposition political options, it was reported in the media that once again the government is back to considering the possible introduction of the said taxes on excess profits. In my opinion, the money raised from taxes on excess profits made by companies in the mining, energy and fuel sectors in 2022 should finance new projects for developing renewable and zero-emission energy sources in order to speed up the green transition of the energy sector. In this way, the process of achieving a zero-carbon economy, a sustainable closed-cycle economy, an economy characterised by a high level of autonomy and energy security, meeting sustainable development goals will be accelerated and the scale of care for the state of the environment, the biodiversity of natural ecosystems, protection of the biosphere and the climate will be significantly increased. In addition, air quality will be significantly improved, the level of environmental pollution will decrease, etc.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What is your opinion on this topic?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

What is the mechanism of fuel and oxidizer mixing used in ISRO's designed VIKASH Rocket engine?

There are currently many approaches in the literature to achieve this but they usually require high operating pressures, especially for the hydrocracking step to selectively produce the target fuel.

As a design engineer in an engineering team whose work is developing a new gas turbine of 2 MW used for thermal power generation which is fuelled by non-carbon fuels, such as hydrogen and ammonia, your task is to analyse and design the combustion system for providing stable and efficient combustion in the gas turbine.

Increase in the price of fossil fuels (in the 1970s mainly oil). Rising inflation, rising interest rates, economic crisis, economic recession, rising unemployment. Creation of new technological solutions, energy innovations, which can significantly reduce the level of consumption of energy raw materials in power generation, the level of fuel combustion in motor vehicle engines, etc. So looking at the energy crisis of the 1970s and the current energy crisis, you can see many parallels. And what were the key differences apart from the fact that in the 1970s the accelerating process of global warming was not yet noticed, the onset of the climate crisis was overlooked or deliberately ignored.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please reply,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

For solving economic emission dispatch problem what is the best metaheuristic optimization algorithm in terms of fuel cost minimization and why?

I read many LCA reports in which only the emissions from upstream activities producing flows (i.e. Urea flow to plants or fuel flow to run pump) were considered. Is it not necessary to consider emissions from producing stock like machines, warehouse etc?

Diesel from pyrolysis of plastics solid waste have some suspended matter and not clean for engine use, how can I filter it for suitability in Engines.

Hello

I would like Investigate whether Metal Matrix composite material is suits for IC engine connecting rod. In this connection i would like to conduct performance (Fuel consumption) test on IC engine. Please suggest which software is suitable to do this and what are the parameter's required for this, right now i have the material properties like Poisson's ration and young's modulus ...

Many people live in urban agglomerations, in large or small towns or in the countryside.

If you function in a city, I address the following question to you:

Please reply,

Thank you very much,

Greetings,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Is it possible to fluidize fuel particles in BFB without bed material or BFB must have to have inert bed material along with fuel particles? If so, then why?

I have previously worked with fluidized bed reactors. We used to fluidize the dried biomass to obtain oil, char and gas. It was lab-scale pyrolyzing only 400gms of biomass in a batch process. ( if that is the reason of not having any bed material)

As for this new project, I would be working with bubbling fluidized bed reactor. After reading multiple articles discussing the solid separation systems, I am confused at the need of bed material.

I would appreciate any clarity over it.

What is the difference between dual fuel diesel engine and RCCI engine? Considering that both engines use dual fuel, can be said that RCCI is a type of dual fuel engine?

it's coating for the fuel cladding

Since space shuttles, which were already built several decades ago, flew to the planet's orbit and were powered by hydrogen-oxygen fuel, it should be technically possible to build passenger and cargo planes powered by hydrogen-oxygen jet engines.

With the urgent transition to a zero-carbon economy, there is growing pressure to extend the green transition to avionics as well, i.e. to build zero-emission, zero-greenhouse-gas-emitting aircraft, and hydrogen-oxygen jet engines are such a solution. In the future, as part of the zero-carbon economy, such technological solutions should become widespread, and thus the green transformation should also include the aviation sector. The question then arises, when will this happen? When will avionics also be pro-environmentally transformed as part of the pro-environmental transformation of the economy and reduction of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere?

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

The Future of the advanced Internal Combustion Engine always linked with using multi fuel technology. But this is a tricky point, more fuel management system controls must be impeded as will as the availability of the fuels also make a challenging point.

However, the recant research activity focusing on using nanotechnology as well as multi fuel components to solve the problems of the engine efficiency, combustion, and emissions characteristics. But all the published manuscript were focusing on the positive results instead of the actual engine negative issues.

That is my point of view, if anyone have another thinking please contact us.

Dear colleagues,

I am looking for a dataset about fuel consumption or fuel efficiency of heavy-duty trucks for hauling logistics, specific to forestry would be better. The dataset may consist of specific manufacture brands e.g. Volvo or Scania, the engine horsepower, etc.

I have searched so far this kind of dataset and found 2 papers. But the problem is I could find the link to the dataset.

[1] Langer, T. (2013). Heavy-Duty Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Data in the United States. ACEEE

[2] Wang, J, and Rakha, H. A. (2017). Fuel consumption model for heavy duty diesel trucks: Model development and testing. Journal Transportation Research Part D (55) --> this paper uses MERL dataset

If you know any other dataset, please kindly share. I would appreciate your feedbacks. Thank you.

Yohanes

Dear specialists, researchers, and practitioners.

As I am reading the literature on energy poverty issues, I cannot find any articles or books discussing the link between energy/fuel poverty and economic/energy economic theories.

I know that the approaches to analyze such phenomenon are based on the capabilities approach and energy/environmental justice, among others.

I am starting this discussion to hear your opinions, and points of view and maybe suggest books/articles that focus on energy poverty within the context of energy economics and economic theories.

Best regards.

During the 1st wave of the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic in March 2020, the stock markets crashed. Energy and industrial commodities fell sharply on the commodity exchanges. A stock market crash also occurred on the stock markets. The main factor in the panic on the capital markets was the declaration of a global coronavirus epidemic, or pandemic state, by the World Health Organisation on 8 March 2020. This new term 'pandemic' itself created fear and uncertainty in the context of financial markets and economic processes. During the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic, there were also disruptions to international supply and supply logistics chains, government imposed quarantines and lockdowns imposed on selected sectors of the economy which increased the scale of the 2020 recession. As a result of these mainly interventionist actions by central institutions, a deep economic crisis emerged in 2020, the economy declined in many sectors of the economy, and economic process activity declined. The result of the decline in economic activity was a decrease in demand for raw materials, including energy raw materials. Due to the increase in remote working by employees of many companies from home, the use of cars, especially combustion cars, decreased. As a result, air quality and the state of the environment noticeably improved in 2020. In addition, opportunities have arisen to accelerate pro-climate transformation processes in the economy. Unfortunately, in many countries these opportunities have not been seized. For example, in the country where I operate during the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19), the government used printed money to provide financial public assistance to companies and enterprises operating in a wide variety of industries and sectors, not just those in lockdowns, on a historically record scale. Many companies and enterprises that were in good financial standing also benefited from these programmes of non-refundable financial subsidies, employee wage subsidies, tax relief, deferrals of contributions to the social security system and so on. The scale of the granted non-refundable public aid realised on the basis of printed money introduced extra-budgetarily by government funds created especially for this purpose was so large that inflation began to rise in Poland almost from the beginning of 2021. Citizens invested the extra, free money in shares and flats, which caused an increase in the prices of these assets. On the other hand, opportunities to accelerate the processes of pro-climate transformation of the economy were missed by the government. Subsidies for the development of renewable energy sources were not increased and were even reduced on some issues. Since April 2022, the government has reduced subsidies and worsened the economic conditions for the installation of photovoltaic panels by citizens on the roofs of their houses. There is a lack of subsidies for insulating the facades of buildings and single-family houses, installing photovoltaics, installing heat pumps and other renewable energy solutions. Poland has still not met the European Union guidelines for receiving EU subsidies to finance projects that could be implemented under the National Reconstruction Programme. As a result, the development of renewable and emission-free energy sources has slowed down instead of accelerating as it could have done during the pandemic. Unfortunately, still the process of pro-environmental and pro-climate transformation of the energy sector is progressing much slower than it could if the issue of green transformation of the economy was not ignored in the political and business spheres in Poland. The result of these omissions, neglect and ignorance is the current low level of energy independence and security in Poland in the context of the currently developing energy crisis. The result of this neglect is also the poor air quality in Poland. Poland has one of the worst air quality in the world. Poland is one of the 3 countries in Europe with the highest mortality rate caused by poor air quality polluted with various toxins resulting mainly from the dominant dirty energy industry based on burning fossil fuels. In addition, even more negative consequences of these omissions, negligence and ignorance appear in the future, when the process of global warming will significantly accelerate in the next decades and lead to a worsening of the climate crisis and to a climate catastrophe, which may already occur at the end of this 21st century.

The potential for accelerating the processes of pro-climate transformation of the economy that occurred during the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic was described in my publications, which I posted on my profile of this Research Gate portal after publication:

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Warm regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I am thinking about the future fuel system. and I think hydrogen fuel is best for the future power system. now days all of us interest electric vehicles(EV). EV has one problem that is, the charging system. To charge those batteries all country have to update the power grid. some country update the power system.

but is that all???

we are fully dependent on batteries. all of electric product now control by batteries. now renewable energy also store by batteries. But the batteries have life time. after that recycle the batteries. but It not so easy process. some country doesn't have any recycle system like Bangladesh, india, nepal, pakistan, etc.

So I think all of us should work in hydrogen fuel. It is 100% environment friendly.

Am I right or wrong????

This is in reference to the diesel fuel specification with respect to China VI, Euro VI, BS VI and Wordwide Fuel Charter 2019 wherein the Flash point varies from 35 to 60 deg C. While flash point impacts the storage and possible ignition, is there any effect on engine performance.

Moisture of extinction is one of main characteristic to develope fuel models. However there are a lack of clear explanation or methodology how to estimate it for diferent type of fuel (live \ dead fuel etc). Can someone help us to provide any sound methodology?

In the shorter term (a few quarters), the energy crisis is developing, fossil fuel prices are rising, and the price of energy produced from burning fossil fuels is rising. In the longer term (many years), a global climate crisis will continue to develop as a result of the continuing process of global warming resulting from the still high levels of civilisational CO2 emissions into the atmosphere.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:

What is your opinion on this?

What do you think about this topic?

Please reply,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Let me find an expert to discuss about the possibilities of using the Markov Chain in Fuel Price Modeling

I have read many articles. In some articles researchers first prepare the nanofluid using water then mix with fuel. And in some articles researchers directly put surfactant and nanoparticles in fuel and do the ulatrasonication. Please guide me for the correct method. By using water, fuel quality would not degrade?

How can citizens prepare for a future projected energy crisis?

How can we protect ourselves against a future energy crisis?

How should the state transform the energy sector to make the economy more resilient to possible future energy crises?

How should the state ensure energy security for its citizens?

How should the economy be prepared for the projected increase in energy commodity prices and energy price increases?

What is your opinion on this topic?

Please reply,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz

As it is noticeable, there are several research projects with regard to using of cavitation and the production of bubbles for friction reduction in ship movements. I want to understand the mechanism thoroughly for this process. Also, how much is it practical for decreasing fuel consumption?

Best regards,

Hossein Pouresmaeil

Indeed my thesis is on dual fuel diesel/gas modeling that I have to compare with another dual fuel diesel hydrogen.

Closed Parkings and tunnels;

Many parkings are closed and a lot of them are located in Airports; sadly people have suffocated in them due to traffic jams and congestion; would replacing fuel transport with EVs solve problems caused by pollution fuel transport causes?

Dear Scholars,

I would like to solve a Fluid Mechanic optimization problem that requires the implementation of an optimization algorithm together with Artificial Neural network. I had some questions about Convex optimization algorithm and I would appreciate it if you could give some advice to me.

My question is about possibility of implementing of the Convex optimization together with Artificial Neural Network to find a unique solution for a multi-objective optimization problem. The optimization problem that I am trying to code is explained as the following equations. The objective function utilized in the optimization problem is defined in the following equation:

📷

Where OF is the objective function, wi are the weights assigned to each cost function, Oi is the ith cost function defined as the relative difference between the experimental and the predicted evaporation metrics for fuel droplet (denoted by superscript of exp and mdl, respectively), k is the number of cost functions (k = 4, equal to the number of evaporation metrics), c [c1, c2, and c3] is the mass fraction vector defining the blend of three components, subjected to the following constrains:

📷

Due to high CPU time required for modeling and calculating the objective functions (OF), an ANN was trained based on some tabulated data from modeling of fuel droplet evaporation and used for calculating the OF through optimization iteration.

In the same manner, the wi values are subjected to optimization during the minimization of OF, with the following constraints:

📷

It worth mentioning that, I have solved this problem by employing Genetic Algorithm together with ANN. Although, the iterative process for solving the problem converged to acceptable solutions. But, the algorithm did not return a unique solution.

Regarding that, I would ask you about possibility of using Convex optimization algorithm together with ANN for solving the aforementioned problem to achieve a unique solution. In case of such feasibility, I would appreciate it if you could mention some relevant publications.

My project is methanol conversion to jet fuel but I have problem with GC method to analyze liquid product which is hydrocarbon mixture.

for GC - simulated distillation cost for analysis is too expensive for me

I hope someone can help me

thank you.

Hi,

I have a technical question about the cars,

In my dataset, I have the make/model/age/fuel of vehicles, what I need is the engine capacity of cars. I need to categorize them based on engine capacity to mini, small, medium, and large.

what is the easiest way to do that? I found a database of technical attributes of cars, but it takes a lot of time to search for each vehicle and for example do make/model of all ages have the same engine capacity? or should I check make/model/year to find engine capacity?

thank you

Example:

For 3 bus bar system we have a following equation

C=Sum(ax^2+bx+c) for i=1 to N

Then how we can replace the cost coefficient value for a,b and c.

Are they random numbers or do we need to take from particular data sheet.

Hi all,

I'm trying to solve transient combustion simulation for a large furnace.

Since the simulation is taking long time for solving I want to divide the fluid zone into two zones.

and

Can I use two fluent solver (coupling fluent) in workbench such that the first iteration output from model with Fluid_Zone1 can be used as an first iteration input to model with Fluid_Zone2 ?

how to calculate the self ignition temperature for hydrogen enriched fuel ?