Science topic

Freedom - Science topic

Freedom is the rights of individuals to act and make decisions without external constraints.
Questions related to Freedom
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
10 answers
Peer review, journal editorial policies, and funding requirements often favor research that aligns with existing frameworks rather than highly innovative or unconventional work.
However, the expectation to always justify research within existing theoretical frames can limit creativity by discouraging radically new approaches or perspectives that don’t fit within dominant paradigms.
Some scholars argue that creativity should be encouraged even in formal academic writing, but others believe that strict theoretical grounding is necessary to maintain academic credibility. Certain schools of thought (e.g., positivism, structuralism, postmodernism) dominate different periods or institutions, shaping what is considered "valid" research.
Would it be possible to balance methodological rigor with intellectual freedom?
Relevant answer
Answer
Yes Bourezi Fatima In the social sciences and humanities, academic norms and the requirement to use established theories limit researchers' creativity.
Balancing methodological rigor with intellectual freedom is about creating a dynamic interplay—rigor provides structure and credibility, while freedom nurtures innovation and discovery. When managed thoughtfully, they can complement rather than oppose each other.
Combining insights from different fields can enhance methodological robustness while stimulating curiosity and free exploration outside traditional paradigms.
Promote ongoing reflection on methodological choices and their impact on intellectual exploration. This helps researchers or thinkers remain committed to rigor while remaining open to innovative ideas.
Academic norms and reliance on established theories can both constrain and enable creativity in the social sciences and humanities. The key lies in striking a balance—using norms as scaffolding rather than shackles—to cultivate an environment where innovative ideas can flourish within a rigorous scholarly framework.
Emphasis on established theories may encourage researchers to conform to prevailing paradigms, potentially discouraging novel or unconventional ideas.The expectation to build upon or validate existing theories can make researchers hesitant to propose radically different approaches, fearing rejection or criticism. The emphasis on cumulative knowledge may prioritize incremental advances over groundbreaking or innovative perspectives
___________
Ref/.
Paul Feyerabend's most famous work is Against Method (1975), wherein he argued that there are no universally valid methodological rules for scientific inquiry. In his "Empiricism, Reduction, and Experience" (1962), Feyerabend outlines his theory of incommensurability. His theory appears in the same year as Thomas Kuhn's discussion of incommensurability in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, but the two were developed independently. According to Feyerabend, some instances of theory change in the history of science do not involve a successor theory that retains its predecessor as a limiting case. In other words, scientific progress does not always involve producing a theory that is a generalization of the previous theory. This is because the successor theory is formally inconsistent with the previous theory attempting to explain the same domain of phenomena.Moreover, the two theories do not share the same empirical content and, therefore, cannot be compared by the same set of observation statements. To replace empiricism, Feyerabend advances theoretical pluralism as a methodological rule for scientific progress.
——
My intention is not to replace one set of general rules by another such set: my intention is, rather, to convince the reader that all methodologies, even the most obvious ones, have their limits. The best way to show this is to demonstrate the limits and even the irrationality of some rules which she, or he, is likely to regard as basic. In the case that induction (including induction by falsification) this means demonstrating how well the counterinductive procedure can be supported by argument. ― Paul Karl Feyerabend, Against Method
Science is essentially an anarchic enterprise: theoretical anarchism is more humanitarian and more likely to encourage progress than its law-and-order alternatives. ― Paul Karl Feyerabend, Against Method
All religions are good 'in principle' - but unfortunately this abstract Good has only rarely prevented their practitioners from behaving like bastards. ― Paul Karl Feyerabend, Farewell to Reason
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
5 answers
It is difficult to disentangle destructive creativity from cultural or nationalist valuation. For example, one group's creative freedom fighter is another groiup's destructive terrorist but is there any absolute basis to the distinction in terms of brain mechanisms?
Relevant answer
Answer
While certain neural circuits underpin creative processes and moral reasoning, the distinction between "destructive" and "constructive" creativity cannot be solely grounded in brain mechanisms. Instead, it is heavily mediated by cultural, social, and contextual factors, making the line between them inherently nuanced and subjective.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
32 answers
تتجاوز أهمية الحرية الأكاديمية أي قضية أو حملة فردية: فهي مركزية لإنتاج المعرفة وتقدمها وتتجاوز الحدود الوطنية. يعتمد البحث والعلوم والتعليم على الأشخاص الذين يتمتعون بحرية اختبار الأفكار الجديدة والتشكيك في المعتقدات التقليدية القائمة. يتحمل الأكاديميون مسؤولية الانخراط في الفحص النقدي للنماذج السائدة في مجالاتهم ، ولكن أيضًا للدفاع عن حق الأكاديميين الآخرين في فعل الشيء نفسه ، حتى عندما يختلفون معهم بشدة.
يجب الدفاع عن الحرية الأكاديمية بشكل كاف من قبل الجامعات والأكاديميين والسياسيين والجمهور. بشكل جماعي ، نحتاج إلى الدفاع عن الامتياز الفريد الذي تعتمد عليه وظيفة الجامعة ؛ للحفاظ على إنتاج المعرفة البشرية وحمايته.
لا يمكن أن يحدث هذا إلا إذا كنا أحرارًا في تحدي الواقعية(الافكار المحافظة) السائدة واختبار الأفكار المثيرة للجدل. يجب مقاومة كل ما يعيق الحرية الأكاديمية. إن الاستجابة المناسبة للأفكار الفكرية التي نختلف معها هي دحضها ، وتحدي البيانات ، وفضح المنطق الخاطئ ، وإلقاء الضوء على العيوب المنهجية ، وليس دفنها تحت الأرض.
إذا بدأ الأكاديميون أنفسهم في تحدي الأسس الأساسية للحرية الأكاديمية ، فإن النتيجة النهائية يمكن أن تكون نهاية الجامعة كمؤسسة ذات امتياز فريد في المجتمع.
Relevant answer
Answer
Harvard’s lawsuit offers an opening for ethical renewal
"In a matter of weeks, Harvard University has found itself at the centre of two seismic confrontations with the United States federal government. In April 2025, it filed a landmark lawsuit against the Department of Education, challenging what it described as a politically motivated overreach threatening academic freedom and institutional autonomy.
This week, the Department of Homeland Security abruptly revoked Harvard’s certification to enroll international students – casting the legal status of more than 6,800 students into limbo and effectively redefining one of the world’s most prestigious universities as a national security concern.
These back-to-back actions signal something larger than bureaucratic disputes. Together, they mark an inflection point in the role and governance of the university itself. What was once a question of federal oversight has now become a crisis of academic sovereignty...
The Harvard lawsuit offers an opening – not just for legal resolution but for ethical renewal. In choosing to challenge the federal government, Harvard has an opportunity to restate the purpose of the university in an age of moral confusion.
It is not enough to fight for autonomy. We must also fight for relevance, justice and imagination.
In the years to come, this lawsuit may be remembered not for its legal outcome but for whether it sparked a wider effort to reclaim the university – not as an institution of power but as a sanctuary for democratic possibility."
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
I'm currently working on a paper about children's rights—focusing on the right to education, freedom of speech, and more. However, I paused after reflecting on the over 30,000 children reportedly detained by the Assad regime in Syria. Many of their families still have no information about their fate.
I recently came across a document confirming that a person born in 1996 was executed in 2013. That discovery shook me deeply. I decided to temporarily set aside my initial paper to focus on a new direction: the stories of these detained children—those who have yet to find peace.
No one knows what truly happened to them, where they are, or what they endured in their final days.
I would deeply appreciate your thoughts, references, or ideas that might support and guide this research.
Relevant answer
Answer
Courage Dear Colleague! It's painful that story!
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
9 answers
Few males achieve any real freedom in their sexual relations even with their wives. Few males realize how badly inhibited they are on these matters. (Alfred Kinsey)
Relevant answer
Answer
It's easy to criticise but not so easy to provide any scientific explanations for the different sexual behaviours men and women display. Women seem to object to any facts, logic and research findings that might explain their sexuality. Your defensiveness says it all - emotional beliefs.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
Have you ever read this article?
Muñoz, Lucio, 2021. Sustainability thoughts 133: Stating the expected step by step road from majority rule based liberal democracies to permanent authoritarianism: The case of the 2016-2020 rise and fall of Trumpism, In: CEBEM-REDESMA Boletin, Año 15, Nº 5, May, La Paz, Bolivia.
Relevant answer
Answer
yes
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
3 answers
Three factorizations in a row failed. Check the model. It is possible that the model contains the kinematic coupling definition set up in a way that a degree of freedom has neither mass nor stiffness.
I'm getting this error in the modal analysis
If I just model a homogeneous beam, the job runs OK, but when i try to define a two-layered beam, and use connectors to joint the two part (like in this example https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5Uq3USDqd4) it gives me the above error...
It is cleary related to the connection, but i don't find any information on how to solve it....
Any suggestions?
Relevant answer
Answer
Thanks for the feedback Engr. Tufail and Alex McCloskey
I agree that the problem is most probably relatated to the connectors, but i couldn´t find any mistake in the modelling...perhaps they should have mass or inertia...but i don't find any field in the options to use such information...
Regarding the RPs, i don't knwon if by themselves (for default) they should have degrees of freedom associated...
I attach the inp. file of a 2D frame model
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
I have seen how entanglement energy causes the emergence of gravity and also how entanglement energy adds a degree of freedom to a two-particle system. This energy connecting two observable universes, A‘s and B’s, is crucial for gravity to be loaded up into A and B’s wave function. Higgs being a spin boson makes a lot of sense and since spin is a local phenomena, the entanglement boson does not translate at C, it connects to observable universes so the first particle to be measured will have their cosmic horizon resolve the spins and manage entropy. I have not found a formal boson that describes entanglement energy. Could it really be this simple? Maybe Higgs also keeps the 720 degrees of spin into two symmetrical counter-rotating 360 degree expressions, emergent spin and it’s counterfactual spin state.
Relevant answer
Answer
Evren daima değişim içerisindedir. Higgs tarafından keşfedilen bozon onun zamanında ve onun şartlarında keşfedilmiştir. Örneğin yerçekimi ivmesi ilk keşfedildiğinde değeri tam 10 olabilir. Ama günümüzde değeri 9,8 alınmaktadır. Bu o zamanın şartlarına ve bulunduğu gözleme bağlı. Higgs bozonunu da böyle düşünebilirsiniz. Aynı şekilde sizde farklı şeyler keşfedebilirsiniz.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
5 answers
I propose a discussion on my PowerPoint "Some notes on Amartya Sen’s and Mahbub ul Haq’s Interpretations of Entitlements, Development, Economic Growth, and Freedom". I used this PowerPoint for my Online Guest Lecture held at the O.P. Jindal Global University on Tuesday, 11th March 2025, 1:00 p.m. - 2:30 p.m. IST. In my inquiry, I analyse some concepts of the thought of Amartya Sen and of Mahbub ul Haq in order to find elements for public policy. Sen and ul Haq teach us the existence of many values for specific concepts, like, for instance, the concept of development; they moreover exhort us not to be content with easy answers in the analysis of social phenomena: the complete investigation of social phenomena always asks for patience, time and engagement. The first part of my investigation is dedicated to aspects of Sen’s thought: I analyse Sen’s refusal of fatalistic attitudes, his interpretation of the cause of famines and his consideration of freedoms as constitutive elements of development. Sen’s opinion that famines are not a natural, but a social phenomenon aims to reveal as false all attempts to present famines as something unavoidable, in relation to which the only solution is resignation. Sen points out that all governments which present famines as natural phenomena, on closer inspection, aim to conceal the responsibilities which they have for the occurrence of famines. Sen shows that starvation and famines are not natural phenomena against which there is nothing to do; they are social phenomena which are due to specific political failures. Famines and starvation do not represent an unavoidable element of human history: they can be prevented provided that there is the political will to prevent them. I then analyse Sen’s criticism of the thesis of the incompatibility between development and freedom. Sen strongly contends that democracy and freedoms are compatible with economic growth, thus opposing all those who consider democracy as an obstacle to economic growth. Freedoms and democratic public space are constituent components of development; they are, moreover, a means to development, since they make possible the public discussion on the needs of people. My attention is thereafter concentrated on ul Haq’s interpretation of the concept of development. Ul Haq shows that development cannot be reduced to the growth of GNP, but should be extended to the promotion of individuals’ freedoms, human rights, health care, opportunities for education and further entitlements. Development is, actually, the progressive growth of the individuals as such. People, and not economic growth, are the authentic end of any process of development. All interpretations of development based exclusively on the measurement and growth of the gross domestic product and of the individual income prove, on closer inspection, to be inadequate and insufficient since they do not give the necessary information on the quality of life of the individuals: the quality of life and the improvement of the quality of life of the individual directly depend on the choices made by the governments as regards the use of economic growth. To sum up, both Sen and Ul Haq interpret development as the promotion and the improvement of the whole individual, of his quality of life, and of his capabilities. The concept of development pleaded for by the two thinkers proves to be different, therefore, from the conception of development proper to the position which identifies development with economic growth. In Sen’s and Ul Haq’s view, economic growth is an instrument for the promotion of the person; it is not the goal of development. The authentic goal of any process of development is the individual’s life.
Relevant answer
Answer
I thank you very much for your very interesting observations.
Yours sincerely,
Gianluigi Segalerba
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
17 answers
In 1644 the illustrious John Milton, a Geordie from North Shields on Tyneside, England
Published the pamphlet Areopagitica, a Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing. In the pamphlet the central message was:
“Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties”
What he was describing was the most fundamental of all human rights, one that underpins all others and without which none of the others would function at all.
Milton was one of the earliest pamphleteers in the modern world to advocate freedom of the press. The irony today is that those who advocate it the loudest, usually on the rightist- liberal platform are often those who, with the acquisition of power would supress it.
How did society over the last 350+ years take such a retrograde step?
Relevant answer
Answer
Когда говоришь, что думаешь, думай, что говоришь.
Good advice!
The Belarusian independence advocates were obviously deluded in their beliefs that the Soviets would support the once the invasion of Kresy was complete.
Similarly the collection of reprobates surrounding Trump base their voiced opinions on ideology rather than knowledge or common sense.
They too do not think what they say because they have no understanding of what the things they say actually mean.
“Citizens cannot participate fully in a democracy unless they have a reasonable understanding of political issues; therefore open debate on such matters is essential”
Meiklejohn 1961
‘“Freedom of discussion” is in England little else than the right to write or say anything which a jury of twelve shopkeepers, think it expedient to be said or written’
AV Dicey
“Every age has its own fascism and we see the warning signs wherever the concentration of power denies citizens the possibility and the means of expressing and acting on their own free will. There are many ways of reaching this point, and not just through the terror of police intimidation, but by denying and distorting information, by undermining systems of justice, by paralyzing the education system, and by spreading in a myriad subtle ways nostalgia for a world where order reigned, and where the security of a privileged few depends on the forced labour and the forced silence of the many”.
Primo Levi (1974)
• ‘Freedom of the press in Britain means freedom to print such of the proprietors prejudices as the advertisers don’t object to’ Hannen Swaffer (in Tom Driberg, Swaff. 1974)
“We do sometimes have to sacrifice a little of the freedom we cherish in order to defend ourselves from those whose aim is to destroy it altogether”
Margaret Thatcher
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
10 answers
What is the scale of human rights violations, including discrimination, violence and restrictions on freedom of expression, as a serious problem worldwide?
There is strong evidence that human rights violations such as discrimination, violence, torture and restrictions on freedom of expression are a global problem that affects people all over the world, regardless of their origin, gender or beliefs. These violations have a devastating impact on the lives of individuals and entire communities, leading to suffering, exclusion and a sense of powerlessness. The causes of these violations are complex, often stemming from intolerance, prejudice, abuse of power, armed conflict, poverty and social inequality. An effective solution to this problem requires a comprehensive approach, including the enforcement of international law, monitoring of the situation in countries where violations occur, support for non-governmental organisations working for human rights, and education and raising public awareness. Research plays an important role in solving this problem, helping to understand the causes and consequences of violations and to develop effective strategies to prevent and combat them.
And what is your opinion on this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please reply,
I invite everyone to the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
I invite you to scientific cooperation,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
Relevant answer
Answer
Barry Turner The road to hell is paved with good intentions
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
5 answers
Good evening.
Can you answer the following question:
Q: Is there freedom for the researcher to choose the type of scientific hypothesis in experimental research?
Null hypothesis or alternative hypothesis?
Relevant answer
Answer
Thank you very much
Great book
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
The history of science is part of the history of the freedom to observe, to reflect, to experiment, to record, and to bear witness. (Alan Gregg)
Relevant answer
Answer
I am asking why erotic content is banned on social media - apart from Twitter. This has nothing to do with poetry, which is rarely sexual content. I cannot provide adult sex education on most forums because any explicit mention of genitals or sexual activity is censored. This is due to women's dislike of erotic content. Most of my supporters are male. Women prefer to shut down sexual discussions rather than participate even when they focus on female sexuality. This leads to sexual ignorance in the population because men have only their fantasies and porn to rely on.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
Does anyone have a Mplus input to test bifactor model of configural, metric, scalar invariance of DASS-21 or other scales? When I tested I reached different degrees of freedom in weak invariance model. or Anyone know where I do mistake for example
DATA:
FILE IS İNVARYANS.DAT;
VARIABLE:
NAMES ARE CIN V1 V2-V42;
USEVARIABLES ARE CIN V3 V10 V17 V26 V31 V38 V42
V2 V4 V20 V25 V28 V40 V41 V6 V8 V12 V18 V22 V35 V39;
CATEGORICAL ARE V3 V10 V17 V26 V31 V38 V42
V2 V4 V20 V25 V28 V40 V41 V6 V8 V12 V18 V22 V35 V39;
GROUPING IS CIN (1=E 2= H);
ANALYSIS:
ESTIMATOR IS WLSMV;
ITERATIONS = 1000000;
CONVERGENCE = 0.00005;
PARAMETERIZATION = THETA;
MODEL:
F1 BY V3* V10 V17 V26 V31 V38 V42 (L1-L7);
F1@1;
F2 BY V2* V4 V20 V25 V28 V40 V41(L8-L14);
F2@1;
F3 BY V6* V8 V12 V18 V22 V35 V39 (L15-L21);
F3@1;
F4 BY V3* (M1)
V10 (M2)
V17 (M3)
V26 (M4)
V31 (M5)
V38 (M6)
V42 (M7)
V2 (M8)
V4 (M9)
V20 (M10)
V25 (M11)
V28 (M12)
V40 (M13)
V41 (M14)
V6 (M15)
V8 (M16)
V12 (M17)
V18 (M18)
V22 (M19)
V35 (M20)
V39 (M21);
F4@1;
F1 WITH F2@0;
F1 WITH F3@0;
F1 WITH F4@0;
F2 WITH F3@0;
F2 WITH F4@0;
F3 WITH F4@0;
V3@1;
V10@1;
V17@1;
V26@1;
V31@1;
V38@1;
V42@1;
V2@1;
V4@1;
V20@1;
V25@1;
V28@1;
V40@1;
V41@1;
V6@1;
V8@1;
V12@1;
V18@1;
V22@1;
V35@1;
V39@1;
[F1@0];
[F2@0];
[F3@0];
[F4@0];
[V3$1*];
[V3$2*];
[V3$3*];
[V10$1*];
[V10$2*];
[V10$3*];
[V17$1*];
[V17$2*];
[V17$3*];
[V26$1*];
[V26$2*];
[V26$3*];
[V31$1*];
[V31$2*];
[V31$3*];
[V38$1*];
[V38$2*];
[V38$3*];
[V42$1*];
[V42$2*];
[V42$3*];
[V2$1*];
[V2$2*];
[V2$3*];
[V4$1*];
[V4$2*];
[V4$3*];
[V20$1*];
[V20$2*];
[V20$3*];
[V25$1*];
[V25$2*];
[V25$3*];
[V28$1*];
[V28$2*];
[V28$3*];
[V40$1*];
[V40$2*];
[V40$3*];
[V41$1*];
[V41$2*];
[V41$3*];
[V6$1*];
[V6$2*];
[V6$3*];
[V8$1*];
[V8$2*];
[V8$3*];
[V12$1*];
[V12$2*];
[V12$3*];
[V18$1*];
[V18$2*];
[V18$3*];
[V22$1*];
[V22$2*];
[V22$3*];
[V35$1*];
[V35$2*];
[V35$3*];
[V39$1*];
[V39$2*];
[V39$3*];
MODEL H:
F1 BY V3* V10 V17 V26 V31 V38 V42 (L1-L7);
F1@1;
F2 BY V2* V4 V20 V25 V28 V40 V41(L8-L14);
F2@1;
F3 BY V6* V8 V12 V18 V22 V35 V39 (L15-L21);
F3@1;
F4 BY V3* (M1)
V10 (M2)
V17 (M3)
V26 (M4)
V31 (M5)
V38 (M6)
V42 (M7)
V2 (M8)
V4 (M9)
V20 (M10)
V25 (M11)
V28 (M12)
V40 (M13)
V41 (M14)
V6 (M15)
V8 (M16)
V12 (M17)
V18 (M18)
V22 (M19)
V35 (M20)
V39 (M21);
V3@1;
V10@1;
V17@1;
V26@1;
V31@1;
V38@1;
V42@1;
V2@1;
V4@1;
V20@1;
V25@1;
V28@1;
V40@1;
V41@1;
V6@1;
V8@1;
V12@1;
V18@1;
V22@1;
V35@1;
V39@1;
F1 WITH F2@0;
F1 WITH F3@0;
F1 WITH F4@0;
F2 WITH F3@0;
F2 WITH F4@0;
F3 WITH F4@0;
[F1@0];
[F2@0];
[F3@0];
[F4@0];
[V3$1*];
[V3$2*];
[V3$3*];
[V10$1*];
[V10$2*];
[V10$3*];
[V17$1*];
[V17$2*];
[V17$3*];
[V26$1*];
[V26$2*];
[V26$3*];
[V31$1*];
[V31$2*];
[V31$3*];
[V38$1*];
[V38$2*];
[V38$3*];
[V42$1*];
[V42$2*];
[V42$3*];
[V2$1*];
[V2$2*];
[V2$3*];
[V4$1*];
[V4$2*];
[V4$3*];
[V20$1*];
[V20$2*];
[V20$3*];
[V25$1*];
[V25$2*];
[V25$3*];
[V28$1*];
[V28$2*];
[V28$3*];
[V40$1*];
[V40$2*];
[V40$3*];
[V41$1*];
[V41$2*];
[V41$3*];
[V6$1*];
[V6$2*];
[V6$3*];
[V8$1*];
[V8$2*];
[V8$3*];
[V12$1*];
[V12$2*];
[V12$3*];
[V18$1*];
[V18$2*];
[V18$3*];
[V22$1*];
[V22$2*];
[V22$3*];
[V35$1*];
[V35$2*];
[V35$3*];
[V39$1*];
[V39$2*];
[V39$3*];
OUTPUT:
SAMPSTAT STANDARDIZED RESIDUAL MODINDICES (10);
Relevant answer
Answer
It seems like you are testing configurable, metric, and scalar invariance of the DASS-21 or other scales using Mplus.
However, there seems to be an issue with the degrees of freedom in the weak invariance model, which could be related to how constraints are specified in the model.
Here are some suggestions that might help you troubleshoot the problem:
  1. Check grouping variables: In your GROUPING IS CIN (1=E 2= H); line, ensure that the variable CIN has only two levels (1 and 2). If there are more categories or missing values, this could affect the model's estimation and degrees of freedom.
  2. Grouping related constraints: Make sure that the constraints imposed on parameters (e.g., factor loadings) in the weak invariance model are appropriate. The weak invariance model requires that factor loadings are equal across groups, so the line specifying equality for loadings like F1 BY V3* V10 V17 V26 V31 V38 V42 (L1-L7); might need adjustment based on the invariance model stage.
  3. Degrees of freedom: If the degrees of freedom for the weak invariance model are off, it could indicate an issue with parameter constraints or model identification. In Mplus, degrees of freedom should be calculated correctly based on the number of free parameters and the number of data points. Double-check that the number of free parameters doesn't exceed the number of observed variances and covariances in the model.
  4. Correct constraints syntax: Ensure that all parameters that need to be constrained to be equal across groups are specified properly. This includes factor loadings, intercepts, and error variances. For example, scalar invariance also requires intercepts to be equal across groups. Here is an example of how to constrain factor loadings and intercepts in the metric and scalar invariance models:
  5. Check for Identifiability: The model needs to be fully identified for estimation to proceed. Ensure that the number of free parameters and the data are balanced correctly, as a lack of identification can lead to issues with convergence and degrees of freedom.
  6. Fixing Variables: Make sure that certain variables like V3, V10, and others are not fixed unintentionally. In your model, parameters like V3@1 may need to be reconsidered depending on whether those should be fixed across groups or estimated separately for each.
MODEL:
F1 BY V3* V10 V17 V26 V31 V38 V42 (L1-L7);
F1@1;
F2 BY V2* V4 V20 V25 V28 V40 V41(L8-L14);
F2@1;
F3 BY V6* V8 V12 V18 V22 V35 V39 (L15-L21);
F3@1;
F4 BY V3* (M1)
V10 (M2)
V17 (M3)
V26 (M4)
V31 (M5)
V38 (M6)
V42 (M7)
V2 (M8)
V4 (M9)
V20 (M10)
V25 (M11)
V28 (M12)
V40 (M13)
V41 (M14)
V6 (M15)
V8 (M16)
V12 (M17)
V18 (M18)
V22 (M19)
V35 (M20)
V39 (M21);
! Weak Invariance Model
F1 BY V3* V10 V17 V26 V31 V38 V42 (L1-L7);
F2 BY V2* V4 V20 V25 V28 V40 V41 (L8-L14);
F3 BY V6* V8 V12 V18 V22 V35 V39 (L15-L21);
! Scalar Invariance
[F1@0];
[F2@0];
[F3@0];
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
Due to there being a disproportionate amount of black women in prisons and that many of those were drug mules, I'm interested in the factors involved as to why they decided to go ahead with something so risky to both their freedom and their lives. As someone who was approached to be a drug mule along with my young daughter I believe coercive control plays a great part in these circumstances.
Relevant answer
Answer
@Tarus Silas...thank you SO much for taking the time to reply. It makes perfect sense & has given me a lot of food for thought. Have a blessed day 😊
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
7 answers
The concept of the Deep State is the very essence of the conspiracy theory. A shadowy organisation operating deep with our society to undermine our freedoms and economic welfare for the benefit of elites.
Is this based on any real evidence to is it more likely that the Deep State is actually simply the manifestation of the state itself? Has there ever been a society that was not founded by and effectively controlled by elites?
More to the point why do those who so fervently rail against the concept of elites believe that an uneducated proletariat, driven by a largely mythological idea of what democracy is, could function without a deep infrastructure?
I
Relevant answer
Answer
Does anyone know of any states, modern or historical that were not deep?
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
5 answers
I have a null and alternative hypothesis for each objective. There are 90 respondents in total and for each objective a 5 likert questionnaire with 10 questions each. I do not have SPSS and I not well acquainted with how to use it properly, so all my data has been analyzed on excel which includes the mean and standard deviation. Kindly assist me on, how I can find the observed or actual value, expected value and degree of freedom all on excel for such a data set so I can calculate the Chi-Square test of Independence, p-value and critical value.
Relevant answer
Answer
There is a lot to unpack in your question. If I follow, for each objective, you have responses to ten 5-point Likert items. Is that right? If so, have you computed a mean (or sum) of the 10 items?
It is also not clear to me what hypothesis (or hypotheses) you wish to test. Can you clarify? E.g., do the 90 respondents fall into groups of some kind, and are you wishing to compare groups on their "objective" scores? Or is there just one group, and you're interested in associations between objective scores? None of this is clear (to me, at least). You have not even said (unless I missed it) how many objectives there are.
Finally (for now), using Excel for serious data analysis is not advisable. You said you do not have SPSS. Does that mean you do not have access to it via your institution, or you have access, but have not installed it? If you do not have access, there are other free alternatives such as JASP and Jamovi.
I'll stop there for now in hopes that you will clarify things a bit more.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
Hello,
I am performing a steady-state heat transfer analysis on a fiber composite model at the micro-scale in ABAQUS. My setup involves applying periodic boundary conditions (PBC), with one surface set to 300 K and the opposite surface set to 301 K. To implement the PBC, I used Equation Constraints across the model. However, I am encountering the following error: "1 nodes are missing degrees of freedom. The MPC/Equation/kinematic coupling constraints cannot be formed. The nodes have been identified in node set ErrNodeMissingDofConstrDef."
This error suggests that a specific node is missing the required degrees of freedom (DOF), which prevents the application of MPC, Equation, or kinematic coupling constraints. I have ensured that all nodes in the model have the appropriate DOF for a thermal analysis, verified the mesh and element types, and thoroughly reviewed the boundary conditions and constraint definitions, but the issue persists. Could you please provide guidance on how to resolve this?
Relevant answer
Answer
Check all the constraints again. There may be free nodes in the model which is not connected to any elements. Find that element nodes and add constraints
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
For example, the motion performance of 3-RPS mechanism
Relevant answer
Answer
Evaluating the kinematic performance of a parallel mechanism with mixed degrees of freedom (DOF) requires analysing several key factors as these mechanisms combine translational and rotational movements.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
6 answers
The threshold least square regression model by Hansen (2000) divides the series into two regimes endogenously. The Regime above the threshold and below the threshold, and then regress both regimes individually by OLS. this method also involve bootstrap replication. In my case the regime above the threshold only remain with 17 number of observation. Does it creates loss of degree of freedom issue in the data?
Relevant answer
Answer
It is not possible to answer that question without more information. First, you should say how many observations you have. A regression with 17 observations is questionable but it depends on the number of explanatory variables. Since these observations correspond to above the threshold, I fear that they are outliers, hence we are in the worst situation. Did you consider a transformation on the dependent variable? That would perhaps improve the situation provided the relationship with the other variables allows for it. I would say that each of the two regimes should have enough observations.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
88 answers
For millennia the questions of CAUSALITY and FREEDOM have been conceived as opposites in both sciences and philosophies. If they can be unified (possibly, freedom brought under the other's explanation), is it possible to bring the physical, natural, and social sciences together under one set of basic notions?
I have a unique manner of argument in the direction of a solution for the reconciliation of causality and freedom.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
3 answers
Dear All,
when calculating the critical value for Mahalanobis distance, is the degree of freedom equal to number of questionnaire items minus one, or number of variables minus one? Thank you for your reply!
Relevant answer
Answer
Thank you for your reply! I have a questionnaire where several items corresponds to a variable. There are several dimensions in the variables. Is it appropriate to calculate the degrees of freedom as the number of questionnaire items minus one, or as the number of dimensions of the variables minus one?
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
9 answers
Dear Colleagues,
I am starting this conversation out of curiosity, and to get a feeling on which direction research seems to be oriented to (covering different fields of engineering). For two submitted papers in the past, I got comments like this from reviewers:
1) the work is too scientific, the authors need to explain its relevance with reference to an application
2) rejection advice by the reviewer on the basis that the work is focused on a curiosity driven aspect of experimental results, but robustly executed.
Both happened for journals with a top impact factor, and well recognized in the field.
My concern and discussion point here is: are we still valueing curiosity-driven research? or does everything need to be related to an application? My stand on this is that researchers can have the freedom (something called academic freedom), to either undertake an application-driven research or a pure curiosity-driven research, provided that both lead to some valuable insights to the readers of the journal and the corresponding scientific community . Not always the curiosity driven research has an immediate application, especially if it is at an early stage. Hence, any connection to an application, becomes speculation and it is not appriopriate for a research paper. What is your take on this? did you experience similar comments? is curiosity-driven research still valued?
Relevant answer
Answer
Alessandro, reviewers in top journals become even more random walk. You need to make your story attractive. They call this applied, but the truth is different. In some journals, very good ones but not Nature or Science, also the maths which may look very nice makes a difference, rather than application. I have some papers which look very elegant, but were never applied. I wrote them in 1 day and were accepted very quickly. Also, be not critical of any other previous approach. Very top journals may look also for very fancy experiments...
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
TL;DR
--
I firmly believe in the free software and free science philosophy as an enabler for a real free society. As a consequence, I'm against any form of data and freedom control, intellectual property, surveillance and privacy violations, and so on and so forth.
But more than anything, I'm a supporter of that sense of "feeling at home" that you could feel in the early internet (just remind IRC, or the first websites of the early 2000's), which today has almost completely vanished.
With that in mind, I have spent the last two months creating a kind of unusual website. It is basically a personal website that I use for promotional reasons as I progress in my PhD researches. But not only that, the site has been built to be also a sort of community for scholars and people that seriously cares about freedom in computing, science, and society.
I have written an article to better explicate this concept, and I would be very happy if some of you could take a look at it. Here is the canonical URL to the article: https://www.dmi.unict.it/nfarceri/articles/welcome.eng.html.
As you noticed, it is a plain HTML text file. However, at the bottom of the article you can find a link to connect to the main site, which you can click on so as to be redirected to and thus opening the article on the main site.
Thank you all in any case for reading. Looking forward to seeing you there :-)
Relevant answer
Answer
Made some meaningful improvements to the site.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
Hello, I am making a model of an airplane fuselage, consisting of the fuselage, frames and stringers. I have made “tie” joints between the different fuselage parts, and between the frames and spars, with the fuselage. The frames and spars do not interact with each other.
In addition, I have linked the displacements of the ends to two reference points, by means of “equation” with different sets. I have also linked the displacements of the ends to two reference points by means of “equation” with different sets. However, when I simulate it, I get the error “96 nodes are missing degree of freedoms. The MPC/Equation/kinematic coupling constraints can not be formed. The nodes have been identified in node set ErrNodeMissingDofConstrDef” and I don't know how to solve it. Does anybody know how to solve it?
The model is "modelo-equation"
Relevant answer
Answer
  1. Verify that the constraint definitions (such as nodes missing degrees of freedom) are set up correctly.
  2. Ensure all nodes have the required degrees of freedom.
  3. Make sure the reference frame is consistent across all parts of the model.
  4. Try simplifying the model by removing some of the constraints to identify the source of the issue.
  5. Check for any duplicate nodes or elements.
  6. Refer to the software documentation to understand the requirements for defining constraints.
  7. The Best Guide To Abaqus Load Torque (caeassistant.com)
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
hi. i want to calculate the energy level of 2-degree of freedom system like mass-spring-damper. I read many things but i don't find any thing that say the point clearly!
please help me...
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Arash,
start with your MDOF equation of motion, apply the princinple if virtual works, and then integrate it over time. For example, consider you have an n-body system, and on the k'th mass your equation of motion is:
M \ddot{u}_k + C \dot{u}_k + K_{kj} u_j = 0
multiplying each equation to virtual displacement at the corresponding DOF and summing them up, leads to principle of virtual work:
\delta E = \sum_{k=1}^N (M \ddot{u}_k + C \dot{u}_k + K_{kj} u_j) \times \delta u_k
when you have mechanical equilibrium (aka principle of momentum balance) at each DOF or, your energy function is stationary, that means:
\delta E = 0;
which is no surprise, since every DOF is at force-balance condition.
replacing $\delta u_k$ with differentials of real displacements $d u_k$ gives you the change in the energy function.32
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
3 answers
Dear Colleagues
I carried out a multinomial logistic regression to predict the choice of three tenses based on the predictor variables as shown on the image. According to the SPSS output below, the predictor variable "ReportingVoice" appears to have the same result as the intercept. I wonder why this issue happens and how I should deal with this problem. Thank you for your help. Please note that I'm not good at statistics, so your detailed explanation is very much appreciated.
Relevant answer
Answer
Marius Ole Johansen Thank you for your very clear answer. I think I'll exclude this variable.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
To what degree can we take economic freedom (i.e. Economic Freedom of the World Index by Fraser Institute) as a measure for economic success?
Relevant answer
Answer
There are some aspects in the concept of economic freedom (such as property rights or even government intervention to some degree). Given these different aspects of economic freedom, can't economic freedom be a measure for economic success?@Feng Frederic Deng
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
"How do we understand special relativity?"
The Quantum FFF Model differences: What are the main differences of Q-FFFTheory with the standard model? 1, A Fermion repelling- and producing electric dark matter black hole. 2, An electric dark matter black hole splitting Big Bang with a 12x distant symmetric instant entangled raspberry multiverse result, each with copy Lyman Alpha forests. 3, Fermions are real propeller shaped rigid convertible strings with dual spin and also instant multiverse entanglement ( Charge Parity symmetric) . 4, The vacuum is a dense tetrahedral shaped lattice with dual oscillating massless Higgs particles ( dark energy). 5, All particles have consciousness by their instant entanglement relation between 12 copy universes, however, humans have about 500 m.sec retardation to veto an act. ( Benjamin Libet) It was Abdus Salam who proposed that quarks and leptons should have a sub-quantum level structure, and that they are compound hardrock particles with a specific non-zero sized form. Jean Paul Vigier postulated that quarks and leptons are "pushed around" by an energetic sea of vacuum particles. 6 David Bohm suggested in contrast with The "Copenhagen interpretation", that reality is not created by the eye of the human observer, and second: elementary particles should be "guided by a pilot wave". John Bell argued that the motion of mass related to the surrounding vacuum reference frame, should originate real "Lorentz-transformations", and also real relativistic measurable contraction. Richard Feynman postulated the idea of an all pervading energetic quantum vacuum. He rejected it, because it should originate resistance for every mass in motion, relative to the reference frame of the quantum vacuum. However, I postulate the strange and counter intuitive possibility, that this resistance for mass in motion, can be compensated, if we combine the ideas of Vigier, Bell, Bohm and Salam, and a new dual universal Bohmian "pilot wave", which is interpreted as the EPR correlation (or Big Bang entanglement) between individual elementary anti-mirror particles, living in dual universes.
Fred-Rick Schermer added a reply
Abbas Kashani
A lot to work with, Abbas.
However, I am standing in a completely different position, and want to share my work with you. I hope you are interested about this completely distinct perspective.
My claim is that Einstein established a jump that is not allowed, yet everyone followed along.
Einstein and Newton's starting point is the behavior of matter through space. As such, one should find as answer something about the behavior of matter moving through space, and yet Einstein did not do that.
To make the point understandable quickly, Einstein had not yet heard about the Big Bang yet. So, while he devised his special relativity, he actually had not incorporated the most important behavior of matter through space.
Instead, he ended up hanging all behaviors of matter on spacetime. It does not matter that his calculations are correct.
--
Let me find a simple example to show what is going on.
We are doing research on mice in a cage, and after two years we formulated a correct framework that fully captures all possible behaviors of these mice in the cage. That's the setup.
Now comes the mistake:
The conclusion is that the cage controls the mice in their behaviors.
Correctly, we would have said that the mice are in control of themselves, yet the cage restricts them in their behavior. We would not say that the cage controls the mice.
Totally incorrect of course, and yet that is what Einstein did. He established a reality in which matter no longer explains the behavior of matter through space, but made it space (spacetime) that explains the behavior of matter. It is a black&white position that has to be replaced by the correct framework (which is a surprise because it is not based on one aspect, but on both aspects).
--
I know I am writing you from a perspective not often mentioned, and it may not interest you. I'll find out if you are interested in delving deeper into this or not.
Here is an article in which I delve into this matter more deeply:
Article On a Fully Mechanical Explanation of All Behaviors of Matter...
Wolfgang Konle added a reply
"Richard Feynman postulated the idea of an all pervading energetic quantum vacuum. He rejected it, because it should originate resistance for every mass in motion, relative to the reference frame of the quantum vacuum."
Richard Feynman's idea is perfect, and there is no reason to reject it. The existence of vacuum energy, or better dark energy is consistent with Einstein's field equations with a positive cosmological constant.
The energy gain from mass or energy in motion leads to an increasing dark energy density.
The only idea which is missing, is the answer to the question: What happens with the additionally gained energy density?
As an answer to that question I propose the following working hypothese:
This energy is used to recycle star fuel from black holes.
On a first glance, this answer looks as being pure madness, because black holes with their unconvincible gravity seem to be a deposit of matter for eternity.
But in fact there is a plausible possibility. This has to do with the negative energy density of gravitational fields and the non-existence of a negatively definite energy density.
But we need open minded thinking in order to delve deeper into details.
Sergey Shevchenko added a reply:
"How do we understand special relativity?"
- the answer to this question, which is really fundamental one, since is about what is some physical theory as a whole; what really means – why and how the postulates of a theory, in this case of the SR, really are formulated, and why and how the postulates
- which in any theory fundamentally – as that happens in mathematics, where axioms fundamentally cannot be proven – aren’t proven; while are formulated only basing on some experimental data, which fundamentally prove nothing, though one experiment that is outside a theory prediction proves that this theory is either wrong, or at least its application is limited.
Returning to the SR, which is based on really first of all four postulates – the SR-1905/1908 versions relativity principle, SR-1905 also on the postulate that light propagates in 3D XYZ space with constant speed of light independently on light source/ an observer’s speeds; and, additionally,
- in both theories it is postulated (i) that fundamentally there exist no absolute Matter’s spacetime, and (ii) - [so] that all/every inertial reference frames are absolutely completely equivalent and legitimate.
In the standard now in mainstream physics SR-1908 additionally to the SR-1905 it is postulated also that observed contraction of moving bodies’ lengths, and slowing down of moving clocks tick rates, comparing with the length and tick rates when bodies and clocks are at rest in “stationary” frames, is caused by the “fundamental relativistic properties and effects”, i.e. “space contraction”, “time dilation”, etc..
Really from yet the (i) and (ii) postulates any number of really senseless consequences completely directly, rigorously, and unambiguously follow, the simplest one is the Dingle objection to the SR;
- from this, by completely rigorous proof by contradiction completely directly, rigorously, and unambiguously it follows , first of all, that
- Matter’s spacetime is absolute, that so some “absolute” frames that are at rest in the absolute 3DXYZ space can exist, while applications, i.e. measurements of distances and time intervals, of moving in the space inertial frames aren’t completely adequate to the objective reality; and
- there exist no the “relativistic properties and effects”.
Etc. However really the SR first of all is based on the indeed extremely mighty Galileo- Poincaré relativity principle.
That is another thing that
- according to SR-1905 relativity principle there is some extremely potent entity “light”, the constancy of which for/by some mystic reasons/ways forces moving bodies to contract and moving clocks to slow down tick rates; and
- the SR 1908 relativity principle is practically omnipotent, so the moving frames, bodies, clocks for/by some mystic reasons/ways really contract/dilate even evidently fundamental space and time.
All that above in the SR really is/are only postulated illusions of the authors, nonetheless, again, the Galileo- Poincaré relativity principle is really . extremely mighty, and the SR indeed in most cases at everyday physical practice is applied in completely accordance with the objective reality. The fundamental flaws of the SR reveal themselves only on fundamental level.
The post is rather long now, so here
Cheers
Sergey Shevchenko added a reply:
So let’s continue about what is “special relativity”
In the SS post above it is pointed that Matter’s spacetime is fundamentally absolute, however to say more it is necessary to clarify - what are “space” and “time”, just because of the authors of the SR – and whole mainstream physics till now - fundamentally didn’t/don/t understand what these fundamental phenomena/notions are, the really mystic and simply fundamentally wrong things in the SR were/are introduced in this theory.
What are these phenomena/notions, and what are all other really fundamental phenomena/notions, first of all in this case “Space”, “Time”, “Energy”, “Information”,
- and “Matter”– and so everything in Matter, i.e. “particles”, “fundamental Nature forces” – and so “fields”, etc., which is/are fundamentally completely transcendent/uncertain/irrational in the mainstream philosophy and sciences, including physics,
- can be, and is, clarified only in framework of the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s philosophical 2007 “The Information as Absolute” conception, and more concretely in physics in the SS&VT Planck scale informational physical model, in this case it is enough to read
More see the link above, here now only note, that, as that is rigorously scientifically rationally shown in the model, Matter absolutely for sure is some informational system of informational patterns/systems – particles, fields, stars, etc., which, as that is shown in the model, is based on a simple binary reversible logics.
So everything that exists and happens in Matter is/are some disturbances in the Matter’s ultimate base – the (at least) [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of primary elementary logical structures – (at least) [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which [lattice] is placed in the Matter’s fundamentally absolute, fundamentally flat, fundamentally continuous, and fundamentally “Cartesian”, (at least) [4+4+1]4D spacetime with metrics (at least) (cτ,X,Y,Z, g,w,e,s,ct); FLE “size” and “FLE binary flip time” are Planck length, lP, and Planck time, tP.
The disturbances are created in the lattice after some the lattice FLE is impacted, with transmission to it, by some non-zero at least 4D space, momentum P[boldmeans 4D vector] in utmost universal Matter’s space with metrics (cτ,X,Y,Z). The impact causes in the lattice sequential FLE-by-FLE flipping, which, since the flipping cannot propagate in the lattice with 4D speed more than the flipping speed c=lP/tP [really at particles creation and motion c√2, more see the link, but that isn’t essential here].
Some FLE flipping above along a direct 4D line can be caused by a practically infinitesimal P impact; but if P isn’t infinitesimal, that causes flipping FLE precession and corresponding propagation of the “FLE-flipping point” in the 4D space above along some 4D helix,
- i.e. causes creation of some close-loop algorithm that cyclically runs on FLE “hardware ” with the helix’s frequency ω, having momentum P=mc above, mis inertial mass, the helix radius is λ=λ/P;
- and the helix’s 4D “ axis” is always directed along P – particles are some “4D gyroscopes”.
The post is rather long already, so now
Cheers
Sergey Shevchenko added a reply:
So let’s continue about what is “special relativity”.
In the SS posts above it is pointed that everything that exists and happens in Matter is/are some disturbances in the Matter’s ultimate base – the (at least) [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of FLEs, which [lattice] is placed in the Matter’s fundamentally absolute, fundamentally flat, fundamentally continuous, and fundamentally “Cartesian”, spacetime,
- and that happens always in utmost universal “kinematical” Matter’s space with metrics (cτ,X,Y,Z), and corresponding spacetime with metrics (cτ,X,Y,Z ct), where ct is the real time dimension.
At that particles, most of which compose real bodies, at every time moment exist as “FLE –flipping point” that move along some4D helixes that have frequencies ω, having 4D momentums P=mc, m are inertial masses, a helix radius is λ=λ/P;
- and the helix’s 4D “ axis” is always directed along Pparticles are some “4D gyroscopes”.
So in Matter there exist two main types of particles – “T-particles”, which are created by momentums that are directed along the -axis [more generally – by 4D momentums cτ-components, but here that isn’t too essential], and so, if are at rest in the 3DXYZ space, move only along cτ-axis with the speed of light, and at that a T- particle’s algorithm ticks with maximal “own frequency”, the particle’s momentum is P0=m0c, where, correspondingly, m0 is the “rest mass”.
If a such T-particle, after some 3D space impact with a 3D space momentum p, moves also in 3D space with a velocity V, having 4D momentum P=P0+p, its speed along the cτ-axis decreases by the Pythagoras theorem in (1-V2/c2)1/2 , i.e. in reverse Lorentz factor,
- and, at that, despite that the helix’s frequency increases, the algorithm is “diluted by “blank” 3D space FLEs flips. So the “own frequency above” decreases in Lorentz factor, so the algorithm ticks slower; and so, say, moving clocks that are some algorithms as well, tick slower in Lorentz factor as well; if a particle algorithm has some defect, and so at every its tick it can break with some probability, so the particle is unstable and decay, such moving in 3D space particles live longer.
Nothing, of course, happens with time, there is no any the SR’s “time dilation”.
The post is rather long already, so now
Cheers
Sergey Shevchenko added a reply:
So let’s continue about what is “special relativity”.
In the SS post above it is explained why and how internal “own” processes rates in moving having rest mass [and it is explained what is “rest mass”] particles, bodies, etc., are slowed down comparing with the case when the bodies are at rest; and to derive that it is enough to know Pythagoras theorem; Matter is rather simple logical system,
- but that isn’t a unique physical effect that differ “rest and motion”. As that is pointed in 2-nd SS post, particles are some “4D gyroscopes”, the 4D “rotation axis” of which is always directed along particles 4D momentums P.
So if a T-particle is at rest in 3D space, the axis is directed along the -axis, if the particle moves in the space, say, along X-axis, it rotates in the (X, cτ) plane so that the Cosine of the angle between P and X-axis is, again by Pythagoras theorem, equal to (1-V2/c2)1/2 , i.e. reverse Lorentz factor, while Cosine of the angle between P and cτ –axis is V/c.
If particles constitute some moving rigid body that has, if is at rest in 3D space, length L, they rotate the body as a whole in the (X, cτ) plane on the angle above, and so:
(i) - the body’s length 3D space observable projection is contracted comparing with when it is at rest in inverse Lorentz factor, what is observed experimentally, say, that was yet at M&M experiments, at that, of course , nothing happens with the 3D space; any postulated in the SR “space contraction” fundamentally cannot, and so doesn’t exist; and
(ii) - the body’s front end has lesser coordinate value on the cτ –axis than the back end, the difference is correspondingly –VL/c.
Since the Galileo-Poincaré relativity principle is indeed extremely mighty, motion of everything in real time ct-dimension in mainstream physics, and, of course, in everyday humans practice, till now isn’t observed, so in the mainstream the rather specific really space - dimension is used as the time dimension in both – classical 4D Euclidian with [usual, when t-coordinate isn’t multiplied by the c constant ] metrics (t,X,Y,Z) , and the SR Minkowski with metrics (it,X,Y,Z) [“i” is imaginary unit], spacetimes.
So in this metrics a moving body’s front end is “younger” than the back end on –VL/c2,
- what is the Voigt-Lorentz decrement in the Lorentz transformations.
Correspondingly, if we remember that moving body’s [including moving reference frames] clocks showings are slowed comparing with the rest case, and that
Lorentz transformations – quite equally as that Galileo transformations are also, really are equation of motion of points of the moving body’s [including systems of the bodies that are inertial reference frames systems of scaled rulers and specifically synchronized distant clocks] in a stationary “K” frame with using data of measurements that are made in the moving “K’ ” frame,
- we above, by using Pythagoras theorem, derived these transformations.
At that, again – these equations/transformations relate only to points of rigid bodies /rigid systems of bodies that they occupy in the 4D space /mainstream spacetime at a current time moment. If in a system the bodies are free, that above, including the Lorentz transformations, is applicable only limitedly, so, say, the Bell paradox exists,
- but what is much more important in this case, by using a system of free bodies it is possible to observe motion of the bodies in the absolute 3D space and to measure the absolute velocity of a system, while, say, Poincaré stated that that is impossible. Corresponding experiments were proposed yet in 2013-16 , more see https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259463954_Measurement_of_the_absolute_speed_is_possible
Cheers
Measurement of the absolute speed is possible?
Sergey V. Shevchenko1 and Vladimir V. Tokarevsky2
1Institute of Physics of NAS of Ukraine, Pr. Nauki, 46, Kiev-28, Ukraine
2 Professor ret., Pr. Nauki, 46, Kiev-28, Ukraine
Abstract
One of popular problems, which are experimentally studied in physics in a long time, is the testing of the special relativity theory, first of all – measurements of isotropy and constancy of light speed; as well as attempts to determine so called “absolute speed”, i.e. the Earth speed in the absolute spacetime (absolute reference frame), if this spacetime (ARF) exists. Corresponding experiments aimed at the measuring of proper speed of some reference frame in other one, including [the absolute speed] in the ARF, are considered in the paper.
Key words: informational physics, special relativity theory, spacetime, experimental testing
PACS numbers: 01.70.+w, 03.30.+p, 04.80.Cc
1 Introduction
In [1 - 3] it was rigorously shown that Matter in our Universe – and Universe as a whole - are some informational systems (structures), which exist as uninterruptedly transforming [practically] infinitesimal sub-sets in the absolutely infinite and absolutely fundamental “Information” Set. This informational conception allows to propose the physical model (more see [4], [5]), which, when basing practically only on Uncertainty principle, adequately depicts the motion and interactions of particles in the spacetime. In the model [subatomic] particles are some closed-loop algorithms that run on a “Matter’s computer [6] hardware”, which [hardware] consists, in turn, of a closed chains of elementary logical gates – fundamental logical elements (FLE) that are some (distinct, though) analogues of C. F. von Weizsäcker’s “Urs” [7 – 9]. The FLE’s sizes in both – in the space and in the “coordinate” time (see below) – directions are equal to Planck length, lP, lP = (hcG3 )1/2 (his reduced Planck constant - the elementary physical action, G - gravitational constant, c- speed of light in the vacuum); the time of the FLE’s “flip” is equal to Planck time, ττP P, = lcP . Relating to the mechanics of fast particles/ bodies motion and interactions, the model allows to obtain basic kinematical and dynamical equation that were obtained in the Lorentz theory and the special relativity, but, at that, in the model these equations are obtained basing on other [then in the Lorentz theory and in the SRT] principal suggestions, thus from the model a number of new inferences follow, including – that the real Matter’s spacetime is absolute 4D Euclidian manifold and all/every material objects move in the 3D spacetime with absolute 3D speeds; what is principally prohibited in the special relativity. In this paper a couple of experimental methods aimed at the testing this suggestion (as well, of course, the testing by this way the SRT) is presented.
Spacetime. The introducing of the Space and the Time notions in the model [3], [5], [10] is quite natural – they are fundamental and universal, i.e. which act on whole Set, logical rules/ possibilities that allow (and define or “implicitly govern” how to single out) to single out specific informational patterns / structures, for example, particles, in the main informational structure (i.e., Matter); at that taking into account both - fixed and dynamical – characteristics of the structures[1].
As possibilities Space and Time are different in that Space in the Set has infinite number of “dimensions”, when for Time now only two “dimensions” – “true time” and “coordinate time” (see below); the number of the dimensions that are “used” in a concrete informational system is determined practically completely just by properties of this concrete system. In the system “Matter” Space and Time realize themselves as some 4D-Emptiness (5D-?) where a dense 4D FLE lattice (“4D Aether”) is placed – some analogue of “spin-network” [11], “causal set” [12], “Space-time points in causal space” [13], etc. The Space and Time possibilities are universal and “absolute”, they exist “forever”, since they exist also (“virtually”) before a beginning and after an end of any specific informational structure, including, in this case, of Matter in our Universe. As the rules Space and Time establish that between informational fixed patterns (including material objects – particles, bodies, etc.) must be non-zero “space interval”, between different states of a changing pattern must be a non-zero “time interval” (a “non-zero duration”). The time intervals always accompany every change of every changing pattern, so the constant increase of the time interval at the Matter’s evolution sometimes is called as some self-independent “time flow”; tough this flow only accompanies changes of material objects and Matter’s evolution as a whole. On the other hand since “Matter as computer”, and every “automaton” in this computer, i.e. every material object and every system of objects, “operate” with a stable “operation
rate”, measured concrete space and time intervals are useful at a description of processes that go in material systems as “the time” and “ the space” variables that indicate changes of the objects in the 4D Euclidian spacetime, when any element of Matter – a particle, a molecule,
a star, etc. – has its own space and time coordinates.
The space is 3D Euclidian manifold, when the time is “two-faced” – in Matter simultaneously two rules/possibilities “Time” act - “absolute (or “true”) time” and “coordinate time”. Absolute/ true time defines that for any change in Matter (e.g., for a FLE’s flip in any - “space” or “coordinate time” – direction) is necessary to spend same “true time interval”. Since all material objects always move in the 4D spacetime with identical by the absolute value 4D speeds (which are equal to the speed of light), the true time interval, which always accompanies these processes, changes (“true time flows”) for all Matter only in one (“positive”, as that is accepted in physics now) direction by definition. The “coordinate time” is necessary because of to do reversible operations, which are logically incorrect, if only the true time acts, it is necessary to have corresponding rule that allows and defines such operations. This rule/possibility exists/acts in Matter as the “coordinate time” and material objects can move in the possibility “coordinate time” in both (direct and reversal, ±) directions – like along of a spatial direction. This time constitute, with the space, Matter’s 4D “space-[coordinate]time”, or further in the text - the “spacetime” (as well as below “time” as a rule is “coordinate time”).
The time axis in the spacetime is orthogonal to any spatial line, including, naturally, to 3 [e.g., Cartesian] spatial axes (so the 4D spacetime is in reality “Cartesian”); what follows from the model’s premise that FLEs have 4 independent degrees of freedom and, for example, from the experimentally measured the “rest mass” and “relativistic mass” relation, from the equality of “transverse” and “relativistic” masses – insofar as in macrophysics usually all interactions happen as an exchange by 3D spatial momentums, when a body at rest moves in the temporal direction, thus, because of the orthogonality of the t-axis, the “relativistic mass” turns out to be the “transverse mass”, etc.
The absolute time isn’t a coordinate in the model, though it can be fifth coordinate in a 5D spacetime, where all Matter’s objects, since they are uninterruptedly changing and so - are moving [after Matter obtained at Beginning a portion of something, what in the physics is called “the energy”] with 4D speeds having identical absolute values in the 4D spacetime, move also simultaneously with the speed of light along “true time coordinate” in positive direction, remaining always simultaneously in one true time moment (one elementary true time interval).
2 Comparing of the SRT and the model
In this informational model the Lorentz transformations can be obtained quite naturally, [4] if it is [rather reasonably] postulated that:
(1) The Matter exists and evolves in a [at least] 4D lattice of FLEs, at that every particle and every system of particles (material body) moves – as some disturbance of the lattice through the lattice, and, because of the FLEs’ sizes are identical, through 4D spacetime also, with identical (by absolute value = the light speed in the vacuum, c) 4D speeds. At that in Matter there exist two main types of particles (and bodies that are systems of particles) – “Tparticles” that were/ are created after an impacts [on the lattice] with the 4D momentums, which were/are directed along the t-axis (electrons, protons, etc.); and “S-particles”, when the impacts’ momentums were/are spatially directed (e.g. photons); thus T-particles can move in the 1D [coordinate] time and in the 3D space simultaneously, when S-particles move in the 3D space only;
(2) The lattice – and the spacetime as well – don’t depend on any Matter’s bodies motion, they are absolute and constitute by this way for Matter absolute coordinate system(s) (4ACS). Insofar as the lattice is highly standardized for steps in any – time or space – direction (there is an “equal footing”), there can be established “absolute reference frame” (4ARF) which is at rest relating to an 4ACS and so it is inertial reference frame. There can be infinite number of equivalent 4ARFs and 4ACSs, as results of translations and/ or (spatial only) rotations of some 4ARF (4ACS).
However such [“4D”] 4ARF cannot be realized in practice since every material object, including clocks, rules, observers [in certain sense, since the observers are partially nonmaterial objects], etc., that are necessary constituents of any reference frame, are some “Tobjects” that always move in the spacetime/the lattice (excluding some exotic cases when some T-particles can be, in certain sense, at rest in the 4ACS if they are built from particles and antiparticles, e.g. – the mesons). Thus there is a sense to say only about “absolute” reference frames that are at rest only relating to one of the two main dimensions of the Matter’s spacetime – at rest in the 1D time and at rest in the 3D space. The first version can be realized only if all constituents of the reference frame – clocks, rules, observer – are made, for example, from photons; what is evidently cannot be realized on the practice; thus there is a sense to seek for the ARFs that are at 3D spatial rest only. Just these 3ARFs, which are at rest in the 3D Aether, were sought for in last decades of 19 century, including the Michelson and Morley experiment [14], and were claimed as principally non-existent in the special relativity theory – as well in this theory the absolute “Newtonian” spacetime is postulated as being non-existent, though.
Correspondingly in this paper below only the absolute reference frames that are at 3D spatial rest are considered. The existence of such frames in the informational model is evident – that are the frames, where the frames’ clocks, rules and observers (not only, of course) move in the [coordinate] time only, what is evidently possible.
(3) Since all/ every particles/ bodies always move in the 4D spacetime with the sped of light, the particle’s/ body’s motion is characterized by the 4D momentum, which is an r = mVr , Pr = mckr , where mis some coefficient (the analogue of the classical momentum, P
r r inertial mass), k is 4D unit vector, at that every particle is always oriented relating to the k . Thus if a number of particles constitute a rigid body, this body becomes be oriented relating to its movement direction also. An example – moving rigid rod having the length L - is shown in the Fig.1.
Fig.1. A rod having the length L moves in the spacetime: (a) – the rod is at 3D spatial rest (moves in the time only) in the ARF, (b) the rod moves also along X-axis with a speed V. The spatial length of the accelerated rod, LX = L(1−β2 1) /2
At rest (Fig. 1 (a)) the rod moves along [coordinate] temporal axis [with the speed of light] having the momentum pr0 = m0cirt that is perpendicular to the rod. If the rod was impacted with transmission to the rod a spatial momentum prX = mVr , it moves in the space also, having in the spacetime the total momentum Pr = pr0 + prX , Pr is again perpendicular to the rod.
From the Fig. 1 immediately follow the main equations of the special relativity theory (as well as of the Lorentz theory, though). Lorentz transformations: - the first equation [β≡V c/ ]
x = vt + x′(1−β2 1) /2 , (1) - and the second one:
t′ = (1−β2 1) /2t Vxc2′ , (2)
but with essential difference from the SRT – these equations aren’t valid in whole [in the SRT – pseudoEuclidian Minkowski] Matter’s spacetime, but are true for points of rigid mechanical systems (e.g., a system Earth + a satellite is rigid system also because of the gravity force) only, nothing happens at a motion of a body with the spacetime. Besides that the variables x′,t′correctly relate to relative positions of the rod’s points in the spacetime, they are also can be measured lengths (here - from the back of the rod) to some (here – the rod’s) matter points, and clocks’ readings in these points; thus for some rigid system of bodies it is possible to set some local inertial reference frame.
As well as from the postulates above follow main equations of the SRT dynamics.
Since P = mc and since t-axis is normal to any spatial direction (so the momentum of a particle at 3D rest remains be constant as the temporal component of the 4D momentum at any spatial motion) it can be easily obtained for T-particles that pX = mV = (1−m Vβ0 2 1) /2 ≡γm V0 , (3)
and, for example, calculating the work of some force F at the spatial (an temporal impact results in the creation of new particles) acceleration of a body with rest mass m0 on a way
S (in the Eq. (4) below p pX for convenience),we obtain:
A = F S dS = m pp0 (p2 +pdpm c022 )dp = cP . (4)
0
Since at motion of a body the work of the force results in the change of the body’s kinetic energy, from (4) we obtain
E = E E0 = cP cp0 , (5a) or
E = cP = m c2 , (5b)
and for a body at rest in an 3D ARF
E0 = cp0 = m c0 2 . (5c)
3 Kinematical relations in moving mechanical systems
The Voigt-Lorentz t- decrement [in Eq.(2)] for the rod’s matter (including clocks) along the rod’s length (the maximum is − VLc2 ), appears at the acceleration of the rod up to the speed V and further remains be constant for any fragment of the rod at the uniform motion. So if (i) - one synchronizes a number of clocks along the rod before the acceleration; and, (ii) - after the acceleration up to some speed, e.g., the back end clock is transported slowly along the rod to the front end, so, that this clock constituted with the rod rigid system, - then the moving clock’s and stationary clocks’ [along the rod] readings will be identical, including for the [moved] back end and front end clocks eventually. But if one accelerates also a pair of synchronized clocks, which were placed initially on the distance L(Fig.2 (a)) also, let to the same speed V (Fig.2 (b), independently (freely), then the front clock reading will be identical to the both back ones, but will show later time then front end rod’s clock; though all clocks are in both cases evidently in the same inertial reference frame.
Fig. 2. Two pairs of synchronized clocks in the same reference frames. (a) at rest in an ARF, and (b) all clocks move with the same speed in the ARF, one pair constitutes the rigid body with accelerated rod; other pair moves independently on the rod.
This “de-synchronization” of clocks, which were equally impacted at the acceleration, dependently on are the clocks free or they constitute a rigid system, occurs not only in the case above.
Besides consider a simple kinematical problem.
Let in the middle point of moving rod a short light flash occurs. The rod’s clocks readings, when the flush photons hit the clocks, are, if corresponding clock readings in an ARF is t and at the flush all clocks where set in the zero: on back end clock: tA = t(1−β2 1) /2 ; on the middle point clock; tM = tA − 2VLc2 ; on front end clock:
tB = tA VLc2 .
Since photons move only in the space, the flash will be registered with some time increment, for example on back end clock, it is ∆tA = L2((1V−+βc2)) . So observed in the rod’s reference frame elapsed time is ∆tMA = 2Lc (1−β)+ 2Lcβ= 2Lc , so measured by this way speed of light in the rod’s IRF is equal to c , though the real speed at photons’ motion to the rod’s back end is evidently equal to V +c .
Analogously the same result (measured speed of light is equal to c ) can be easily obtained for the pair “middle point – front end” clocks; for the case, when the light moves from back end to front end (a mirror) and back, etc.
And on the contrary – if on the rod’s ends there are two clocks and the time moments, when flashes hit the clocks, are set in the clocks as equal clocks showings, the clocks become be synchronized in accordance with the Lorentz transformations – that is “Einstein synchronization” in the SRT.
However from the Lorenz transformations for rigid systems evidently follows another synchronization method – the “slow clocks transport”, when clocks are set in equal showings at some spatial point an further clocks are slowly (γ≈1) moved to the points where it is necessary to measure time intervals.
But if the clocks are free, the Lorentz transformations aren’t valid completely and both synchronization methods above become be incorrect also, besides – the results of the “synchronizations” are different. Just this fact allows to observe the absolute motion of a system of clocks and to measure the absolute 3D speed of this system – what is principally impossible in the SRT.
4 Measurement of proper speed of an IRF
4.1. The use of the rigid and free systems of two clocks
From above follows the possibility of measurement at least of the proper speed of concrete reference frame [15], if in this frame an observer uses simultaneously a set of rigidly connected and independent (free) clocks, see Fig.3.
Fig. 3. A plot of clocks movements at measurement of the proper speed of a reference frame.
So, if there is a pair of synchronized clocks, and further one clock, here – the clock-2 is moved slowly back and forth in any direction, the clocks’ readings at the clocks rendezvous will be identical, independently on – the moved clock-2 was rigidly mechanically connected by some rod with the fixed one (with clock-1) or the clock-2 moves independently.
But the moved clocks’ readings at the motion are different. When the independently moved clock-2 readings are always identical to the fixed clock-1’s ones, the connected [to the rod] clock-2 obtains additional decrement (if the clock is moved along a speed Vr of the reference frame), − Vxc2 , where xis the distance between the clocks, measured by the observer’s (on the rod) rule.
Thus, if on some moving object, for example – on an Earth satellite, an observer can implement the scheme that is shown on the Fig. 3, then it can measure his proper speed. To do that, the observer should use two clocks and some rigid rod, let – with the length L.
Let one clock (clock-1) is fixed in the satellite and other clock (clock-2) is rigidly fixed on the rod’s end, both clocks are synchronized. Then, if the rod is pushed along the satellite speed forward and back, after returning both clocks will have identical readings. However, if the clock-2 is pushed forward being rigidly coupled with the rod, but returns back independently, for example, by using own engine, the time decrement, which this clock obtained at pushing forward conserves and so the clocks’ readings are different at their rendezvous on the decrement −VLc2 (at pushing back - +VLc2 correspondingly). For example, if the experiment would be made at the International Space Station (V ∼7600 m/s) and for the rod’s length L=30 m, the decrement is ~ 2.5.10-12s.
Correspondingly from measured in this case the clock readings difference ∆t12 and known rod’s length the observer can determine the proper speed of his RF; in the case above
– the orbital speed of the satellite, V ≈ ∆t12c2 .
L
It is evident that such a procedure can be repeated any times with the accumulation of the decrements, so the requirements to the clocks’ precision aren’t too rigorous provided that
they have adequate stability. If there were Nrepetitions, then V ≈ ∆t cS 2 ; where
NL
tS t12i .
The measurement error for a single measurement in first approximation depends practically on the internal clocks’ readings long-term and short-term uncertainties. Let the sum of the clocks’ uncertainties is ∆ ≈ ∆h h1,2 21/2 ,where ∆h1,2 are the [equal here]
individual clocks’ error. Then for relative error for measured the β= V value in first c
approximation obtain
, (6)
and so
δ∆( )hβc . (7) β≈
L
For δ( )β , for example be equal to 10%, L = 30m , ∆ ≈h 10−13 s, it is possible to measure the value β ∼10-5(and more, of course), i.e. the proper speed of the clocks’ system ∼ 3000 m/s; the proper speed of the ISS above can be measured with 5% precision.
Note, again, that on Earth orbit it is impossible to measure the “proper absolute” speed, since all clocks, because of Earth gravity, always constitute a rigid systems relating to the absolute Mater’s spacetime.
4.2. The use of free two clocks system
Another way to measure the absolute [or proper speeds for near Earth systems] speed is using of two synchronized in one point clocks 1 and 2 after the clocks are slowly transported apart on a distance L and measuring one-way time intervals of light flushes hits in opposite clocks at light motion between the clocks.
In this case real (in an ARF) one-way time intervals [in contrast to the case of a rigid system in the sec. 3 above], are t1 = c VL and t2 = c V+L , here t1 and t2 are possible clocks-1, 2 readings in an absolute reference frame. Though these values are unknown, we can obtain the actual (measured) clocks’ readings - t1′ = L(1c(1−−ββ2 1)) /2 and t2′ = L(1c(1−+ββ2 1)) /2 , where values L and β are unknown and the β value must be measured. Nonetheless we can use the equations t1′ −t2′ = 2cL (1−ββ2 1) /2 and t1′ +t2′ = 2cL (1−β12 1) /2 to obtain the equation that doesn’t contain unknown [non-measurable] value of the distance between the clocks:
β= t1′′+−tt22′′ (8) t1
To estimate possible proper /absolute speed measurements errors in first approximation obtain (∆h - see the sec. 4.1 above):
dββ≈ d t(t1′1′−−tt′2′) + d t(t1′1′++tt′2′) ≈ t1′∆−ht′ + t1′∆+ht′ ≈ t1′∆−ht′ ,
and the relative uncertainty occurs twice lesser then in the case when the system of free and rigidly connected clocks is used that is considered in the sec.4.1. But the rest is the same:
δβ= dββ≈[t1′−t2′ ≈ 2Lcβ] ≈ 2∆Lhβc (9)
and
(10)
- i.e. this method allow to obtain twice better precision or twice lower measured speed at equal errors comparing with the sec. 4.1 method.
However that is true only if the distance between the clocks is stable at the measurement (this problem is practically inessential in the experiment in the sec. 4.1 above), and the main contribution to the error is determined by the clocks precision limits. If that isn’t so, then the rough analysis above isn’t correct.
To estimate a possible contribution of the distance fluctuation consider an optimal but easily executed variant when the light flashes happen practically simultaneously, for example – by a program that make flashes at both clocks in given times in the cocks, for example – every exact second (or in any known times/ periods); after an measurement’s cycle, the data about t1i and t2i are analyzed to make the βi values by using the Eq.(8).
In this case fluctuations, dL , impact on the measurement results if they occur practically inside the intervals (t1 ±t2 ) ≈ 2L / c (or L c/ ). For the corresponding error being near clocks errors, dLc ≈ ∆h , and suggesting that the fluctuations happen with constant acceleration, a , for the a obtain: a cL32 ∆h and for the distance L ≈ (c3ah )1/2 .
It seems as rather reasonable that there cannot be impacts on, for example, a space probe with forces when corresponding acceleration would be greater then, say, 100 m/s2. Thus an acceptable distance, when the errors because of the fluctuations are comparable with the errors that depend on the clocks’ inaccuracy, for, for example, ∆ ≈h 10−12 , is L ≈ 500km ; returning to the Eq.(9) obtain that at such distance it is possible to measure the proper/ absolute speed lesser then 1 m/s.
I.e. in the case when the time intervals above are measured practically simultaneously, there is no the problem of the distance stability; including, besides the considered case above, the case when the distance between clocks changes constantly because of a difference of the clocks’ spatial speeds up to a few m/s; at that this distance change can be rather simply determined, measured and decreased if necessary.
5 Conclusion
From the consideration above follow a number of implications.
First of all from the informational model’s approach, which is used here, follows that if a system of measurement devices, i.e., rules and clocks, constitute a rigid system (because of the Earth gravity it is possible to create rigid systems even between / with satellites, well known example is the GPS system), then outcomes of any experiment aimed at the measurement of the speed of light value or observation of some proper speed of this system will be in accordance with the special relativity; as well with the Lorentz theory, though, because of in this case the theories are experimentally indistinguishable. Measured values will be the [standard] speed of light and zero object’s proper speed correspondingly. This inference is true independently of what experiment was executed – “tests of Lorentz invariance” at using interferometers, “round trip” or “one or two way” methods at measurements of the light speed value or its isotropy (see, e.g., [16]-[22] and refs therein); as well as of what clock synchronization is applied – “Einstein synchronization” or slow transport of synchronized clocks. If some deviations from the theories would be observed, than there will be, with a great probability, an artifact.
But if one creates at least partially free system, some possibilities appear. The described above experiments on Earth satellite seem as rather promising, since on stationary orbits Earth gravity gradient (at least on a circular orbit) is small, and so rather possibly in this cases is inessential, so the measurement of a satellite orbital (proper in the Earth’ reference frame) speed, rather probably, would be successful.
Nonetheless the Earth gravity makes impossible the measurement of the absolute speed, since the gravity always “has time” to correct the positions of clocks and rules in the 4D spacetime at the satellite orbital motion, so the instruments always constitute rigid systems relating to the ARF[2].
However principally the measurement of the absolute speed is possible. To do that is necessary to send corresponding cosmic probe in a point in space where resulting gravity force (not the gravity potential), for example – in some “global libration points” in deep space, is weak enough. Further an automaton could execute the set of measurements of the probe speed values in at least 2π directions by using the retractable rod and the pair of clocks, or a pair of distant clocks, as that is described in the section 4 above. The direction of the rod or spatial direction between free clocks, when the measured speed value will be maximal, will be the direction of the absolute speed and the absolute speed value. At that the experiment with a pair free clocks (sec. 4.2) seems as more promising, however the chouse depends on concrete technological possibilities.
There are no principal technical constraints for such experiments yet now. The mass of the probe would be, rather probably, not bigger then those that were launched already at other space missions. As well as seems that there aren’t problems with the clocks – the measurement of time intervals with accuracy ∼10-16(see, e.g., [23], [24]) isn’t now something exotic.
H. Poincaré wrote about the absolute motion in “Science and hypothesis” [25]:
“… Again, it would be necessary to have an ether in order that so-called absolute movements should not be their displacements with respect to empty space , but with respect to something concrete. Will this ever be accomplished? I don’t think so and I shall explain why; and yet, it is not absurd, for others have entertained this view…I think that such a hope is illusory; it was none the less interesting to show that a success of this kind would, in certain sense, open to us a new world…”
Acknowledgements
Authors are very grateful to Professor M. S. Brodin, Institute of Physics of NAS of Ukraine, for support and useful discussions of the problems that were considered in this paper
[1]We don’t consider here the main problem of the Time notion definition, which follows from the logical inconsistence of any change in any, including material, system, including, for example, its spatial motion – that is discussed in a first approximation in [3]; and adopt here the existence of dynamical systems and of motions of objects at least as the experimental fact.
[2] Note, though, that that is true only if forces that act on the clocks and the rules are small enough, what is true in the existent now experimental situations. Besides in this case it is important that the Earth’s absolute speed is rather small – possibly near 500-700 km/s. If the forces are large, the Earth gravity becomes be inessential and, for example, if the Earth’s absolute speed would be large also – with γ essentially >1 - and be directed, say, in the ecliptic plain, then in such case it would occur, that unstable particles, which are created in accelerators, whose tubes are parallel to this plane, would live long, say, at day and short at night in summer and on the contrary at winter.
Relevant answer
Answer
In 1905 Einstein introduced General Relativity
Ten years later we developed special relati vity by incorporated gravity
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
3 answers
I'm currently doing my thesis which uses structural equation modeling for longitudinal data. Is it normal for a model to have 0 RMSEA, Test Statistic, Degrees of Freedom, and p-value? What does that represents in sem.
Relevant answer
Answer
Your model is likely saturated (just identified). You can see that from the fact that the degrees of freedom for your user model are zero. Saturated models always (trivially) fit the data perfectly since they contain no testable restrictions. For more info, you can check out my Youtube videos on saturated SEMs:
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
6 answers
As a result of communication with the WG participants, I came to the conclusion:
The lack of direct contact, complete freedom of expression leads to the fact that very often participants begin to humiliate, insult those who do not agree with their point of view.
Many adhere to a simple philosophy: there may be many opinions, ideas and guesses, but the correct one is only mine !!!
What is your experience and what is your impression of the WG correspondence?
Relevant answer
Answer
What is your impression of communicating with the WG participants, their PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE? To me, ego is an issue sometimes. ''Ego says, “Once everything falls into place, I’ll feel peace”. Spirit says, “Find your peace, and then everything will fall into place”.''
--Marianne Williamson
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
4 answers
can this time interval be for 6 months ? if the data is collected twice in a period of year.
is this considered longitudinal studies ?
what is the degree of freedom if some of the participants vary from the the initial data collection.
Relevant answer
Answer
The appropriate time interval depends on your research questions/hypotheses. If those can be addressed appropriately with this design, then it should be fine.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
Few males achieve any real freedom in their sexual relations even with their wives. Few males realize how badly inhibited they are on these matters. (Alfred Kinsey)
Relevant answer
Answer
Kinsey did not cite 3, 4 or 5. Many men go to prostitutes to get fellatio, which their partners refuse to offer. Mostly it is younger men who go, sometimes just to experience what it feels like. Men also go to get sexual interaction that wives would not supply including fetish type activity. Foremost men go to prostitutes because it is cheaper than any relationship with another woman and they are not obliged to offer the romantic interaction that women tend to require.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
Hello everyone. I am trying to calculate the stiffness coefficient in all directions by using displacement-load data. As we know, stiffness is the force per unit displacement in a particular degree of freedom, and another degree of freedom will be fixed. So I consider a beam element, apply a load, obtain displacement, and get the stiffness coefficient in that direction. This result matches the analytical result( code written in Matlab). Now I follow the same procedure to obtain the stiffness coefficient in the shell element for a node in one DOF. Then the results of the shell element do not match with Matlab. I am attaching one image for the clarification. Please help me out; what is wrong I am doing? Is there a conceptual error for calculating the stiffness coefficient for a node in one direction?
Thanks for reading this long paragraph.
Relevant answer
Answer
The stiffness coefficient for a shell element is determined based on the shell's geometry, such as its thickness, and the material properties, such as the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Unlike beam elements, shell elements have additional degrees of freedom and exhibit different deformation characteristics, which impact the stiffness coefficient calculation.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
9 answers
For example... in a completely randomized design (DIC), 3 treatments with 3 replicates... it would be 8 degrees of freedom... if i have 3 treaments with 4 replicates, it would be 11 degrees of freedom...
Is there a minimum value to obtain an adequate statistical analysis?
Would be some value above the 10?
Relevant answer
Answer
Could be. I thought he was asking experiments in general, and then was just giving an example of one type of experimental design. Maybe he is even just asking about power, or something like that. Given it not clear, at least to me, I won't comment anymore.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
What is the Ultimate Goal of Any Revolution?
Continuity until radical change occurs
Revolution is a type of violence.
Revolution has a beginning and an end.
Revolution has a beginning, like the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 and the French Revolution of 1789.
The French Revolution began on May 5, 1789, and continued until November 9, 1799.
It caused the abolition of absolute monarchy, established a secular democratic republic that became increasingly authoritarian and militaristic, radical social change based on liberalism and other enlightenment principles, the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, and armed conflicts with other European countries.
As for the Egyptian revolution, it began on January 25, 2011. The repercussions of its events are continuing to the extent that its participants object to the lack of political freedoms, the state of emergency, the increase in poverty, the difficulty of finding job opportunities, police brutality, the lack of housing, the high cost of living, the rise in food prices, the spread of corruption, the lack of free and fair elections, and the lack of freedom of expression, poor living conditions, deviation from the path of truth, and the spread of falsehood.
The radical change has not taken place yet. The revolution is still alive within us and continuing till radical change is done if God Almighty wills. If God wills something, it will be done.
Relevant answer
Answer
I think regime change (or institutional change) is the ultimate goal of any revolution. Revolution is indeed violence, but violence is not necessarily bad and sometimes it is needed. For example, police is state-sanctioned violence and everybody agrees it is needed.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
I think No, what do you think?
Relevant answer
Answer
Harry thank you for commenting. If you know that capitalism puts the economy first and only, you can state is market structure, both in terms of supply and demand or in terms of market equality and freedom. If you know that red socialism puts society first and only, then you can indicate its market structure, if you know that green marxism puts the environment first and only, you can express its market structure, if you know that yellow marxism puts society and environment first and only, then you can state its market strucrure....If you know that ecomarxism aimes at protection society and environment, you can state its market structure.....
This question is about only ECO-SOCIALISM and GREEN MARXISM, and the question is a very specific one and the answers are simple and short ones: Is Eco-socialism Green Marxism? Do they have the same model structure?
In other words, are they the same concept? Yes, no, why? Do they have the same market structure after flipping liberal capitalism? Yes, no, why?
What do you think?
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
3 answers
Philosophy is allowed on ResearchGate to uphold freedom of inquiry. And philosophy can lead to science:
Relevant answer
Answer
Alexander Ohnemus Philosophy is on ResearchGate because ResearchGate was founded by Germans. The German word "Wissenschaft", usually and often misleadingly translated as "Science" actually has a broader meaning which encompasses any systematic scholarly or scientific endeavor including arts and humanities, and yes, even theology.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
6 answers
If you think outside the box, it is possible to see similarities and differences between the economy model used by china after the fall of the soviet bloc and the economy model used by the USA then and now. Knowing and understanding these similarities and differences can help to see the nature of inverse paradigm dynamics that may play in the future.
And this raises the question: In terms of equality and freedom, what are the similarities and the differences between the Chinese economy model and the USA economy model?
Can you see the similarities and the differences in this context?
If yes, please share them.
Respectfully yours;
Lucio
Relevant answer
Answer
In many areas of social significance, both the US and China are not number one. Far from it, the two often find themselves way down the list when compared to other countries. It is critical that we not lose sight of the fact that in many areas of life – from governance to healthcare to crime to the environment – the two countries have a lot of catching up to do.
Happiness is not the be all end all of life, but it’s not irrelevant either. And on this score the US and China do not fare particularly well, ranking 18 and 94, respectively, far behind Finland. The US ranks higher than China on metrics of democracy and freedom, but even there the US is far from preeminent, something we’ve witnessed in vivid terms the last few years.
The Gini coefficient, one of the most widely used metrics of inequality, shows that in 2019 the United States (0.481) and China (0.465) both still have highly unequal income distributions in absolute terms and relative to other countries.
Inequality was far lower in China in the late 1970s, but then soared following the launch of the “reform and opening” policies. Marketization succeeded in delivering decades of high overall growth, but a number of factors – among them corruption, credit policies favoring a shift of wealth from households to companies, privatization of SOEs, and an insufficient availability of welfare services – have raised inequality far higher than would otherwise be the case. It likely resulted in the share of public wealth (as a portion of national wealth) to drop from about 70 percent in 1978 to 35 percent by 2015.
Trends in the United States are similarly concerning. The bottom 50 percent of wage earners experienced a collapse in their share of the nation’s wealth between 1978 and 2015, from 20 percent to 12 percent of total income, while the top one-percent’s income share rose from 11 percent to 20 percent. Inequality was exacerbated by educational and wage policy failures, resulting in insufficient support for the underprivileged. In addition to this, as in China, the United States lacks a well-funded welfare state when compared with other advanced industrialized economies.
Ref/
My best wishes Lucio Muñoz good question as almost all of yours 👍
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
Who observes that both Marxism and Libertarianism dislike bureaucracy yet the former considers surroundings than the latter does? How? Why?
Relevant answer
Answer
Sorry, but who says "Marxism and Libertarianism dislike bureaucracy" ? Given the early ideological history of Soviet Union, I find this difficult to understand. Thanks!
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
11 answers
According to these results, Is regression analysis significant?
Analysis of Variance
- SS = 1904905
- DF = 8
- MS = 238113
- F (DFn, DFd)= F (8, 17) = 1.353
- P value P=0.2843
Goodness of Fit
- Degrees of Freedom = 17
- Multiple R = 0.6237
- R squared = 0.389
- Adjusted R squared = 0.1015
Relevant answer
Answer
The p value for the overall F statistic indicates that the overall multiple correlation R (and R squared) value is not significantly different from zero at the .05 level (p is greater than .05). The reason for the non-significant result may be a small sample (as indicated by your degrees of freedom) and/or the presence of too many predictor variables. This also explains the large discrepancy between R squared and adjusted R squared. You are lacking statistical power to "detect" an effect.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
When Norman Finkelstein, an anti-war activist and intellectual (Princeton PhD, 1988), was asked what his mother, who was in the Majdanek concentration camp in Europe during WWII, thought of retaliation on civilians for crimes committed by Hitler her response was, “Since they elected him they are totally responsible for his actions and therefore deserve to be punished.”  (But keep in mind that the dictatorship occurred after the election).  If the ‘Finkelstein’ rule were applied to Gaza, then there should be no slaughter of civilians since the Gazans live under a Hamas dictatorship; once elected almost two decade ago (in 2006), Hamas has assumed total power of the strip and they have built a military infrastructure (e.g., 500 Km of tunneling) while Israel has denied basic services to the Gazan people, who live in a concentration camp; but since the only way out is by tunnel controlled by Hamas, Gazans are used as shields against Israeli attacks, which this time might cause the death of over 100,000 civilians given the invasion has yet to start and the number of dead is already over 7,000.  I say The Hague needs to do something about all this killing of both Palestinians and Israelis by Netanyahu and Hamas.  But don’t expect much since the US who is not an International Criminal Court member and who has veto power in the UN has been committing war crimes for a long time (Henry Kissinger of the Vietnam war era is not free to travel just anywhere even at 100 years of age) and you all know the many cases of crimes committed in the name of freedom….Israel is merely a mini-partner in these crimes along with Hamas and its backers from Iran/Russia, all war criminals as well.  In short we must ask, “Why are we allowing war criminals to run the world?”
Relevant answer
Answer
The US foreign policy has a long history of flirting with zionism, notably after the outbreak of the world war. During this period we see several converts to zionism and related organisations (which had obvious interests in palestine), coinciding with the collapse of the ottoman empire, which the imperial powers hawked. Among the converts we see: Louis Brandies, Julian W. Marck, Felix Frankfurter, among others. Brandies himself would later become a supreme court justice (p. 846)
This is testament to a certain political milieu, where the protestant and zionist lobbies were able to exert pressure on american politics. Brandies held particular sway over Wilson(p. 848). The fact of the matter was that this sentiment of american intervention in the middle east was quite lucrative to american interests and to the religious lobbies. The Balfour declaration was also pre empted by Brandies, who had correspondance six months beforehand, proposing in a document that: "palestine is to be recognized as the jewish national home; jews of all countries [are] to be accorded full liberty of immigration; jews [are]to enjoy full national, political residence in Palestine" (p. 847-848).
The further development of zionism in the US, starting with Wilson and Brandies (further reading below), is continual with each president. The simplest answer to the question of why war criminals are supported, even voted for, is that there are both political lobbies and vital american interests resting on the continued existance of Israel. There are not easy solutions to this, but historically it seems to me, there was little actual popular support for the zionist project, and moreso political navigating and delusions of grandeur.
further reading:
Hassan, Shamir (2016)
Politics of the zionist lobby in the united states of America, proceedings of the indian history congress, vol. 77. pp. 846-859 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26552715?read-now=1&seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents)
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
players
restricted in expressing their religious opinions and beliefs
linking them to the political aspect?
Where is freedom of expression?
Relevant answer
Answer
Bonjour cher confrère;
pour répondre a cette question qui boulverse actuellement la vie moderne , il suffit de pratiquer vos convections dans la limite du respect de l'autre .
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
Who agrees that we live in an Orwellian society because capitalism is uncontrolled? One ,maybe farfetched, example is that viruses appear on people's phones after the users visit seemingly harmless websites. Thus, in practice, people have less freedom despite corporations having so much freedom in theory. We should raise consumer protections.
Relevant answer
Answer
I agree. In today's society, it is becoming increasingly evident that we are living in an Orwellian society. The uncontrolled nature of capitalism has given corporations excessive power and control over our lives, leading to a significant erosion of our freedom. One farfetched yet alarming example of this is the appearance of viruses on people's phones after visiting seemingly harmless websites. This intrusion into our personal devices highlights the lack of freedom we have, while corporations enjoy an abundance of it. To combat this issue, it is imperative that we raise consumer protections to restore balance and safeguard individual liberties.
Capitalism, in theory, promotes competition and economic growth. However, when left uncontrolled, it can result in a concentration of power within a few large corporations. These entities then exploit their dominance to manipulate markets and suppress competition. As a consequence, consumers are left with limited choices and reduced freedom to make informed decisions about their purchases.
The emergence of viruses on people's phones after visiting seemingly harmless websites exemplifies how capitalism has contributed to the erosion of our freedom. While individuals may believe they have the liberty to browse the internet without consequences, they unknowingly expose themselves to risks due to corporate practices aimed at collecting personal data or spreading malware for profit. This intrusion into our personal devices not only compromises privacy but also restricts our ability to freely access information without fear.
Furthermore, while individuals face increasing limitations on their freedoms due to corporate actions, these same corporations enjoy vast amounts of freedom themselves. They operate with minimal regulation or oversight from government authorities and often prioritize profit over ethical considerations or consumer welfare. This imbalance between corporate freedoms and individual liberties further exacerbates the Orwellian nature of our society.
To address this issue effectively, it is crucial that we raise consumer protections through robust regulations and enforcement mechanisms. Governments must step up their efforts in monitoring corporate activities closely and holding them accountable for any infringements on consumer rights. Additionally, empowering consumers with comprehensive information about the risks associated with their online activities can help them make informed decisions and protect themselves from potential harm.
By raising consumer protections, we can restore balance in our society and safeguard individual freedoms. It is essential to create a regulatory framework that ensures corporations act responsibly and prioritize consumer welfare over profit. Only through such measures can we hope to counteract the Orwellian tendencies of our current capitalist system.
In conclusion, the uncontrolled nature of capitalism has led us into an Orwellian society where corporations hold excessive power while individuals face increasing limitations on their freedom. The appearance of viruses on people's phones after visiting seemingly harmless websites serves as a stark reminder of this reality. To combat this issue, it is imperative that we raise consumer protections to restore balance and safeguard individual liberties. By doing so, we can strive towards a more equitable society where corporate freedoms are balanced with the rights and freedoms of individuals.
Reference:
Orwell, G. (1949). Nineteen Eighty-Four: A Novel. Secker & Warburg.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
South Park ironically raises questions about both libertarianism and atheism.
Atheism: Jesus explains that problems give life meaning.
Libertarianism: In the Human Centipad, Kyle is physically abused for unknowingly signing to agree to terms and services.
Relevant answer
Answer
More specifically, South Park argued, maybe mistakenly, that underserved suffering does not justify atheism because, according to their version of Jesus, problems give life meaning. As well as the non-aggression principle NOT validating libertarian economics. Legalese was used against Kyle by making him sign a lengthy Terms and Services contract. South Park, perhaps unknowingly, argued for more consumer protections.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
3 answers
How about collective action for the sake of allowing individual freedom?
Relevant answer
Answer
Collectivism was in a direct contradiction to neoliberal individualism, which has arrived during postmodern era. How these relations will develop between individualism and collectivism in a "posthuman" time, we have to observe.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
I am trying to model heat transfer as result of a fire in a reinforced concrete wall in 2D.
I get the following error when combing a 2D homogeneous part (concrete) with a 2D wire (rebar): STRESS-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS OR OTHER ELEMENTS WITHOUT TEMPERATURE DEGREE OF FREEDOM ARE NOT ALLOWED IN A HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS
Relevant answer
Answer
No.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
3 answers
There is no glorification of the ruler or head of state in Western countries, unlike what exists in Eastern countries
Relevant answer
Answer
I would like to research freedom between the countries of the East and the West
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
Tolerance is not unlimited. Its limits are determined by limitations of freedom to choose own worldview. Unfortunately, in today’s world millions of people, despite the fact they tolerate others of opposite worldviews, are persecuted for their independent views.
Relevant answer
Answer
A very sensitive topic you raised. Very sad though very important too.
To begin with I take from Stephens given quotation "Karl Popper summed up his theory in a single sentence: "We must therefore claim, in the name of tolerance, the right not to tolerate intolerance".", absolutely right.
My phrase is: Art of tolerance is to know what is tolerable, I phrased in the terrorism rose era as I agree to 'war on terror'.
Tolerance has clear line of what is merciful what isn't. The term punishment is in justice. Punishment is must as and where needed to serve the justice. We seek to make just world, for UK it we must redefine the punishment essentiality, not utterance of tolerance to be enforced upon.
For time being, Regards,
Fatema Miah
_______
Question
39 answers
To clarify the sayings of scholars in this matter
Relevant answer
Good question, follower
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
24 answers
There are several ways of discussing this, through liberal concepts based on Western culture or through for example its seeming dichotomy of nationalism and ideology, religion and ethnicity. The latter seem opposed to freedom but are they?
Is growing authoritarianism the end of freedom? Does it in contradiction merely represent another kind of freedom?
Relevant answer
Answer
I have explored the complex notion of “freedom” in the chapter of my book on Understanding human life (2022), untitled Predestination versus human liberty. I distinguished freedom in ancient civilizations, freedom in monotheistic religions and philosophical and political freedom. This overview shows great differences between the concepts, despite the fact that they all seem valid in their respective social contexts. Even more importantly, the paradigms that allow the definition of specific forms of freedom are not erased by later paradigms, for they persist in human memory.
Each of these forms is intimately bound up with the culture and religion of the peoples considered, and it seems hard, if not impossible, to find a universal definition of the term. In fact, freedom is a continually renewed process, not an absolute, unattainable state. The process recycles elements of the earlier concepts of freedom, transforming them so as to adapt them to the latest world-view that is taking root. This requires a response to the problems posed by the new world-view while trying to circumscribe them in a new concept of freedom. At the same time, however, the need to adhere to the world-view will turn the aspiration to freedom into a desire for submission.
You will find more details in the joint file.
I hae also examined in another chapter How and why to restrict freedom.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
3 answers
Hi everyone, it's my first post here and am new to SEM. :) Anyway, I would like some help and recommendations on how to improve the CFA model I'm working on. The CFA is based on n=310 with a bootstrap of 5000; and modification indices of 4. The results I have are:
Result (Default Model)
- Chi-square = 1090.271
- Degrees of freedom = 511
- Probability level =0.000
Model Fit Summary
- PCMIN/df = 2.134
- CFI = 0.904
- TLI rho2 = 0.895
- RMSEA = 0.061
Thank you!
Relevant answer
Answer
Hey Dan, I agree with Christian that it's hard to offer advice with just the fit statistics to go on. But I can tell that this is AMOS output, and I also know that AMOS doesn't handle categorical data very well. There are some great methods to handle data that have a small number of categories (e.g. Likert type response formats with 2-4 options) but AMOS doesn't have the capability - so you will have to be treating all your variables as continuous, and this will likely lead to poorer fit.
Ignore this message of you are dealing with data with 5 or more categories!
Mark
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
How can one calculate degree of freedom of a general relativity theory or alternative gravity. Kindly guide
Relevant answer
Answer
The degree of freedom in f(R,T) theory is a measure of how many independent ways a system can move or change. In general relativity, the degree of freedom is related to the number of components of the metric tensor $g_{\mu\nu}$ that describe the geometry of spacetime. However, not all components are physical, since some can be eliminated by coordinate transformations or gauge choices.
One way to count the degree of freedom in general relativity is to use the linearized version of the theory in vacuum, where the metric tensor can be written as $g_{\mu\nu} = \eta_{\mu\nu} + h_{\mu\nu}$, where $\eta_{\mu\nu}$ is the Minkowski metric and $h_{\mu\nu}$ is a small perturbation. In this case, there are 10 components of $h_{\mu\nu}$, but 4 can be removed by gauge transformations and 4 are constrained by the Bianchi identities $\nabla_{\mu}G^{\mu\nu} = 0$, where $G^{\mu\nu}$ is the Einstein tensor. Therefore, only 2 components are physical and correspond to the two polarizations of gravitational waves.
In f(R,T) theory, where R is the Ricci scalar and T is the trace of the energy-momentum tensor $T_{\mu\nu}$, the degree of freedom depends on whether one uses a metric or a metric-affine formulation. In the metric-affine formulation, where the metric and the affine connection are independent variables, there are no new propagating degrees of freedom as compared to general relativity, since the field equations are second-order and can be written in terms of an effective energy-momentum tensor. However, in the metric formulation, where the affine connection is derived from the metric, there is an additional scalar degree of freedom that arises from varying the action with respect to T.
Therefore, the degree of freedom in f(R,T) theory can be either 2 or 3 depending on how one defines the theory. To calculate it for a specific model or solution, one would need to analyze the field equations and look for constraints or gauge choices that reduce the number of independent variables.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
Is it possible that disciplines share epistemological approaches despite having a different domain?
There are 2 main similarities in this comparison
1) principle of precedence. In aglosaxon law it means nee judge decisions must mirror past. Pierce from science and Smolin hold a similar view "things like atomshsve tendencybto to act like past and things have more probabilities to act like past than not". Smolin formulatedprinci0le of precence that allows small novelty only
2) deduction from first principles.
Despite Newtonian and 17th century experimental its, large body of physics operates from principles. Principle of relativity, momentum conservation, constancy of light, tgermal equilibrium, energy conversation
Law has its own deduction from human rights principles such as freedom of expression, movement, freedom to life and conventions
So both disciplines share epistemological approaches despite having a different domain
Relevant answer
Answer
It is not clear if the fields of Legal Studies and Physics are considered epistemologically similar or not, it would be necessary to define the specific case since the analogy is almost impossible. Many legal philosophical schools accept morality or founding principles as the origin of Law or to cover those "legal gaps" that become. But how to incorporate morality into positive science? Hence half or more of the library would tell you no.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
Even after changed to Heat Transfer Element type, above error is coming
Relevant answer
Answer
The error message you are seeing suggests that there might be some inconsistency between the element types used in your heat transfer analysis. Specifically, the error message is indicating that you have stress-displacement elements or other elements without temperature degree of freedom, which are not allowed in a heat transfer analysis.
In ANSYS, there are different element types available for different types of analyses, such as mechanical, thermal, and coupled analyses. It is important to select the appropriate element type for your specific analysis to ensure accurate results.
Based on the error message you are seeing; it is possible that you have not fully updated all of the elements in your model to the appropriate element type for a heat transfer analysis. Even if you have updated most of the elements, if there are still a few elements that are not updated, this could cause the error message to appear.
To resolve this issue, you will need to ensure that all elements in your model are compatible with the type of analysis you are running. This may involve changing the element type for some or all of the elements in your model.
If you have already changed the element type for all elements in your model and the error message still persists, it is possible that there are other issues with your model that need to be addressed. In this case, it may be helpful to consult ANSYS documentation or support resources for further guidance.
Additionally, it is worth noting that the appropriate minimum number of samples for running a PMF model will depend on the specific application and the complexity of the model. Generally, it is recommended to have a sufficiently large sample size to ensure statistical significance and accuracy of results. However, the exact minimum number of samples will depend on the specific requirements of your analysis.
Here are some references related to your previous question about block size in the base model bootstrap:
- Efron, B. (1979). Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. Annals of Statistics, 7(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344552
- Davison, A. C., & Hinkley, D. V. (1997). Bootstrap methods and their application. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511802843
- Hall, P. (1988). Theoretical comparison of bootstrap confidence intervals. Annals of Statistics, 16(3), 927-953. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176350949
And here are some references related to your question about the impact of electricity reduction/loadshedding on the small business sector:
- Steyn, L., & Brent, A. C. (2016). A framework for assessing the impact of power outages on SMMEs in South Africa. Energy Policy, 92, 602-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.02.024
- Barnes, D. F., Samad, T., & Dijk, M. P. (2016). The impact of power outages on small and medium enterprises in Jamaica. Energy Policy, 96, 674-682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.06.019
- Shekhar, S., & Bazilian, M. (2016). Impact of electricity access on rural income generation: Evidence from Guatemala. Energy for Sustainable Development, 32, 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2016.02.006
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
8 answers
It is possible, using dominant system equality and freedom theory to map the structure of the market model in China before and after the fall of red socialism in 1991, and this raises the question, Can you see the structure of the 1991 flip from red socialism to non-democratic capitalism in China in terms of equality and freedom?
If you can see the structure of the flip please share it.
Respectfully yours;
Lucio
Note:
It is best stating the structure of red socialisl and non-democratic capitalism in terms of equality and freedom separately and then comparing them to see the context of the 1991 flip in those terms
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Ange, good day, Thank you for writing and see you are familiar with related material by me. My goal this year is to expand those ideas in terms of equality and freedom.
I have written and share several articles on how to give structure to all possible dominant component based development models, and link those structures to paradigm shift and paradigm shift theory from the point of view of dominant component equality and freedom.... For example, red socialism as you know it is a social equality without freedom model so you can represent it by a social dictatorship structure. Democratic capitalism is an economic freedom without equality model so you can represent it as a liberal economy model. Non-democratic capitalism is an economy without freedom and equality so you can represent it as an economic dictatorship.
Once you know how to write or express those structures in terms of dominant component equality and freedom, then you can provide analytical support to all the things you listed in your comment as well as be able to answer the current question using this freedom and equality thinking.
One of my goals this year is to expand these ideas and apply them for example to state the paradigm evolution path of red socialism had it had been able to win the cold war by going economy friendly and what would have come next and what is at the end or to state the paradigm evolution path of non-democratic capitalism if it were to outsmart democratic capitalism and what would come next and what is at the end or what is the paradigm evolution path of democratic capitalism if it loses to non-democratic capitalism and what comes next and what is at the end.
Attached I shared the figure 3 of a paper I am working on to present the theory on where to base and complete those goals of the year mentioned above, notice that democratic capitalism(DC), red socialism(RS), and non-democratic capitalism(NDC) are not yet represented there in terms of equality and freedom yet:
How the models needed to answer the relevant question here can be stated in terms of equality and freedom and how paradigm evolution in this case is expected to work can be found at:
Sustainability thoughts 151: An overview of market variability based on dominant component equality and freedom: What is the structure of a true perfect market?
Sustainability thoughts 152: How to highlight the four market structures that dominant component markets can have in terms of equality and freedom variability when under externality neutrality assumptions and without them?
Sustainability thoughts 138: How does a general red socialism market evolution model is expected to work? The cases of expanding red socialism, of saving red socialism from collapse, and the case of the fall of red socialism due to binding economic sustainability pressures
Sustainability thoughts 135: How can a general paradigm evolution model aimed at capturing all possible market evolution routes in response to binding sustainability gap pressures be stated step by step?
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
12 answers
Suppose you had a jigsaw puzzle that extended endlessly in length, width, and depth. If you remove a piece from the puzzle and throw it away, it seems as though infinity minus a finite quantity must equal less than infinity. This ignores the fact that the piece cannot be discarded since throwing it away implies that there’s a space outside of infinity – which is impossible if infinity is truly endless. But this is a thought experiment, so let’s give our imagination the benefit of the doubt and assume a piece of the jigsaw is indeed gone.
Why does infinity minus any finite quantity still equal infinity? If we’re talking about space-time in an infinite universe, the answer must surely be that the piece has been deleted from the spatial component of the cosmos yet the temporal component persists and the puzzle piece hasn’t actually been removed at all – in other words, infinity equals infinity.
The question now becomes “How does time persist – how can the past still exist, and how can what we call the present still exist in a billion years (or if time is infinite like the space it’s always united with ... eternally?)” May I suggest a mechanism for the subjective passage of time flowing from past to present to future that has an objective reality which is a familiar mechanism to people? It's the DVD we buy in stores and put in a player to watch movies.
This proposal also allows a degree of freedom to our thoughts and actions. DVDs - including the Cosmic DVD in which everyone's an actor - don't magically appear and force us to live pre-determined lives. They have writers, actors, producers, directors, people working with hair and makeup and costumes and props, etc. We don't have total freedom because we live in the Block Universe where every point in the future co-exists with, and influences,the present - compelling our thoughts and actions to follow the path which leads to the future.
Relevant answer
Answer
Hello Rodney,
The equations of Maxwell are a set of four partial differential equations that describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields. The equations are:
∇ · E = ρ/ε0
∇ · B = 0
∇ x E = -dB/dt
∇ x B = μ0(J + ε0dE/dt)
where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field, ρ is the charge density, J is the current density, ε0 is the electric constant, μ0 is the magnetic constant, and ∇ is the vector differential operator.
When these equations are solved, two solutions can be found for each electromagnetic wave. One solution is the retarded wave, which represents the standard motion of the wave from one point to another, and is defined as follows:
E(r,t) = (1/4πε0) ∫ [ρ(r',t-r/c)/r^2] dr'
B(r,t) = (μ0/4π) ∫ [(J(r',t-r/c)/r^2) x u] dr'
where r is the position vector, t is the time, c is the speed of light, and u is a unit vector. The retarded wave represents the electromagnetic wave that is emitted at time t' = t - r/c, and arrives at point r at time t.
The other solution is the advanced wave, which appears to travel backwards in time and is defined as follows:
E(r,t) = (1/4πε0) ∫ [ρ(r',t+r/c)/r^2] dr'
B(r,t) = (μ0/4π) ∫ [(J(r',t+r/c)/r^2) x u] dr'
where t' = t + r/c. The advanced wave represents the electromagnetic wave that is emitted at time t' = t + r/c and arrives at point r at time t.
However, it's important to note that the advanced wave is not observed in practice, and is considered only as a mathematical curiosity. The retarded wave is the only solution that has a physical interpretation and is used to explain a wide range of electromagnetic phenomena.
When a light source emits an electromagnetic wave, it spreads spherically in all directions. This means that there are two waves propagating, one moving towards you and one moving away from you.
The part of the wave that moves towards you is the retarded wave, which represents the standard motion of the light from the moment it was emitted to the moment you detect it. On the other hand, the wave that moves away from you is the advanced wave, which seems to propagate backwards in time relative to the moment it was emitted. This is because the advanced wave appears to arrive at your position before the retarded wave, even though in reality both waves propagate at the same speed, which is the speed of light.
However, it is important to note that the advanced wave has no observable physical consequences and is considered only as a mathematical curiosity unless the space-time is curved. In a curved space-time, the advanced wave could have profound implications for the physics of time travel and instantaneous communication.
So if space-time is curved, it means that the geometry of space and time is distorted, and this can affect the behavior of waves and particles. In a curved space-time, the path of a wave or particle can be altered by the curvature, and this can result in a range of phenomena, such as gravitational lensing and the redshift of light.
In addition, the concept of waves traveling through space-time implies that everything is connected in some way. Waves can propagate through space-time and carry information and energy with them. This means that any object or event that emits waves can potentially influence other objects or events that are located elsewhere in space-time.
Well the idea that any object or event that emits waves can potentially influence other objects or events that are located elsewhere in space-time is related to the
*** Mach's principle ***
which Einstein referred to in his work.
The Mach's principle is the idea that the distribution of matter in the universe determines the properties of space and time, and that the inertial properties of a body are determined by the distribution of all the other matter in the universe. In other words, the properties of space and time depend on the distribution of matter, and the behavior of a body depends on the gravitational influence of all the other bodies in the universe.
Einstein was fascinated by the Mach's principle and believed that it could provide insight into the nature of space and time. He used the principle to motivate his work on general relativity, which describes the curvature of space-time in the presence of matter and energy.
So Rodney I agree with the explanation you provided regarding the advanced and retarded waves in electromagnetic theory. It's interesting to note that these waves possess components that travel forward and backward in time, and that they cancel each other out and entangle all masses.
Regarding your idea of a unified past, present, and future, it's true that the concept of non-simultaneity in special relativity arises from the assumption that past, present, and future are separate entities. However, in a curved space-time, the concept of causality can be altered, and the idea of a unified past, present, and future could potentially remove the issue of non-simultaneity.
As for the Mach principle, it's related to the idea that the distribution of matter in the universe determines the properties of space and time, and that all objects in the universe are interconnected. This concept was influential in Einstein's development of general relativity, and it continues to be a subject of debate among physicists.
Overall, your ideas are very interesting and thought-provoking, and they touch on important concepts in physics such as space-time curvature, causality, and the interconnection of all things in the universe.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
4 answers
Degrees of freedom (df) and the F value, at the output of repeated measures ANOVA (within-subject and between subject), are used with p value when reporting this result. But, what do they mean? How should we interpret these values?
Relevant answer
Answer
F and df are used to calculate the p-value. You actually only want to see if the p-value is small, as this tells you that your data are informative about the response w.r.t. the ANOVA factors. Knowing F and df in addition to the p-value is typically not required but if can help statisticians to spot pseudo-replication.
The F-value is a statistic calculated from the sample data. If the response has a normal distribution and is entirely unaffected by the experimental factors, then this value can be interpreted as a realization of a random variable with an F-distribution. The density of the F-distribution is strongly right-skewed, its concrete shape depends on the df. Large values are unexpected.
Often, the ANOVA F-test is not of particular interest scientifically. Often, test about mean differences are more intersting.
There are 1001 more things to say, about sums-of-squares, within-, between-, total- and residual variance, nominator and denominator degrees of freedom, the equivalence of t-tests and F-tests with 1 denominator df, multiple testing and protective F-tests, and so on.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
Ghada Al Samman revolutionised literature in terms of sexual freedom which, in her perspective, leads to other sorts of freedom.
I am happy to hear from the researchers who came across her work or analysed it. Looking forward to further constructive discussions.
Relevant answer
Answer
Have you read Alsamman's lterary work?
How's your comment relevant to this discussion?
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
94 answers
I have been attempting in a book project to re-interpret the notions of CAUSALITY, DETERMINISM, CHAOS, FREEDOM, etc. purely physically. Still I find a way to place the concept of freedom within universal causality. Does anyone think that this is impossible? Is there dichotomy between universal causality and freedom?
Raphael Neelamkavil
Relevant answer
Answer
In terms of physics, there is a band of events that are ab initio unobservable e.g. going below the Planck constant in terms of scale. There is no ground to support a theory for this band that causality and freedom cannot coexist.
In the general case, the physical universe is finite, and within this space, you can redefine freedom as being an effect relative to causality in terms of causal influence variability i.e., there will be a set of events where causality will exercise minimum effect. This can be identified as the set of maximal relative freedom.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
Dear Sir/Mam,
I analysed 11 companies for 10 years yielding to 110 firm year observations with 5 Independent variables. The reviewer raised a question that since N (N =11) is small, with many IVs does it have degrees of freedom. Kindly help me to solve this query. Also how to check model fit in panel data analysis. Kindly help. Thank you
Relevant answer
Answer
Hi Vaishnavi,
It sounds like the reviewer's concern is valid. Need a little more information. What type of panel estimation is being used (e.g. random effects, fixed effects)? How many instrumental variables do you have?
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
Freedom and rights to live as natural as did some countries did ,and social problems arises from loneliness' and lost life ,so do we need to follow religion and conservative life as democracy seek or go to optimum life ?
Relevant answer
Answer
Freedom and demogracy are not against each others, but on the contrary complementary of each others. Without freedom these is no democracy and without democracy there is no freedom.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
We assume that they perform only two degrees of freedom, as shown by experimental evidence.
Relevant answer
Answer
In 3D geometric space we have 3 translational degrees of freedom x, y, z, but the question suggests something less for bacteria.
As far as I know, they have only two, as some experimental results suggest.
And yet, the question remains open how much and why? NB.https://ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT21OCT596.pdf
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
77 answers
True imperfect market theory suggest that imperfect markets do not exist when there is both market equality and freedom at the same time, which raises the question: Is a market where there is only economic freedom a true perfect economic market?
Think about it, what do you think?
Relevant answer
Answer
I would like to remind you that as much as what is written, the results on the field are at least as important as what is written. Applications produce results that are at least as important as what is written. After all, if there is an expectation of the perfection of the field on the subject, the results in the field are open to discussion.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
4 answers
On February 5, 2021, Casper A. Helder posted the question “can the second law of thermodynamics be abandoned?” I was surprised to read that the second law )together with the first law( the only two laws that remain unchanged since their formulation by Clausius in 1867, are boldly doubted. Moreover, the entropy in which its propensity to grow is the second law is not even mentioned, and therefore, I wrote a short cynical answer. To my surprise every few days since I followed this question, more people add answers and for today, there are 6618 reads and 386 answers! For Example, Henning Struchtrup a professor at Victoria university working in the field wrote: “No doubt one can criticize Carnot or Clausius but one should not forget that they were at the very beginning”. Struchtrup received 13 recommendations for his answers. I wonder what causes a respectful scientist from this field to say that no doubt that Carnot and Clausius's works are problematics.
From reading part of the answers including Helder's argumentation, I believe that somehow in the last century, the definition and therefore the meaning of the second law was forgotten. Hereafter, I will summarize the definition of the second law and its immediate consequences.
2nd Law Definition: In any irreversible process, the entropy S increases.
Irreversibility: If we have a reservoir at a temperature T and one adds an amount of energy Q in an irreversible route its entropy increases by S>Q/T. If the process is reversible then the entropy increase is S=Q/T. This inequality is called Clausius inequality.
The amount of energy added or removed from a reservoir is a measurable quantity. However, we see that in an irreversible path "T" is smaller than T in a reversible path of the same system. Therefore, we cannot define temperature and therefore entropy for a system, in an irreversible route.
Equilibrium: If a closed system is resting for a long time its entropy will increase to the maximum. Clausius inequality means that energy flows from hot to cold and therefore in equilibrium all the subsystems of an ensemble have equal temperature i.e. all its degrees of freedom have the same amount of energy i.e. in an ideal gas every degree of freedom of any molecule has kT/2 energy. Here k is the Boltzmann constant, which is the gas constant, divided by the Avogadro number and T is the temperature. Moreover, in equilibrium, all the microstates (a distinguishable configuration of any ensemble) have an identical amount of energy. Therefore,
Temperature and Entropy are defined only for systems in Equilibrium: to find the temperature of an ensemble in equilibrium one can take a single molecule measure its energy and know the temperature. However, this is seldom the case. Usually, there are “hotter” molecules and “colder” ones and this is the reason why both the entropy and temperature are defined only in equilibrium. This ambiguity about the “temperatures” out of equilibrium causes all kinds of anomalous behaviors like “super cooling” and the Mpemba paradox. This is why the application of the 2nd law has difficulties in microscopic systems. These phenomena are proving Clausius's inequality and the second law rather than disproving it.
Maximum Entropy and Quantum theory. Since in equilibrium the entropy expression of a system is maximum, every ensemble tends to reach spontaneously equilibrium. Therefore, one can calculate many properties of an ensemble by maximizing the statistical expression of the entropy (Max Entropy Technique). Planck did such a calculation for EM radiation in equilibrium with a materialistic body and found the quantized nature of energy. Is abandoning the 2ndlaw means giving up the Quantum theory? Can physics without entropy exist?
I post this question to find out if there is any concrete scientific evidence or argumentation that may cause scientists to declare that there is serious criticism against Clausius's inequality, Carnot's efficiency, and the second law.
Relevant answer
Answer
If you would read my question, you would understand that I am a second law defender. I wrote several papers about information theory and thermodynamics and I agree that information is entropy. I think that the problem today is that people are not reading past papers!
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
7 answers
I have used this statistical method to analyze the difference between depressive symptoms scores of the experimental and control group
Relevant answer
Answer
Roman Vavrek is incorrect in stating that the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney calculates or compares medians. It calculates the probability that an observation from one sample will be greater than an observation from the other. Indeed, the title of Mann and Whitney's paper describes the test perfectly :
Mann, H. B. & Whitney, D. R. On a Test of Whether one of Two Random Variables is Stochastically Larger than the Other. Ann. Math. Statist. 18, 50–60 (1947).
It does not assume anything about the distribution of the data.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
5 answers
If we use the solid elements to model the concrete slab, studs and shell element to model the beam, what would be happen to degree of rotations in the steel beam at the following interactions. solid slab and and shell beam - surface to surface interaction solid stud and shell beam - tie constraint
Will these interactions which doesn't take the all degree of freedom in the beam into account might lead in to imprecise results? please explain
Relevant answer
Answer
Are you using Staad/Pro ? I made a small model to validate the interface. I can send, if needed. Advanced software have many options, say, tie constraint (as you had indicated), multi-point-constraints (MPC in NISA software), rigid links in NISA, Floor Diaphragm in Staad/Pro, edge compatibility (in SAP2000, not sure about the word), etc. Each one work in different manner. One needs to be very careful with the modeling and results. Better to validate to understand the behaviour and matrix formulation inside the software. Manuals give some details, but not complete.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
I am getting this following error:
Undefined value found in the equation residual vector.
There are 88 degrees of freedom giving NaN/Inf in the vector for the variable comp1.Ne.
I have used a coarser meshed which has reduced the degrees of freedom giving NaN/Inf to 88, otherwise for normal mesh it was showing 300.
I have entered all the parameter values still showing this error.
Please check the screenshot and help me solve this problem.
Relevant answer
Answer
1) check your model to ensureall parameters are defined in each subdomain, for example thermal conductivity, density, etc
2) Have you changed your solver from "Segregated" to "Fully coupled"?
3) Try using different mesh sizes, starting from coarser to finer and see if the error persists.
4) Run the sumulation for each physics separately to see which physics creates the issue.
Hope it helps.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
Hello everyone, many times we participate in face-to-face or virtual conferences where many speakers presented their research advances, but we give (at least it is my case) a significant (much higher) value to the plenary conferences due to the relevance of the presenters.
Also, I think we all know that the quality of a scientific article in a top journal is not equaled by what we send to conferences in which we participate by sending an abstract (extended or not) or short article.
I have some questions. Feel free to answer 1 or 2, if you prefer.
What do you think can make a scientific event really significant for all the attendants and valuable for their professional/academic growth?
Do you consider that the conferences you have attended met your expectations?
Do you think that the money was the real interest of those who planned the scientific conferences (or some of them) you have attended?
Can we find novel and significant ways to organize really (or more) valuable scientific event?
In our case, we organized an innovative event inviting great (top) authors (theme: Landslides) presenting their greatest research (scientific articles already published in top journals) with the freedom to present new advances or their perspectives. The plenary lectures will be of the highest level, but how wonderful that each presentation will have that very high scientific quality. Now, we have a challenge to use in the best way the interaction spaces with all attendees.
Info about the mentioned event:
Landslide Scientific Assessment Conference (2022): Landslide Hazard
Online, free event.
Date: October 18-20, 2022.
More than 500 registered people already.
Relevant answer
Answer
I most want to learn new information that I can apply to my day-to-day practice and/or learn new ideas that can inspire me to do other research.
I also hope to meet people who have similar ideas, interests and abilities to me so we can stay in contact and work together on new projects.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
What is the importance of degree of freedom in a research? Looking forward to your valuable feedback.
Relevant answer
Answer
This article on issues related to degrees of freedom is worth a look:
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
5 answers
Unlike shell elements, solid elements have three degrees of freedom. So how can I get the values of moments after I run the model/analysis on ANSYS / ABAQUS ?
Relevant answer
Answer
I agree with the answers of Vincenzo Minutolo and G.R.Reddy. For quite some years, I used a post processing program to collect stresses in solids and integrate them, to get axial and bending components, across full thickness. Though, 2 elements across thickness, with three levels of nodes (top, middle and bottm) should give P & M, theoretically, I prefer to use not less than 3 elements as bare minimum. Four (4) elements are good enough to get any non-linear variation of stress across the thickness in a better manner.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
Greetings to all.
I am trying to perform a simple "mass diffusion analysis " on Abaqus CAE. But while computing job, getting an error saying :-
"Only degrees of freedom 11 and above can be active in the model for this procedure. Check the procedure and element types used in this model."
My model is:-
"Shell type" polymer film, with isotropic diffusivity properties, subjected to "surface concentration flux".
How, can I solve this error and carry out this finite element analysis.
Relevant answer
Answer
According to Abaqus manual "shell elements cannot be used in a mass diffusion analysis."
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
9 answers
My account at Twitter has been suspended because I shared official US Government information, posted by another user that I found when searching on a topic.
I was not given the option of hiding or even deleting the item, which showed a case reported to VAERS of a young child who died during a COVID19 vaccine trial.
The record contained clinical information that suggests it was lodged by a medical professional.
I would be interested to hear from other researchers who have had their social media accounts locked, suspended or terminated.
Relevant answer
Answer
Very useful website reports on Twitter Thought Police termination of accounts.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
7 answers
There is an example in Abaqus documentation to explain the active DOFs at nodes of User Element, which is totally different from the general order. Here is the example:
  • For example, consider a 3-node beam that has degrees of freedom 1, 2, and 6 at nodes 1 and 3 and degrees of freedom 1 and 2 at node 2 (middle node). To order degrees of freedom 1 first, followed by 2, followed by 6, the following input could be used:
  • USER ELEMENT
  • 1
  • 1, 2
  • 1, 6
  • 2,
  • 3, 6
As I understand, node 1 has DOFs of 1,2,6, node 2 has DOFs of 2, and node 3 has DOFs of 6.
I can't understand how they arrange the DOFs at nodes. Could anyone help explain it?
Relevant answer
Answer
1 -> specifies active DOF 1 for the first node.
1,2 -> since the nodal connectivity number (i.e.1) is equal to that given with the previous list (i.e.1), the previous list's degree of freedom (i.e DOF 1) is assigned through the last node of the element (i.e. active DOF 1 is assigned for nodes 2&3). Besides, active DOF 2 is assigned for node 1.
1,6 -> since the nodal connectivity number (i.e.1) is equal to that given with the previous list (i.e.1), the previous list's degree of freedom (i.e DOF 2) is assigned through the last node of the element (i.e. active DOF 2 is assigned for nodes 2&3). Besides, active DOF 6 is assigned for node 1.
2, -> stops the generation of active DOFs because of empty list of DOFs.
3,6 -> active DOF 6 is assigned for node 3.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
When it comes to symmetry, Gaussian 16 is strange. It always converts the molecule's high symmetry into a low symmetric system, increasing the number of degrees of freedom. How to ensure that the symmetry is preserved and that the global minima are obtained.
In my situation, the symmetry in the B12 cluster shifts from D5h to Cs.
Relevant answer
Answer
If you want to fix your molecule's orientation as your input orientation, then use the "nosymmetry" keyword in G16. Otherwise by default Gaussian orients the molecule in its highest symmetry (standard orientation).
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
5 answers
hi everyone
i saw in paper that finite element analysis of clutch disc(sliding and heat generation) is modeled in two‐dimensional axisymmetric in abaqus.
to do this one of the parts should rotate in around z(since there should be a rotational movement between parts to cause a friction and duo to that heat generation). but i cant find a way to that because there is only three degree of freedom is avaible in load section of abaqus. the pic is uploaded is from those papers.
is there a way to rotate parts around z direction in two‐dimensional axisymmetrics like this?
Relevant answer
Answer
Hi, I meet the similar problem.Have you found the way to rotate parts around z direction in two‐dimensional axisymmetrics or change the rotation axis into X or Y direction?
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
5 answers
Hi!
I am trying to understand how personality traits change in adolescents over time (2 measurement occasions with the same individuals). I am using linear mixed models in SPSS for that purpose. I have "subjects" in "subjects" in the first block, "extraversion" as a DV, and "time" as a covariate in the second block (time could be a factor as well but I read that it might be better to put it in the covariate block actually). For fixed effects, I choose time as this is my main interest.
My question is if I should put "time" also in the first block under "repeated".
The analysis is very limited due to the fact that there are only 2 measurement occasions, so I cannot lose many degrees of freedom. If I do not add time in the repeated block, I can still add a random intercept and slope, but if I have to add time also under repeated, then I hit easily the iteration warning. Furthermore, I could add "sex" as a covariate, but to make all of these decisions, I first need to know if, for this particular design, where I only have time as a predictor, I need to have it in both blocks (repeated measures & covariate)?
I think that I do need to add it in both boxes. In that scenario I am not able to add any random effects due to iteration, but I can still add covariate of sex and interaction of sex and time. Please let me know if this is correct!
Thanks a lot!
Best wishes
Michaela
Relevant answer
Answer
Hi everyone I have found out that there are two ways of accounting for the between subject variance and I can choose either random effects OR adjusting for the covariance. Not both :)
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
5 answers
Hi, I am running a logit regression in Stata. I do not see standard errors and p values in some regressors (for a few models) and in all regressors ( in some other regression models).
Pseudo R square is 1 in the models where SE and p value corresponding to no regressor is reported by the Stata.
I understand that this is happening due to either the problem of separation (quasi or full) or reduced degrees of freedom due to inclusion of higher number of regressors (sort of k>n).
Details for dataset are as follow:
--> Model includes a regressor in the level form as well as the square term (quadratic function).
--> In addition, the model includes 9 control variables plus industry and year controls.
-> Industry includes 34 unique industries in form of 2 digit industry codes.
--> Year control includes 11 unique years. Cross-sectional data is pooled across those 11 years.
If I remove industry effect controls the results become inconsistent in the models. Somewhere these give opposite signs and in some models these become insignificant.
I would be grateful your kind suggestions.
Thanks you!
Relevant answer
Answer
Hello Sahil, based on what you just said the problem seems to be too many IVs for your number of observations . I understand that you would like to include industry effects but you don't have enough observations for that big a model. Therefore increased n or decreased number of predictors seems to be your options. Best wishes David Booth
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
3 answers
There are a limited number of countries in the world (about 200) they are so different in my understanding most samples would not be representative. And due to the limited number many times, it is possible to collect data about all countries. So can we infere with this data? Say I am doing research about freedom of press form time 2010-2020. When I analyse the data I can in my understanding only give conclutions about this time span and the countries examined and not about the future, the past or countries that where not analysed. And technically if I have data from all countries I have a population and do not need any probability at all.
Relevant answer
Answer
Human rights point of view (not exactly related to the question) : Important rights often clash with each other, so that some must necessarily give way, at least partly, to others. Freedom of movement, for example, does not give a person unlimited access to another person’s private property, and murderers must generally lose their liberty to protect the lives and liberties of others. Individual rights and freedoms will also sometimes clash with a broader public interest—such as public health or safety, or national security.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
Its easy to draw a column and release the degree of freedom at joints such that the column can hold gravity load but no moment. Similarly, I want do this for columns. Please advise which stiffness modifiers I will need to reduce for a shell element (wall) such that it is only resisting gravity load but not shear?
I have a lot of walls in my model. However, I want only some of the walls to resist shear (Earthquake) and all to be active to uphold gravity loads (dead & live).
Relevant answer
Answer
Play with F12 and F11 modifiers, keep them low and thus dictate the behavior.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
In, one of my manuscripts, i have mentioned [F (4, 19) = 119.3, P < 0.001]. The reviewer asked 'What do F values represent (numbers in parenthesis)?. Here 4 indicates the number of groups, i.e 5, 19 indicates the total sample size 20-1=19, 119.3 indicates the degrees of freedom. Is there any wrong with the representation of F?
Relevant answer
Answer
Thank you@Medhat Elsahookie
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
11 answers
Hello,
My name is Mehide Hassan Ishaan. I'm a student of " Business Administration". I wanna do research about " To complete freedom of choosing own courses by students in College and University level ". I hope, it will be an interesting topic for all of us to observe in today's educational system. Glad to know that topic and expect more getting interest and comments from all of you.
Thank you, "Everyone".
Relevant answer
Answer
If during your education you will choose just courses you want, you can end up in the situation when you are not qualified for the degree. For example, in Business Administration you have to take obligatory courses for a surtain amount of credits otherwise you cannot be granted a bachelor of BA, just bachelor of philosophy. You can nicely choose courses in your specialisation, you can also choose in which university you want to study this courses (according to exchange agreements).
From the other hand, if you want to study courses of free choise you can apply for the free courses not for the program.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
Hi!
I was hoping someone could advise me as to whether the Kruskal–Wallis test by ranks produces error degrees of freedom? I have been asked for these by a reviewer but I am not sure they are associated with this test. Thanks in advance!
Relevant answer
Answer
I am not familiar with that test, sorry.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
6 answers
In a field experiment if there is possibility for both designs factorial RBD and Split plot design, and both qualifies as per degrees of freedom, then what design should be choose and why?
Relevant answer
Answer
The main difference between Randomized Block Design (RBD) and Split Plot Design is that, in the case of RBD, our purpose is to study the effect of one factor, which has different levels of equation precision for all levels. Suppose you are going to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen alone on the grain yield of one crop. In this situation, only the rate of nitrogen will vary, and the rest of the practices will remain the same for all the treatments. All treatments will be replicated an equal number of times for each treatment. In such a situation, the RBD design is recommended.
But what happens in the case of a split-plot? You want to study the effect of two factors, one with more precision and one with less precision.
The factor which is very important to you will be kept as a subplot, and the factor which is less important to you will be kept as the main plot.
For example, you want to know the effect of irrigation (irrigated and rainfall) and different levels of zinc such as 20 kg, 40 kg, 60 kg, and 80 kg/ha) on wheat yield. However, in this situation, your focus is more on zinc than irrigation, and you want to study it precisely so you will keep zinc as a subplot that will be replicated more times, so the result will be more accurate. Likewise, you will keep irrigation and rainfall as the main plot, and its effects will be studied with less precision.
Your treatments will be like this:
A: Irrigation (Main plot)
a-Irrigated
b-Rainfall
B. (Zinc) Subplot
20 kg/ha.
b. 40 kg /ha
c. 60 kg/ha
d. 80 kg/ha
I hope this has clarified things for you.
regards
nesar
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
5 answers
I want to know how to increase degrees of freedom in when testing moderation in SPSS AMOS and how to increase distinct sample moments.
Relevant answer
Answer
Hello Malsha,
the "distinct sample moments" are simply the number of variances and covariances. These will be enhanced if you add variables to the model. But be careful not to cheat. It would be easy to add random or nonsensical variables that do not correlate with the rest and thereby, artificially increase the df.
Best,
Holger
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
6 answers
I wanna to execute a research on' freedom of speech in social media in Bangladesh during covid-19.'
Relevant answer
Answer
A very good topic. Be prepare to embark with your research and to take up the challenges. I foresee that a qualitative research fit well with the topic. All the best!
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
5 answers
I have question regarding to 1d cantilever beam problem which is divided to five elements.
I want to reduce the degree of freedom for each node to 1(just keep uy)instead of 6.
I added fixed support in the first node and applied displacement on each other nodes( make it freely translate in y direction)
But it still gives me results for 6 dof for each node.
My goal is to get only 5×5 MK matrices but it gave me 30*30.
Anyone knows how to fix this problem?
Relevant answer
Answer
Not clear what you mean
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
3 answers
Need Help!!!
Suppose, I have 4 questions regarding women's freedom of movement (Person who usually decides on go shopping, Person who usually decides on going to a health center or hospital alone, Person who usually decides on visits to your family or relatives, Person who usually decides on going to an outside town) and each question has 4 response categories like (0=not at all, 1= with husband, 2=with other,3=alone). Now I need to create a single variable named Women's mobility from that 4 questions. My question is can I combine all four question responses, that is in different columns into one column to create a single variable named Women's mobility? That is just merging 4 different response columns into one column by adding all columns as a row? For example, Charles is one respondent who answers 4 questions so 4 different columns now I make a single column by row-wise adding Charles's responses.
Please tell me whether it is the correct way to develop a new variable, rather than a mean score....
Relevant answer
Answer
Thanks to all
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
2 answers
I have been tasked with designing a 4 (maybe 5) degree of freedom of freedom robotic arm that will be installed in the back of a van. Being in a van, its of importance for it to be as lightweight as possible while drawing as little energy as possible. Does anyone have any experience with this and can pass some ideas? Any sources for designs maybe?
Relevant answer
Answer
Thank you! This has good information
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
3 answers
I'm investigating the effect of economic freedom on health outcomes in Sub-saharan Africa. I use panel data which N=37 and T= 19. When I tape xtset idc and year, Stata told me it's strongly balanced. I would like to ask you if I can use the lsdvc estimator method? Or is there another estimator than GMM or 2SLS, because I've use it before
Relevant answer
Answer
The Least Square Dummy Variable (LSDV) estimator for dynamic panel data models is not consistent for N large and finite T.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
when I try to integrate the ACM model into aspen plus the following message appears " The block is not square. Degrees of Freedom (DOF) is -1 in the Parameters sheet. The block is under-specified when DOF is positive and over-specified when DOF is negative " how I can solve this problem?
Relevant answer
Answer
The problem needs to have a further parameter given to be solvable. Change the status of one variable to parameter and give it a fixed value.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
12 answers
we have this situation that we can't figure out from equations of articles and papers that how many degrees of freedom does a robot such as 3RRR Robot and other one have .
Do you know any special sources to learn ... ?
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Amirreza
If I understand your question well known, there are six three-linear, three-circular compounds, and there are several rates that can calculate a degrees of freedom like a well-known classical equation
ddl=6n-5(P5)-4(P4)-3(P3)-2(P2)-(P1)
N Number of moving elements
Pi and i =1,.....,5 : Number of joints
P1 class one means have 5 dof
P2 class tow have 4 dof
P3 class three have 3 degrees of freedom
P4 class four have 2 dof
P5 classe five have 1 dof
And can you see this site for more information about another method
Best regards
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
3 answers
Can anyone explain why we use KMO and can we accept the value if the estimated value is more than 0.89 and what is the role of degree of freedom?
Relevant answer
Answer
what does it stand for (kmo) and is it parametric or unparametric test?
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
4 answers
Dear Ladies and Gentlemen,
I am a young PhD student who has just started the second year of the 4-year PhD programme. I am a political scientist specializing in British colonial political history, mainly South Africa and Ireland.
Some time ago, I finished writing a draft of my article on the question of liberty in the British Commonwealth, where the Irish Free State was a case study. The paper argues that understanding liberty as non-interference (Berlin, JS Mill and Bentham) was a foundation of the British policy towards its Dominions. It made the Commonwealth look more like a British colonial club, which was serving the interest of the Crown, and not a confederation of freely associated members (like the EU). Another argument is that Dominions, on the other hand, were subconsciously standing on the Republican understanding of liberty (Pettit, Mill, Harrington). The research uses Ireland to illustrate the abyss between the two concepts. It shows that the passionate Irish antagonism towards the Commonwealth was, to some extent, a result of that polarization of the viewpoints.
My question is the following. One of the respected reviewers has given me a comment that I must precisely explain how the two systems with their outlook on liberty apply to the question of collective freedom, the freedom of states, and not individuals. Thus, could you please help me with that? I felt that such an issue would pop up but was postponing its resolution until the comments arrived. How may I explain the application of the two outlooks to the freedom of the states? When does an individual transform into a collective? Is it possible to see a state as an equivalent of a living organism nowadays (IMHO, it is such an outdated and controversial concept that I would not dare following it to justify my logic)?
PS I was lucky to get comments from Skinner himself; however, I would love to hear as many thoughts as possible.
Thank you for any comments and recommendations.
Warm regards :)
Relevant answer
Answer
It is not so much a transformation as mutual integration. A community consists of individuals, and individual liberties have restrictions or limitations because individuals are located in a community and their actions impinge on other members of their community whose liberties also need to be taken into account.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
3 answers
Hi, When I am trying to run a model in ABAQUS Explicit, I get the following error message: "Node 50000 has zero mass but not all spatial degrees of freedom are fully constrained at this node. Please assign a physically reasonable mass to this node." But how do I do that? I haven't been able to find how to assign a mass to a dummy node.
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Pavlo,
Thank you so much for your advice! Your first advice is helpful!
Yang
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
4 answers
Hi,
I get an error saying that my model is not sufficiently constrained when I connect solid element having 3 degrees of freedom to a shell / beam element having 6 degrees of freedom.
Is there a way elements with different degree of freedom can be connected in ANSYS APDL?
A rigid link or something?
Relevant answer
Answer
Use constraint equations or solsh elements
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
4 answers
Many papers suggest having a minimum error degree of freedom of 12. When a new crop variety is evaluated for agronomic performance with a local check or control, number of replications needed to generate a degree of freedom value of 12 is 13. That is, number of treatments (n-1) X number of replications (r-1), which is (2-1)X(13-1). I maintain this minimum degree of freedom for experiments with three or more treatment, however I not sure in the case of a paired field experiment. I would be grateful for your support and suggestions.
Relevant answer
Answer
Sorry, I doubt that there is a standard sample size for this, I suspect it would just be bad statistics in any case. That might make some government agency happy, but would be meaningless. If you want to have enough power to detect a difference in yield, you must define that difference for a paired t test. Then you need a variance (or standard deviation) for that crop in your immediate area, climate and soil. Then, you will need to specify alpha and betta.
However, with a tiny loss in power, you could use Wilcoxon's paired sample test. Then you would only need to specify the minimum reasonable difference you seek as well as alpha and beta. I will leave looking up the calculation details to you,
My book has the details,
Research Decisions and Estimation With Confidence and Power: Up To Date Text and Reference From Classical and Recent Literature. ISBN-13: 978-1532721076, LCCN 2021913804
but my primary source for the sample size was:
Noether, Gottfried E. 1987. Sample size determination for some common nonparametric tests. J. of the Am. Statistical Association. 82:398. Theory and Methods.
PS: I haven't spoken Spanish since I was very young and I am now very old, But, Mamerto Reyes Hernández seems to be providing a similar answer and warning.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
4 answers
My co-author and I are working on a paper using the Economic Freedom of the World and 19 countries (sample cannot be increased because it is focused on a specific Region). The number of years is 19, then our sample is relatively short. We are trying to design a "non-orthodoxal experimental review", and apply diff-in-diff, but: 1) we do not have a specific treatment year, countries can be treated or not treated during all the period sample (treatment is if economic freedom score decreased, then country 1 can be treated in year 3, 4, 8, 10 (if its economic freedom score decreased those years) and not-treated in the other years that its economic freedom score did not decrease); 2) we are using an interaction model, my two interaction terms are treatment (1 if decreased the score of economic freedom, 0 otherwise), and intensity (the % variation of the economic freedom score), and other controls. We have presented in some seminars and conferences the research progress and early results of this paper but suggestions just focus on the "size of the sample", which we know could be a caveat but as I said the research intention is just the Region, the early results are significant and show the expected signs. We have not received suggestions on our "non-orthodoxal experimental review" (different treatment years, countries that can be treated or not in different years, our interaction model specification, etc...) My specific question is: Does anybody could give us some insights or suggestions on the methodology and how to respond convincingly that increasing the sample size is not an option for this research.
Relevant answer
Answer
Hi Hugo M. Montesinos , I appreciate your answer. We are using as dependent variables the Economic growth rate, democracy, and corruption. We are trying to test the short-run impact of a decrement of economic freedom (we say short-run because we analyze the impact on the dependent variable in the following year of an EFW decrement). I will run the test you are saying me, the non-interactive model including just intensity... I'll be contacting you soon... Thank you very much!
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
1 answer
A particle in a three dimensional volume has three degrees of freedom. So degrees of freedom are bestowed by dimension.
If dimension is fundamental, then how does space time scale? Does it scale like 4 dimensions, or does it scale like 4 degrees of freedom?
Time is not a dimension like the 3 dimensions of a volume, instead moving each point in a volume along a time line. If a 4 tuple qualifies as having 4 degrees of freedom but can only very loosely be described as having 4 dimensions, then would that make degrees of freedom more fundamental than dimension.
If space time is related to cosmogenesis, and energy propelled the universe into existence, then would dimension be a physical aspect of the universe consequent on 4 degrees of freedom?
Which came first physically: dimension or degrees of freedom?
Relevant answer
Answer
One argument is that a particle in 3 dimensional space is induced by those dimensions to have 3 degrees of freedom. Hence, since dimension induces degrees of freedom, dimension is more fundamental than degrees of freedom.
Another argument assumes that cosmological space at all times from cosmogenesis forward comes into existence as a result of pressure that causes the volume of space to expand. Since the 3 dimensional volume of space arises from a fourth degree of freedom arising from energy, or from 4 degrees of freedom that includes one degree of freedom representing time or motion, degrees of freedom as physical phenomenon precedes the 3 dimensions of space.
  • asked a question related to Freedom
Question
7 answers
Dear professors,
I am looking for a global database for any of the aspects of the quality of the institutions with yearly data since 1995 or earlier. I need it to be freely accessible. I know about the Corruption Perception Index from Transparency international and the Freedom of Press from the Freedom House.
Very much thank you in advance!
Relevant answer
Answer
This article is old but it might help you since it reviews available datasets with a bearing on the institutional capacity of the administrative machinery of government: