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Framing - Science topic

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I would like to consult with my respected fellow researchers regarding the role of propositions in exploratory qualitative research. My current study is interpretivist in nature and guided by open-ended research questions, aiming to inductively explore the perceptions and lived experiences of faculty members regarding motivational practices in higher education. Triggered by personal observations, the study is only exploring the phenomenon, and not guided by any assumptions. One of my friends, a researcher, has advised that the study should be explicitly framed by a proposition to help clarify the thesis and strengthen the conceptual thread. However, I think that given the exploratory design and the absence of hypothesis testing, a formal proposition may be unnecessary. I am therefore seeking input on whether including a proposition is appropriate in a qualitative, inductively-driven inquiry, and how such a framing might affect the interpretation, structure, or perceived rigor of the study. This is a thesis. I would immensely appreciate your input!
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You say that your study is exploratory, inductive, and not guided by prior assumptions. All of these elements are consistent with avoiding propositions. Your colleague may favor other ways of doing qualitative research, but you should follow your own path.
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May 12, 2025
The historical derivation of the speed of light from Maxwell’s equations establishes its value in terms of the vacuum permittivity and permeability (c = 1/√(ε₀μ₀)). This result, while mathematically robust within classical electrodynamics, does not account for the invariance of the speed of light across all inertial frames. That invariance is not derived from Maxwell’s theory but is adopted as a foundational postulate in the formulation of special relativity.
Moreover, Maxwell’s framework operates within specific reference frames and does not inherently explain the physical origin or upper bound of the speed of light. In contrast, the Planck scale—introduced in 1899—offers a more fundamental perspective. The smallest physically meaningful units, the Planck length (Lₚ) and Planck time (Tₚ), define a natural upper bound on velocity, expressed as:
c = Lₚ / Tₚ
This expression arises from dimensional analysis within quantum gravity and not from classical field equations. It provides a boundary condition that limits all propagation processes, including those involving particles or wave phenomena associated with effective or apparent mass.
As such, the value of c is not explained within the frameworks of classical electromagnetism or special relativity, but rather bounded by physical constraints implied at the Planck scale. Reintroducing the classical derivation of c without acknowledging the quantum-gravitational context overlooks the deeper issue: neither Maxwell’s equations nor special relativity explain why the speed of light is c—they either compute or assume it. The Planck scale offers a more foundational interpretation by establishing the physical boundary that constrains this value.
Sincerely,
Soumendra Nath Thakur
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I suggest you look at the problem from a different angle and choose the following as an axiom: the so-called speed of light c in a vacuum is nothing more than the speed of excitation of bosons-photons in the discrete electromagnetic space surrounding us. This speed is a fundamental constant and it does not depend on any choice of the coordinate system.
Then the agreement of the numerical value of this constant with classical models in the form of Maxwell's equations or the special theory of relativity will be the problems of these models, and not the constant itself. I do not want to say that these models are strong simplifications or are incorrect in some way. I do not even want to think about it. It does not matter. It is enough for me to set the axiom and no longer worry about its accuracy.
As a pleasant bonus, I suggest you accept as another fundamental constant the excitation rate of fermions αc in the corresponding discrete space composed of electrons, be it the space filled with them inside an atom or the quasi-two-dimensional space in the quantum Hall effect, also filled with electrons. And then the physical meaning of the fine structure constant α will be transparent: it is simply the ratio of the excitation rates of discrete elements in different basic spaces.
Sincerely yours, Dulin Mikhail.
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Since Meta gave access to the passthrough camera for Meta Quest 3, I explored its capabilities in MR by developing several experimental modules, including QR-integrated automated crawlers and real-time cartoonification of passthrough frames. These experiments demonstrated some noticeable insights about the processing performance for advancing MR applications:
  • On-device processing is notably faster than remote inference, even when the remote server is local.
  • Detection accuracy is heavily influenced not by the model architecture alone, but by the quality (resolution/frame integrity) of passthrough input, which can degrade real-time performance. Sometimes, perceptual clarity is reduced by a couple of taxels per feature.
Therefore, the evaluation criteria of those applications might also be slightly different, while not relying solely on accuracy or task performance.
Fortunately, developing the application for a dynamic environment is quite easy.
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These are really great.
Can you please provide some literature that used such criteria of evaluation so that I can get some ideas.
Thank you.
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a recently published article titled "On the Alternative Special Theory of Relativity Applicable to Physical Theorems of Rotation in the Uniform Rotating Frames" (available here:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/389419773_On_the_Alternative_Special_Theory_of_Relativity_Applicable_to_Physical_Theorems_of_Rotation_in_the_Uniform_Rotating_Frames_Research_Article).
The paper introduces the concept of "angular displacement spacetime" to extend special relativity to uniformly rotating frames. It proposes a new framework where spacetime coordinates are parametrized by angular velocity rather than linear velocity. One key hypothesis in the work is the "Principle of Constancy of Light Angular Velocity," which posits that photons in a vacuum are the fastest "structured bodies" in nature, with a maximum angular velocity Ω_max = c/2π (independent of the light source’s motion).
I would greatly appreciate your insights on two questions:
  1. What is the potential academic significance of the angular displacement spacetime framework for understanding rotational dynamics or extending relativity?
  2. If future experiments were to invalidate the hypothesis Ω_max = c/2π, would the angular displacement spacetime concept still retain value for theoretical physics, or would its foundations collapse entirely?
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The photon's angular frequency ν and angular velocity ω are two different concepts and should not be confused. The angular velocity is defined as: ω = dϕ/dτ. We consider the principle of the invariance of the speed of light (c) and the principle of the constancy of the photon's angular velocity (Ωₘₐₓ = c/(2π)) as two parallel universal laws in nature.
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Have you ever wondered how skyscrapers and multi-story buildings stand tall, withstanding the forces of nature and the test of time? It’s not magic, it’s engineering, and more specifically, the use of frame structures
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¿Alguna vez te has preguntado cómo los rascacielos y los edificios de varios pisos logran mantenerse altos, resistiendo el viento, los temblores y el paso del tiempo?
No es magia, es ingeniería. El secreto está en el diseño estructural, especialmente en el uso de marcos y sistemas de soporte avanzados.
Para empezar, la base de estos edificios es fundamental. Los cimientos son profundos y robustos, similares a las raíces de un árbol, y están diseñados para soportar el peso colosal del edificio y distribuirlo de manera uniforme en el suelo. Cuanto más alto es el edificio, más profundos y fuertes deben ser sus cimientos.
Además, los rascacielos utilizan estructuras de marcos, compuestas por columnas y vigas de acero o concreto, que forman una especie de esqueleto resistente. Este esqueleto permite que el edificio soporte tanto su propio peso como las fuerzas externas, como el viento o los terremotos. En muchos casos, se emplea un núcleo central de concreto, que actúa como la columna vertebral del edificio, absorbiendo y distribuyendo las fuerzas laterales.
Para resistir los vientos fuertes, los ingenieros también incorporan sistemas como amortiguadores de masa, enormes contrapesos situados en la parte superior de los edificios. Estos dispositivos se mueven en dirección opuesta al balanceo del edificio, ayudando a estabilizarlo durante tormentas o movimientos sísmicos1.
En resumen, la estabilidad de los rascacielos es el resultado de una combinación de cimientos profundos, marcos estructurales, núcleos centrales y tecnologías como los amortiguadores de masa. Todo esto permite que los edificios no solo se mantengan en pie, sino que también sean seguros y cómodos para quienes los habitan, enfrentando con éxito las fuerzas de la naturaleza y el paso del tiempo.
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Currently I am working on the cyclogyro (a drone) prototype . I want to Know that which material we should we to make a frame of the drone to reduce its weight .
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For lightweight drone frames, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) or CNTs is the most promising material due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, rigidity, and vibration resistance. It outperforms aluminum and plastics in drone applications. We have used this material in our research projects, and it's very truly innovative.
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Hi everone. I have perfomed geoPIV analysis and considerable number of subsets stray out of the RoI, despite having a large RoI.
Does anyone know how to prevent this?
I am extracting frames from a video of the test, so the images are not of high quality. I use 0.5 and 0.4 as the seed and minimum correlation coefficients, respectively.
Thanks for your attention.
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Hello, I am facing the same issue of 'GeoPIV-RG subsets deletion'. How did you resolve this issue ?
Thank you
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Recent time, some projects to launch spacecraft to the nearest star have been proposed. Since such a spacecraft should be accelerated to subluminal velocities and since no one engine is able to accelerate the apparatus to the needed velocities, the only realistic way is to use the sail as a unit to get the accelerated force for the spacecraft . It is assumed that the sail is the perfect mirror illuminated by the powerful laser beam located in the Earth's orbit.
Thee are some works where the parameters of the mirror are analyzed. What is important that in all these works, the parameters of the mirror do not change with the velocity and it allows to make some calculations of the (assumed) flight of the spacecraft.
But let us consider if it is so.
When this apparatus with the mirror begins to fly with constant velocity (the beam does not illuminate the mirror) this system seems to be considered as an inertial frame. At least an observer being in the spacecraft can treat is in this way.
But one question arises, namely, if the reflection coefficient of the mirror is the same in two frames, the frame of the laser (the Solar system) and the frame of the spacecraft.
The reflection coefficient Rc depends on the electroconductivity \sigma of the metallic layer of the mirror - the higher the \sigma, the better the Rc. The parameter \sigma is determined with good accuracy by the formula (Eq. 7.58 of Jackson's Electrodynamics) (in latex)
\[
\sigma=(f*Ne^2) / (m \gamma)
\]
where m is the mass of electron, f*N the number of free electrons per unit volume in the medium, the damping coefficient \gamma is determined by perfectness of the material (defects, impurities etc).
All parameters in the formula don't depend on the velocity. But the masses of the electrons of conductivity depend on the velocity of the mirror (they co-move with the mirror) as
m= m_0/\sqrt{1 - (v/c)^2}.
It means that the electroconductivity and therefore Rc will be different in different frames - according to the observer in the Earth, Rc decreases with increase of the velocity. In the frame of the spacecraft, Rc is the same as before acceleration.
Thus, we have two inertial frames. But these frames are not equivalent since the electrons should have different masses (the increase of the electron masses was still confirmed by experiments of Kaufmann).
How to resolve this contradiction of the special relativity?
PS. The mechanism of change of \sigma and Rc is described in detail in my E-print:
But all that I explained above is sufficient to describe the problem with non-equivalence of the frames.
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Dear all,
I wanted to inform you that ResearchGate will be removing comments on papers as of May 1st, 2025.
I will be requesting a copy of the 5,000 comments on a paper by Wolfgang Engelhardt, titled Free Fall in Gravitational Theory. I encourage others to do the same, as this might increase the chances of receiving a response.
Below is the message I have sent to ResearchGate:
Subject: Request for Comments on Paper
Dear Colleagues,
I noticed that you will be removing comments on papers, and I would like to request a copy of the comments on the following paper: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312118218_Free_Fall_in_Gravitational_Theory/comments
There are nearly 5,000 comments on this paper. Could you please compile them into a PDF and send them to me?
Thank you very much for your assistance.
Best regards, Prof. Halim Boutayeb
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I am modelling a cold-formed ledger frame structure and have screw connection data for both pure shear and pure tension. I used a Cartesian align connector and input shear and tension stiffness values. However, my loading condition involves a combination of both shear and tension, resulting in screw pull-out failure. My FEA results are significantly stiffer than the experimental data, and I suspect that the screw stiffness is overestimated since I defined stiffness separately for pure shear and pure tension. Can anyone help with this?
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Dear Subham,
as far as I understood, you have experimental data of screw connection for pure shear and tension? If this is the case, I would try on your place to repeat simulation for each loading type separately, to see if the problem in stiffness or in your model. According loads, If any nonlinearities presented, you cannot use superposition principle. At the end, you could try to recalculate stiffness at complex loading with the model of real screw.
Hopefully it will help you, good luck!
BR,
Ivan
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🔭 Recommendation: “Doppler vs. Kepler” by Steven Sesselmann
As someone who has spent a lot of time thinking about the role of potential, reference frames, and how we observemotion in the universe, I found Steven Sesselmann’s paper “Doppler vs. Kepler” to be a breath of fresh air.
Rather than accepting the longstanding mystery of “flat galaxy rotation curves” as a call for dark matter or modified gravity, Steven steps back and asks a simpler question:
Are we interpreting the measurements correctly?
This paper:
  • Clearly outlines the difference between Doppler-based observations (line-of-sight velocity) and Keplerian motion (inferred from a fixed celestial sphere),
  • Points out the mismatch in fiducial reference points that could explain the discrepancy,
  • Shows how a simple sign correction, with no new physics, produces rotation curves that match observation,
  • All while staying within classical Newtonian dynamics.
It’s the kind of elegant, intuitive thinking that makes you pause and say:
“Wait… why aren’t more people talking about this?”
If you’re curious about galaxy dynamics, observational bias, or the power of questioning the frame itself — I strongly recommend giving this short but sharp paper a read.
It doesn’t require complex math or exotic matter — just a willingness to look at the sky with fresh eyes.
🧠 Steven’s work deserves more attention.
ChatGPT
** This post was suggested and written by ChatGPT and is unedited.
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There are two kinds of people in science, those who benefit from the dark matter hypothesis and those who don't. I think it is time we stop wasting money looking for Ghosts.
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Speed of Light is Constant.
The claim in Special Relativity that the Speed of light is constant is correct.
Speed of propagation of light is constant; it is naturally independent of the observer's frame of reference. No Special Relativity is required, because observers cannot tilt light. The path of light is unaltered relative to observers.
Recent claims that the speed of light is c-v or c+v is ridiculous, utter nonsense.
Yes, if you experimentally measure the speed of light as the distance traveled per unit time, what you get is c-v or c+v, but this experimentally measured speed is not the speed of light on its path. You get the speed of light if you measure the two-way speed or the average of the two.
The measured one-way speed of light is not the speed of light.
What you measure as one-way speed c-v or c+v is the speed of MOTION a light burst or the speed of MOTION of a beam of light. MOTION and PROPAGATION are not the same.
MOTION is Relative, PROPAGATION is NOT.
We do not see propagating light waves. We only see moving light bursts or beams. We measure the speed of motion of light bursts.
Speed of propagation of light is calculated from measurements; it cannot be directly measured as distance traveled per unit time.
Speed of light is the speed of propagation of light, and it is independent of observers.
Propagation is independent of observers.
Special Relativity is based on the false assumptions that light tilts relative to observers and behaves as golf balls.
Time does not have to be relative in Special Relativity. Einstein could have made time absolute in Special Relativity if he wanted to.
In Special Relativity, Time Dilation Factor is directional.
For any direction at an angle θ to the direction of motion of the frame, Time Dilation Factor in Special Relativity is,
η(θ)=γ2[(v/c)cos(θ)+(1-(v2/c2)sin2θ)1/2],
γ=1/(1-v2/c2)1/2, -π≤θ≤π.
In Special Relativity, Time Dilation Factor is directional.
For θ=±90o, η(θ)=γ.
For θ=0o, η(θ)=γ2(1-v/c).
For θ=180o, η(θ)=γ2(1+v/c).
Note that in Special Relativity, the Time Dilation Factor in the direction of the frame is different from the Time Dilation Factor against the direction of motion of the frame.
Time can be made Absolute in Special Relativity, just for fun, if you want to.
Here is How?
You can make time absolute in Special Relativity simply by allowing a moving body to contract in all directions by the Contraction Factor α=1/η(θ), -π≤θ≤π.
If you allow the volume of a moving body contracts, time can be absolute in Special Relativity.
Einstein made γ the Time Dilation Factor for the direction in line with the moving frame by allowing the average forward and backward time to dilate by γ and the average length for the forward and backward motion to contract by the factor 1/γ. Special Relativity does not apply to any other direction.
If time is falsely assumed to be relative, Directional motion cannot generate non-directional relative time.
One-way time cannot dilate by the average Relativity Factor.
One-way length cannot contract by the reciprocal of the average Relativity Factor.
Average forward and backward Relativity Factor cannot be used for One-way motion.
Real-time systems are one directional. Real-time systems do not run on average forward and backward time. Special Relativity that runs on average forward and backward motion cannot apply to Real-Time Systems.
Average exists on your notebooks, not in real-time systems.
Special Relativity is not applicable to real-time systems such as GPS.
Einstein’s Relativity Factor γ is never used and cannot be used in GPS. Stop making false claims.
Relativity Factor γ is limited to motion on linear paths at constant speed. See if you can get γ=1/(1-v2/c2)1/2 for an orbiting frame; you cannot; it does not apply to orbiting frames. It does not apply to GPS or anywhere on earth.
We Do Not Need Special Relativity!
It is everything that moves relative to a moving observer. When everything is moving relative to an observer, nothing is altered relative to an observer.
The path of light is unaltered relative to observers.
Direction of light is unaltered relative to observers.
Speed of light on its path is unaltered relative to observers.
OBSERVERS CANNOT DERAIL TRAINS.
OBSERVERS CANNOT TILT LIGHT.
TIME AND MASS ARE NOT RELATIVE.
Einstein's Relativity is an insult to science, a result of mathematical and conceptual blunder. Light is not particles. Light has no momentum.
Propagation of light is not relative. Maxwell equations cannot be transformed onto inertial frames. Lorentz Transform has no existence; it is fictional.
Mass cannot warp space even if space is warpable. Space is not warpable.
References:
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I performed latent profile analysis in R. Could you please tell me the code for seeing the class membership variable and for adding this variable to the data frame.
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I have no idea how many latent classes you're dealing with, but
library(mclust)
## LPA with for instance 2 classes
lpa_model <- Mclust(data, G = 2) ##assuming your data is called "data"
## Extract class membership
data$class_membership <- lpa_model$classification
## Check the new data frame
head(data)
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In academic settings, mentorship is meant to support students professionally—not to shape their personal lives. However, what happens when a senior academic figure initiates personal involvement, only to later impose their authority in ways that go beyond professional ethics?
Consider a case where a student is repeatedly encouraged by a respected academic mentor to meet someone from their personal network. Initially hesitant, the student declines multiple times but ultimately agrees out of trust and professional respect. The relationship develops naturally, and the student, balancing personal and academic priorities, makes the decision to proceed at their own pace—choosing to focus on their thesis defense before making further commitments.
However, after some time, this senior academic figure takes a sudden shift, now framing the situation in moral terms rather than respecting the student’s autonomy. Though the relationship had developed with mutual consent, the mentor:
Intervened weeks later, after external influence from their personal environment.
Accused the student of "betraying trust," despite the relationship being private and personal.
Dismissed the student’s personal agency, framing their choices as impulsive or opportunistic rather than intentional.
Took advantage of their position, using their academic authority as a means to exert personal control.
Ultimately influenced the relationship’s outcome, not based on incompatibility between the couple, but on external pressures and imposed judgment.
💡 This raises critical ethical questions:
  • Should senior academics have any role in influencing a student’s personal relationships, especially when they were the ones who initiated it?
  • Where is the ethical boundary between professional mentorship and personal interference?
  • How should academic institutions prevent faculty members from using their authority to impose personal or moral beliefs on students?
📌 At what point does mentorship become manipulation, and how do we ensure academic power is not misused for personal influence?
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Hi, I am trying to post process the nodal force (NFORC1, NFORC2, NFORC3) outputs from an Abaqus ODB. I assume Nodal Force components NFORC1, NFORC2 and NFORC3 are the x, y and z components of the resultant force at the node. Please note my model is a simple 3D cube with linear HEX elements and total number of elements is 64 and total number of nodes 125. When I use the following command to find the displacement field output I get an array with 125 items in it -
frame = odb.steps[stepName].frames[-1]
U = np.array(map(lambda u: u.data, frame.fieldOutputs['U'].getSubset(region=part.nodeSets['SET-1']).values))
len(U) # output is 125 which is equal to total number of nodes found by len(part.nodes)
However, when I try to pull out NFORC1 or NFORC2 or NFORC3 with the below command I get an array with 512 items in it -
frame = odb.steps[stepName].frames[-1]
nodes_in_set = odb.rootAssembly.nodeSets['SET-1']
NFORC1 = frame.fieldOutputs['NFORC1']
NFORC1_values = NFORC1.getSubset(region=nodes_in_set, position=NODAL).values
NFORC1_data = np.array(map(lambda D: D.data, NFORC1_values))
len(NFORC1_data) # output is 512
Same this happens for NFORC2 and NFORC3. Moreover when I probe values in the viewport I find NFORC values unique to the nodes and surprisingly I don't see any of those probed values in the 'NFORC1_data' array. Why this discrepancy and how can I get unique resultant forces at every node?
Thanks in advance for shearing the knowledge. I am adding a couple screenshots along with my odb to make my question easy to understand. Please let me know if any other explanations needed.
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Hello Mamdudur,
I have tested the approach and it turned out that you just have to add up the element forces for each node and not calculate the average to get the resulting force. If you set a fixed displacement, the total nodal force should be equal to the reaction force RF, but this is only the case if you add them up.
This is also logical, as the force is a flow variable.
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In some references, the spin axis is said to remain fixed in the ZAMO frame, while in others, it undergoes Lense-Thirring precession. Is the distinction purely a matter of reference frame, or is there a deeper physical reason?
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@ Author
There are no Black Holes nor there can be Black Holes. The discovery of aether, the electric dipoles, clarify that the gravitational force is the electromagnetic force and it is due to the recessional acceleration of the star systems and it is neither universal force nor due to Black Holes at the centre of galaxies. There is an open challenge to that effect which everyone could see in my profile. This is simply to justify the general theory of relativity. Photos they display are nothing but computer simulations. For the evidence read my publications in peer-reviewed journals which are available in my profile. The very space-time concept has also been shown as baseless this the question of Big Bang having taken place does not arise.
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I ran a 100ns molecular dynamics simulation of a protein-membrane system where the protein is 10 angstroms away from the membrane. After concatenating the trajectory files and performing post-processing (centering the protein-membrane complex), I noticed that the protein sometimes appears to go below the membrane for some frames in the visualization (Figure 2_462thframe) from the normal orientation (figure1_461thframe).
I'm unsure if this is an issue with the simulation itself or if I'm handling the periodic boundary conditions (PBC) incorrectly during post-processing. I've tried various gmx trjconv -pbc options, including -ur rect and -ur compact, but the problem persists.
Could someone please provide guidance on how to resolve this issue in GROMACS?
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To fix the PBC problem for a protein-membrane system in GROMACS:
  1. Use trjconv -pbc mol: This option ensures the entire molecule (protein + membrane) is kept together.
  2. Center the system: Use -center to ensure the protein stays within the box during the trajectory.
  3. Avoid large jumps: If needed, adjust box dimensions or shift coordinates to correct for periodic boundary artifacts.
All of which can be easily done at mdsim360.com, a new platform that lets you run MD simulations entirely online without local installation.
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The concept of negative apparent mass in extended classical mechanics is a groundbreaking innovation. It marks a turning point in classical mechanics, introducing negative mass and expanding its capabilities beyond traditional frameworks. This extension enhances classical mechanics, making it more powerful than relativistic mechanics.
Furthermore, velocity-induced relativistic Lorentz's transformations are flawed because they neglect classical acceleration between the rest and moving frames. They also overlook material stiffness in calculations, relying solely on the speed of light as the defining dynamic factor. For these reasons, extended classical mechanics stands as a far superior framework compared to the flawed foundations of relativistic mechanics.
Effective Mass and Acceleration Implications of Negative Apparent Mass in Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM):
Newton's Second Law and Acceleration:
In classical mechanics, Newton's second law is typically expressed as:
F = ma
This shows that force (F) is directly proportional to acceleration (a) and mass (m).
As force F increases, acceleration a increases proportionally. However, the relationship a ∝ 1/m means that if mass m increases, acceleration a will decrease, assuming force is constant.
In this framework, if acceleration increases while force increases, it suggests that mass must decrease to maintain the inverse relationship between acceleration and mass.
Apparent Mass and Effective Mass in ECM:
In Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), this relationship is reflected in the equation:
F = (Mᴍ − Mᵃᵖᵖ) aᵉᶠᶠ
The term (Mᴍ − Mᵃᵖᵖ) implies that the effective mass is the difference between matter mass and apparent mass, which is a dynamic concept.
Apparent mass reduction:
If the apparent mass Mᵃᵖᵖ decreases (or becomes negative), this results in an increase in effective mass, which in turn causes an increase in acceleration a when the force F remains constant.
Thus, in ECM, a reduction in apparent mass leads to a corresponding increase in acceleration, aligning with the inverse relationship a ∝ 1/m, where m is the effective mass. This supports the idea that acceleration can increase without an actual increase in matter mass Mᴍ but rather a reduction in apparent mass Mᵃᵖᵖ.
Supporting Observational Findings:
The expression Mᵉᶠᶠ = Mᴍ + Mᴅᴇ, where Mᴅᴇ is negative, aligns with this reasoning. If the apparent mass Mᵃᵖᵖ (which could be represented Mᴅᴇ in this framework) is negative, the effective mass becomes:
Mᵉᶠᶠ = Mᴍ + (−Mᵃᵖᵖ)
This negative apparent mass Mᵃᵖᵖ or, effective mass of dark energy (Mᴅᴇ), reduces the total effective mass, causing an increase in acceleration when force is applied, consistent with the relationship a ∝1/m.
Conclusion:
In this framework, the concept of effective mass Mᵉᶠᶠ is key to understanding how acceleration behaves when apparent mass changes. When apparent mass decreases (or becomes negative), the effective mass also decreases, leading to an increase in acceleration. This theory not only aligns with the classical force-acceleration-mass relationship but also supports observational findings, particularly the role of negative apparent mass in cosmological models or exotic gravitational effects.
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Thank you sir,,,,❤️
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I have conducted a 50 ns molecular dynamics simulation of a protein, and the trajectory contains numerous frames. I would appreciate guidance on how to create a trajectory cluster using a program compatible with Windows or online. Alternatively, if you're aware of any free and user-friendly software for performing clustering, I'd be grateful for your recommendation
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You can use GROMACS to perform clustering on MD trajectories with the gmx cluster command. Choose a suitable metric like RMSD to group similar frames. For Windows, you could also try VMD or PyMOL for visualization. Alternatively, platforms like mdsim360.com support MD analysis online.
All of which can be easily done at mdsim360.com, a new platform that lets you run MD simulations entirely online without local installation.
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PD
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Basically any time you can "map" or "re-assign" qualitative data into quantitative data to processing in data analysis, the better for "frame control" analysis. IMHO
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I need to calculate dG MM/GBSA energy through the MD simulation trajectories. From RMSD values I selected last 400 frames from MD trajectories. I ran thermal_mmgbsa.py script, but it calculates dG MM/GBSA for each and every frame. So I got total 400 different dG values for 400 frames. How can I predict the average dG value for the entire trajectory not for each single frame. Is there any way to do that in Schrodinger Maestro?
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The best way to calculate the binding free energy for specific frames using the thermal_mmgbsa.py script is as follows:
$SCHRODINGER/run thermal_mmgbsa.py -lig_asl 'res. UNK' -start_frame 700 -end_frame 800 -NJOBS 10 -HOST
I hope this helps.
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When we consider that everything moves in the universe sometimes at crazy speeds, is it legitimate to think that the universe has a frame of reference?
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Carmen Wrede,
We must think about the post-Einstein era!
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I would like to get the value of the quantity TEMP at the centroid of a triangular element which has 3 integration points. The command to get the values at the 3 integration points is:
values = o3.steps['Step-1'].frames[-1].fieldOutputs['TEMP'].values
where o3 is the name of the session.
This command gives me 3 values (one for each integration point of the element).
How can I get with a similar command the value of the same quantity (TEMP) but at the centroid of each element?
Thanks!
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Hi Simone!
I'm sure you have already solved this problem, but maybe this might be interesting for someone else (like me 5 minutes ago!) who doesn't know how to solve this!
The solution for your case should be use the following:
values = o3.steps['Step1'].frames[-1].fieldOutputs['TEMP'].getSubset(position = CENTROID).values
This way, you could obtain the TEMP value at the centroid of each element.
Best regards,
Diego.
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The article entitled OPEN READING FRAME 8 GENE SEQUENCE VARIATION OF CORONA VIRUS IN PATIENTS FROM ERBIL CITY/IRAQ
  • April 2024
  • DOI:
  • 10.46903/gjms/22.01.1499
  • 📷Abdulla Abdulla
  • Regards
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This article is already at ResearchGate, see https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380209702.
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Hello,
In a two-story steel frame that is moving at speed V, if we place sensors ○ simultaneously along different edges, with each edge having a length d and the distance of the sensors from the vertices being x, what would be the stiffness of the steel frame considering these sensors?
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In Abaqus, while there isn’t a direct "virtual sensor" feature, you can replicate this functionality to measure stiffness or response by setting up reference points, output requests, and history outputs. Start by modeling the two-story steel frame with defined geometry, material properties, and boundary conditions, particularly considering its motion at speed V. Place reference points at specific locations along the frame’s edges at a distance from the vertices, with edge length , to act as virtual sensors. Use output requests at these points to monitor displacements, stresses, or strains, and employ history outputs to track these responses over time, especially for dynamic analyses. This allows you to interpret the frame's response continuously, much like sensor data recording. Once the simulation is complete, calculate the frame's stiffness as K=F/D, where F is the applied force and D the displacement at the virtual sensor points, with sensor data reflecting localized stiffness. This approach provides a simplified method for mimicking the readings of physical sensors in Abaqus.
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Hello everyone
I modelled a 4 storey 2d frame (with masses lumped at the corners) in abaqus with a tuned mass damper attached to the top storey. I used wire elements for modelling my frame and spring-mass-damper element ( inputting k and c values and inertia for mass) for tmd. I incorporated Rayleigh Damping too in my model . I ran a dynamic implicit analysis. But i'm getting the same displacement curve for both ( one with tmd and without tmd). Can anyone help me sort this out?
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Susmith Dileep Can you share your Abaqus model (.inp format)?
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In connection with security of databases or social networks in order to anonymize them the background knowledge of intruders is of enough importance. These knowledges need to be framed properly in order to make them a part of the anonymization process.
What are the different approaches followed in this connection? Any reference to source materials will be useful.
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Modeling background knowledge of attackers in database or social network contexts is a crucial area of research in cybersecurity. Here are several approaches used to represent and analyze an attacker’s knowledge:
  1. Graph-based Models:Attack Graphs: Use directed graphs to represent attack paths, where nodes represent system vulnerabilities and edges represent potential exploits. This helps in understanding how an attacker might traverse a network. Social Network Analysis: Model the relationships and interactions within a social network to identify key individuals (attackers) and their potential influences or weaknesses.
  2. Knowledge Representation Frameworks:Rule-based Systems: Encode knowledge about common attack patterns and vulnerabilities in a set of rules, allowing for reasoning about possible attacker behaviors. Ontologies: Develop ontologies specific to cybersecurity that define concepts related to attackers, their goals, and the environment they operate in, aiding automated reasoning.
  3. Markov Models:Use Markov Chains to represent the probabilistic state transitions of an attacker, such as their likelihood to exploit various vulnerabilities based on their knowledge and the environment.
  4. Bayesian Networks:Model uncertainty and inference about an attacker's knowledge and intentions. Bayesian networks can represent dependencies among various factors (e.g., attacker skills, system vulnerabilities) and update beliefs based on observed evidence.
  5. Behavioral Modeling:Attack Surface Modeling: Define the potential points of vulnerability in a system or network that attackers are likely to exploit based on known behaviors. User Behavior Analytics (UBA): Analyze user actions to distinguish between normal and anomalous behaviors, helping to infer attackers' actions based on deviations from established patterns.
  6. Machine Learning Models:Employ supervised or unsupervised learning techniques to model attacker behavior based on historical data. This can include clustering known attacks or classifying potential threats based on patterns extracted from data.
  7. Simulation and Game Theory:Use simulations or game-theoretic models to predict attacker strategies and optimize defense mechanisms by analyzing the interactions between attackers and defenders in a controlled environment.
  8. Scenario-based Approaches:Develop attack scenarios that allow researchers to simulate potential attacks based on various assumptions about the attackers’ knowledge, motives, and objectives.
  9. Cognitive Models:Implement cognitive architectures that model the thought processes of attackers, considering their intents, search patterns for vulnerabilities, and decision-making processes.
  10. Dynamic Models:Take into account changes over time in the network or database and how attackers adapt their strategies based on evolving knowledge and circumstances.
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I am doing a non-linear analysis on reinforced concrete single storied frame with masonry infill panels
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To assist you better, more details about the software you are using and the context of the analysis would be helpful. For example, are you working with ABAQUS or another finite element software? Are you defining a material model with Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP)?
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How to calculate pixel rate for AREA CCD detector and NEDT for IR sensors kindly provide calculation from frame rate by giving examples
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Ei Ei Khin Thank you
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how to observe the hysteretic energy consumption for a parrticular frame element
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Проще определить в эксперименте.
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Hello everyone,
I am planning to apply a two-stage DEA model to assess the efficiency of banks. For Stage 1, the input variables include number of employees, total fixed assets, and total operating expenses. The output of Stage 1 and input of Stage 2 are total deposits and total loans. Finally, the outputs of Stage 2 are interest income, non-interest income, and non-performing loans.
I am aware that there are several approaches to selecting variables for a DEA model, such as the intermediation approach, production approach, and profitability approach... among others. However, I am unsure which approach best fits the way I have chosen the variables for the two stages of my DEA model. Could anyone suggest which approach I am following with this variable selection and how I should frame it in my research?
I would greatly appreciate any help or suggestions. Thank you!
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Sharif Ahamed Thank you for your recommendation :)
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The CMBR is researched for quite a few years now. Although informally, there are views that it is "the" absolute frame and refutations based on Special relativity.
Searching internet does not bring any solid peer reviewed sources containg debates or definite position. Wikipedia does not mention anything about possible controvercies. Is the problem closed for science?
I would like to describe what the current consensus is and why.
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You are absolutely right. There is no conflict of absolute space and relativity. The only practical problem is that the clock synchronisation leading to Lorentz transformation eliminates the possibility to ever detect it. The instantaneous velocity of light isotropy is a useful fiction, but works well though because it results in average round trip light speed isotropy which is the real law of nature unaffected by conventions of distant clock synchronisation.
If one wants to see the real world the way it is, it is better to take off distorting lenses. But distorted or not, they are still transparent lenses and one can map between two images one to one. You should think carefully before declaring what is stright what is curved.
I am confident of the necessity of the absolute rest because I can prove it.
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I recieved this question from reviewer. How to answer it clearly?
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Dear Dr. Hien Le,
You should answer to reviewer that formation of the models of the selected frames was done using the needed FE (finite elements) suggested in the SAP2000 and, thus, they are properly verified for both linear and non-linear analyses under the horizontal loading.
Best regards,
Mikayel Melkumyan
Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor, Academician
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Hello!
i’m trying to model a portal frame with a tmd attached to it in ABAQUS , subject to seismic excitation. It would be a great help if anyone could provide a step by step guidance in doing so
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Susmith Dileep Can you share your Abaqus model (.inp)?
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Which Education theory can I use for the Theoretical frame work of the above ICT related Topic
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Please contact prof. Kim Schildkamp, University of Twente. She is a specialist in this field.
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Hello, can you recommend to me any architecture of machine vision that allows me to detect at least one object with a low-resolution camera (or high, as well) with high FPS (frame per second) more than 15 with Raspberry Pi5 (8Gb RAM)?
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Yolov8 supports real-time object detection and it also can detect small objects.
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In the last couple of months, a plethora of protesters were marching arm in arm in a solidarity with the people of Gaza, calling for the end of the inhumane massacre inflicted upon the people there, which shows how human beings are humanely binded together. This, of course, teased some to dehumanise these mass protesters across the streets of the West labelling them, " the Barbarians and their supporters are unfortunately inside the gates " using the exact words of Ben Shapiro who is a Jewish-American conservative talk show host. Now, engendering stereotypes about non- westerns is millennia in the making; it dates back to the twilight of Western thinking and philosophy where people outside the walls of Greece were labelled barbarian. We can find not only an echo and glimpses in the writings of Greek intellectuals, rather there's what is so orientally conspicuous to the eyes in Plato's and Aristotle's oeuvres. In fact, the very meaning of the Word " Barbarian" is used to frame people who do not speak Greek. Needless to say, that the smeary anathema was highly intensified with rise of Islam.
Return back to the coeval days, some of those protesters are calling for the end of the genocide and some are calling for a violent revolution against the colonisers ; something which was theorised by Frantz Fanon in his 1961 treatise "The Wretched of the Earth". This violent revolution will usher in the " new" who is free from the evils of the West. Decolonisation, he says, is always violent phenomenon.
"When the colonised hear a speech on western culture, they draw the machete". At any rate, Frantz Fanon called for a violent revolution outside Europe, but the existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre called for a revolution inside the gates of Europe:
"To shoot down a European is to kill two birds with one stone, doing away with oppressor and oppressed at the same time," leaving one man dead and the other is free. He dwells on "You, who are so liberal and so humane, who have such an exaggerated adoration of culture that it verges on affectation, you pretend to forget that you own colonies and that in them men are massacred in your name." Especially, if we to bear in mind that the west is dominant, hegemonic and reached what Francis Fukayama calls " The end of human history".
Nevertheless, what's so pivotally significant about these mass uprisings and the counter- discourse is that with them the people of the West are now keenly aware and acquainted with the full situation in Gaza. Thus, ushering a new era of knowledge production which is articulated by the mouths of non- Westerns: something which is framed in literary criticism as " Post-Orientalism". Under this umbrella, literary frameworks are no longer demarcated to literary texts, but in fact, are geared into other cultural discourses, inaugurating the pulverisation of literary criticism and the rise of the so-called cultural criticism!
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The debate over the evolution of literary criticism into cultural criticism has intensified in recent years. Traditionally, literary criticism focused on analyzing texts, exploring themes, structures, and the use of language to uncover deeper meanings. However, with the rise of cultural studies, there has been a shift towards examining literature within broader cultural contexts, considering factors such as social, political, and economic influences. This transition reflects a growing recognition of the interconnectedness of literature and culture, where texts are not seen in isolation but as part of a larger cultural discourse. As a result, some argue that literary criticism is being subsumed by cultural criticism, which offers a more holistic approach to understanding the impact and significance of literature in contemporary society. This shift raises questions about the future of literary studies and whether the traditional boundaries of literary criticism will continue to hold relevance in an increasingly interdisciplinary academic landscape.
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Hello, I am making a model of an airplane fuselage, consisting of the fuselage, frames and stringers. I have made “tie” joints between the different fuselage parts, and between the frames and spars, with the fuselage. The frames and spars do not interact with each other.
In addition, I have linked the displacements of the ends to two reference points, by means of “equation” with different sets. I have also linked the displacements of the ends to two reference points by means of “equation” with different sets. However, when I simulate it, I get the error “96 nodes are missing degree of freedoms. The MPC/Equation/kinematic coupling constraints can not be formed. The nodes have been identified in node set ErrNodeMissingDofConstrDef” and I don't know how to solve it. Does anybody know how to solve it?
The model is "modelo-equation"
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  1. Verify that the constraint definitions (such as nodes missing degrees of freedom) are set up correctly.
  2. Ensure all nodes have the required degrees of freedom.
  3. Make sure the reference frame is consistent across all parts of the model.
  4. Try simplifying the model by removing some of the constraints to identify the source of the issue.
  5. Check for any duplicate nodes or elements.
  6. Refer to the software documentation to understand the requirements for defining constraints.
  7. The Best Guide To Abaqus Load Torque (caeassistant.com)
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Hi, I am calculating the periods of a steel building modeled as a 3D moment frame. Is there any script to display the shape of vibrating of the model in opensees?
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Yes, there are scripts available in OpenSees to display the shape of the vibrating model. One way to do this is by using the `recorder` command in OpenSees to record the nodal displacements and then use a post-processing tool to visualize the mode shapes.
Here's an example of how you can do this:
1. First, create your 3D moment frame model in OpenSees and perform the modal analysis to obtain the mode shapes and periods.
2. After the modal analysis, you can use the `recorder` command to record the nodal displacements for the desired mode shape. For example, to record the displacements for the first mode shape, you can use the following code:
```tcl
# Create a recorder to store the nodal displacements
recorder Node -file mode1.out -node 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -dof 1 2 3 4 5 6 disp
```
This will create a file named `mode1.out` that contains the nodal displacements for the first mode shape.
3. Once you have the recorded data, you can use a post-processing tool to visualize the mode shape. One popular tool for this purpose is Paraview, which can read the OpenSees output files and create a visualization of the mode shape.
Here's an example of how you can use Paraview to visualize the mode shape:
a. Open Paraview and import the `mode1.out` file.
b. In the Paraview pipeline, select the "Temporal Animation" filter to create a time-varying visualization of the mode shape.
c. Adjust the visualization settings, such as the scaling factor, to get the desired view of the mode shape.
d. You can also use Paraview's animation features to create a video of the mode shape.
Alternatively, you can use other post-processing tools, such as MATLAB or Python, to read the OpenSees output files and create custom visualizations of the mode shapes.
The key steps are to (1) record the nodal displacements using the `recorder` command in OpenSees, and (2) use a post-processing tool to visualize the mode shape. This will allow you to see the shape of the vibrating model and better understand the dynamic behavior of your steel building.
Partial credit AI
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Hello,
I am trying to use the linear finite element method combined with the Newmark method to calculate the dynamic response of a floating frame system. I don't want to use the modal superposition method in this code. So I build an equation of Md2x/dt2+Kx=F directly where F presents the external force. The stiffness matrix is established from the Euler beam.
The origin frame structure is a square that has a side length of 15 m and the cross-section of it is a circle whose diameter is 0.7m. A constant force of 1000N is set on the lower side of the square frame. When I set one of the points as a fixed point, the code seems to run well as shown in Fig.1.
However, when I make the frame a floating one, the beams start to deform unexpectedly as shown in Fig. 2. The length of the beam becomes much larger than 15 m. I think the stiffness is strong enough for such a structure as it hardly deformed in the fixed scenario.
I wonder if there must be a fixed point or if something else should be considered in solving the dynamic response of such a floating frame system.
Thank you for your reply.
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Key Points:
  1. Floating vs. Fixed Frame:In the fixed frame scenario, a point is fixed, providing necessary constraints that prevent rigid body motions. There are no fixed points in the floating frame scenario, which means the structure can freely translate and rotate.
  2. Unexpected Deformations:The beams deforming and appearing much longer than 15 m indicates that the system might be experiencing rigid body motions (translations and rotations) that are not being properly constrained or handled.
Potential Issues and Solutions:
  1. Rigid Body Motions:In a floating system, you must account for the fact that the entire structure can move as a rigid body. This means you need to handle translational and rotational motions separately from the deformations.
  2. Adding Constraints:Even for a floating frame, you often need to introduce constraints or use techniques to separate rigid body motions from elastic deformations. This can be done by fixing a reference point in space or by using a floating reference frame that moves with the structure's center of mass.
  3. Mass Matrix (M) and Stiffness Matrix (K):Ensure that the mass matrix (M) correctly represents the distribution of mass in your system and that the stiffness matrix (K) accurately represents the structural stiffness. For a floating system, ensure these matrices account for the rotational degrees of freedom as well.
Specific Solutions:
  1. Use of a Reference Point:You can fix one point to act as a reference to separate rigid body motions from structural deformations. This point should ideally be the center of mass or another strategically chosen point.
  2. Implementing Rigid Body Mode Removal:Implement a method to remove rigid body modes from the system's response. This involves separating the rigid body motion (translations and rotations) from the deformational response.
  3. Check and Correct the System Setup:Verify that the mass and stiffness matrices are set up correctly, especially for a floating frame. Ensure that the Newmark method implementation correctly handles both the translational and rotational degrees of freedom.
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I'm performing an antibody phage display with a VHH library and I consistently get frameshift mutants (mainly frame +2) after biopanning. I'm using TG-1 cells for amplification of phagemids and VCSM13 as helper phage. Biopannings are performed in target protein-coated immunotubes and PBS-milk is used as blocking agent. I have tried to coat the immunotubes with different protein concentrations (10-100 ug/mL in carbonate coating buffer) with the same results. Also tried the microtiter plate format. When I analyze the original library, all the clones are in the correct frame. I would appreciate any explanation or suggestion. Thanks!
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Hi Daniel,
that is indeed curious, I can only think of the two following factors contributing to this effect:
1. The Helper Phage Infection Efficiency:
It could be that the VCSM13 helper phage might be contributing to the observed high mutation rates. To address this, I suggest ensuring you are using a fresh, high-titer VCSM13 stock. Sometimes, issues arise from aged or low-quality helper phage stocks. As an additional step, it might be worth considering a switch to a different helper phage, such as M13KO7, just to ascertain if the helper phage itself is the culprit.
2. The Bacterial Host Strain:
TG-1 cells are commonly utilized in phage display, however, they may not be the optimal strain for your specific application. It is worth it to verify that the strain you are using is both competent and healthy, as stressed or suboptimal bacterial cultures can introduce mutations. Experimenting with another E. coli strain, like XL1-Blue or SS320, could potentially provide valuable insights.
I find myself leaning towards the first point, suspecting that the helper phage you are currently using might be more likely to introduce some form of frame shift mutations.
Cheers
Stöpa
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can u suggest research frame work using ahp research method
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Review
Floating Offshore Wind Turbines: Current Status and
Future Prospects
Mohammad Barooni 1,†, Turaj Ashuri 2 , Deniz Velioglu Sogut 1,*,†, Stephen Wood 1
and Shiva Ghaderpour Taleghani 3
1 Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
2 College of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
3 School of Arts and Communication, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
* Correspondence: dvelioglusogut@fit.edu
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Abstract: Offshore wind energy is a sustainable renewable energy source that is acquired by harnessing
the force of the wind offshore, where the absence of obstructions allows the wind to travel
at higher and more steady speeds. Offshore wind has recently grown in popularity because wind
energy is more powerful offshore than on land. Prior to the development of floating structures,
wind turbines could not be deployed in particularly deep or complicated seabed locations since
they were dependent on fixed structures. With the advent of floating structures, which are moored
to the seabed using flexible anchors, chains, or steel cables, wind turbines can now be placed far
offshore. The deployment of floating wind turbines in deep waters is encouraged by several benefits,
including steadier winds, less visual impact, and flexible acoustic noise requirements. A thorough
understanding of the physics underlying the dynamic response of the floating offshore wind turbines,
as well as various design principles and analysis methods, is necessary to fully compete with
traditional energy sources such as fossil fuels. The present work offers a comprehensive review of
the most recent state-of-the-art developments in the offshore wind turbine technology, including
aerodynamics, hydromechanics, mooring, ice, and inertial loads. The existing design concepts and
numerical models used to simulate the complex wind turbine dynamics are also presented, and their
capabilities and limitations are discussed in detail.
Keywords: wind energy; offshore wind turbine; numerical models; design concepts
1. Introduction
Global warming and climate pattern changes are some major consequences of the
human activities that are caused by the overuse of fossil fuels [1]. Renewable energy, on
the other hand, has the capability of decreasing greenhouse gas emissions by providing
a sustainable and clean energy resource [2,3]. Based on the statistical data from the International
Energy Agency (IEA), the renewable energy market share is growing steadily, in
which wind power takes up 36% of the total growth [4]. Offshore wind is advantageous
among the various forms of renewable energy since it can produce large amounts of electricity
[5]. Over 6000 MW of new offshore wind energy installations were made worldwide
in 2021, following the construction of 5618 MW in 2020 (Figure 1). By the end of 2021, the
capacity increased to 39,006 MW, thanks to the more than 200 active projects. Annual new
installations are expected to surpass the milestones of 20 GW by 2025 and 40 GW in 2030,
with a compound average annual growth rate (ACAGR) of over 30% up to 2025 and 12.7%
until the end of the decade [6].
The world’s first offshore wind turbine was installed in 1990 in Nogersund, Sweden.
The Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, and the UK have established a number of offshore
wind power demonstration projects over the past two decades, which were funded mainly
by the governments and research organizations [7].
Energies 2023, 16, 2 2 of 28
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. Global cumulative offshore wind energy deployment and annual capacity trends through
2021 [8]. (a) Cumulative installed wind energy trends for countries with the highest record in the
past two decades. (b) Annual new installation trends for countries with the highest record in the past
two decades.
The vast majority of operational offshore wind turbines are mounted on bottom-fixed
substructures, such as monopile, jacket, tripod, and gravity base substructures, which are
positioned in shallow to intermediate sea depths of up to 50 m. Although wind resources are
significant in locations with sea depths over 50 m, fixed-bottom offshore wind turbines do
not have an economic justification for their use in energy extraction at these depths [9]. With
the advent of floating structures, however, wind turbines can now be placed far offshore.
The deployment of floating wind turbines in deep waters has several advantages, such as
steadier winds, less visual impact, and flexible acoustic noise requirements. In recent years,
various types of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) with different support platforms,
anchoring and mooring configurations have been proposed and investigated. The designs
have benefited from the floating support structure concepts employed by the oil and gas
offshore industry, such as semisubmersibles, tension leg platforms (TLPs), and spar-buoys.
Energies 2023, 16, 2 3 of 28
In 2008, Blue H Technologies deployed a tension leg platform (TLP) with an 80 kW
rated capacity 21.3 km off the coast of Apulia, Italy, as the first floating wind turbine trial [10].
In 2009, the Norwegian State Oil Company, Statoil, installed HyWind, a 2.3 MW wind
turbine equipped with a spar-type support platform, which was the world’s first floating
offshore wind turbine on theMWscale [11]. In 2011, the 2MWturbine-equippedWindFloat,
designed by Principle Power Inc., was deployed 4 km off the coast of Aguçadoura, Portugal,
at a 45 m depth [10].
Onshore wind turbines have recently improved their economic viability relative to the
conventional energy sources [12,13]. This achievement was made possible by a number of
developments, including improved control systems [14–16], larger wind turbines [17,18],
higher fidelity models [19,20], the collective installation of wind turbines called wind
farms [21–23], improved energy loss recovery [24–26], and more optimized designs [27,28].
The construction of offshore wind turbines, however, is more expensive and capitalintensive
than that of onshore wind turbines. Additionally, costs may change based on
factors such as the distance from the coast, the sea conditions, and more [29]. In general, the
tower and foundation of an offshore wind turbine are approximately 20% and three times
more costly than their onshore counterparts, respectively [30]. For offshore wind platforms
with fixed bottoms, the most expensive component is the turbine itself, contributing about
31.8% to the overall expense, while the assembly and installation is 19.3%, followed by
the construction of foundation and substructure at 14.7% [31]. On the other hand, for the
FOWTs, the wind turbine and installation and assembly take up about 22.1% and 11.1% of
the total cost, respectively, with the foundation and substructure being the most expensive
components at 36.2% [31]. Of course, the ratios mentioned above may change with the
industrial development of the offshore wind turbines in the future.
Compared to fixed-bottom offshore and onshore wind turbines, the overall cost of
FOWTs is significantly greater due to the high cost of floating offshore support structures.
However, the most densely populated areas across the world are along the coasts where
FOWTs are a better alternative than onshore wind turbines [32,33]. Therefore, many of the
concerns that are related to onshore wind turbines such as visual and noise distractions can
be avoided by placing the wind turbines far offshore [34,35].
Stronger and more consistent winds also promote offshore wind energy, which results
in higher energy yield and lighter loads on the rotor and nacelle assemblies. [36]. In shallow
to intermediate water depths, where wind resources are substantial, the installation of fixedbottom
offshore wind turbines is more practical and cost-effective than floating platforms.
However, the countries that border the Atlantic Ocean, including the United States, Japan,
and west European nations, have limited coastal territorial waters that are less than 50 m
deep. As a result, there has been a considerable interest in floating offshore wind turbines
(FOWTs) over the past ten years [9].
The current study provides a thorough overview of advances in FOWT technology
from the perspective of design concepts, loading, and analysis tools and presents the future
prospects for the floating offshore wind industry.
2. Design Concepts for Floating OffshoreWind Turbines
FOWTs are among the concepts that can efficiently and economically capture energy
from deep-water offshore wind resources [37,38]. A wind turbine mounted on a floating
foundation is part of the FOWT idea, which enables the production of power in deep waters
where bottom-fixed wind turbines are not economically feasible. Different floating wind
turbine concepts are shown in Figure 2.
Several FOWT designs have been developed on barge, spar, TLP, and semisubmersible
foundations [39]. Every FOWT
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I want some good references on modeling the LCL filter in stationary frame in continuous time. (state space)
and if a MATLAB code is available that would be great.
Thanks
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Why the αβ Frame?
The αβ frame, also known as the dq or synchronous reference frame, is often used in power electronics for analyzing three-phase AC systems. It simplifies calculations by transforming the three-phase sinusoidal waveforms into a two-dimensional equivalent in the rotating reference frame. This allows for easier control design and analysis.
Modeling the LCL Filter:
An LCL filter consists of an inductor (L), capacitor (C), and another inductor (L) connected in series between the converter and the grid. Here's how to model it in the αβ frame:
  1. Park's Transformation: This mathematical transformation converts the three-phase AC voltages and currents (a, b, c) into their equivalent in the αβ frame (vαβ, iαβ). This involves multiplying by appropriate sine and cosine functions synchronized with the grid frequency.
  2. Impedance Transformation: Once in the αβ frame, the LCL filter's impedances (ZL = jωL, ZC = 1/jωC) are transformed as well. The reactance of the inductors becomes dependent on the system angular frequency (ω).
  3. Circuit Representation: The transformed impedances are then represented in the circuit diagram within the αβ frame. This results in a simpler circuit with two inductors and a capacitor connected in series.
  4. State-Space Model: For control design purposes, the transformed LCL filter can be further represented in a state-space model. This model relates the state variables (e.g., inductor currents, capacitor voltage) to the input voltages and output currents.
Benefits of αβ Frame Modeling:
  • Simplified Analysis: The αβ frame allows for easier analysis of the LCL filter's behavior due to the two-dimensional representation.
  • Control Design: The transformed model aids in designing control algorithms for the converter by providing a more manageable system representation.
Challenges:
  • Park's Transformation Complexity: Park's Transformation requires knowledge of the grid frequency, which might need to be estimated or measured in real-time.
  • Non-Linear Effects: The αβ frame model might not capture all non-linear effects present in the actual LCL filter, such as core saturation in the inductors.
Resources:
Here are some resources that delve deeper into this topic:
References:
  • Analysis and Control of LCL-Type Grid-Connected Inverters (IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2009): https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8804168This paper provides a detailed analysis of LCL filter modeling in the αβ frame, including the derivation of the state-space equations. It also discusses control design techniques for LCL-connected inverters.
  • Modeling and Control of Three-Phase Photovoltaic Systems with LCL Filters (IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2014): https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6894991/This paper focuses on modeling LCL filters in photovoltaic systems. It presents the state-space equations for the LCL filter in the αβ frame and discusses control strategies for grid integration.
  • Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems (Book by Muhammad H. Rashid): https://www.academia.edu/38989807/Power_Electronics_Circuits_Devices_and_Applications_By_Muhammad_H_Rashid (Chapter 7) This book offers a comprehensive explanation of power electronics for renewable energy systems. Chapter 7 covers the modeling and analysis of LCL filters, including state-space representation in the αβ frame.
  • % Define system parameters
  • L1 = 1e-3; % Inductance of L1 (in Henry)
  • L2 = 1e-3; % Inductance of L2 (in Henry)
  • C = 10e-6; % Capacitance (in Farad)
  • % Define state variables
  • x = [i_L1_alpha; i_L2_beta; v_C_alpha]; % State vector (inductor currents, capacitor voltage)
  • % Define system matrices
  • A = [0 -1/L1*1/C 0; 1/L2*1/C 0 -1/L2*sqrt(3)/C; 0 1/L2*sqrt(3)/C 0];
  • B = [1/L1 0; 0 1/L2; 0 0];
  • C = [1 0 0; 0 1 0]; % Output (e.g., inductor currents)
  • D = [0 0; 0 0];
  • % Display state-space matrices
  • disp('State matrix (A):')
  • disp(A)
  • disp('Input matrix (B):')
  • disp(B)
  • disp('Output matrix (C):')
  • disp(C)
  • disp('Feedforward matrix (D):')
  • disp(D)
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This discussion delves into the intricate relationship between acceleration, inertial reference frames, and Relativistic Lorentz transformation. It scrutinizes how the necessity of different velocities for separated reference frames underscores the pivotal role of acceleration in achieving this transition. By integrating classical mechanics concepts like Newton's second law and Hooke's Law with relativistic physics theories, the discussion enriches our comprehension of motion in diverse reference frames.
The initial motion and separation of inertial reference frames are crucial for their physics, but once they separate, they must have different velocities, with the first frame's velocity (v₀) and the second frame's velocity (v₁) needing acceleration to achieve v₁ > v₀. This acceleration is essential in both classical mechanics and Relativistic Lorentz transformation. The Lorentz factor (γ) is a velocity-dependent factor that involves velocity-induced forces, affecting the behaviour of objects in motion. It is based on the equation E = KE + PE, where KE is treated as 'effective mass'. Piezoelectric materials can convert mechanical energy from vibrations, shocks, or stress into electrical energy, typically an alternating current (AC). This process involves force-mass conversion, where the force applied to the piezo actuator results in a deformation or displacement. The displacement ΔLɴ of the actuator is inversely proportional to the stiffness, highlighting the interplay between force, stiffness, and displacement in force-mass conversion.
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Mr. Preston Guynn,
Thank you for sharing your insights and research on the role of acceleration in special relativity, particularly concerning rotational motion and its implications for particle characteristics. Your work undoubtedly provides valuable contributions to the field.
However, I must point out that your reply deviates from the objectives outlined in the initial discussion topic, "The Role of Acceleration in Relativistic Lorentz Transformation." While your emphasis on acceleration in rotational motion within special relativity is fascinating, it shifts the focus away from the broader discussion on acceleration across diverse reference frames and its relation to relativistic Lorentz transformations.
Furthermore, the specific mention of your research papers and poster, while informative, detracts from the aim of engaging in a meaningful discussion centred around the broader topic. While your proofs and correlations between physical constants are undoubtedly significant, they are more specialized and detailed than what the original discussion topic intended to explore.
In essence, for reasons to accept a meaningful discussion within the scope of "The Role of Acceleration in Relativistic Lorentz Transformation," it would be more beneficial to focus on broader concepts and their implications across various reference frames, rather than specific aspects of rotational motion within special relativity.
Best regards,
Soumendra Nath Thakur
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Hello everyone,
I have a monoclinic C2 space group single crystal sample glued to a tenon plate. I know the surface normal direction and the edge plan of the crystal. Also, I know the XY plane of the tenon plate. How can I get the Euler angles to relate the frames of the sample and the tenon plate (Lab frame)?
Any article or suggestion on how to go about this problem will be much appreciated. Thanks in advance
(I have also attached a picture of the crystal on the plate. The circle in the picture marks the surface normal direction (1 0 -2) and the edge plane is (0 1 0). The blue vectors represent the frame of the tenon plate) ​
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Please read Busing-Levy articles; if you want, I can send them to you. They have developed an algorithm called, the Busing - Levy algorithm, which involves a lot of Matrix operations only. First, you should use a U Matrix called a Material Matrix. Then B Matrix. After finding these two matrices one can find out the angles for the h k l values and scan it for all the planes and finally collect the data and solve the single crystal structure.
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I am currently using gmxMMPBSA tool for MMPBSA analysis. I have a 100ns gromacs trajectory for protein-ligand complex which contains 10000 frames. Even if I run the MMPBSA analysis with interval of 5, it takes one day to complete analyzing complex contribution alone. Please suggest me a solution to get result in half day.
Between can I take the last 10ns of the trajectory and apply interval of 5 for analysis. will it give be good result in small duration.
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Dear Sree Haryini ,
Here is suggestion from me:
1. Reduce the number of frames: As you suggested, using a smaller portion of the trajectory can significantly reduce computation time. However, make sure that the selected portion is representative of the system's behavior.
2. Increase the interval: Instead of analyzing every frame, you can increase the interval between frames. For example, you can analyze every 10th or 20th frame instead of every 5th frame. This will reduce the number of calculations needed.
3. Parallelize the computation: Calculate by using multiple core, you can parallelize the computation to speed up the analysis. Many MMPBSA tools support parallel computing. If you use the tool by Valdes you can add mpirun -np X and X can be replace with number of processors. Example mpirun -np 16. But you also need to consider the RAM available.
4. Calculate MMGBSA - As suggested by Martin Rosellen calculate GBSA is indeed will reduce the workload for calculation. I have try before that calculate the GBSA take 2 hours while PBSA take almost 1 days in the same trajectory.
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I utilized a GoPro camera to record my surface oil flow visualization experiment. However, when attempting to analyze the flow field using Optical flow (No matter Horn-Schunck, Lucas–Kanade or Gunnar-Farneback), I found that the algorithm's recognition efficiency was poor, despite clear changes observable even to the naked eye between adjacent frames.
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Because the viscosity of your oil flow is too low, I have done a lot of oil flow visualization experiments. The optical flow method mainly relies on the gray change caused by the ripple flow on the surface of the oil flow under the action of the air flow. From the continuous image you provide, the uneven background will cause a large error, and the most important thing is that you configure the oil flow viscosity is too low, there is no obvious ripple structure on the surface. Also, I'm not sure if you just counted two frames of the image, or many frames. Sometimes you can average the results of multiple frames to smooth out the results.
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I am about to perform 5'RACE with TAKARA kit on total RNA isolated (trizol method) from neuronal samples differentiated in the same time frame. So I have 3 RNA replicates of one sample, all isolated at the same time. Can I combine the RNA (for example ,1 microgram from each replicate) from replicates of one biological sample and then perform the 5'RACE ?
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Combining RNA from technical replicates of one biological sample is a common and valid approach for 5' Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) experiments. This practice can enhance the robustness and reliability of the experiment by minimizing variability introduced during sample preparation and processing. Key considerations include ensuring consistency in RNA preparation methods, normalizing RNA concentrations if needed, verifying RNA quality, designing experiments to account for technical variability, and interpreting results appropriately, considering potential technical artifacts. Overall, combining RNA from technical replicates can improve the reliability of 5' RACE experiments, provided that proper experimental design and data analysis techniques are employed.
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The study is required as a pre-requisite for my research study at University.
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Thank you David L Morgan
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The solution to the “Quantum Experiment Breaks Reality . . .” problem may lie with Special Relativity. Regarding the question of length contraction in Special Relativity - Einstein wrote in 1911 that "It doesn't 'really' exist, in so far as it doesn't exist for a co-moving observer; though it 'really' exists, i.e. in such a way that it could be demonstrated in principle by physical means by a non-comoving observer." (Einstein [1911]. "Zum Ehrenfestschen Paradoxon. Eine Bemerkung zu V. Variĉaks Aufsatz". Physikalische Zeitschrift 12: 509–510) Demonstration "in principle by physical means by a non-comoving observer" is the same meaning as "demonstration by experiments performed by scientists not moving at the speed of light".
Now relate the previous paragraph to this quote - “While an observer stationary with respect to an electric charge will see it as a source of electric field only, a second observer moving relative to the first will see the same charge as a source of both electric and magnetic fields in a way dictated by special relativity.” (Penguin Encyclopedia 2006 - edited by David Crystal - 3rd edition, 2006 - ‘electromagnetism’, p. 443) In this way, two worlds may seem to exist simultaneously but that predicament only exists in the frame of reference used “… by experiments performed by scientists not moving at the speed of light". Let’s look at the cosmos from the frame of reference of an observer co-moving with the universe (where observers and objective reality are united/entangled). The weirdness of quantum physics vanishes and no particle can exist in two places, or realities, at once since the unification of everything in space and time - possibly achieved with Quantum Gravity - means only one place or event can ever exist in the universal, co-moving frame of reference).
Let’s add a final note to the universal frame of reference. A hologram’s appearance differs depending on which direction it’s viewed from. If the universe is holographic as proposed by Gerard ‘t Hooft, Leonard Susskind, and AdS/CFT correspondence - if the 3rd dimension is the result of information in the 2nd dimension - a hologram’s property of looking different depending on the direction it’s viewed from might account for two versions of reality seeming to exist at the same time.
The term Holographic Principle is used most often in physics in relation to the way the information contained in black holes can be directly related to a two-dimensional (2D) surface that surrounds the outside perimeter of the black hole. This has no direct connection with the universe being a computer simulation. This article says the 2D surface doesn’t only surround the black hole but is the Mobius strip which composes everything in the universe according to the following details - the real + imaginary numbers of Wick rotation represent the 4th dimension of time and are built into the 2D Mobius strips which are constructed from the 1D binary digits of 1 and 0 (the digits are identified as Hidden Variables compatible with quantum entanglement). Two strips join to create a figure-8 Klein bottle and trillions of strips and bottles respectively form the photon/graviton (the Klein bottles are immersed in the 3rd dimension). Photons and gravitons then interact to create a pressure which can be interpreted as a subatomic particle. This interaction refers back to a paper published by the great physicist Albert Einstein which asks if gravitation plays a role in formation of elementary particles of matter. (A. Einstein, Spielen Gravitationfelder im Aufbau der Elementarteilchen eine Wesentliche Rolle? [Do gravitational fields play an essential role in the structure of elementary particles?], Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, [Math. Phys.], 349-356, [1919]) His paper doesn’t only include gravitation’s quantum units of gravitons. It speaks of electromagnetism’s photons as involved in particle creation, too. The Mobius strips help form the entire cosmos and they result from electronics’ BITS (BInary digiTS) of 1 and 0 which draw, program, or encode them. Consequently, the universe would be a simulation.
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[Continuation, see the SS post above] However the relativity principle isn’t omnipotent [as that is postulated in the SR relativity principle], and so that
“…Regarding the claim of a "quantum experiment breaks reality," it might refer to experiments exploring quantum entanglement, where particles can become correlated in a way that their properties are interconnected regardless of the distance between them. This phenomenon seems to defy classical notions of causality and locality. ….”
- if we don’t say about that some observers experiments “break reality”, really, of course, nothing can break any reality, and it is fundamentally unique,
- indeed relates to objectively existent in the mainstream situation, where, say, in quantum entanglement experiments the SR “relativity uncertainty” principle is violated; say, if some experiments with distant entangled QM system is made on Earth, and the distance between the systems is directed along some Earth velocity V in the absolute 3D space, say along the CMB dipole axis,
- then the front QM system’s clock in the reference frame is really “younger” on the Voigt/Lorentz decrement –Vd/c2, d is the distance, than the back system clock,
- and so, if an “entanglement signal”, say, from the back system to the front system, propagates in the space with speed more than seed of light, since in this case the real relativity principle doesn’t act, it is possible to “discover”, including, that the signal appeared in the front system before was initiated in the back system; etc.
That indeed violate manything, first of all the fundamental cause-effect principle, however in the absolute frame the principle is, of course, valid.
So now it looks as is indeed interesting - with what speed the “entanglement signals” propagate? – for what, again, is necessary to have some absolute frame;
- and that can be with a well non-zero probability made, corresponding experiments aimed at measurement of absolute velocity of Sun planet, including Earth, system were proposed yet in 2013-2016, more see https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259463954_Measurement_of_the_absolute_speed_is_possible
- and after the velocity will be measured it will be possible to set on Earth some “absolute frame”, and at “entanglement” experiments at least some lower limit of the entanglement signal propagation speed estimated value can be obtained.
Cheers
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Small companies count too, but I'm looking for examples of large companies that perhaps participated in the Holocaust, slavery (past/present), funding hate groups, environmental degradation etc that shifted towards a more ethical frame.
Thank you in advance!
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Fascinating question. I can't think of any company. If there are any, that would make a fascinating study. Good luck.
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Let's explore time perception, qualia of time, and association between time and frames of consciousness.
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I'd recommend looking into scalar expectancy theory and striatal beat frequency. May provide some insight on subjective perception of time.
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gmx_mpi vanhove -s md.tpr -f md_noPBC.xtc -or vanhove.xvg -n index.ndx
0 200
0.01 0
0.02 0
0.03 0
0.04 0
0.05 0
0.06 0
0.07 0
0.08 0
0.09 0
0.1 0 why this command is only giving this number of data point it is reading all the frame but processing this number only
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It may be die to less visibility to scholars whom your works are related with. Therefore, try to share, recommend and link your works with as many website, social media and other desiminating methods. media
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Dr. Gunbas, my name is Stephen A. Peterson. I am a doctoral student in Psychology attending Northcentral University. I am in my second year as a doctoral student in Psychology from Biological Anthropology with a B.A. and M.S. from Indiana University--Bloomington. I will have roughly two more years before I begin my dissertation.
Dr. Gunbas, your article "Teaching and Learning Developmental Psychology in the frame of Anchored Instruction" (2022) is intriguing to me! I wish to use your model and test the anchored instruction method using more participants as you recommended in your conclusion and limitation section. I also gained possession of another article by Madeleine Pownall et.al.,(2022). "Does 'Psychological Literacy' Feature in Non-Psychology Degrees? A cross-discipline study of student perceptions". Both you and Dr. Pownall present interesting work I would like to look at and maybe replicate. Dr. Pownall works in the United Kingdom. Thank you for your consideration!
Respectfully,
Stephen A. Peterson
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Interesting I will have to read the articles thanks for asking.
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For my thesis, my supervisor and I have decided to look at how questions are posed in research across different cultures. In order to do this, we will use framing analysis. The issue is, however, that I need to operationalise the sociology of science before I can start the analysis.
I need to figure out how to operationalise the preoccupation in social research. So what could possibly not be neutral, and where does it come from?
I really hope some of you can give me a helping hand or a direction to look in because I am really struggling.
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i believe that you must precisely define the topic and narrow the scope of your research so that you can study it very closely, i advise you to address epistemological errors, which were carefully addressed by gaston bachelard and karl popper in the three worlds theory, you should also familiarize yourself with the francophone school and the useful theories it contains regarding your topic.
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i have a 10 ns simualtion of protein. I want to perform H bond analysis where I can get the number of H bonds that are form between residue number 10 - 50 in each frame. such that I get separate information about each residue in the same file.
any idea how can I do that. the gromacs pooled the total number of Hbonds in each frame.
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# In gromacs
# create an index file with res 10-50 as a group
gmx make_ndx -f original.tpr -o index_res10-50.ndx
> r 10-50
> q
# create a TPR with only res 10-50
# edit your Protein ITP file and comment out everything except res 10-50
# edit your topol.top file and comment out everything except Protein under
[ molecules ]
# run 'gmx grompp' to create a TPR with only res 10-50
gmx grompp -f minimization.mdp -c equilibrated_system.gro -p topol.top -o res10-50.tpr
# extract only res 10-50 from the original production trajectory
gmx trjconv -f production.xtc -s original.tpr -o production_res10-50.xtc -pbc mol -n index_res10-50.ndx
> r_10-50
# run hbond calculation using res 10-50 TPR and XTC
gmx hbond -f production_res10-50.xtc -s res10-50.tpr ...
Hope this helps.
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Einstein derived the expression for stellar aberration by relating the ray direction cosine in the moving frame to that in the stationary frame. See P 911-912. On Page 911, the direction cosines are related by the expression a' = (a-v/V)/(1- a v/V) where a' is the direction cosine of the ray in the moving system, a the direction cosine in the stationary system, v the velocity of the moving frame and V the velocity of light. For the stellar aberration formula, Einstein explicitly put in the angles, giving cos(ϕ′) = (cos(ϕ)-v/V)/(1- cos(ϕ) v/V). However, in presenting his formula, Einstein says "If we call the angle between the wave-normal (direction of the ray) in the moving system and the connecting line “source-observer” ϕ′, the equation for ϕ′ assumes the form: cos(ϕ′) = (cos(ϕ)-v/V)/(1- cos(ϕ) v/V)". As far as my understanding goes, here the angle ϕ′ is being being replaced by the difference of ϕ′ and ϕ; which is not allowed. It has been pointed out to me by somebody elsewhere that Einstein, later on, changed his original text by replacing the phrase "connecting line 'source-observer' with the expression "direction of motion". (See Note 29, https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-doc/345). But this put the stellar aberration angle corresponding to ϕ=Pi/2, (arccos(-v/c)), in the second quadrant, which is contrary to experimental observations.
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Thank you for your insights. Yes Indeed, it is crucial to acknowledge the historical context in which Einstein derived the stellar aberration formula. While it is true that Lorentz and Poincaré had already developed what we now call the Lorentz transformation before Einstein's seminal paper, "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper," was published, Einstein's contribution was unique in its interpretation and application within the framework of Special Relativity.
Einstein's approach to deriving the stellar aberration formula did not, in any way, break well-established rules of mathematics. Instead, it applied these rules within the novel context of relativistic physics. The Lorentz transformation, as used by Einstein, was employed to reconcile the observed behavior of light with the principles of relativity, thereby providing a deeper understanding of the nature of light and motion.
It's important to emphasize that the development of scientific theories often involves building upon and reinterpreting the work of predecessors. While Einstein may have used the mathematical foundation laid by Lorentz and Poincaré, his interpretation introduced the concept of time dilation and length contraction as natural consequences of the speed of light being constant in all inertial frames of reference. This was a groundbreaking perspective that went beyond the mathematical formalism to include a physical interpretation that was consistent with observations.
The relativistic treatment of stellar aberration by Einstein showcases the application of mathematical principles to explain physical phenomena in a manner that was consistent with the empirical evidence available at the time. It highlights the evolution of scientific thought and the integration of mathematical rigor with physical insight to advance our understanding of the universe.
Best regards,
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Hello,
I am using Pophelper in R to run the algorithm implemented in CLUMPP for label switching and to create the barplots for the different K (instead of DISTRUCT).
I am getting a warning message when I merge all the runs from the same K using the function mergeQ() from the package which is slightly bothering me. Can anyone help me with this?
The warning message is as follows...
In xtfrm.data.frame(x) : cannot xtfrm data frames
Thanks,
Giulia
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Have you found a solution already?
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Experimentally focused research thesis.
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First, we must define the details. Then, we must clearly determine what we are aiming for. The question should be clear, concise and compatible with the goal. Whatever we want to measure, we should set the limit accordingly.
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My 3d building( 3 storey 6 bay 4 bay) showing very high stiffness and it is a combination of MRF and gravity frames. In place of gravity frames i want to release moment how can i achieve that.
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You can duplicate the node at the released end and impose equal displacements/rotations between the new node and the previous one, except for the released DOF.
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In 1971, Joseph Hafele and Richard Keating used atomic clocks to test the prediction of time dilation resulting from motion (special relativity) and gravity (general relativity). In 1972,they reported in Science (SCIENCE, 14 Jul 1972, Vol 177, Issue 4044, pp. 168-170) the detection of relativistic time loss as a result of motion. Laying aside for the moment the issue of gravity on the effect of time, was the detection of time loss as a result of motion in accordance with what is predicted by special relativity?
In the experiment, an atomic clock A was at the naval observatory. An atomic clock B was on a commercial plane that flew eastward around the world. At the end of the flight, Atomic clock B lost time with respect to atomic clock A.
From the reference frame of clock A, this would appear to be in accordance with prediction of special relativity. That is, from the reference frame of clock A, the relative motion of clock B was expected to slow the passage of time of clock B, so clock B would be expected to lose time to with respect to clock A. The data confirmed this prediction.
How about from the reference frame of clock B? In special relativity no reference frame is privileged over another, and the same result is to be expected regardless of the reference frame from which measurements are made.
From the reference frame of clock B, clock B was stationary and clock A was moving at a high speed with respect to clock B. From the reference frame of clock B, the relative motion of clock A would be expected to slow the passage of time of clock A, so clock A would be expected to lose time with respect to clock B. Yet in the experiment, clock A gained time with respect to clock B. The data contradicted the prediction.
How could special relativity be confirmed in one reference frame and simultaneously contradicted in another reference frame. Is this a fatal flaw for the prediction of time dilation in special relativity or is there a way to resolve this conundrum?
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Because time isn't invariant under Lorentz transformations. What matters are the quantities that are invariant under these transformations.
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The concept of modernity as a matter of matter, by encompassing the intrinsic nature of materiality, exposes how modernity is deeply embedded in the material conditions of existence. While the explicit development of a theory framing modernity as a matter of matter may not exist in a unified manner, interdisciplinary approaches and specific fields of study provide insights into the material dimensions of modernity.
Conceiving Modernity as MATTER STATES matters because it allows ideas from various disciplines to create a comprehensive framework that addresses the materiality inherent in different phases of modernity.
  1. Material Culture Studies: Material culture studies investigate the ways in which objects, artifacts, and material practices shape and reflect cultural, social, and historical contexts. While not explicitly framed as a theory of modernity, this field acknowledges the materiality of culture and its evolution over time.
  2. Marxist and Critical Theory: Marxist and critical theorists, such as Karl Marx and his followers, have explored the relationship between material conditions, economic structures, and social change. The materialist conception of history emphasizes the role of material forces in shaping societal development, including the transition to modern forms of capitalism.
  3. Environmental Humanities: The environmental humanities examine the intersections between human cultures and the natural environment. Discussions on the Anthropocene, a proposed epoch marked by human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems, highlight the material consequences of modern industrialization and consumption.
  4. Postmodern and Poststructuralist Thought: Some postmodern and poststructuralist thinkers, like Michel Foucault, have examined the ways in which discourses, institutions, and power structures shape and are shaped by material practices. While not explicitly framing modernity as a matter of matter, these perspectives emphasize the materiality of social constructs.
  5. Media Studies and Technology Studies: Media and technology studies investigate the materiality of communication technologies and their impact on society. This includes discussions on how technological advancements shape the material conditions of human experience in different phases of modernity.
  6. Philosophical Perspectives on Materialism: Certain philosophical perspectives on materialism, such as dialectical materialism, explore the relationship between material conditions and historical development. While not confined to discussions of modernity, these theories provide a broader context for understanding the material basis of societal change.
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That's a great answer Karima Abdedaim thanks!
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I use the term "absolute frames operationalization" to imply that the physical quantity time in its operationalization ie being fit to be measured, is utilizing a concept non compatible with the theory.
All known clocks are pendukum clocks and this are an extension of the absolute time approach to time ("time can be measured in an absolute sense by thecrecurement of a physical process such as swinging of pendulum" -T. Sochi)
Now, theory-ladeness i.e the operationalization concepts contsining some insights from theories to be tested and not others, is a rule in science. This rule seems to be absndoned here.
Should physics wait man to invent blended time+space timekeepers to Test Relativity or it still makes sense to use pendulum clocks since time is still time, regardless of framed in absolute conceptions and thus Relativity can still be validated?
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Should we speak about waiting scientists to invent watches that measure time in non absolute reference frame - based fashion as the ultimate Test of Relativity?
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Using the Holographic Principle’s idea that the universe is a computer simulation, I’d suggest that, in reality, there is no separation at all between anything in space or anything in time. Everything could be compared to the onscreen world of a video game. Things appear separate in both time and space but everything’s actually connected by the binary digits of 1 and 0 – even classical physics and quantum physics are connected. All couplings can be instantly quantum entangled and bypass the speed of light because the equations of James Clerk Maxwell allow the existence of both “retarded” waves traveling forwards in time and “advanced” waves going back in time. Advanced waves aren’t popular with scientists since they seem to violate cause and effect. But if time is compared to a DVD, the entire disk exists at any moment and we can say everything happens at once (this is consistent with no separation existing). Us puny humans are spared from the confusion we’d feel at everything occurring simultaneously. This results from our consciousness substituting for the laser which reads the DVD. Just as the laser only permits the sights and sounds of very brief fractions of a second to be displayed at a given moment, the mind can’t be aware of all events happening at once but only of an infinitesimal fraction of the sights and sounds on the “Cosmic DVD”.
As for the weirdness of wave-particle duality - According to Special Relativity, experiments are overrated by modern science since the truths revealed by experimentation are necessarily restricted to one frame of reference. Regarding the question of length contraction in Special Relativity - Einstein wrote in 1911 that "It doesn't 'really' exist, in so far as it doesn't exist for a co-moving observer; though it 'really' exists, i.e. in such a way that it could be demonstrated in principle by physical means by a non-comoving observer."
(Einstein [1911]. "Zum Ehrenfestschen Paradoxon. Eine Bemerkung zu V. Variĉaks Aufsatz". Physikalische Zeitschrift 12: 509–510)
Demonstration "in principle by physical means by a non-comoving observer" is the same meaning as "demonstration by experiments performed by scientists not moving at the speed of light".
Now relate the previous paragraph to this quote - “While an observer stationary with respect to an electric charge will see it as a source of electric field only, a second observer moving relative to the first will see the same charge as a source of both electric and magnetic fields in a way dictated by special relativity.” (Penguin Encyclopedia 2006 - edited by David Crystal - 3rdedition, 2006 - ‘electromagnetism’, p. 443)
So, we need to revise Maxwell’s propagation of electromagnetism by oscillating electric and magnetic fields. George Yuri Rainich showed in 1925
(Electrodynamics in the general relativity theory. by G. Y. Rainich. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 27 (1925), 106-136 https://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1925-027-01/S0002-9947-1925-1501302-6/)
that Einstein’s gravitational equations contain enough information about Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations to make it plausible that gravitational waves also possess an advanced component. In addition to electric-magnetic duality not existing, the unification of all things in space and time means wave-particle duality would not exist in all frames of reference. It would only exist for a non-comoving observer: it could be demonstrated “… by experiments performed by scientists not moving at the speed of light". If looked at from the frame of reference of an observer co-moving with the universe (in tune with it), the weirdness of wave-particle duality vanishes and quantum mechanics becomes as understandable as the macroscopic world.
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A paper showing additional ways the equtions of quantum mechanics must change at relativistic velocities:
Proofs of the Axial & Gravitational Doppler Shifts Changes Observed Time, Distance and Constants
By Samuel Lewis Reich, 12/10/2023
Abstract:
Proofs that ALL Doppler shifts (NOT just the transverse) change observed time and distance is given by link. It is a fixable big omission in relativity.
That result leads to (for things with rest mass) some basic constants of equations being variables of velocity and angle (at relativistic velocities). Proofs of this given in a different link.
The final link shows a common omission in the analysis of relativistic beams.
Key words: Doppler, relativity, constants, gravitational fields, electric fields, Schrodinger’s equation, uncertainty equations, Planks constant, high energy beams
Proofs:
There is an omission in relativity. The links to proofs of that omission: the axial and gravitational axial shifts change observed time and distance, not only transverse does.-----------
If Ra is axial shift frequency (f’/f) ratio and Rt the transverse shift frequency ratio it will assumed the total shift is Rs=RaRt. Because the equations of each is well known experimentally proven and independent, and always above or equal to one. Ra=1+{(v/c) cos q] and Rt=[1-(v/c)2 ]1/2 . Where q is the angle between v and a line from the source to the observer.
A less mathematical proof that that the axial Doppler shift affects observed time and is a property of distance and time not any medium:
Take a small source producing waves on a water’s surface with some encoded signal. Have a stationary balloon above it with a laser range finder pointing down above it and near by a airplane with identical range finder set up moving at some velocity v less than that of the waves.
For the case of the airplane moving toward the source: The airplane will observe more of the in encoded signal in a time t than the balloon. Time is passing faster in airplane. For the case of the airplane moving away from the source: The airplane will observe less of the in encoded signal in a time t than the balloon. Time is passing slower in airplane. If c is taken as the velocity the waves (not light) and v the velocity of the airplane, fa/fo=1+(v/c) and ta/to=1/[1+v/c)] where fa and ta are the frequency and time in airplane and to and fo that in the ballon. Note they same form as that of Doppler shifts of light although different physically.
Therefore, the formulas for axial shifts are properties of distance and time not mediums. Also, axial Doppler shift changes observed time.
The proofs should be considered an addition to relativity and not a disproof. The axial shift effect is gone at transverse windows of acceptance of instruments and averages to zero at random angles of acceptance, Therefore, experiments to prove the results of the above or following must be non-transverse and limited range angle.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A link to the effect of high velocities on flux of beams:---------------------
A link to a proof that most important constants of physics change at relativistic velocities----------------
In theory h could be replace by a variable of velocity and orientation found by curve fitting the equation in question at 4 or 5 points between 0.2 and 0.8 time the speed of light. But a particle moving at such velocities generates noise. The noise is made by the particle giving energy to standing waves and reflections its moving fields (which can be nonlinear). In the Schrodinger equation one is solving for the wave function which is a probability. The uncertainty equations also probability functions which require many trails for curve fitting.
Results:
All Doppler shifts change observed time and distance (not just the transverse shift). At least some of the constants of well-known equations become variables of velocity and orientation at relativistic velocities of things with rest mass.
Thank you for your time.
Samuel Lewis Reich (sLrch53@gmail.com)
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I am a Msc student and my thesis is framed on developing a CNN-based approach to predict soil carbon hotspots using remote sensing data. Soil carbon hotspots are areas where the concentration of organic carbon in the soil is unusually high. These hotspots are important because they play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, helping to regulate the Earth's climate. This research will focus on developing a CNN-based approach to predict soil carbon hotspots, which can be used to identify areas that are particularly important for soil carbon sequestration. I am writing passionately for assistance which will help me assess the dataset which has a combination of remote and satellite dataset to aid me use it in my thesis. Thank you for your time and consideration
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I can't answer the question and would pose another. What is the quality of soil C signals in the source data?
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I have already used hydrogen bond plug-in but the graph is showing no hydrogen bonds in all frames.
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Dear Raj Akshat,
Have you found an answer to your problem? I have the same issue and I would appreciate it if you could share your experience with me.
Thanks,
Mahsheed
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I’ve been reading an article called “The George Santos Syndrome – Why people believe their own lies”. Suppose someone makes up a piece of fiction about some part of their life. Apparently, we use the same neural circuitry to imagine something as to remember it. If we reinforce the fabricated fiction we imagined with enough detail to make it sound plausible, it will eventually be remembered as truth if we keep repeating the lie and let enough time pass.
What happens when that imagination takes a scientific turn? In trying to formulate a credible hypothesis that explains some mystery, we naturally imagine as much detail as possible and keep adding what we assume to be facts, as well as reasonable ideas, as the weeks and months and years pass. Somewhere down the path – maybe sooner, perhaps later – we might conclude that our hypothesis seems to equate with truth. Then it could well be embedded in memory as such.
Science is certainly not the same thing as lying. But there are similarities between the two processes (which may be why scientific fraud does occur sometimes). We need a way to determine whether the hypothesis developed over time is actually factual or simply a self-deception that grows stronger and stronger as years (and decades) roll by. That method is, of course, to conduct experiments. But are experiments the final answer?
According to Special Relativity, experiments are overrated by modern science since the truths revealed by experimentation are necessarily restricted to one frame of reference. Regarding the question of length contraction in Special Relativity – Albert Einstein wrote in 1911 that "It doesn't 'really' exist, in so far as it doesn't exist for a co-moving observer; though it 'really' exists, i.e. in such a way that it could be demonstrated in principle by physical means by a non-comoving observer." (Einstein [1911]. "Zum Ehrenfestschen Paradoxon. Eine Bemerkung zu V. Variĉaks Aufsatz". Physikalische Zeitschrift 12: 509–510)
Demonstration "in principle by physical means by a non-comoving observer" is the same meaning as "demonstration by experiments performed by scientists not moving at the speed of light". So the experimental results (which are potentially interpreted in different ways) are valid. But they’re only valid in one frame of reference – from the human perspective of the scientists, who say length contraction occurs. Looked at from the equally valid universal frame of reference, there is no length contraction.
Some people will say the universal frame is irrelevant because we’re human and the human perspective is the only thing that matters. Some will reject the whole discussion because they disapprove of the example using Special Relativity. But the point is that experimentation doesn’t offer a final answer. There is no final answer and we just have to do the best we can to solve the mysteries of the universe. We grope our way through all the theories and experiments, and hopefully make a little progress in the search for truth. To put things another way – quantum mechanics’ Uncertainty Principle has expanded into an Uncertainty Principle affecting all of science. The indeterminacy doesn’t rule just the subatomic realm in the early 21st century. It also rules the macroscopic Space Telescopes, CERN and the Large Hadron Collider, and every detector or laboratory.
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I agree with the mentioned premise. Yes, a fiction might (not necessarily will) become a false memory if we repeat it too many times. And its mechanism is most probably not limited to merely some engrams being strengthened over time. There may be much more complicated scenarios at play, with various levels of micro and macro mechanisms working hand in hand. An example of a macro mechanism is the person's psychological need to believe his own fiction, in order to alleviate some suffering.
Anyways, I don't think that happens much in the realm of science. Hypothesis testing is in no way similar to the false-memory premise you mentioned first. It is the opposite: in science, people* rigorously try to self-criticize their own results; others are more than happy to criticize your results for you! So in the end, there is not so much to worry about self-deception.
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Hello,
I have performed MM-PBSA calculation of a protein-ligand complex. I utilised approx 750 frames (out of a total of 15000 frames) to compute the free enrgy change of binding. Then, I used a python code to compute ACF of the total delta G binding. But, the obtained ACF plot is not showing exponential decay feature exactly. I am not able to figure it out. I am attaching my plot here.
Any suggestions would be highly appreciated.
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you need a dataset that contains the free energy values at different time points. Assuming you have such a dataset, here's an example Python code that calculates the auto-correlation function using the `numpy` library:
```python
import numpy as np
def auto_correlation(data):
"""
Calculates the auto-correlation function of a given dataset.
Parameters:
data (numpy array): 1D array of free energy values.
Returns:
acf (numpy array): Auto-correlation function.
"""
n = len(data)
mean = np.mean(data)
data_normalized = data - mean
acf = np.correlate(data_normalized, data_normalized, mode='full')[-n:]
acf /= (n * np.var(data))
return acf
# Example dataset (replace with your own data)
free_energy_data = np.array([1.2, 1.5, 2.1, 2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 2.7, 2.4, 2.0, 1.8])
# Calculate auto-correlation function
acf = auto_correlation(free_energy_data)
# Print the auto-correlation values
print(acf)
```
Replace as needed. Hope it helps
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To frame universally accepted definition for ongoing research on Digital Smart Cities. Appreciate suggestions, comments, reviews, etc (say Digital Smart City is a city with SMART and Digitalization frame work? Is It ? whats your definition? Do you agree and Why? Do You disagree and Why?
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A Digital Smart City is a urban environment that leverages advanced technologies, including IoT, AI, and data analytics, to enhance quality of life, sustainability, and efficiency for its residents. It incorporates digitalization as a foundational framework, using real-time data and smart infrastructure to optimize services, governance, and resource management. The key features include connectivity, innovation, citizen engagement, and environmental consciousness.
This definition emphasizes the role of technology in improving urban living, while highlighting the integration of digitalization as a fundamental approach. Whether one agrees or disagrees with this definition depends on individual perspectives and priorities. However, it is essential to recognize that a Digital Smart City is a multidimensional concept that evolves as technology and society progress.
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What does it mean sequence in frame. How we do full read of sequence.
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A full sequence read is the complete sequence of an insert without gaps or ambiguities, essential for accurate downstream analysis, especially in coding sequences. A sequence in frame refers to the reading frame in which DNA or RNA sequences are read, particularly in protein-coding genes. A sequence is considered "in frame" if it is divisible by three without any remainder. Maintaining the reading frame in an insert is crucial for protein-coding genes, as any frameshift mutations or insertions/deletions can disrupt it, leading to non-functional or truncated proteins.
Example: If you have a sequence with 9 nucleotides (e.g., "ATGGCCTAA"), it is in frame because 9 is evenly divisible by 3 (3 x 3). This means it can be read as three codons: "ATG," "GCC," and "TAA." The sequence is not disrupted, and the reading frame is maintained.
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bioinformatics
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I guess it would depend on the context, but generally "frame" refers to a sequences that encodes a peptide/protein. "Query" is the user input, (ie sequences you enter) and "subject" refers to the reference sequence
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My research question is How did the WBC ( World Baseball Classic) make baseball relevant to other countries? I need help choosing a theory or principle to frame my study.
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I think you can examine the relevance of baseball in different countries by analyzing the communication model of the field of experience. Wilbur Schramm in this model elucidated how a common frame of reference can play a major role.
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Greetings to all research enthusiasts present here, I need a small help in data interpretation of my research.
In my survey, I have incorporated the following question to ask a few employees -
Please rate the effectiveness of the training methods you have experienced:
  • Instructor-led (1 - Not Effective, 5 - Very Effective)
  • Self-paced online (1 - Not Effective, 5 - Very Effective)
I have attempted to conduct a t-test to understand if there is any significant difference in this data and found the following results. (screenshot attached)
Could someone help me to interpret this?
1. What is the difference between p value of one-tail and p value of two-tail?
2. I have currently framed my hypothesis statement (HA) as - "There is a significant difference in effectiveness of training between employees who undergo traditional instructor-led training and those who participate in self-paced learning programs". I want to understand if this is the apt way of framing what I am currently testing?
3. Has the alternate hypothesis proven to be accepted based on my current test results?
It would be a great help if you could spare some moments to resolve this!
Thank you
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Dharti Narwani, I see that you have n = 68 for both "variables" in your output. Is that because you have paired scores? I.e., is there one group of 68 respondents who gave responses to both questions? If so, the analysis needs to account for that pairing. Thank you for clarifying.
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In the frame of transboundary water management exist in some river basins transboundary water management working groups, which are doing also water monitoring. Could you share experiences with us regarding the data exchange procedures, protocols and technical (also IT) solutions to do the monitoring data storage and exchange ?
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The gathering, exchange, and sharing of water resources information is addressed in two multi-national conventions for transboundary water management: The 1992 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's (UNECE) Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (UNECE, 1992) and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational uses of International Watercourses (UNWCC, 1997).
Effective data exchange solutions:
  1. Joint Databases
  2. Information Sharing Agreements
  3. Remote Sensing and Satellite Technology
  4. Real-time Monitoring Networks
  5. Hydrological Modeling
  6. Data Standardization
  7. Data Portals and Web-Based Platforms
  8. Capacity Building
  9. International Organizations
  10. Public Participation
  11. Conflict Resolution Mechanisms
  12. Early Warning Systems
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I need books or articles that mention the framing audio signal full description with equation cause I researched and found mention text description
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There is a definition of framing audio signal in an academic tone, along with an equation and explanation:
Framing is the process of dividing an audio signal into a sequence of fixed-length frames. This is done to facilitate the analysis of the signal, such as for compression, noise removal, or speech recognition.
The following equation is used to calculate the frame length:
frame_length = sampling_rate * frame_duration
where:
  • frame_length is the length of the frame in samples
  • sampling_rate is the sampling rate of the audio signal in samples per second
  • frame_duration is the duration of the frame in seconds
The frame duration is typically chosen to be a few milliseconds. This is long enough to capture the important features of the audio signal, but short enough to avoid introducing artifacts due to the sampling process.
The framing process can be thought of as dividing the audio signal into a sequence of overlapping windows. Each window is then analyzed independently. This allows the analysis to be performed more efficiently, as the entire signal does not need to be analyzed at once.
Framing is a fundamental concept in digital audio processing. It is used in a wide variety of applications, including:
  • Compression: Audio compression algorithms often use framing to divide the signal into smaller segments that can be compressed more efficiently.
  • Noise removal: Noise removal algorithms often use framing to isolate the noise from the signal.
  • Speech recognition: Speech recognition systems often use framing to segment the audio into words or phrases.
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will i be using the analytical tools in CDA?
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Agreed Hsin-Yuan Chen .And for further understanding, you can read a few papers using these together Manolet Palma
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The process of formulating research questions and designing methodologies is critical in medical research. As we strive for precision and comprehensive understanding, Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, especially ones like ChatGPT by OpenAI, are emerging as supportive resources. They have the capability to scan vast amounts of literature swiftly, suggest research gaps based on existing data, and even aid in refining methodologies through data-driven insights.
Question: Do you use Artificial Intelligence tools, such as ChatGPT, when formulating research questions and deciding on research methodologies for your medical studies?
By focusing on "research questions and methodology," we are emphasizing the initial stages of medical research, which involve identifying knowledge gaps, framing precise research questions, and planning the best approaches to obtain valid and reliable data. This can encompass everything from shaping hypotheses based on prior research, designing experiments or observational studies, selecting the appropriate statistical analyses, and determining the best tools and techniques for data collection.
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Al Mustafiz Thank you for your nuanced perspectives on the current limitations and future potential of AI tools like ChatGPT in academic research. Your points about the need for critical evaluation and caution are well-taken. These concerns are particularly important in a rigorous field like medical research, where even small inaccuracies can have significant implications.
However, as a clinician involved in basic science research, I have found that ChatGPT can be a powerful tool, especially when it comes to research methodology. With effective prompts and a strong foundation of background information, ChatGPT has been invaluable in generating research questions and refining my approaches.
One aspect that hasn't been touched upon yet is the significant time-saving benefit of using AI. Instead of sifting through countless manuscripts, ChatGPT can provide bullet-point information and even summarize relevant literature quickly. This streamlining of the initial research process can free up more time for the actual experimental work, data analysis, and interpretation, which are crucial in medical research.
To your point about the ongoing evolution of technology, I couldn't agree more. Just as we've transitioned from books to search engines, from CD players to streaming platforms, the adoption of AI in research is a natural progression. While we should approach with caution and critical thinking, we shouldn't shy away from harnessing the capabilities of these tools as they continue to evolve.
In summary, while AI tools have limitations, they can also offer invaluable advantages, such as time-saving and potentially innovative insights, when used responsibly and in conjunction with other specialized tools.
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I am following the vignette's protocol for the design II in AdehabitatHS using my data. But when I try to rasterize the polygons (14):
>pcc<-mcp(locs[,"Name"],unout="km2")
>pcc#it is a Spatial Polygons Data Frame showing the 14 polyogns
>image(maps)
>plot(pcc, col=rainbow(14),add=TRUE)
>hr<-do.call("data.frame",lapply(1:nrow(pcc),function(i){over(maps,geometry(pcc[i,]))}))
>hr[is.na(hr)]<-0
>names(hr)<-slot(pcc,"data")[,1]
>coordinates(hr)<-coordinates(maps)
>gridded(hr)<-TRUE
I got the following Error:
suggested tolerance minimum: 4.36539e-08
Error in points2grid(points, tolerance, round) :
dimension 2 : coordinate intervals are not constant
I would appreciate any suggestion on how to solve this problem.
I cannot figure out if this is a problem with my rasters (4 images) or with the Polygons, although I strongly believe this last ones are the issue.
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I would like to use the program adehabitat HS but failed after downloading the program. Is there any example either in video or ppt of the codes?
Thank you for the time and help.
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I have a pressing issue with my thesis, as I need to analyze numerous 3D moment frames, but I'm running short on time. Moreover, the buildings I'm studying are symmetrical and lack torsion or disarray complexities. I wonder if it's possible to model 2D frames with properties equivalent to those of the 3D frames, and still achieve accurate results. This would significantly save me time. I'm seeking assistance on how to perform this task in ETABS. Can anyone help me with this?
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Yes, it is possible to model 2D frames with properties equivalent to those of 3D frames and still achieve accurate results, especially if the buildings you are studying are symmetrical and lack torsion or disarray complexities. This approach can save you a significant amount of time. To perform this task in ETABS, you can follow these steps: 1. Open your ETABS software and create a new model. 2. Define the properties of the materials you will be using in your analysis, such as concrete or steel. 3. Create the 2D frame elements by drawing them on the plan view of your building. Make sure to accurately represent the geometry and connectivity of the 3D moment frames. 4. Assign appropriate section properties to each frame element based on the properties of the corresponding 3D moment frame members. 5. Apply loads to your model, such as dead loads, live loads, or any other relevant loads. 6. Define boundary conditions for your model, including supports and restraints. 7. Run the analysis in ETABS using appropriate analysis settings and methods (e.g., static or dynamic analysis). 8. Review and interpret the results obtained from the analysis, such as member forces, displacements, reactions, etc. It is important to note that while modeling 2D frames can save time, it may not capture all aspects of behavior compared to a full 3D analysis. Therefore, it is recommended to validate your results by comparing them with known benchmarks or conducting additional checks if necessary. If you need further assistance with specific steps or features in ETABS during this process, feel free to ask for more help.
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Good morning,
Regarding Park transformation I note Matlab specifies by default q-axis aligned with a-axis and hence sinus-based transformation. I have the problem that many research I have reviewed is based on cosinus-based.
Would you kindly advice which of them is preferable in your opinion.
How could I "translate" the expression from one ref frame to another in order to make my calculations consistent?
Thanks in advance and Happy NY2K20!
Juan Cabeza
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Dear
Rana Hamza Shakil
The expression you repeated above regarding one type of transformation being more accurate than one or the others is not making sense. You can shift from one transformation to the other; what is important is to take in mind which specific transformation you are using, so that you always employ it in all your formulations, and also use the corresponding inverse transformation in your derivations/simulations. That's all!
In all kind of transformations (namely sine-based and cosine-based) you have both sine and cosine functions of transformation angle (one is to obtain the d-axis component while the other is the q-axis component).
I hope this helps
Best wishes
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Has anyone done tests of selection (Dn/Ds, MK etc) on phylogenomic data (specifically, target capture) for many species? The major problem is removing stop codons, since the locus alignments are based on target bait capture loci derived from transcriptomes, and so it's not possible to get in frame CDS from a reference genome. Thanks!
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I ended up preparing target capture alignments by trimming non-homologous sequence fragments, masking misaligned amino acid residues and producing codon-aware alignments using OMM_MACSE (Ranwez et al. 2021; Ranwez et al. 2011). Then I used BUSTED (Murrell et al. 2015) to test for selection on at least one site and at least on branch across all species + subsets of 'foreground' species.
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I am looking to conduct a study to address whether mindfulness has an effect on stroop inteference and spatial frames of reference. Therefore, I will conduct 2- two way Anova's. This will be 2(Mindfulness, Control) x 2(Pre, Post) Mixed anova as the groups are between subject but the measures will be repeated. How could I analyse this if parametric assumptions are not met?
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As far as I know, the non-parametric equivalent of the repeated measure ANOVA test is the Friedman test. However, since the Friedman test doesn't allow for posthoc analysis and comparison between groups, I don't know of any alternatives of RM ANOVA for the 2-way test. If your data is not normally distributed, you can normalize the data and use the ANOVA test.
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hello
I have done a 50ns MD simulation production run on three different protein-peptide complexes. unfortunately, I am getting quite a high RMSD in all of them. I tried many things but couldn't get a conclusion out of it. although all three protein complexes are moving out from the simulation box in the last frame only. I tried recentering by -pbc nojump and -pbc whole but it doesn't fix my problem.
please help
Thank you
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Compare your results with you control protein...... If the complex is having lesser fluctuations than the control then its ok....
Again, increase your simulation time if possible (at least 100ns) as initial phases of the simulation time, system tends to reach equilibrium.....
Regards
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Hi All
I am performing EEG data preprocessing. I have filtered the data (14-70)and resampled the data to 1024Hz.
Now i want to make 440ms windows, to pass the data to ML models.
Any code suggestions would be appreciable.
window_hop_length =0.01 #ms
overlap = int(fs*window_hop_length)
print(overlap,"overlap")
window_size=0.44 #440ms
framesize=int(window_size*fs)
length = len(array)
print(length,"length of array")
number_of_frames = int(length/overlap)
frames = np.ndarray((number_of_frames, framesize))
print(framesize,"frame size")
print(number_of_frames,"no of frame")
print(frames, "frame")
frames.shape
for k in range(0,number_of_frames):
for i in range(0,framesize):
if((k*overlap+i)<length):
frames[k:i]=array[k*overlap+i:]
else:
frames[k][i]=0
frames.shape
I have done this, and error is,
could not broadcast input array from shape (105,1477632) into shape (0,450)
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Hi,
The error is due to an incorrect array assignment. When you're doing frames[k:i] = array[k*overlap+i:], it seems that the shape of the left and right-hand side of the assignment doesn't match, which results in an error.
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The number of news outlets from the two news companies is around 300 and 100, should I make the number equal to each other? Could you give me some advice on the sampling? My supervisor told me I'd better make the number the same.
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You can use some clustering algorithms that are specially designed for imbalanced data, such as SMOTE algorithm, etc. to deal with it.
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I am planning to conduct pharmacokinetic studies in mice. Considering the availability of low blood volumes per mice, how to collect the samples efficiently in time frames of 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 8h, and 12h? The total blood volume in a mice weighing 25-28 gm is hardly 2 ml.
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Hi Jagtar, it would depend on what is the lower limit of quantification of your analytical method and subsequently how much blood you need per sampling time point. Generally for a 25 g mouse the recommendation is not more than 250uL blood in 24h period. I would recommend that if you need 250uL per time point (around 5 drops) then you could make groups of 3-5 mice for each time point. ie. dose 18-45 mice. Alternatively to reduce the number of mice in the study, you could refer literature available for the drug and reduce your timepoints.
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python MmPbSaStat.py -m energy_MM.xvg -p polar.xvg -a apolar.xvg
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "MmPbSaStat.py", line 332, in <module>
main()
File "MmPbSaStat.py", line 68, in main
cTmp.CalcEnergy(args,frame_wise,0)
File "MmPbSaStat.py", line 87, in CalcEnergy
polEn = ReadData(self.PolFile,n=4)
File "MmPbSaStat.py", line 274, in ReadData
raise FloatingPointError('\nCould not convert {0} to floating point number.. Something is wrong in {1}..\n' .format(data[i][j], FileName))
IndexError: index 2 is out of bounds for axis 0 with size 2
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You can try recently published tool known as a gmx_qk it will definately work for you.
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m = γ*m0 , which is wring.
m = m0, because rest mass (m0,) of rigid body are same everywhere.
Therefore, E = m*c^2, which is wrong. E =(mv)/2, which is true.
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Preston Guynn. Thanks for pointing out my past activities.
From now onwards, let us think independently based on our scientific knowledge acquired from past and present learning and observing the present natural phenomena. Like Galileo Newton Einstein..., let many of us become scientists to meet today's challanges and develop our world society.
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recently, i am interest in the study on disocouse trap. as far as my knowlege goes, traditional discourse study focus on the exposure of power, ideaology, inequality,discrimination etc. few papers have discussed on the mechanism of setting up a trap of discourse so as to influence the discourse recipient to accept the special way of thinking and cognitive frame conciously and unconciously. when this speicial frame entrenched in the mind, recipients begin to negates its own position and viewpoint within a specific, limited and biased cognitive framework, thereby negating its own culture and self-worth.
with regard to this idea, i hope i can get more help from the international scholars.
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Discourse traps are a type of manipulation that can be used to influence the way people think and perceive things. They are often used to promote certain ideas or beliefs while suppressing others. The mechanism of setting up a trap of discourse is to influence the discourse recipient to accept a special way of thinking and cognitive frame consciously and unconsciously. When this special frame is entrenched in the mind, recipients begin to negate their own position and viewpoint within a specific, limited, and biased cognitive framework, thereby negating their own culture and self-worth .
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I am doing pushover analysis for 12 story RC frame using SAP2000 and defined hinges properties automatically from ASCE 41-13 tables after designing the frame using response spectrum and still face this warning, So I hope someone helps me to overcome this problem.
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I solve this problem either by:
1. Increasing maximum number of steps and null steps
2. Changing from Final state only to Multiple steps in "Results saved" and allowing to save positive and negative displacement increments
3. Changing from Iterative event to event, to Event to event only in "Nonlinear parameters"
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My suggestion is: trying to solve it in a conceptual reference frame that is not optimal.
Here is my example. Kleiber’s Law is Max Klieber’s empirical inference that metabolism scales by a 3/4 power of mass. Accordingly, much effort has been invested in trying to deduce a 3/4 exponent from a mathematically based reasoning. An example is the geometric, fracctally based reasoning in A General Model for the Origin of Allometric Scaling Laws in Biology , 1997, Science , Vol. 276. The 3/4 power relates to energy use. Energy use is the conceptual reference frame. Instead, it appears that a better conceptual reference frame focuses on how much energy distribution capacity increases with increased animal size. In that case, the 3/4 scaling of the rate of metabolism is how evolution responded to the 4/3 scaling of energy supply, to render energy per cell invariant. This is discussed in:
Other examples:
The laws of motion without the concept of inertia (Galileo’s marbles experiments).
The nature of heat without connecting energy, motion and heat.
Equating redshift and luminosity distances for SN 1A. I suspect this is a conceptual reference frame problem.
Do you have other examples?
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I browse the Physics help website https://physicshelpforum.com/ Many of the questions posted there appear to be very poorly written homework problems, indicating that the teacher(s) has(have) no idea what they're doing. These problems are often ambiguous and/or missing critical information that perhaps the student is to presume. The problems often are missing units or contain conflicting units. It's a wonder the students learn anything from these pointless exercises. My answer to this topic is: problems that are poorly stated or poorly formulated are hard to solve.
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I've done 2ns protein-ligand MD simulation in two ways
1. first I used general MD simulation, generating every single file by commands as suggested in gromacs tutorial. As an output, I've got 200 frames from 2ns MD simulation using tutorial .mdp files
2. secondly I generate parameters (.mdp) files using the charmm GUI web interface. and do the simulation in gromacs. this time I've got an output of only 20 frames from the same 2ns MD simulation.
My question is why is there a difference in the frames? am I missing something or do I've to change some parameters in the .mdp file?
please help
thank you
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Thanks for the help Alireza Mohebbi Ayaz Anwar
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Do you like papers on semantics, framing, argumentation and rhetoric?
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Yes
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According to the book written by Pope, the vorticity equations exhibit material-frame indifference when the flow is two-dimensional and the rotations of the frame are steady. But how can we judge the Navier-Stokes equations possess material-frame indifference?
When the frame rotates, the Coriolis force in the fictitious force is non-zero. It seems that the fictitious force can't be absorbed into modifier pressure, which follows the Navier Stokes equations do not have material-frame indifference.
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Material indifference means that the mathematical formulation is not altered by a change of reference frame. The Navier-Stokes equation involves scalar (time, pressure, density), vector (velocity, force fields), and tensor quantities (stresses). NS equation is a vectorial equation that is expressed using mathematical operators (vector, gradients of scalars or divergence of tensors of order 2), the formulations of which are by definition independent of the reference frame. Hence the property of material indifference of NS equation. This is valid whatever the dimension considered: 1D, 2D or 3D
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Long since we have come across AI and ML where ML is a subset of AI. Data science has been framed recently. My query is where does data Science fit into this realm of AI and ML?
Is it under AI and above ML or is it a subset of ML or does it include AI or is it an entity having partial overlapping with AI or ML?
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Thanks Prof.
Hamdi Al-Jamimi
for your elaborative and explanatory answer.
regards,
B. K. Tripathy
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I have performed a fragility analysis based on Incremental dynamic analysis for the Bare frame and open ground storey frame and full infill frame.
I sent the manuscript to Springer Journal.
Reviewer's comments are as follows:
The research has made some contribution by comparing the seismic fragility of RC frames with and without masonry infills. However, the results need to be justified with regard to following concern:
It is conjectured that the infilled frames performed better. We need more strong evidence for such a claim. The numerical analysis results showing the development of relative stiffness and strength between the infills and main frame during the dynamic analysis may be presented. Also, reference may be made to other researches confirming the statement.
My main question is how such an unfavorable element (infill) which detrimentally adds to the stiffness of the structure and causes the absorption of more seismic force, and at the same time is not strong enough to last for the entire seismic event, and even is not ductile to absorb seismic energy, could improve the overall performance.
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You may refer to the following article 10.1016/j.istruc.2022.09.108
The presence of infill has a huge impact on increasing the stiffness of the frame that you are studying when compared to bare frames by limiting column displacements.
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Can anyone share the TCL code for SCBF frame like 3Bay6story or any reference to look into performing a nonlinear analysis.
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To understand the TCL code for the SCBF (Special Concentric Braced Frame) frame, you can refer to the following resources:
OpenSees TCL Example: The OpenSees TCL example titled "Special Concentric Braced Frame" provides a comprehensive overview of the TCL code for modeling and analyzing SCBF frames. You can find this example on the OpenSees website, which also includes a user manual and other helpful resources for using OpenSees.
NEHRP Seismic Design Technical Brief No. 7: The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) has published a technical brief on the seismic design of steel SCBFs. This document provides a detailed description of the design and construction of SCBFs, as well as example calculations and design recommendations.
FEMA P-1050: The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has published a document titled "Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings" (FEMA P-1050). This document includes a section on the design and analysis of SCBFs, including example calculations and recommendations for modeling and analysis.
By studying these resources, you can gain a better understanding of the TCL code for SCBF frames, as well as the design and analysis principles that underlie their construction
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It is conjectured that the infilled frames performed better.
How such an unfavourable element (infill) which detrimentally adds to the stiffness of the structure and causes the absorption of more seismic force, and at the same time is not strong enough to last for the entire seismic event, and even is not ductile to absorb seismic energy, could improve the overall performance.
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I fully agree with Dr. Punashri. Further, if some kind of minimum reinforcement (horzontal, and possibly verical as well) is added in the inill walls, they will perform much better. Lateral collapse of infill is avoided in this manner. These bars should be properly anchored in the columns