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Why do you think that in the context of the progressive process of global warming, deforestation, logging, cutting down of old-growth forests in natural forests and even in areas that should be converted to landscape parks or national parks is still going on in some countries on a large scale?
For example, why is it that in Europe, where environmental policy has been one of the priorities for several years, deforestation, logging, cutting down old-growth forests in natural forests in the Carpathian Mountains has been going on on a large scale in some countries?
In Europe, where environmental policy is taken seriously and is one of the priorities in recent years, afforestation of areas has begun to outweigh deforestation. This is in line with climate and environmental policy, against the ongoing process of global warming. Unfortunately, however, there are serious sad exceptions to this rule. Currently, according to Greenpeace, an area of 5 soccer fields is disappearing every hour throughout the Carpathians. According to what Greenpeace reports, in some countries only 3 percent of the natural forests of the Carpathians are legally protected from investments like road construction. In the country where I operate, thanks to the intervention of people who care about conservation, it was possible to defend the natural forests of the Bieszczady National Park from predatory logging by a government-controlled company that manages most of the country's forests. A company that has the issue of nature conservation and forest biodiversity written into its internal regulations as a priority function. But realistically this function is not treated as a priority. Thanks to the intervention in the bodies of the European Union, thanks to grassroots social movements, thanks to the activities of Greenpeace, it was possible to defend the natural forests, including the National Park in the Bieszczady Mountains from predatory pseudo-forest management. Thanks to the defense of the Bieszczady Mountains, nature in the Bieszczady Mountains is reviving. In addition, some 300 social grassroots movements to defend the natural forests in the Carpathians have since sprung up. Accordingly, the company that manages most of the country's forests have it written into their norms that social and natural functions come first and economic functions last. And in recent years these relationships have been turned on their head. According to what is reported by Greenpeace Poland, currently the natural forests in Poland are treated by the government-controlled forest management company primarily as a source of money for all sorts of social, economic and political ventures and the issues of nature conservation, in addition to natural forests, landscape parks and national parks, protection of the natural biodiversity of forest ecosystems is at the end and in many aspects realistically there is none at all. The revenue of the company that manages most of the country's forests where I operate in 2022 has increased by more than half from 10 billion zlotys to more than 15 billion zlotys. This gives food for thought. In 2022, a fund controlled by an organized political group allied with the government is credited with PLN 3 billion. This fund is used to finance various pre-election goals, including those that have nothing to do with forest conservation, protection of the biodiversity of natural forest ecosystems. And yet forests, including natural forests, whose ecosystems have developed over thousands or millions of years, are a very important factor also in protecting the climate from the ongoing process of global warming. Deforestation of forest areas accelerates the progressive process of global warming. A In the entire Carpathian Mountains (which together are found in the area of several countries in Europe), an area of 5 soccer fields disappears every hour.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Why do you think that in the context of the progressive process of global warming, deforestation, logging, cutting down of old-growth forests in natural forests and even in areas that should be converted to landscape parks or national parks is still going on in some countries on a large scale?
Why is it that in Europe, where environmental policy is one of the priorities for several years in some countries, deforestation, deforestation, cutting down of old-growth forests in natural forests in the Carpathian Mountains is progressing on a large scale?
Why is deforestation in the Carpathians in Europe, where environmental policy has been one of the priorities for several years, rapidly progressing?
Why, in the context of the progressive process of global warming, is deforestation still going on in some countries on a large scale?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
Counting on your opinions, on getting to know your personal opinion, on a fair approach to the discussion of scientific issues, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Actually deforestation is carried out due to the mismanagement of the legilation and policy making in most of the developing countries where most of the forests are over-stocked which requires a proper scientfic management.In the developing countries the policy and legislation is according to the law and they use to revise their law wit the passage of time.If we see the states of the countries then the developing countries are more extractor of the forest globally.To control this situation we have to make proper management plans and policies to regulate this problem and deforestation is not the only cause for the rapid increase in the global warming.Along with that the habitate destruction and the urbanization is one of the major cause for the global warming.
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How can we reduce the scale of predatory forestry, improve forest management processes and plans, systematically improve forest management so as to simultaneously preserve natural forest ecosystems and protect forest animals, many of which are already endangered, and increase the atmospheric uptake of CO2 by forest ecosystems, reduce the planet's greenhouse effect and slow down accelerating global warming?
International Day of Forests, which is celebrated annually on 21 March and was established by the UN General Assembly on 28 November 2012, is an opportunity to reflect on the systemic improvement of forest management in order to simultaneously preserve natural forest ecosystems, enhance the protection of biodiversity, the biosphere and the planet's climate. The celebration of the International Day of Forests aims to raise human awareness of the importance of forests for humans, including the crucial importance of forests in the context of protecting the planet's climate and biosphere. Taking into account the protection of the planet's climate, biosphere and biodiversity of natural ecosystems, it is urgently necessary to transform rabid forest management into rational, pro-climate and pro-environmental forest management. Forest management carried out within the framework of rational, pro-climate and pro-environmental forest management should be carried out in such a way that natural multi-species forest ecosystems are restored as much as possible instead of monocultures of homogeneous stands. When monocultures of forests based on a small number of tree species or even with the dominance of a single tree species are carried out, the incidence of various viral, fungal diseases and tree pests increases significantly. In addition, monocultures dominated by coniferous species are much more prone to the appearance and development of forest fires during the summer season. Tree monocultures are also unfavourable for the coexistence and development of many forest animal species that are found in natural, multi-species forest forests and primeval forests. Unfortunately, in terms of pseudo forest management, archaic forest management practices of monocultures based on a few tree species are still in use, which also causes a significant decline in the biodiversity of natural ecosystems. Accordingly, forest management should pursue rational, pro-climate, pro-environmental, biodiversity-sensitive forest management instead of commercial-oriented predatory management. In addition, forest management plans should respect the principles of nature conservation, protection of rare and endangered species of fauna and flora, protection against the felling of old trees, protection of the biodiversity of natural ecosystems, etc., which is also important in the context of the scale of CO2 absorption from the atmosphere, and is therefore an additional factor in limiting the scale of the ever-increasing greenhouse effect and the global warming process.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
How can we reduce the scale of the applied predatory forest management, improve forest management processes and plans, systemically improve the conduct of forest management so as to simultaneously take care of the state of natural forest ecosystems and protect forest animals, many of which are already endangered, and to increase the scale of CO2 uptake from the atmosphere by forest ecosystems, reduce the scale of the planetary greenhouse effect and slow down the increasingly rapid global warming process?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this subject?
Please respond,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Reducing the scale of predatory forest management, improving forest management processes and plans, and protecting forest ecosystems and animals while increasing CO2 uptake from the atmosphere and reducing the greenhouse effect requires a multi-faceted approach that involves various stakeholders and strategies. Here are some points to be followed:
★ Implement sustainable forest management practices.
★ Protecting forests from further degradation and destruction for safeguarding the biodiversity of forest ecosystems and their ability to capture and store carbon.
★ Using advance technologies like remote sensing, satellite imagery, and other technological data to inform forest management.
★ Engage local communities in forest management.
★ Promote reforestation and afforestation
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Values obtained for Evenness of the species distribution, relative abundance of species diversity, and the species richness of a number of identified timber tree species of a forgotten forest for biodiversity estimation applying Shannon-Wiener Index and computing by Excel's data analysis tool show almost the same, only the species richness index is different, then it's my query, parameters like Evenness of the species distribution, relative abundance of species diversity, and the species richness, are these same in the context of forest ecology?
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No. They are different from each other.
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Many studies show that the most effective organic farming consists in cultivating forest stands in a formula referring to natural, complex, biologically multispecies ecosystems.
The ecological forestry formula based on the cultivation of many different species of trees and shrubs adjacent to each other, referring to the formation of a natural ecosystem, allows to eliminate chemical measures to protect forest spruce and shrubs and reduce biological fertilization.
Only the application of biologically neutral machines and technical devices to crops to correct the functioning of organic forest crops would allow the improvement of this formula and striving to achieve sustainable forestry.
Only the question of the legitimacy of using or possibly resigning from the creation of new, more resistant to various diseases and pests, new varieties of cultivated trees and shrubs through the use of genetics engineering would remain to be considered.
It is not about creation of new species of plants or animals through genetic manipulation techniques, but about breeding newer varieties of forest trees and shrubs that are more resistant to diseases and pests as a perfecting formula of cultivation referring to the natural ecosystem.
Cultivation of forest stands referring to the formula of the natural biological ecosystem should be improved by creating and introducing to these complex crops these new varieties of trees and shrubs in order to restore biological balance, which was previously significantly reduced through the widespread use of forest and forestry monoculture carried out under classic forestry.
In this way, it is possible to recreate sustainable forestry in the future in areas where classical monocultural forest crops were previously grown or in reclaimed areas.
In view of the above, I would like to ask you: should sustainable chemistry and monoculture be reduced in sustainable forestry, and forestry techniques referring to natural ecosystems should be developed?
Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.
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As part of forest management, including the so-called In forest management, the principles of sustainable development should also be applied, which consist in increasing the scale of taking into account the issue of biodiversity of natural forest ecosystems referring to natural forests instead of forest monocultures, which were previously created as part of productive forest management. In the situation of forest management in accordance with the principles of sustainable forest management based on the concept of a biodiverse forest ecosystem, the risk of pest infestation and diseases of many trees caused by microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi) is much lower compared to monocultures of the stand. Therefore, the use of chemical tree protection products is also smaller, which translates into a lower level of environmental pollution.
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Biomass of the two trees namely Azadirachta indica (Neem) and (Jalpai) Alaerocarpus serratus is measured which were uprooted in the last November by the ravaged cyclone Bulbul, the ratio between Above Ground Biomass (AGB) and Below Ground Biomass (BGB) of both the trees of the Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests type is about 20:1, root systems of both the trees are not at all sufficient to erect or support this relatively higher mass of stem, branch, and leaves particularly during the cyclonic storms, do the rest of the trees have the same root systems, is this low quantitative root systems responsible for the low content of Below Ground Biomass of the Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests type whereas the BGB is relatively more in the other forest floors like temperate or conifers
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Just yesterday I have checked, observed and studied the uprooted trees for the super cyclone Amphan in 9 forest patches of Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests types in 3 districts of West Bengal that revealed the area, volume, and the mass of the root systems is more than 20 times less than that of the above ground portion of the trees of the heights ranging between 30 - 45 ft height, and DBH 1 ft to 12 feet, if it's possible to attached the photographs of those uprooted trees with the entire stem including branches and the complete exposed root systems attached to the stem, then it will be possible to check visually for all.
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The content of carbon in the biomass varies from 35% - 65% in one literature, in the another, it's 45-50%, though 50% is often taken as default value, and all they are surprisingly constant irrespective of tissue types and species, but if the content of carbon in the biomass is almost constant in almost all types of floral community, then why the mass is different for the different plant species for a particular volume, for an example, 1 cft volume of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Jalpai (Alaerocarpus serratus) is 16.61 kg and 18.38 kg respectively, multiplying 0.5 with these two values, it gives the default value of carbon, but the tissue types and compactness are simply different from one another, still they contain 50% of carbon in biomass?
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Hello,
I would think you are mixing up two different metrics i.e., the stoechiometry of carbon in organic materials and the density of organic materials. The stoechiometry of carbon depends on the chemical composition of the materials (e.g. proportion of lignin vs. cellulose). The density (i.e. mass/volume) is not directly related to chemical composition, but rather to the physical properties of the materials (porosity, etc.).
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Forest resources are of immense economical benefits, taping into these however may result in environmental concerns. Placing these side by side, what then should take precedence while juxtaposing the choices of economical or environmental interests?
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Thanks Dariusz Prokopowicz
for useful response. Yes forest ecosystems are important for the survival of living organisms.
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Hi everybody ! I hope you're doing well and staying safe. We aim to estimate the true value of Argane fruit which is a product typically traded in market (Already has a market price) . But we think that Argane fruit's market price fails to account all of the costs and benefits involved when providing this specific good.
In such situation, can we use contingent valuation method even though it's a marketable good ? We will really appreciate if you can provide us some literature or provide some suggestions on methods to estimate true price.
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I also understand that one of the assumptions of your work is that the market value of the Argane is known, but undervalued because it does not take into account several other elements. This would make your work more interesting as you will help establish an economic value near to reality, which in our opinion would be great.
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I am trying to estimate timber volume using the Faustmann model cubic model, Q(t)=at+b(t)^2-d(t)^3 (as described in Conrad, 1999) but my results are inconsistent with the theory. I decided to try the population growth logistic model (that I didn't prefer initially) Q(t)=K/[1+ e^((-[a+bt]) ) ], I got something consistent but then it limits my timber volume to K. I don't know K, so to get results I guessed it to run the model.
Can anyone who has run the Faustmann model to estimate timber volume help me understand my error and how I can adjust my variables to get consistent results?
Thanks!
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Faustmann's model is mainly used to estimate the Land Expectation Value (LEV) under certain conditions.
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I am searching for good quality pictures of the following "primeval forest relict beetles" of Europe (in German: Urwaldrelikte):
Ampedus auripes (Elateridae)
Ceruchus chrysomelinus (Lucanidae)
Prostomis mandibularis (Prostomatidae)
Quedius truncicola (Staphylinidae)
We are carrying out an investigation of old trees & forests in Western Switzerland and would like to illustrate some large public documents.
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Hello, You can use my photos. They are free of right. The only condition of use is to quote photo credits: B. Calmont.
Best Regards,
Benjamin
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We have two types of forest, natural and man-grown forest. Forest is one of the most economical resource that has a big role in maintaining ecological systems. But each trees has got its own productive age after that there is decrease in its productivity. Such trees should be cut for some other uses. The old tree must be compensated with new plantation. In this way it will not only play it's ecological role but will help and support economic activities.
In contrast we have banned tree cutting under the concepts of conservation and preservation. In this way, most of the counties are dependent on man-grown forest and usually growing fast growing trees. That has got negative impacts on Environment. Is there any such study on tree's age and its ecological productivity?
If someone has information, please share.
Regards
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One of the main focuses of the forestry discipline is optimizing the felling age (rotation period).
There are similar age one species, mixed age one species and multiple species forest in both categories (it is a better description than natural or man made from productivity perspective.
The mixed age multiple species ('natural') forest productivity is the same for centuries. Even if you extract timber (up to a level) it remain the same. There is no more net carbon sequestration, the sequestered carbon and the released from decomposition are in balance.
In the case of single age forests, the growth curve is species specific, but usually start slow (from biomass perspective) accelerates and reach the full potential when all area is covered by the trees' crowns. From that point, until the trees health affected, the yearly growth is approximately the same. The highest economic value growth is somewhat later than the peak of the mass growth since higher diameter timber is more valuable. The thinning (earlier wood extraction from the forest) influences the growth curve (drop in mass the accelerating growth).
After the harvest, you leave around the 50% of the extracted biomass in the soil. The decomposition cab be slower than the rotation period, so you accumulate soil carbon up to 3 rotation periods. If you use the extracted wood in durable products, you optimize the net sequestered carbon.
The decomposing trees are lost opportunities, you could use them for replacing fossil energy.
I do not want to refer an article, because it is an entire discipline.
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By comparing rubber-based and oil palm-based agroforestry practices in terms of profitability.. what variables should be considered, except for the size of the area (a fixed variable). Any suggestions ?
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Agroforestry as a Science should be based onfour key features- competition, complexity, profitability and sustainability
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Now all natural forests are manged on conservation approach and so there is no direct benefits are originating for economic gains of country baring few livelihood options for tribals. There is dead trees, unused NWFP forest wealth but law not permit to extract it. Is conservation forestry is just ban everything in natural forests even silvicultural practices of thinning, salvage/ sanitation felling or improvement felling etc. How to regulate the conservation with siviculture of economic and social principles?
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You ask, " How to regulate the conservation with siviculture of economic and social principles"?
I believe the answer is classic Einstein theory, 'one can't solve a problem with the same thinking that created it'.
The illusion of 'domination and control' over nature has lead us down a number of 'dead end' paths and persists in the context of your question.
Industrial forestry is the contemporary manifestation of 'killing the buffalo for it's tongue'., with the same degrees of mass wasting and genocide that follows. The evidence is clear. Short booms followed by protracted busts every time. We've overlaid the incessant growth, extractive model not understanding it manifests into cancer whether physically or socially, no exceptions. Tweaks to this model will have limited benefits. We need a new way of thinking.
A new way based in Nature as the Master. WHERE everything our 'management' attempts to do is emulating Natures cycles and bounty. With small 'takings' of trees, locally processing and locally manufacturing into finished products.
Leaving future generations an environmental inherence that has value and not just liabilities. If we love our children we will think more about them than our short term profits.
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Can any one share the 10 Year Statistical Economical figures which support the communities and nation to build up this natural resource a new livelihood options and income in future?
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Dr Binoy, Internationally INBAR should have information as this only main agency for specific purpose. For Indian scenario you can see Forest statistics of ICFRE , Dehradun publication, FSI for area and MoEF. But to predict for future economics the demand and supply data will be required from industries or Forest corporations. 
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NLS regression on non-stationary data Edit
Hello!
I am understanding the impact of GDP on forest density figures in a region using the Environmental Kuznets Curve analysis. I am running an NLS regression with GDP as my independent variable and Forest Density as my dependent variable.
However, my variables collected over a 20 year time period are non-stationary after using the ADF test on E views. Forest Density becomes stationary after taking 1st difference while forest density doesn't become stationary even after taking 2nd difference.
Can I still run an NLS regression? If not, which regression model can I use in E views? All previous studies on the Environmental Kuznets Curve have used Least Square Regression as the curve depicts a U shape, representing the relationship between an environmental indicator and GDP.
Looking forward to a response. Thank you!!
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The variables have to be non-stationary for regression results to be reliable. You can use splitting of the non-stationary variable to take this into account. Or just produce the regression 'as-is' but report the Durbin Watson statistic, which detects autocorrelation in the residuals since most regression problems involving time series data exhibit positive autocorrelation. That would at least go part way to justifying your results. You can also transform the data and remove outliers. I hope this helps :-) 
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Most of the resource economic journals I have reviewed seem to have more publications on environment related work. I am looking for journal or link where I can access forest economics publications. Does anyone know of any?
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Please Nyakundi, F. see the texts can help.
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Let's assume that the shift from the pure economy to green markets allows us to keep the dirty economy alive for another 50 years or 100 years or 150 years.
And then we will be facing the need to shift from dirty economies to clean economies either because minimizing pollution did not work or non-renewable enery sources are then exahusted or the few remaing non-renewable energy sources are horded by some.  By that time the cost of closing the renewable energy techology gap as compared of doing it now will be for sure more expensive and out of the budgent of most capitalist countries, especially developing countries, and they will be facing then economic black outs,...and massive social discontent.... Does that means that the age of green markets wll or may end up with a social bang?. What do you think?
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Dear Ana, that could be one of the possible outcomes outcome of the process call "optimization".  You do not get such an outcome under maximization rule that was ruling the dead traditional market and you do not get such an outcome under green market eigher as it assume social externality neutrality..
The economy used to get the most if not all befofre under the traditional market, under green markets the economy can not get it all any more it has to account for environmental externalities and that is a partial optimization position,
I am sharing this as more food for thoughts:
The Unintended Consequences of Paradigm Death and Shift: Was the Arrow Impossibility Theorem Left Behind?
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Currently, Nepal is in transition and developing several types of strategies such as Forestry Strategy for coming 10 years, Terai Arc Landscape Strategy covering from Bagmati River to east to Makakali in the west. Further, REDD Cell has proposed to develop REDD strategy for Nepal. In this context, one of the major issues is deforestation and forest degradation in Nepal. So, how can we go ahead to tackle this issues seriously, so that we can devise the further strategies to tackle the issues? 
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Deforestation and degradation are caused by various factors. Its well known that the climate change curtail the DD effect. Invasion of exotic plant species is also worth considering for studying DD effect. The most important about DD study is topography, physiography of a particular area. Based on the landscape, combating DD may differ. Mahabharat/Siwalik is fragile, vulnerable and young, so massive plantation and cover of dense vegetation may outweigh the capacity of hills to afford. Second, the most areas of Nepal have long been inhabitated by people for their livelihood and forestry/livelihood are inseparble at the outset of civilization. Participatory conservation considering soil factors and biological invasion and use of secondary resources with caution may complement the management initiatives of DD. Since we are at the era transformation (climate, socio-cultural, land-use), the use of secondary resources is gaining ground as old-growth forests become overexploited, indigenous species declined and traditional knowledge effaced. In this context, it is worthwhile to state Burnett (1911): “At first people refuse to believe that a strange new thing can be done. Then they begin to hope it can be done. They see it can be done. Then it is done and all the world wonders why it was not done centuries ago (Burnett 1911, The Secret Garden)”. 
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I want to model the forest loss in the future, what free software can do this
and how difficult can be.
Thanks!
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I have found a research article focused on a similar topic. I hope to help you.
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Different plants have different colonization history based on its economics.How rattan (family-Palmacea or Aracacea)  colonization connected with the historical era?
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Rattans are monocotyledons close to bamboo and other grasses has role as pioneer species in serial ecological succession. they are colonizers in early serial stage in humid / sub-humid climate.
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I want to know the present price of carbon credit for valuation of forest carbon stock. From where i can found the carbon credit value?
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The price of carbon credits in the forestry sector in most cases will follow that established under the more general voluntary market or carbon cap-and-trade systems.  There is of course substantial variation as these schemes have varying jurisdictional boundaries and both the policy environment and market forces are in a state of flux.
A couple links follow:
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It's important to evaluate the intensity of competition of a forest or a grassland region. So I wonder is there a index to calculate the competition intensity of an area, but not for a individual tree?
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Dear Chen,
an easy competition index for forest stand is the basal area. But the stand density index by Reineke (1933) makes stand densities at different ages more comparable.
Best regards
Enno
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forest economics
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Yes you can
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In the provisioning forest ecosystem services the classifications used such as Timber and NTFPs, Woody and non woody products, Direct use values and indirect use values etc. For example; I have market values for the Timber (construction wood), house use furniture (chairs, tables, cupboards etc), fire/fuel wood, medicinal plants, thatching materials, and packing materials. How I should classify these forest products as Timber and NTFPs to avoid double counting? Which classification method for the provisioning  services of forest is valid and updated ?
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The term 'Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) encompasses all biological materials other than timber which are extracted from forests, other wooded land and trees outside forests that include products used as food and food additives (edible nuts, mushrooms, fruits, herbs, spices and condiments, aromatic plants, game), fibers (used in construction, furniture, clothing or utensils), resins, gums, and plant and animal products used for medicinal, cosmetic or cultural purpose for human use (FAO,1982; Khanal 2006) .
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I need to know about the yield of birch and alder in pure vegetation?
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The following two reviews will surely help:
Betula: Hynynen, J.; Niemistö, P.; Viherä-Aarnio, A.; Brunner, A.; Hein, S.; Velling. P. (2010) Silviculture of birch (Betula pendula Roth. & Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Europe. Forestry, 83: 103-119 [doi: 10.1093/forestry/cpp035].
Kind regards
Sebastian
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It would be interesting to know if the cost of fertilizer is reset at the end of turn for the additional increase wood generated fertilizer. Always assuming that the fertilizer is applied after the last thinning and trees that will be part of clearcutting.
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Hi again,
Surely someone is looking at  economy-production-environmental issues.   I have not bumped into it myself, perhaps cuz in the Northeast US where I work fertilizing is uncommon.
Find Tappeiner, et al, Silviculture and ecology in western US forests.  Oregon State Univ Press, 2007.  There is a section on fertilization.  Will give yo a place to start.
Get in touch w. them for more advice, and contact Dan Richter at Duke University-- I bet he will be well informed on these issues.
Years ago a scientist named George Bengston did a short paper where he estimated the nutrient losses in removing tops,  in southern pine, and then figured out what it would cost to replace them by fertilizing. Ingenious, and convincing.  It was not trivial.  As a first step you need not go farther than this.  Plainly results will be site-specific.  This probably connects to low-impact harvesting as leaving more biomass behind moderates nutrient losses.  
IN some temperate soils, with long enough rotations, nutrient losses are replaced by weathering.  Not likely in many tropical soils. 
Here is where the area being studied matters.  The need for fertilizer for production,  and dynamics of its flow to the environment, will differ between temperate,  high altitude, and lowland tropical situations.  
Would seem that just assessing the production/financial benefit of fertilizing is one place to begin -- if it's not worth doing,  then need not pursue environmental issues further.
Nest  LCI
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In Iran, we are selling harvested trees based on their volume. But volume measurements is not so precise. Instead, if we could sell the logs based on their weight, it can be simply done by loading a truck and weighting it.
Here is the problem, roughly speaking, about a half of wood weight is water and wood moisture depends on the time that a contractor may leave the logs in cutting area. So, if a contractor postpone transporting the logs, he will pay less. It should be mentioned that because of so many problems of transportation, we can not easily force the contractors to deplete cutting fields.
How do you sell logs in your country?
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A great deal of work has been done on weight-scaling southern pine in the US.  With a good library service accessing subscriptions you may be able to find much of this;  probably there are USFS Research Bulletins as well out of the Southern Forest Experiment Station.
Switching to weight usually involves a lot of stress between landowners, loggers, and the mills.  Here in US people usually (with some reason) mistrust the mills for "beating them on the scale".  A change to weight can be tumultuous and stressful.  People forget that "stick-scaling" can be variable and dishonest too.   In the longrun it can be better for everyone, mostly for the lower value items.  But for low value sawlogs, in many parts of US logs and stumpage are priced by the ton.
Assuming a suitable government oversight of honesty of the scales,   it can be done.  Just takes time and preparation.
LCI
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I am compiling a literature review discussing specifically the direct socio-economic impact of forest road construction, but so far I have found limited number of resources regarding this topic. Any help is greatly appreciated. Thank you in advance.
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I am interested in a – as much as possible - rational classification of bark beetle infestation at the forest stand level.
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Dear Dr. Gottschalk,
Thank you very much for your answer. Of course, you are right and I know that the effects on the trees and tree stands are usually quite different when attacked by defoliators and by bark beetles, respectively. However, in the reports on forest insect and disease conditions in Hessen like this one (https://umweltministerium.hessen.de/sites/default/files/media/hmuelv/he_2010_text.pd) you will find the damaged tree stands grouped in three cluster: „auffällig” damaged, „wirtschaftlich fühlbar” damaged and „bestandesbedrohend” damaged whatever category of pests (defoliators, bark beetles etc.). Certainly, for including the stands in these categories should be certain criteria and thresholds that take into account the specifics of each group of pests and the peculiarities of the stands (composition, age, density etc.). About these criteria and thresholds is my question.
Yours sincerely,
Nicolai Olenici
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I am reading many articles that tells Africa has the highest deforestation rate in the world. However, I couldn't find any recent peer reviewed article that tells this information. Can anyone suggest me a recent peer reviewed article for this?
Thanks a lot,
Binyam. 
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Dear Binyam
You can use FAO data with safety. i.e. check  FAO, Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 or a newer edition.
Forest annual change rate (2000-2005)
Africa : -0.62%
South and South-east Asia: -0.98%
Central America: -1.23%
Good luck
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Forestry sector contributing toward national GDP has always been underestimated in the tropics due to many reasons. Ranging from environmental to educational, and widening between infrastructural and methodological approaches adopted; how best forest assests and liabilities could be accounted using GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles)?
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"Accurately" is the key concept. What does 'accurately' mean? From who's perspective? For short or long term advantage?
To think the environment is a subset of our economy has lead to every environmental degradation world-wide. Reverence that nature is the master is the only path which will 'accurately' lead us to 'sustainability' that might be possible. However the greed and taking from the environment is clearly not sustainable when it's on the 'Industrial' scale. Only small scale  approaches with reverence will lead us back to the promised land. In my humble opinion.
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There are many methods for the carbon stock estimation and sequestration. Here, I want to know the method/procedure to find out the carbon biomass from known DBH (diameter at breast height) and height of the tree species in a forest ecosystem. I also want to know how to analyse these results? 
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Dear Arshad
This is not clear that you are going to estimate biomass of some specific species or you are going to construct new allometric models. By the way, if you want to estimate carbon or biomass, you need to find allometric models for your species in similar ecological condition.  One easy way is using GLOBALLOMTREE model. The article that describes this model has been published in iforest journal. It includes more than 1000 models for a large variety of species.  If you find the model, you can simply put d or h of the trees into the model and estimate biomass or carbon for different tree components. 
But if are going to construct new models, you have to cut some tress based on diameter distribution, weight them, measure moisture content and carbon concentration. Then run a regression analysis to derive the models. The following book is a great help: 
A guide to using regression equations for estimating tree biomass, Picard et al, 2012.
Best regards, 
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While I would assume such an exercise is highly prone to underestimation of economic value, I would love to know what others think about it.
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Hi Dhaval,
if you mean economic valuation, then I think the fundamental problem is that we ascribe value to the final services, because these are the secosystem ervices that directly influence human well-being. If you were to try and value supporting services, how would you do so without reference to the provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem services they enable?
That is not to say we should not consider the values associated with supporting services, I discuss some of these issues in this paper
Abson, David J., and Mette Termansen. "Valuing ecosystem services in terms of ecological risks and returns." Conservation Biology 25.2 (2011): 250-258.
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"Scientific Forest Management for Sustainability of Forest Resources".
In Nepal, many forests are strictly protected or conserved. People are not able to achieve the optimal benefit from the forests. Despite using the valuable timber available in the forests, it is left to decay in the forests.
I am seeking answers which could help to generate substantial economic benefit from such "protected or conserved" forests.
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Your question is extremely general, so I'll start with a general answer. Yes, it is possible to manage protected forests and to use the timber in them. It depends on the reason, why they are protected. E.g. in Switzerland we have a lot of protection forests (against natural hazards). These are managed in a way that they provide the best protection, so focus is on structure, contuinuous forest cover, minimal stem density, sustainable regeneration etc. But the wood which comes out of the forest through these management operations is used and sold.
If the protection reason is to protect the forest itself (so that it is not plundered), then a sustainable management regime could be applied (as is done in many parts of Europe and elswhere). In Switzerland, e.g. it is not allowed to chop more wood than the forest is able to grow. So one calculates growth and yield of a forest plot for, lets say, 10yrs and that is the amount of wood you are allowed to take out every decade (you only use the "overhead", so to say). This wood usually is a result of management practices that at the same time treat the stand, initiate regeneration etc. In Switzerland it is not allowed to do clearcuts, so forest management is pretty small scale, but thanks to that very sustainable in terms of continuous forest cover etc. So it really depends on the protection goal - if you can keep the goal (or even enhance it) through timber harvesting, than you can use the timber AND have a protected forest.
If this is the direction your question is going, there is a lot of literature on sustainable forest management and the management of protection forests from Switzerland, Germany and France. However, as soon as you let people manage "protected forests", you have to have a good control regime (especially in the beginning), making sure that the management guidelines and harvest plans are strictly followed...
Hope, this helps. Cheers, Caroline
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I want to calculate long time series of forest product prices in current EURO value. Based on international trade prices in USD.
An answer on stack exchange :
suggests using "national currency weights to the ECU value" to obtain a time series back to 1979. It also suggest using a 1979-1999 time series called " Euro Community" from the St Louis FED. Are there other European sources of EUR/USD exchange rate before 1999?
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As I noted, the synthetic euro series uses 1997 GDP weights. If one is trying to put together a series for consistency (using the euro as a unit of account) then I see no issue with the data that I have. If, however, there is implied behavior (say lumber prices are determined in a euro framework) then the approach would make no sense.
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Starting from the data needed to how to control the errors.
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Thank you Mr. Yaseen Mustafa
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Specifically I want to see the linkage within the forestry sector involving activities like producing raw materials, processing, and trading goods domestically and internationally.
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Hello. APL is a tool derived from input-output analysis. In a strict national perspective, it should not be used to look at micro-economic or qualitative properties such as sophistication.In a pure national perspecitve, some sectors will show larger APL than otherones only due to their relative upstreamness. Level of aggregation is also an influencing factor. This said, when used with an international I-O matrix, APL can provide information on the lenght of inter-idustrial linkages across several countries, showing how particular sectors aremore or less inserted in international value chains. Recentpublicly available database is OECD-WTO Trade in Value-Added (TiVA)
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Models of the forest products sector simulate production, consumption and trade of forest products in a recursive market equilibrium. Such models are often seen as "black boxes" by non modellers. What are the different ways to validate their input data, methodologies, and output scenarios?
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Testing models is always a concern especially when you are working with a long term product like forests. What i like to do is after making sure that the model runs and provides an answer that can be defended is to put the model through a series of what ifs. Ask yourself is the model responding as one would expect and if not, why not. In agriculture, running an analysis in the 70's, an unrestricted model run indicated that soybeans would be a huge crop in areas that soybeans were not traditionally growing. In this case, as it turns out the model was correct and expectations were not.