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Forest Conservation - Science topic
Explore the latest questions and answers in Forest Conservation, and find Forest Conservation experts.
Questions related to Forest Conservation
Are there already available technologies for producing paper from other forms of flora, plants other than trees, such as shrubs, grasses, perennials, fallen leaves, straw, waste from crop production and/or lumber waste?
Due to the rapidly increasing level of plastic waste pollution in the green transformation of the economy, plastic packaging is being replaced by packaging made from biodegradable plastic substitutes, materials of organic origin, produced from vegetable crops, or packaging made from paper, wood. Unfortunately, the production of packaging from paper and/or wood is not a pro-environmental solution either, as it generates the cutting down of trees, increases the scale of forest deforestation. On the other hand, in connection with the still increasing scale of greenhouse gas emissions, the accelerating process of global warming, the processes of forest deforestation should be replaced by the processes of aforestation of civilizationally degraded areas, post-industrial areas, areas with sterilized soil, etc. In view of the above, there is a growing need to create green technologies and material eco-innovations, where it would be possible to create and implement paper production technologies from other forms of flora, plants other than trees, e.g. from shrubs, grasses, perennials, fallen leaves, straw, waste from crop production and/or lumber waste.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Are there already available technologies for the production of paper from other forms of flora, plants other than trees, such as shrubs, grasses, perennials, fallen leaves, straw, waste from the production of agricultural crops and/or lumber waste?
Are there already available technologies for producing paper from plants other than trees?
And what is your opinion on this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
How to protect the Amazon's biodiverse natural Rainforests from the worst particularly severe drought in 120 years, record drops in river levels, and animal extinctions due to lack of water?
Due to continued high greenhouse gas emissions, the accelerating process of global warming, increasingly severe droughts are occurring in various parts of the world. Areas where periodic droughts are becoming more frequent include tropical and subtropical areas. In many parts of the world, increasingly frequent long-term droughts are causing shortages of water both for people, water used in agriculture and water necessary for the functioning of natural ecosystems. Droughts also cause increasingly frequent forest fires. The aforementioned problems and threats are now also affecting the Amazon. Recently there has been a particularly severe drought, the worst in 120 years, in the area of the Amazon's biodiverse natural Rainforest. Due to the record drought, water levels in the Amazon and its river basins are at record lows. Because of this, fish and pink Amazonian dolphins are dying out. Farmers are running out of water to irrigate their fields. Too low water levels in rivers make it difficult for Amazonians to move around. Due to the record drought, the biodiversity levels of the Amazon's natural Rainforests may be greatly reduced. In addition, the continuing process of deforestation, cutting down old-growth forests, unique tree species is causing rapid degradation of the natural Amazon Rainforests. In addition, in some countries, the energy industry is still mainly based on burning fossil fuels, which means total ignorance of the political and business spheres of the issue necessary to carry out a green transformation of the economy, total ignorance of the needs of the people, future generations of citizens.
In view of the above, I turn to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers with the following question:
How to protect the biodiverse natural Rainforests of the Amazon from the worst drought in 120 years, the record drop in water levels in rivers, the extinction of animals due to lack of water?
How to protect the biodiverse natural Rainforests of the Amazon from drought?
And what is your opinion on this topic?
And what is your opinion about it?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
How to protect the biodiverse ecosystems of the Amazon Rainforest and other natural biodiverse forests, the unique old-growth trees that occur in them from logging, and also protect other biodiverse green areas from total degradation, from predatory pseudo forestry?
How to protect the Forests of the planet from destruction and thus save the world, protect the climate and biosphere of the planet for future generations of people?
Highly biodiverse natural forests have been forming for thousands of years, and through the use of predatory pseudo-management of forests, predatory logging of entire stands, including aged old-growth forests, burning of forests for productive unsustainable agricultural crops, etc., forest areas are rapidly decreasing year by year. Highly biodiverse natural forests are characterized by an abundance of many species of flora, fauna and other types of forms of living organisms linked by various ecological relationships and relations. They create a specific microclimate softening the local climate. They significantly increase water retention and water absorption by the biosphere of the forest ecosystem. High biodiversity of life forms, including ecologically interacting different life forms of flora, fauna, fungi and microorganisms creates sustainability of the adapted to specific climatic, geological, etc. natural ecosystems. Highly biodiverse natural forests are characterized by high levels of absorption of part of human-generated CO2 emissions and oxygen production. Highly biodiverse natural forests are also characterized by a high level of ecological, natural and environmental sustainability, as well as a high level of resilience to various adverse influences, the actions of external abiotic and biotic factors that could throw a sustainable natural ecosystem out of balance if it were susceptible to certain factors. Considering the more than 3 billion year period of evolutionary development of life forms, sustainability and biodiversity are the greatest achievements of the evolution of life on planet Earth. In view of the accelerating climate crisis, the accelerating process of global warming of the planet's atmosphere, the role of 21st century man who appreciates these resources and achievements of nature should be the ever-increasing scale of the protection of natural biodiversity and the pursuit of sustainability. In this regard, the unfavorable civilizational processes acting on natural biodiverse ecosystems should be reversed. Forest deforestation processes should be replaced by aforestation processes after industrial degraded areas. The increasingly frequent climatic disasters resulting from climate change, the increasingly rapid process of global warming, in addition to the Covid-19 pandemic of 2020, force us to reflect on the scale of imbalance in nature by the development of civilization. It is necessary to reverse these negative processes, restore the balance, reduce environmental pollution, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, develop renewable energy sources, implement the principles of sustainable development based on the concept of sustainable green closed-loop economics, etc. It is necessary to change the development of civilization so as to increase the scope of sustainability, rehabilitate areas degraded by industrial development, significantly increase the level of protection of biodiverse natural forests, develop programs for reforestation of wasteland, areas of depleted soils, replace intensive and industrial agriculture with sustainable organic agriculture, etc. It is essential to increase the areas under strict nature protection and create more national and landscape parks. The entire area of the natural, highly biodiverse, containing unique species of flora and fauna, natural rainforests of the Amazon should be established not only as a national park but also as a planetary natural heritage park, and therefore the entire natural area of the Amazon should be placed under strict protection.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
How to protect the biodiverse ecosystems of the Amazon Rainforest and other natural biodiverse forests, the unique old-growth forests that occur in them from logging, and also protect other biodiverse green areas from total degradation, from predatory pseudo forestry?
How to protect the Forests of the planet from destruction and thus save the world, protect the climate and biosphere of the planet for future generations of people?
How to protect the biodiverse ecosystems of the Amazon Rainforest from total degradation?
And what is your opinion about it?
What do you think about this topic?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Warm regards,
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Dariusz Prokopowicz
In your opinion, are so-called "carbon credits" consisting of some corporation taking a specific patch of natural forest cover, including, for example, a patch of natural Amazon Rainforest, for an additional ton of CO2 emissions, an effective instrument for real reduction of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere?
To consider the question of the role of so-called "carbon credits" in the context of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, one would have to assume that such a system actually reliably works. However, from what is reported by independent journalists, environmentalists, people who care about protecting the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems, including the forests of the Amazon, even those declared patches of natural Amazon Rainforest taken for protection under the so-called carbon credits are nevertheless often cut down.
Perhaps something will finally begin to change, to improve, in terms of protecting the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the natural ecosystems of the Amazon Rainforest in connection with the first Amazon Forest Conservation Summit in 14 years, currently being held in Belém, Brazil. Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon fell by 60 percent in July compared to the same month last year. The announcement of the positive trend coincides with the start of a summit in Belém of the 8 countries whose territories include the Amazon forest. This summit is attended by representatives of the governments of the 8 countries whose territory includes the natural Amazon Forest. Perhaps plans and commitments will be made to realistically protect this largest terrestrial reservoir of natural biodiversity and natural forests characterized by a particularly high contribution to absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere and producing oxygen. It may also be that the processes of increasing the scale of protection of these forests and reducing their still large-scale logging will be accelerated so that by 2030 at the latest, the deforestation of these forests will be completely ended. This is a particularly important issue because more than 20 percent of the Amazon rainforest has already disappeared due to human activity.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
In your opinion, are the so-called carbon credits, which consist in the fact that some corporation, for an additional ton of CO2 emissions, will take under protection a certain patch of natural forest cover, including, for example, a patch of natural Amazon Rainforest, an effective instrument for real reduction of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere?
Are so-called carbon credits an effective instrument to realistically reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
Counting on your opinions, on getting to know your personal opinion, on a fair approach to the discussion of scientific issues, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
What, in your opinion, are the methods, ways, legal solutions, new material and other technologies to reduce paper consumption, save wood and trees?
What, in your opinion, are the actions and projects that can contribute to forest conservation, to convert deforestation into afforestation, to protect the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and counteract the ongoing process of global warming?
As we know, trees, forests, especially old, natural forests, primeval forests with old-growth forests without human interference, without the influence of civilization, are the refuge of the greatest resources of biodiversity of natural ecosystems. Besides, forests play a particularly important role in the issue of slowing down the human-induced global warming process, which is progressing faster and faster. Forests also play a very important role in mitigating weather and climate anomalies, maintaining a mild microclimate friendly to living organisms, keeping the soil and air moist, maintaining the high level of biodiversity and soil fertility created over thousands or millions of years, and so on.
Deforestation still dominates over afforestation in many regions of the world. Forests are still being cut down and burned to acquire new areas for agricultural development, the cultivation of crops, which is usually carried out in the form of unsustainable robbery. In addition, this practice is carried out mainly in the tropics and subtropics, where after logging, forests created new arable land is quickly subject to drought and the soil becomes barren. Restoring a forest that has functioned for thousands of years or more in a specific area on the depleted soil requires huge expenditures. In addition, vegetable crops are grown on these new agricultural areas, which are either transported thousands of kilometers to other countries, which generates high greenhouse gas emissions, or are not used for human food but for livestock feed, which also generates high emissions, as industrial livestock farming is a source of high emissions of the potent greenhouse gas methane. Therefore, with a view to protecting the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and counteract the ongoing process of global warming.
Various examples of reducing paper consumption and saving forests are as follows:
In some countries, the scale of printing notebooks, notebooks, books, including school books, has been reduced and students as early as elementary school write at school on tablets or laptops rather than in paper notebooks. Green economic activities involving, for example, the production of furniture from recycled materials are also emerging.
Another example is the replacement of dirty energy based on burning firewood with renewable and emission-free sources of clean energy. Unfortunately, in some countries, in order to falsify statistics on the development of renewable energy at the behest of the government, central statistical institutions, ministries and government agencies dealing with climate and environmental issues also count firewood as a renewable energy source. Such absurdities unfortunately still exist in some countries.
Another example is the use of secondary raw materials of various origins in the construction industry instead of using wood, and especially instead of newly harvested wood from companies producing building materials based on fresh, new wood raw material from a sawmill.
As of 1.8.2023, paper receipts are not printed in France to save trees. You have to ask for a printed receipt if the customer needs one.
What other examples of reducing paper consumption and saving forests are as follows?
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
What, in your opinion, are the actions and undertakings that can contribute to forest conservation, to convert deforestation into afforestation, to protect the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and counteract the ongoing process of global warming?
What do you think are the methods, ways, legal solutions, new material technologies and others to reduce paper consumption, save wood and trees?
How can we reduce paper consumption, save wood, trees and reduce forest deforestation, protect biodiversity and climate?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please respond,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Warm regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
Counting on your opinions, on getting to know your personal opinion, on a fair approach to the discussion of scientific issues, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
Why do you think that in the context of the progressive process of global warming, deforestation, logging, cutting down of old-growth forests in natural forests and even in areas that should be converted to landscape parks or national parks is still going on in some countries on a large scale?
For example, why is it that in Europe, where environmental policy has been one of the priorities for several years, deforestation, logging, cutting down old-growth forests in natural forests in the Carpathian Mountains has been going on on a large scale in some countries?
In Europe, where environmental policy is taken seriously and is one of the priorities in recent years, afforestation of areas has begun to outweigh deforestation. This is in line with climate and environmental policy, against the ongoing process of global warming. Unfortunately, however, there are serious sad exceptions to this rule. Currently, according to Greenpeace, an area of 5 soccer fields is disappearing every hour throughout the Carpathians. According to what Greenpeace reports, in some countries only 3 percent of the natural forests of the Carpathians are legally protected from investments like road construction. In the country where I operate, thanks to the intervention of people who care about conservation, it was possible to defend the natural forests of the Bieszczady National Park from predatory logging by a government-controlled company that manages most of the country's forests. A company that has the issue of nature conservation and forest biodiversity written into its internal regulations as a priority function. But realistically this function is not treated as a priority. Thanks to the intervention in the bodies of the European Union, thanks to grassroots social movements, thanks to the activities of Greenpeace, it was possible to defend the natural forests, including the National Park in the Bieszczady Mountains from predatory pseudo-forest management. Thanks to the defense of the Bieszczady Mountains, nature in the Bieszczady Mountains is reviving. In addition, some 300 social grassroots movements to defend the natural forests in the Carpathians have since sprung up. Accordingly, the company that manages most of the country's forests have it written into their norms that social and natural functions come first and economic functions last. And in recent years these relationships have been turned on their head. According to what is reported by Greenpeace Poland, currently the natural forests in Poland are treated by the government-controlled forest management company primarily as a source of money for all sorts of social, economic and political ventures and the issues of nature conservation, in addition to natural forests, landscape parks and national parks, protection of the natural biodiversity of forest ecosystems is at the end and in many aspects realistically there is none at all. The revenue of the company that manages most of the country's forests where I operate in 2022 has increased by more than half from 10 billion zlotys to more than 15 billion zlotys. This gives food for thought. In 2022, a fund controlled by an organized political group allied with the government is credited with PLN 3 billion. This fund is used to finance various pre-election goals, including those that have nothing to do with forest conservation, protection of the biodiversity of natural forest ecosystems. And yet forests, including natural forests, whose ecosystems have developed over thousands or millions of years, are a very important factor also in protecting the climate from the ongoing process of global warming. Deforestation of forest areas accelerates the progressive process of global warming. A In the entire Carpathian Mountains (which together are found in the area of several countries in Europe), an area of 5 soccer fields disappears every hour.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Why do you think that in the context of the progressive process of global warming, deforestation, logging, cutting down of old-growth forests in natural forests and even in areas that should be converted to landscape parks or national parks is still going on in some countries on a large scale?
Why is it that in Europe, where environmental policy is one of the priorities for several years in some countries, deforestation, deforestation, cutting down of old-growth forests in natural forests in the Carpathian Mountains is progressing on a large scale?
Why is deforestation in the Carpathians in Europe, where environmental policy has been one of the priorities for several years, rapidly progressing?
Why, in the context of the progressive process of global warming, is deforestation still going on in some countries on a large scale?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
Counting on your opinions, on getting to know your personal opinion, on a fair approach to the discussion of scientific issues, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
How can we reduce the scale of predatory forestry, improve forest management processes and plans, systematically improve forest management so as to simultaneously preserve natural forest ecosystems and protect forest animals, many of which are already endangered, and increase the atmospheric uptake of CO2 by forest ecosystems, reduce the planet's greenhouse effect and slow down accelerating global warming?
International Day of Forests, which is celebrated annually on 21 March and was established by the UN General Assembly on 28 November 2012, is an opportunity to reflect on the systemic improvement of forest management in order to simultaneously preserve natural forest ecosystems, enhance the protection of biodiversity, the biosphere and the planet's climate. The celebration of the International Day of Forests aims to raise human awareness of the importance of forests for humans, including the crucial importance of forests in the context of protecting the planet's climate and biosphere. Taking into account the protection of the planet's climate, biosphere and biodiversity of natural ecosystems, it is urgently necessary to transform rabid forest management into rational, pro-climate and pro-environmental forest management. Forest management carried out within the framework of rational, pro-climate and pro-environmental forest management should be carried out in such a way that natural multi-species forest ecosystems are restored as much as possible instead of monocultures of homogeneous stands. When monocultures of forests based on a small number of tree species or even with the dominance of a single tree species are carried out, the incidence of various viral, fungal diseases and tree pests increases significantly. In addition, monocultures dominated by coniferous species are much more prone to the appearance and development of forest fires during the summer season. Tree monocultures are also unfavourable for the coexistence and development of many forest animal species that are found in natural, multi-species forest forests and primeval forests. Unfortunately, in terms of pseudo forest management, archaic forest management practices of monocultures based on a few tree species are still in use, which also causes a significant decline in the biodiversity of natural ecosystems. Accordingly, forest management should pursue rational, pro-climate, pro-environmental, biodiversity-sensitive forest management instead of commercial-oriented predatory management. In addition, forest management plans should respect the principles of nature conservation, protection of rare and endangered species of fauna and flora, protection against the felling of old trees, protection of the biodiversity of natural ecosystems, etc., which is also important in the context of the scale of CO2 absorption from the atmosphere, and is therefore an additional factor in limiting the scale of the ever-increasing greenhouse effect and the global warming process.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
How can we reduce the scale of the applied predatory forest management, improve forest management processes and plans, systemically improve the conduct of forest management so as to simultaneously take care of the state of natural forest ecosystems and protect forest animals, many of which are already endangered, and to increase the scale of CO2 uptake from the atmosphere by forest ecosystems, reduce the scale of the planetary greenhouse effect and slow down the increasingly rapid global warming process?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this subject?
Please respond,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
How can new ICT information technologies and Industry 4.0 help in environmental monitoring and conservation of the tropical Amazon Rainforest and other areas of forests, green spaces?
The technological advances taking place are contributing to the improvement of computerized analytical techniques implemented on large data sets. The development of technological solutions typical of the current fourth technological revolution, including the improvement and creation of new generations of ICT and Industry 4.0 information technologies, makes it possible to carry out multi-criteria analysis and simulation and forecasting models carried out on large sets of information and data. Such analyses are carried out using computerized analytical tools including Big Data Analytics in conjunction with other Industry 4.0 technologies. When the aforementioned analytical tools are enriched with Internet of Things technologies, cloud computing and satellite-implemented sensing and monitoring techniques, the possibilities for multi-criteria analytics of large areas, e.g. nature, climate and others in real time conducted using satellites, emerge. When artificial intelligence technology, machine learning, multi-criteria simulation models, and digital twins are added to these analytical and research techniques, opportunities arise for creating predictive simulations for multi-factor, complex processes realized in real time. These can be complex multi-factor natural, climatic, ecological processes, etc., and concerning changes in the state of the environment, environmental pollution, changes in the state of ecosystems, biodiversity, changes in the state of soils in agricultural fields, changes in the state of moisture in forest areas, etc. caused by civilization factors. In view of the above, new ICT information technologies and Industry 4.0 can also help monitor the state of the environment and protect the tropical Amazon rainforest and other areas of forests, green areas.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:
How can new ICT information technologies and Industry 4.0 help in environmental monitoring the biodiversity status and protection of the tropical Amazon Rainforest and other areas of forests, green spaces?
In what configuration of individual Industry 4.0 technologies should computerized environmental monitoring systems be built as essential elements of the system for protecting the tropical Amazon Rainforest and other areas of forests, green areas?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
There is a serious push in the USA right now August 2022 to save the trees on government land from logging by executive order or by law under the stressor that “Saving the trees that belong to society cost nothing”. And this means the land use called protected use costs nothing,
And this raises the question, Does the protection of trees/forest land under government ownership cost nothing to society?
What do you think?
Please share your own views on the use protection question.
Note: this is an academic question, not a political one.
How can instruments and systems for the conservation of the nature, biosphere, highly biodiverse ecosystems of the Amazon rainforests be improved?
The Amazon rainforest is the largest natural forest complex on planet Earth and is characterised by an exceptionally high level of biodiversity of natural forest ecosystems. Most of the millions of species of flora and fauna of the Amazon rainforest biodiversity are found exclusively in this forest formation. However, due to predatory logging management and increasingly frequent forest fires, the area of the Amazon's biodiverse rainforests is declining rapidly. The increasing incidence of fires in these forest formations is a consequence of the progressive process of global warming and the burning of the forest for the purpose of acquiring additional areas on which to grow crops according to a model of unsustainable, intensive agriculture. As the biodiverse rainforests of the Amazon absorb large quantities of CO2 from the atmosphere, they are one of several key factors in slowing down the progressive process of global warming. It is therefore urgently necessary to replace programmes for the deforestation of the Amazonian biodiverse rainforests and to replace this process of aforestation of civilisationally degraded areas, which is very negative for the climate and the biosphere of the planet.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:
How can instruments and systems for the conservation of nature, of the biosphere, of the highly biodiverse ecosystems of the Amazon rainforest be improved?
What is your opinion on this?
What do you think about this topic?
Please reply,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Greetings,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
Forests are the biodiversity wealth of natural ecosystems and a key factor in the wealth of the planet's biosphere. However, this natural wealth is rapidly being eroded by human civilisational activities. The scale of forest fires has been increasing in recent years. The increasing scale of forest fires is a result of the ongoing process of global warming. In some regions of the world, forests are also being burned in order to acquire more land for the cultivation of agricultural crops, which is usually carried out under predatory and unsustainable farming practices. It is well known that forests are one of the key factors in reducing the rate of increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, an important factor in slowing down the greenhouse effect and consequently also in slowing down global warming. It is therefore essential to increase the scale of forest fire protection.
The following questions are therefore becoming increasingly topical:
How to protect forests from fires?
What is your opinion on this subject?
What do you think about this topic?
Please reply,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Regards,
Dariusz
Dear Colleagues and Friends from the Research Gate portal,
Thanks for the answers given. From the answers above, it is clear that there are various ways and methods to protect forests from fires. Some of them are already in use but need to be scaled up, such as educating the public about the importance of the role of forests for the survival of most of the planet's biodiversity, the role of forests in limiting the scale and effects of the progressive process of global warming and therefore also in terms of human survival on the planet over the next at least several decades. On the other hand, some of these methods need to be further improved and also scaled up. These include, for example, creating new species of trees and shrubs that will be more resistant to abiotic (e.g. climate warming) and biotic (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic diseases) environmental factors. In addition to this, improving forest planning and management techniques by replacing disease- and fire-prone forest monocultures with multi-species, biodiverse forests, rich in natural forest ecosystems. Forest harvesting techniques are also among the methods that need to be further improved and developed. Well, instead of full felling, full deforestation in a specific area of the forest, which leads to rapid sterilisation and reduction of soil moisture, it is necessary (if at all) to cut only some, selected, individual trees in areas where the forest was planted without devastating the surrounding biosphere, without destroying the rest of the biodiverse natural forest ecosystem. It is also necessary to improve forest fire extinguishing techniques, creation of reservoirs for extinguishing water from rainfall, creation of systems limiting the rapid spread of a forest fire (clearing belts devoid of dry undergrowth, etc.), limiting the scale of draining of areas adjacent to forests, improving the system for detecting low levels of moisture of litter and undergrowth, improving systems for noticing micro-fires in order to increase the efficiency of action and shorten the time of fire development and its extinguishing by fire brigades. To this end, the new information technologies of ICT, the Internet and Industry 4.0 and satellite analytics should be used, as well as rapid transmission of information and informing specific public services and citizens as quickly as possible. In view of the ever-increasing scale of forest fires, which are increasingly caused by the progressive process of global warming and by their deliberate burning by humans, the problem is still very serious. In my country from January to July 2022, the number of forest fires increased compared to previous years and was already the same as in the whole of 2021. By 25.7.2022, there were already more forest fires in Poland than in the whole of last year 2021. In addition, an unusually high number of hot days have already been recorded. The scale of forest fires occurring in different regions of the world has once again intensified in recent months. In recent months, there have been forest fires in many countries in Europe, North America and on other continents. In some countries, record-breaking forest fires are still developing. Firefighters from various countries are involved in extinguishing them as part of international assistance. The problem is serious. The level of seriousness of this problem will increase in the years to come if mankind does not stop the increasingly rapid process of global warming. In addition, in the context of the above problem, it is particularly important to significantly increase the scale of afforestation in wasteland and post-industrial areas, areas degraded by civilisation. It is urgently necessary to bring about the prevalence of afforestation processes over deforestation on a global scale and to stop the deforestation of natural, biodiverse forest ecosystems. Why should we wait until the end of this decade to do so, as agreed at the UN-ET Climate Conference COP26. After all, what we do now in terms of a pro-environmental transformation of the economy on an individual, one-year scale translates into a potential slowdown in the progressive process of global warming on a multi-year scale. In some countries, the issue of the need to urgently and swiftly carry out a pro-environmental transformation of the economy is still downplayed and ignored in the political and business spheres. This is also the case in the country in which I operate. The issue of the key determinants of carrying out a pro-environmental transformation of the classic growth, brown, linear economy of excess to a sustainable, green, zero-carbon zero-growth and closed loop economy, in which the issue of the development of aforestation programmes and the protection of the planet's biosphere and climate is one of the essential elements, is described in my articles posted on my profile of this RG portal. Links to these articles can be found on the homepage of my RG profile. I invite you to collaborate, to set up joint international research projects in this important issue for the future of humanity, the biosphere and the planetary climate. I also invite you to continue discussions on the important issue of improving techniques, instruments and systems for forest fire protection.
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
In the advent of climate change, conditions suitable for local species could be significantly altered. Hence, planting characteristic tree species of the planting sites may not be feasible. There are several pieces of literature recommending the use of composite provenance in order to restore climate-resilient characteristic tree species/forests. However, the issue of outbreeding depression is a concern. So, my question is: in the advent of climate change, would it be wise to use planting material from composite provenance for forest restoration?
Am Doing My Research Work in "Growth Potential Of A Forest Cover"
Hello everyone!
I am participating in a conservation project related to the illegal harvesting of species of high commercial value (Granadillo, Tzalam, Hormigo, Mahogany, etc.) in the Mayan Forest on the mexican side.
Illegal logging of high-value species is one of the main threats to forest conservation in southeastern Mexico. It is an ultra-complex subject that surely requires several branches of science to understand. Do any of you know if anyone is actually studying the illegal logging occurring in Mexico's tropical forests?
Thank you all in advance for your answers!
In many countries, in individual regions and urban agglomerations, tree planting projects are currently underway as part of afforestation programs for civilization-modified areas. In some countries afforestation of civilizational modified areas is considered one of the most important instruments to neutralize the negative effects of greenhouse gas emissions. The main premise of this thesis is the fact that certain species of trees and shrubs absorb significant amounts of CO2 and improve microclimate and water management in surface layers of soil. However, according to the results of scientific research in a situation of high greenhouse gas emissions, afforestation will not solve the problem of global warming. If in a given country, in a given agglomeration the majority of households, motor vehicles and enterprises from the energy sector relies on burning of minerals, the emission of greenhouse gases is so high that afforestation may reduce this emission to a very small extent. In this situation, apart from afforestation, other projects should be developed that will enable the implementation of the principles of sustainable, pro-ecological development based on the concept of a new, green economy. These other pro-ecological undertakings include, first of all, the development of renewable energy sources, increasing the efficiency of waste segregation, recovering secondary materials, development of electromobility in the automotive industry, development of programs for implementation, implementation and financing of eco-innovations, such as the construction of small household ecological power plants based eg on installing house roofs photovoltaic panels replacing stoves, in which often poor quality minerals are burned, etc. Therefore, afforestation does not solve the serious problem of global warming but should be developed as one of many instruments to reduce the negative greenhouse gas emission effects.
In addition, it is particularly important to protect existing forest resources, including natural forest ecosystems characterized by high biodiversity, and therefore a high biological value, such as rainforest, tropic rainforest of the Amazon. However, this is only an example of the largest, existing natural forest ecosystem on Earth. All other such ecosystems should be under strict protection and should be excluded from the predatory, devastating forest exploitation economy, i.e. harvesting timber from these natural forest ecosystems, because in the context of the problem of global warming they are one of the most important, most valuable resources of the planet Earth.
In view of the above, the current question is: Can the afforestation of civilization-modified areas significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.
Currently, it is estimated that the entire flora of the planet absorbs about 1/3 of the CO2 in the atmosphere. Therefore, the progressive deforestation of the remaining forest areas contributes to the increasingly faster greenhouse effect and thus to the acceleration of the global warming process. Therefore, since we already know this, the question arises why deforestation processes still prevail over aforestation and forest areas are rapidly decreasing year by year? It's good that some decisions were finally made on this matter. Well, during the COP26 Climate Summit, i.e. the UN-Ethical Climate Conference, which took place in the first half of November 2021 in Glasgow, Scotland, the participating countries of the world took part in this Conference that the deforestation processes would be completed by 2030. If we know how important it is for the future of the planet's climate, why does humanity and the planet's biosphere have to wait so long for it? Of course, it can be said that it is better late than never. But it is late, taking into account the constantly accelerating process of global warming, the constantly increasing scale of negative effects of climate change and the growing risk of a global climate catastrophe in a few decades, it is very late.
Best wishes,
Dariusz
The use of natural products is an alternative for the control of pathogens associated with seeds, with the advantage of cost reduction and absence of environmental impact caused by pesticides.
Please see the attachment, where the researchers are going in deep forest to aware the people about the medicinal plants
Can "forest cover" be used as an indicator of "drought vulnerability"? If so, what qualitative relationship can there be between the two?
Values obtained for Evenness of the species distribution, relative abundance of species diversity, and the species richness of a number of identified timber tree species of a forgotten forest for biodiversity estimation applying Shannon-Wiener Index and computing by Excel's data analysis tool show almost the same, only the species richness index is different, then it's my query, parameters like Evenness of the species distribution, relative abundance of species diversity, and the species richness, are these same in the context of forest ecology?
Bioenergetic use of Araucaria angustifolia branches
Araucaria angustifolia was widely exploited in the past for wood purpose
and currently it is on the red list of endangered species in Brazil
As far as we know, there are no data on the extent of this uncontrolled exploitation (Records suggest that its original extension has been reduced to just 12%).
Currently it cannot be cut or managed,
even the branches - which fall naturally at a certain time are not used.
So, we have the following questions:
Is it possible to see the Araucaria tree in a profitable and ecological way at the same time?
How can the use of branches contribute to the conservation of species?
Can the use of co-products (branches) save Araucaria from extinction?
These and other questions are addressed in this study carried out at the State University of Centro Oeste, PR - Brazil and can be accessed FREE of charge for 50 days
by the link
Due to the current civilization progress in recent decades, acceleration of the development of industry, automotive, urban agglomerations, intensification of agricultural production, etc. and related greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, ozone layer depletion in the atecologicalecologicalmosphere, increase of environmental pollution, growing problem of smog in urban agglomerations, the increase in pollution of the seas and oceans to which unsorted waste is thrown away is cut out as part of the predatory economy of tropical forests in the Amazon and other largest natural forest ecosystems.
In addition, the secondary effect of global warming of the Earth's climate is the increasing, more frequent weather anomalies, including drought, leading to steppe and desertification of areas that were previously natural forest ecosystems or areas exploited by agriculture.
As a result of the above-mentioned processes, every year many species of flora and fauna disappear forever.
As a result, natural biodiversity diminishes, which for millions of years evolved evolutionally on Earth.
In this way the natural resources of the planet Earth are irretrievably in decline.
In view of the above, the issue of environmental protection and biodiversity is one of the most important challenges of humanity in the 21st century.
Classical economics must change towards a green economy based on the strategy of sustainable pro-ecological development.
Therefore, I am asking you for the following query:
How can environmental protection and biodiversity be improved by using current ecological technologies?
Please, answer, comments.
I invite you to the discussion.
I pointed out the high level of relevance of the issue taken up in the above question in the article:
Please respond with what do you think about the issues described in this article?
Best wishes
Dariusz Prokopowicz
Net zero refers to a state in which the greenhouse gases going into the atmosphere are balanced by removal out of the atmosphere. A growing number of countries, cities and companies are aiming for 'net zero' emissions to meet climate goals, and the International Energy Agency has unveiled a plan to get there.
For tree based removal of CO2 would demand between 0.4 and 1.2 billion hectares of land. That’s 25% to 80% of all the land currently under cultivation. How will that be achieved at the same time as feeding 8-10 billion people around the middle of the century or without destroying native vegetation and biodiversity?
If we add technological removal, it may be termed as investment with no return.
If we are purly dependent on plantation, growing billions of trees would consume vast amounts of water – in some places where people are already thirsty. Increasing forest cover in higher latitudes can have an overall warming effect because replacing grassland or fields with forests means the land surface becomes darker. This darker land absorbs more energy from the Sun and so temperatures rise. Focusing on developing vast plantations in poorer tropical nations comes with real risks of people being driven off their lands.
And it is often forgotten that trees and the land in general already soak up and store away vast amounts of carbon through what is called the natural terrestrial carbon sink. Interfering with it could both disrupt the sink and lead to double accounting.
I am trying to build a network to fight against deforestation via Campaigning. Please feel free to contact me, if you're interested
The Amazon rainforest is the largest complex of the natural forest ecosystem of the planet Earth. The Amazon rainforest it is a natural complex of forest ecosystem with rich biodiversity. In these Amazonian ecosystems there are still many, millions of species of flora and fauna that have not yet been fully discovered or described.
The scale of felling and thinning stands in the Amazon's forest is so large that every day the scale of this unique biodiversity decreases and many species of living organisms cease to exist.
Human civilization in this way destroys one of the greatest achievements in the development of life, the evolution of ecosystems on Earth.
This is a very serious problem to solve in the 21st century.
Therefore, I am addressing you with an important question: What should you do to limit the devastation of Amazon rainforests?
+1
Burlap traps are a way to mitigate the invasive Lymantria dispar dispar (tussock/gypsy moth) caterpillars, which defoliate mainly hardwood deciduous trees. Burlap is wrapped around trees and tied with twine, then folded to create a flap and ideal conditions where the caterpillars migrate into. The caterpillars are then disposed of in soapy water when the traps are checked.
If I want to study spatial ecology of these caterpillars, using quantitative analysis from each trap at a small lake surrounded by forest, how should I prioritize trap set-up (location, amount)?
Should the traps be completely randomized?
My study area is at maximum 2 square kilometres with a small Lake taking up about 0.25 of those square km.
Ideally I want to minimize confounding variables such as tree species the traps are placed on.
The goal of this project is to determine spatial distribution of the caterpillars and to mitigate them with weekly checks.
Any help would be greatly appreciated!
Soil chemical analysis for various studies shows the impact of Sulphur in crop production particularly in the field of agriculture, and a better result even obtained for the combined effect of Sulphur, Boron and Copper, though Sulphur is a macronutrient whereas Boron and Copper. In my present study, Sulphur concentration of the sampled forest soils varies from 0.28 to 16.53 kg/ha, whereas, Boron content 0.90 to 1.39 kg/ha and Copper from 0.31 to 8.98 kg/ha, are they standard values for the forest soils? Are they working well in combined form for the growth and vegetation of the forest soils?
Moreover, substrate soils are lacking Sulphur almost all over world including Indian subcontinent due to emission of Sulphur compounds to the atmosphere that reduces its concentration in the soils of the forest floors. On contrast, Copper present in the substrate soils as a component becomes retarded very quickly in the soil and that are not available as nutrients for the plants easily, then what contents of Sulphur, Copper and Boron availability are to be considered as the standard values for the forest soils in the forest patches in the south west forest patches of West Bengal?
Today the main source of financing being discussed for forest protection in developing countries is under the umbrella of Nature-based Solutions for climate, and specifically carbon offsets. Offsets have, however, encountered a number of challenges from both the demand and supply-side. And arguably, the original premise behind offsets is no longer valid. We no longer have a choice to delay reductions. It's too late for this Kyoto-approach. Everyone must now reduce their own GHGs consistent with a 1.5D trajectory. If not offsets, what other scalable financing mechanisms can be used to incentivize governments and land owners to protect primary forests and natural ecosystems over the long-term?
Hi, I want to realize a project of monitoring of Forest Health status on a large scale in Europe. But I don't are sure of the index that can be better to use for this task. maybe the NDVI is one of the most popular, but I have read something about the NDWI and EVI. What do you think about the better index to assess the health status or the decline of the vegetation canopy of the European forest?
Help me, thank you very much
Many studies show that the most effective organic farming consists in cultivating forest stands in a formula referring to natural, complex, biologically multispecies ecosystems.
The ecological forestry formula based on the cultivation of many different species of trees and shrubs adjacent to each other, referring to the formation of a natural ecosystem, allows to eliminate chemical measures to protect forest spruce and shrubs and reduce biological fertilization.
Only the application of biologically neutral machines and technical devices to crops to correct the functioning of organic forest crops would allow the improvement of this formula and striving to achieve sustainable forestry.
Only the question of the legitimacy of using or possibly resigning from the creation of new, more resistant to various diseases and pests, new varieties of cultivated trees and shrubs through the use of genetics engineering would remain to be considered.
It is not about creation of new species of plants or animals through genetic manipulation techniques, but about breeding newer varieties of forest trees and shrubs that are more resistant to diseases and pests as a perfecting formula of cultivation referring to the natural ecosystem.
Cultivation of forest stands referring to the formula of the natural biological ecosystem should be improved by creating and introducing to these complex crops these new varieties of trees and shrubs in order to restore biological balance, which was previously significantly reduced through the widespread use of forest and forestry monoculture carried out under classic forestry.
In this way, it is possible to recreate sustainable forestry in the future in areas where classical monocultural forest crops were previously grown or in reclaimed areas.
In view of the above, I would like to ask you: should sustainable chemistry and monoculture be reduced in sustainable forestry, and forestry techniques referring to natural ecosystems should be developed?
Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.
I am going to buy an unmanned aerial vehicle for my university for forestry applications. Since there are alot of options, I realy get confused to choose a proper model and a valid brand. Also, l want to use a 3d laser scanner and a multispectral camera. I would rather that the vehicle have gps and imu and the flight could be programmed. Please if you have personal experience, share them.
Best regards,
Hormoz
We want to plant at least 20 Miyawaki forests in rural Maharashtra in 2020. We will tend to them for 2 years, as recommended in the method. Post this, once the external water supply and mulching is stopped, will the soil continue getting enough natural mulch to support the forest and ensure survival 10-20 years down the line? What is the most accurate research available on survival rates of Miyawaki forests and ensuring the same?
In all six Zelkova tree species mature fruits fall with the entire twig, and the dried leaves that are still attached function as a parachute, carrying the fruits a few metres away from the parent tree (see attached pictures, first photo: twig of Zelkova serrata from Taiwan, second: dispersed twigs of Z. abelicea from Crete).
Does anybody know other similar examples of such dispersal mechanisms in other trees/woody species?
For more images of fruits, and more details on the relict tree genus Zelkova see www.zelkova.ch and the publications available on this webpage.
Biomass of the two trees namely Azadirachta indica (Neem) and (Jalpai) Alaerocarpus serratus is measured which were uprooted in the last November by the ravaged cyclone Bulbul, the ratio between Above Ground Biomass (AGB) and Below Ground Biomass (BGB) of both the trees of the Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests type is about 20:1, root systems of both the trees are not at all sufficient to erect or support this relatively higher mass of stem, branch, and leaves particularly during the cyclonic storms, do the rest of the trees have the same root systems, is this low quantitative root systems responsible for the low content of Below Ground Biomass of the Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests type whereas the BGB is relatively more in the other forest floors like temperate or conifers
Forest resources are of immense economical benefits, taping into these however may result in environmental concerns. Placing these side by side, what then should take precedence while juxtaposing the choices of economical or environmental interests?
Parameter focusing on vegetation (classification).
My name is Benhalima Yacin am a 3rd year PhD student in Abou bekr belkaid university of Tlemcen, Algeria majoring in forest science with focus on forest protection
My research articulates on the forest fire risk assessment using flammability parameters (on-field and laboratory data) with focus on spatial assessment of fire risk in the cork oak forests, during my PhD I have worked along with my supervisor on the use of epiradiator and I have some information’s about MLC (mass loss calorimeter) to assess flammabity parameters of live fuels. I have contributed to several conferences and published research papers on the subject
My institution is on a collaborative Erasmus exchange program and I had the opportunity to be selected to pursue a further research on the “Universitat politectica de Valencia”, I find this an opportunity to strengthen my skills and advance my phd research.
this request is to look for a supervisor who have same research focus and interested in working with a phd scholar under a fully funded grant
I have attached my CV /other required documents and I would be glad to hearing from you soon.
I am very thankful and looking forward to your positive response.
I am currently analyzing the impact of a policy instrument on deforestation rates. The unit of analysis is a landscape (geographically selected based on biophysical conditions). I have eight landscapes (8 cases/observations), four of them have the policy instrument (participants inside the landscape have voluntarily decided to join the forest conservation program) and four don´t. Each landscape has diverse information (continuous, Likert scale, percentages, etc.); for example, there is income information from 800 (100 in each landscape) households but also governance indicators (Likert scale) from 8 (one in each landscape) communities. Due to the variety of information at different levels across the landscapes I decided to use average values for the each variable in all landscapes. I face now the following problem: I have 8 observations but more than 50 independent variables.
Questions:
Is there a statistical technique that accounts for too few cases and too many variables?
Except for backward elimination, how could I select the appropriate variables for analysis? LASSO?
Also, considering the number of observations, is there a threshold for statistical values (R2, P-value, t-statistics, etc.) that I must meet to have significant (publishable!) results from the regression?
Thanks a lot!
Fernando
I am working on stand structure of a Forest Reserve. How do I show novelty on the research; though the vertical and horizontal stand structure of the stand in the study area have not been reported?
Dear RG Colleagues,
Can someone help me to identify this plant species?
Thank you
Abdenour
I am searching for good quality pictures of the following "primeval forest relict beetles" of Europe (in German: Urwaldrelikte):
Ampedus auripes (Elateridae)
Ceruchus chrysomelinus (Lucanidae)
Prostomis mandibularis (Prostomatidae)
Quedius truncicola (Staphylinidae)
We are carrying out an investigation of old trees & forests in Western Switzerland and would like to illustrate some large public documents.
Hello, You can use my photos. They are free of right. The only condition of use is to quote photo credits: B. Calmont.
Best Regards,
Benjamin
We have two types of forest, natural and man-grown forest. Forest is one of the most economical resource that has a big role in maintaining ecological systems. But each trees has got its own productive age after that there is decrease in its productivity. Such trees should be cut for some other uses. The old tree must be compensated with new plantation. In this way it will not only play it's ecological role but will help and support economic activities.
In contrast we have banned tree cutting under the concepts of conservation and preservation. In this way, most of the counties are dependent on man-grown forest and usually growing fast growing trees. That has got negative impacts on Environment. Is there any such study on tree's age and its ecological productivity?
If someone has information, please share.
Regards
The mountain of TaraGat was famous for dens forest cover. With the passage of time tree cutting was accelerated. Before merger of Swat, Dir and Chitral states, Malakand was part of Federally Administered
Tribal Area (FATA). During that time all mountainous areas were communal land and forest resources were under the control of local land owners. After merger of the three states in to Pakistan (1969-70), the status of Malakand changed from FATA to PATA (provincial administered tribal area). The ownership of forest resource changed and came under the control of Government. In this way large scale deforestation
started. Till 1980 the mountain of TaraGat was completely cleared. During 2000-02, forest department was with a sincere attempt to decorate the mountain with trees and was successful. For this purpose
the mountain was banned for five year. When the banned was lifted, one person claimed ownership and cleared a small part of the newly planted forest. With this a conflict aroused and the whole community started trees cutting. The forest was cleared within few days time
JFM has almost everywhere been painted as a very good policy for forest conservation and NTFPs but what about the people who are a part of it?Are the benefits from JFM equally distributed to all?
With climate change, there is a shift in time and season of food production in Tropical Forests. For example, a tree that produces in December may now produce in February. A particular example in Nigeria is the fact that maize and African pear ( Dacryodes edulis) mature around the same period because they are consumed together but this has been altered due to climate change. I am in need of literature to backup this phenomena.
I have selected a first generation of individuals from a few parental specimens of Quercus pubescens; they show red crowns in autumn as the parents do. This color seems to be unknown in Q. pubescens. I am looking for any information from anywhere about other individuals and/or groups of Q. pubescens with the same trait. Thank you.
Is any co-existing fact about the altitude gradient and plant biodiversity. Is it having any role in climate change preparedness. Please also suggest some research articles in this topic.
will it be a good process to record sound in any forest area to understand its bird biodiversity?
suggestions are also requested
the villages located in the core zone of the forest government is rehabilitating due to forest protection concern but these people are not ready so they can be use for tourism purpose which can create economical development of these people and they will protect and conserve forest area
My field sample plots are 30x30m square and I have to measure canopy coverage along with other field data. Ho can I use GRS densiometer or Spherical densiometer to measure the canopy coverage of my sample plot with less error of estimation.
I am studying on the effect of fragmentation on tree species composition in subtropical forest.
I am helping the American Forest Foundation look for successful behavior change programs with measured impacts that have involved one or more of these characteristics, preferably with audiences that were rural and mostly over 65 years old.
We’re looking for programs in the following subject areas, but would consider other areas as well.
· Climate change mitigation
· Coastal and marine conservation
· Landscaping and pesticide use
. Substance abuse and addictions
· Sustainable agriculture
· Wildlife conservation and species at risk
Thanks for your consideration
Is it vital to conservation efforts ?
I am seeking info about invasiveness of Tetraclinis articulata (syn. Callitris quadrivalvis).
I am aware of Rourke (1991) and Richardson & Rejmánek (2004) references.
Has anyone reliable info (local reports, notes) suggesting this tree established and became naturalized beyond its natural range?
Thanks
Thank you,
Jean-Marc
What is the role of green land in cities and rural areas? the role of botanical gardens and sanctuaries?
What is the role of forest extension officers and land restorators?
I want to get involved in agroforestry research, and the best way I can think of is to volunteer at a working agroforestry farm. Can anyone share any contacts of farms or research sites that would accept volunteers?
I am going to study the forest resources survey which covers the quantitative and qualitative analysis of vegetation. In this connection, I would like to know what the sampling methods should be and how to know the number of sample for the entire study i.e. how to select the sampling location to have optimum area coverage. The study area falls under the arid tract with tropical thorn forest. So, please help me to finalize the methodology and minimum number of samples. Which methods would be suitable?
Eucalyptus plantations are lucrative. Perhaps no country is more aware of this than Portugal, a greater proportion of whose surface is covered by these trees than any other country.
The plantations, mainly of E. globulus and sometimes its clones, are also controversial. They are accused of a gamut of sins: depleting groundwater, fostering fires, encouraging erosion, vitiating watersheds, deterring native flora with voracious roots and allelopathy, etc.
Nevertheless Portugal, and presumably Brussels, permit planting techniques such as shown in the attached file even in supposedly protected Natura Network sites and Important Bird Areas. The Forest Stewardship Council actually certifies this practice.
Please, RG, where or from whom can we get the facts?
Thank you.
Teak is one of the most "mobile" species, moved rampantly by humans in the last 300 years. Natural populations have been "corrupted" due to such unscrupulous movement of propagules. Hence what criteria could be considered to identify the "relic" natural populations of teak in India?
In the aim of a research project we need average quantities/ range of values of biomass (ton/ha/year) per forest type (e.g.: Eucalyptus stands, Maritime Pine stands, scrubland, ...) for the SW of Portugal and Spain.
Of course the variation range of the biomass quantities for the same forest stand could be high, and it depends from different attributes besides the tree species (e.g.: tree density, tree height, ...). Later in the project those values will be calculated considering different local management models.
Thanks in advance.
