Forest - Science topic

The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences has published a subset of plot data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory to be used for training RS-models: https://www.slu.se/en/Collaborative-Centres-and-Projects/the-swedish-national-forest-inventory/listor/sample-plot-data/

The dataset includes estimates of biomass from stems, branches, stumps and roots (and much more).

It's open available for free.

The Black Hole!

The short answer to your question is : no need for new "technologies" to produce paper from annual plants (even grass), paper is produced on paper machines that can use fibers from all origins (cellulose from trees AND plants, synthetic fibers, glass fibers...).

The vast majority of the "tree-originated" paper produced in the world is NOT sourced from deforestation raw materials. It is produced from managed plantations and sawmills by-products.

And there already exist lots of papers incorporating annual fibers : cotton, abaca (banknotes), esparto grass, flax (special papers)...

Take a look here : https://www.cepi.org/

Or on some academic sites : Innventia (S), VTT (Fin), CTP (F), PTS (D)...

Dear Mansoor,

Thanks, but it is not really what I asked for. And: european bison got extinct in many parts of Europe already 1500 years ago, in the alps around 1000 before present, in bulgaria around 16th century. It was not widespread in Europe even in Caesars time and a very rare animal.- It survived in Poland because it was winter fed by farmers or had access to hay and protected by the king for personal hunting. My question aims at another focus: How can we find evidence, that such protective measures were propably done in ancient times, as well ?

best regards,

Ricarda

As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, I don't have specific information on any sector reforms from BETA (assuming you mean the Bureau of Economic and Trade Affairs or any other organization with the acronym BETA) affecting forest resources in Kenya. However, I can provide some general insights on how sector reforms, especially those related to economic and trade affairs, could potentially impact forest resources in a country like Kenya:

It's important to note that the actual impact of sector reforms on forest resources would depend on the specific nature of the reforms, how they are implemented, and the effectiveness of associated policies and regulations. To get the most accurate and up-to-date information on this topic, you may want to refer to recent government publications, reports from relevant organizations, or contact experts and authorities in forestry and environmental management in Kenya.

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Thank you very much, it worked with the Display exponentiated form!

See my paper attached paper :)

As Lowilius Wiyono said, it is difficult to answer specifically to your question.

I think a good point to start with would be an introduction on the meta-analyses methods to know exactly what you have in mind and then you could chose the dedicated software to do it (R, RevMan, ...).

I really like this online book by Harrer which is a thorough overview of meta-analyses and methods that can be used with R sofware (https://bookdown.org/MathiasHarrer/Doing_Meta_Analysis_in_R/intro.html), but I am a R biased user :-)

Field GCP of different special and shapefile of your area of interest. you can directly upload in GEE or You can digitised polygon around the Ground GCP by using satellite base map and these data used as training sample by using sentinel -2 image with available different classifier in GEE like random forest, CART, SVM. It is possible to create different species vegetation map but the accuracy of classification depend quality of ground sample data.

Blue light penetrates best; green light is second, yellow light is third, followed by orange light and red light. Red light is quickly filtered from water as depth increases and red light effectively never reaches the deep ocean. Color is due to the reflection of different wavelengths of visible light. The long wavelengths of the light spectrum red, yellow, and orange can penetrate to approximately 15, 30, and 50 meters (49, 98, and 164 feet), respectively, while the short wavelengths of the light spectrum violet, blue and green can penetrate further, to the lower limits of the euphotic zone. Wavelength decreases as energy increases as you move from red to violet light across the color spectrum. Blue light however penetrates the water the best. This is why the ocean can appear in many different shades of blue. Water in the open ocean appears clear and blue because it contains much less particulate matter, such as phytoplankton or other suspended particles, and the clearer the water, the deeper the light penetration. The colors in the middle of the visible spectrum (yellow, green and blue) penetrate seawater to the greatest depth, while colors of longer (violet) and shorter (red and orange) wavelengths are absorbed and scattered more rapidly. The green plants and trees present in the forest utilize carbon dioxide from the environment during the process of photosynthesis and release oxygen into the atmosphere. This oxygen is inhaled by the animals during respiration. Animals release carbon-dioxide during respiration which is absorbed by plants.Plants take up carbon dioxide from air and give out oxygen during photosynthesis. Animals take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide during respiration. This maintains a balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Through photosynthesis, forests absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce oxygen, complementing the collective breathing of other life on Earth that inhales oxygen and expels carbon dioxide.

On deforestation and Atmospheric CO2. "A study of effects of terrestrial biota on the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere suggests that the global net release of carbon due to forest clearing between 1860 and 1980 was between 135 × 10¹⁵ and 228 × 10¹⁵ grams. Between 1.8 × 10¹⁵ and 4.7 × 10¹⁵ grams of carbon were released in 1980, of which nearly 80 percent was due to deforestation, principally in the tropics. The annual release of carbon from the biota and soils exceeded the release from fossil fuels until about 1960. Because the biotic release has been and remains much larger than is commonly assumed, the airborne fraction, usually considered to be about 50 percent of the release from fossil fuels, was probably between 22 and 43 percent of the total carbon released in 1980. The increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is thought by some to be increasing the storage of carbon in the earth's remaining forests sufficiently to offset the release from deforestation. The interpretation of the evidence presented here suggests no such effect; deforestation appears to be the dominant biotic effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide. If deforestation increases in proportion to population, the biotic release of carbon will reach 9 × 10¹⁵ grams per year before forests are exhausted early in the next century. The possibilities for limiting the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through reduction in use of fossil fuels and through management of forests may be greater than is commonly assumed".

Woodwell, G. M., Hobbie, J. E., Houghton, R. A., Melillo, J. M., Moore, B., Peterson, B. J., & Shaver, G. R. (1983). Global deforestation: contribution to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Science, 222(4628), 1081-1086.

Comment: It is IMHO a Scientific Heresy when tackling the GHE issue and Carbon reduction or sequestration before suitably addressing the challenging question of the Forest Future, at the global scale, with the world engagement it deserves using among other means the polluter-payer principle to restore Forest Coverage around the world.

Through food chains, the carbon that is in plants moves to the animals that eats them. Animals that eat other animals get the carbon from their food too. Carbon moves from plants and animals to soils. When plants and animals die, their bodies wood and leave decays bringing the carbon into the ground. The carbon cycle is nature's way of reusing carbon atoms, which travel from the atmosphere into organisms in the Earth and then back into the atmosphere over and over again. Most carbon is stored in rocks and sediments, while the rest is stored in the ocean, atmosphere, and living organisms.Producers use carbon dioxide to make food in photosynthesis. Some of the carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere when this food is used for energy during cellular respiration. The rest is stored in the producer's body as sugar. It becomes available to consumers for energy. Carbon as carbon dioxide, an abiotic factor, enters the biotic realm of an ecosystem through photosynthesis by either plants or photosynthetic microorganisms. Carbon moves through ecosystems in two cycles that overlap. In the biotic cycle, it moves between living things and the air. In the abiotic cycle, it moves between the air, ground, and oceans. By burning fossil fuels, humans have increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. Nutrients are taken up by plants through their roots. Nutrients pass to primary consumers when they eat the plants. When living things die, the cycle repeats. Nutrients can enter or exit an ecosystem at any point and can cycle around the planet. Plants constantly exchange carbon with the atmosphere. Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and much of this carbon dioxide is then stored in roots, permafrost, grasslands, and forests. Plants and the soil then release carbon dioxide when they decay.After the organisms die, they sink to the seafloor. Over time, layers of shells and sediment are cemented together and turn to rock, storing the carbon in stone limestone and its derivatives. Only 80 percent of carbon-containing rock is currently made this way. Carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere naturally when organisms respire or decompose (decay), carbonate rocks are weathered, forest fires occur, and volcanoes erupt. Carbon dioxide is also added to the atmosphere through human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and forests and the production of cement. The green plants and trees present in the forest utilize carbon dioxide from the environment during the process of photosynthesis and release oxygen into the atmosphere. This oxygen is inhaled by the animals during respiration. Animals release carbon-dioxide during respiration which is absorbed by plants.It is proposed that one large tree can provide a day's supply of oxygen for up to four people. Trees also store carbon dioxide in their fibers helping to clean the air and reduce the negative effects that this CO2 could have had on our environment. The balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide is maintained in the atmosphere by the oxygen released by plants during photosynthesis and carbon dioxide released by humans, animals, and plants etc. during respiration. Through photosynthesis, forests absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce oxygen, complementing the collective breathing of other life on Earth that inhales oxygen and expels carbon dioxide.

You can ask the publisher or look at the requirements online :)

Miguel Ángel Peña Jr.

It is Adromischus marianiae var. immaculatus Uitewaal of Crassulaceae family.

Thanks!

The Wald test (also called the Wald Chi-Squared Test) is a way to find out if explanatory variables in a model are significant. “Significant” means that they add something to the model; variables that add nothing can be deleted without affecting the model in any meaningful way. You can use 'fitdistr' in R to compare AICs between your models :)

Differences between the two:

Word:

- A word is a basic unit of language that carries meaning and can stand alone or be combined with other words to form phrases and sentences.

- Words are typically represented as discrete symbols or strings of characters, and they form the building blocks of written and spoken language.

- In computational linguistics and NLP, words are often used as the fundamental units for various tasks, such as tokenization, part-of-speech tagging, and machine translation.

Word Concepts (Word Masks):

- Word concepts, also known as word masks or word embeddings, refer to vector representations of words in a high-dimensional semantic space.

- Word embeddings capture the semantic and contextual information of words by representing them as dense, real-valued vectors.

- Word embeddings are derived from large amounts of text data using techniques like word2vec, GloVe, or BERT.

- These vector representations allow computers to understand and relate words based on their similarities, analogies, and contextual relationships.

- Word embeddings have found widespread use in various NLP applications, such as information retrieval, sentiment analysis, and named entity recognition.

Good luck

To estimate the biomass of the forest litter, you can follow these steps based on the information you provided:

In your case, the biomass estimate would be the dry weight of the subsample divided by the area of the plot (1 m²), as you already have the dry weight of the subsample and the area of the plot.

However, keep in mind that this estimation assumes that the subsample accurately represents the entire plot's litter biomass. If the distribution of litter is uneven within the plot, using multiple subsamples or larger sampling areas might provide a more accurate representation of the biomass.

Additionally, if you're working with a larger area, you might need to scale up your biomass estimation accordingly.

Trees take up more carbon than other terrestrial plants. Paper traditionally was made from straw, bamboos, banana and other low carbon storing plants. Alternatively, fast growing high fibre products such as bamboo, grass and waste (straw) from grain be used for pulp production rather than wood.

Laws must be put in place to ban paper from wood and encourage other alternatives. It is possible.

Actually deforestation is carried out due to the mismanagement of the legilation and policy making in most of the developing countries where most of the forests are over-stocked which requires a proper scientfic management.In the developing countries the policy and legislation is according to the law and they use to revise their law wit the passage of time.If we see the states of the countries then the developing countries are more extractor of the forest globally.To control this situation we have to make proper management plans and policies to regulate this problem and deforestation is not the only cause for the rapid increase in the global warming.Along with that the habitate destruction and the urbanization is one of the major cause for the global warming.

Dear Steffen,

to my knowledge, the "Scientific contributions by x [while affiliated with y]"-pages are created automatically, i.e., by the RG algorithms. Of course, the system can only pick up publications which are available or at least fully referenced somewhere on the web. So, as always, the AI is only as good as the data it is fed with...

With best wishes,

Julius

It is difficult to answer correctly to this question without a specfic example. From my understanding it looks like a log10 scale.

You can do it easily using R and metafor package. (see for example this stackexchange post (https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35047355/forest-plot-with-log-transformed-model-by-metafor-package-in-r))

Congratulations and with all best wishes! I am against insecticides and chemical fertilizers. Chemical fertilizer makes the soil poor and does not improve the soil. To date it has not been proven that poison kills harmful insects. Are the beneficial insects no more than no fruits, seeds and plants.

Martin Jančovič Thank you so much.

Sample size and representativity of sample (resulting from sample and plot design) are important issues, and not the "percentage of area" which has more/less psychological importance. However, there is no single answer of adequate sample - It depends on the variability of variables being estimated and also on the aim of the inventory. Results from previous inventories or studies in similar conditions could be very useful in addition to scholar books on that topic.

I have seen a plantation NW of Sydney that has recently been abandoned. I don't know whether there are publicly available stats

IVI is the measure of spatial value index of one particular species, simply termed as Importance Value Index. It is the relative measure of density, dominance and abundance of one species among the other species growing in any particular area. In any sampling area ( regardless of the sampling strategy), summation of the relative density, dominance, and abundance or frequency of occurrence of any species will determine its importance value index for that particular locality.

Dr Shrinithivihahshini DandapaniIndrani thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Okay, that question finally broke my brain hehe :)

The vast majority of this diversity (abundance and richness) can be attributed to soil microbes. They, in turn, provide essential regulating, provisioning, and supporting ecosystem services, such as C and nutrient cycling that underpin global agricultural production. Due to their close proximity to plant roots, soil microbes significantly affect soil and crop health. Some of the activities they perform include nitrogen-fixation, phosphorus solubilization, suppression of pests and pathogens, improvement of plant stress, and decomposition that leads to soil aggregation. Soil microbes play an important role in forest ecosystems through decomposition of organic matter, carbon and nutrient cycling, humic compound incorporation into mineral soils, and linking plant and ecosystem function. Microorganisms play an important role in the nutrient cycle. Some bacteria (Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria) secrete phytochemicals and organic acids that are helpful in the growth and development of plants. Microorganisms help maintain soil pH but balance nutrients and minerals. Within food plant cropping systems, microorganisms provide vital functions and ecosystem services, such as biological pest and disease control, promotion of plant growth and crop quality, and biodegradation of organic matter and pollutants. The main effects of the presence of microorganisms in the soil are: Improved plant nutrition. Microorganisms increase the source of nitrogen in the soil, or they can supply it directly to the plant, as they have the ability to take and set nitrogen from the atmosphere.

More heat from the Sun is received near the equator than near the north and south poles where the angle of the Sun's rays is lower. This is why tropical climates differ so much from polar climates. There is the difference between the hot deserts also only animals we can see in the hall Erica Campbell and a surprise but in the tropical evergreen forests can see all the animals living the hot deserts animals.

Clearing of forests over vast areas, the practice of shifting cultivation in certain parts of India, heavy soil erosion, overgrazing by pastoral groups, extraction of timber for fuel, all consequences of human occupancy of the land are the major contributors to the shrinking forest cover in India. Since there is a lot of sunlight, there is a lot of energy in the rainforest. This energy is stored in plant vegetation, which is eaten by animals. The abundance of energy supports an abundance of plant and animal species.

These are the same, just different nomenclature.

@ Trinath, the attached file may be useful to you.

Just like compost in a garden, they provide essential nutrients for the growth of new organisms. They are a key aspect of the cyclical processes that maintain all life on Earth. A renewed appreciation of their importance will help humans to protect and sustain ecosystems. If decomposers disappeared from a forest ecosystem, wastes as well as the remains of the dead organisms would pile up, and producers would not have enough nutrients.

Acacia seyal, also known as the gum arabic tree, has several utilized and underutilized economic opportunities associated with its plantation forests.

Utilized Economic Opportunities are

1) Gum Arabic Production - Acacia seyal is primarily cultivated for its gum arabic, a natural resin obtained from the tree's sap. Gum arabic is widely used in various industries, including food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and textiles.

2) Timber Production - wood is used in construction, furniture making, and as a source of fuelwood. Its timber is known for its durability, making it suitable for various applications.

3) Non-Timber Forest Products - Acacia seyal plantation forests can provide a range of NTFPs, including medicinal plants, honey, and fodder for livestock. These products have local and regional markets, and their sustainable harvesting can contribute to rural livelihoods and income diversification.

4) Carbon Offsetting and Climate Change Mitigation-It has the potential to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offering opportunities for carbon offset projects and contributing to climate change mitigation efforts.

Various Underutilized Economic Opportunities are -

1) Acacia seyal leaves and bark contain essential oils with potential applications in the fragrance and aromatherapy industries. However, the commercial extraction and utilization of these oils from Acacia seyal are currently limited and underexplored.

2) Acacia seyal biomass can be used for bioenergy generation, such as producing heat, electricity, or biofuels. Utilizing the tree's biomass as a renewable energy source could provide an additional economic opportunity, particularly in regions with energy demand and a need for sustainable alternatives.

3) It has a long history of traditional medicinal use. Further research and development could explore the tree's bioactive compounds and their potential applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and herbal remedies, thereby creating new economic avenues.

Dear Andrew,

Is it possible that you share me the RevMan installer, please?

Hello Majid Azari, I believe you can find it here in the attached file for the Globeland30 dataset.

Slow freezing to minus 18 C, then fast defrost :)

Yes, artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics can be helpful in designing a biodiverse forest in forest management. AI can be used to analyze large amounts of data on environmental factors, such as soil quality, climate, and topography, to predict which tree species would be most suitable for a given area. This information can then be used to guide decisions on which tree species to plant in a particular location to create a diverse and sustainable forest.

In addition, AI can be used to monitor and analyze data on forest health and biodiversity, which can help forest managers identify potential threats to the forest and take corrective action to prevent or mitigate damage. For example, AI can be used to identify invasive species, detect disease outbreaks, and monitor the impact of climate change on forest ecosystems.

Plant breeding and selection may help to produce new verities of crops more adopted to climate change, these links may help you understand the topic:

More videos on breeding:

Breeding - repeatability of traits https://youtu.be/soxbOHf-mM0

How to calculate narrow sense heribtability: https://youtu.be/OkP7_xDuiig

What is selective coefficient and relative fitness: https://youtu.be/XeEx5Feeiq0

How to calculate hybrid vigor: https://youtu.be/yQVwSy1pFjQ

How breeding and selection works? https://youtu.be/Z3W1WTmp8gk

Image lacks flower and fruit, leaves some what near to Wattakaka volubilis (L.f.) Stapf or may other member of family Apocynaceae.

As always, preserve habitat and endemic species, reduce anthropogenic damage and eliminate exotic pests, both plant and animal :)

The nutrient cycle is a system where energy and matter are transferred between living organisms and non-living parts of the environment. This occurs as animals and plants consume nutrients found in the soil, and these nutrients are then released back into the environment via death and decomposition. Mycorrhizal fungi live in the soil on the surface of or within plant roots. The fungi have a large surface area and help in the transport of mineral nutrients and water to the plants. Soil microbes play an important role in nutrient recycling. They decompose organic matter to release nutrients. They are also important to trap and transform nutrients into the soil, which can be taken up by plant roots. Nutrient cycling rate depends on various biotic, physical and chemical factors. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphorus make up all living beings. These ingredients are necessary for life to exist. In order to sustain, it is crucial to recycle and replace nutrients in the environment. Earthworms play a crucial role in maintaining healthy soils by their intense burrowing activity. The earthworm species that live in the soil move through it, eating the food they find there and mixing the soil particles with pieces of dead leaves. A broad range of bacteria, archaea and fungi are capable of denitrification, comprising approximately 50% of known phylogenetic groups with cultivated representatives. Denitrification, like nitrification, is essential for the soil nitrogen cycle, returning nitrogen to the atmosphere. Decomposers play a critical role in the flow of energy through an ecosystem. They break apart dead organisms into simpler inorganic materials, making nutrients available to primary producers.

Hello, thank you. Interesting to see that this question is stil here. I can also confirm the suggestion. Finally, from the seeds growed Hedera.

Thank you for your help!

Kind regards,

Ute

Just to add some detail to Andrew and Natalya’s answers:

Most night lighting affects the seasonal rhythms of plants such as growth and dormancy, as well as flowering, that are regulated by daylength. The growing season may be lengthened, and in Bristol UK it is said that some night-lighted London plane trees remain in leaf throughout the winter.

An urban area is warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and is called an ‘urban heat island’ (UHI), mainly because: (i) The buildings have a higher surface area than the ground, increasing heat absorption. (ii) The building materials and other urban fabric (including vehicles) store heat. (iii) Heat is emitted by vehicular traffic, space heating and cooling, people and animals. (iv) Heat tends to be trapped by air pollution. (v) There is less cooling from evapotranspiration. (vi) Air movement close to the ground may be reduced. Other effects of the UHI are that elevated CO2 may promote growth, hot sunshine can reduce air quality and excessive heat can give rise to physiological stress.

Thanks Andrew - any idewa how you'd do one in R to check?

Have a look at this useful link.

Good afternoon, if you speak about the random forests. It is the combination of additional models. I don t think we can visualize it. For your results, you need our coefficient regression or classification rate according to your problem and all metrics to evaluate your models. Usually, the visual outputs used are the plot of variances' importance.

I agree with Dr John Billingsley that the amount of carbon we have on Earth doesn't change. It is the same as it is now as it was millions of years ago when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Most carbon is stored in reservoirs, or sinks, such as rocks and sediments, while the rest is stored in the atmosphere, oceans, and living organisms. We can even, to a degree, measure how much carbon is absorbed by various known around the world. When the math is done on this we find that there is extra carbon being removed from the atmosphere by an unknown source. This is what we call the missing carbon sink. Scientists claim to have located the 'missing carbon sink' in tropical forests that are absorbing around one billion tonnes more carbon than previously thought. Carbon removal include natural strategies like tree restoration and agricultural soil management; high-tech strategies like direct air capture and enhanced mineralization; and hybrid strategies like enhanced root crops, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, and ocean-based carbon removal. On Earth, most carbon is stored in rocks and sediments, while the rest is located in the ocean, atmosphere, and in living organisms. These are the reservoirs, or sinks, through which carbon cycles.

Tropical forests have the capacity to absorb water from the ground and hold water in their bodies and release it through the root hairs, that is why even in summer months drought time water pools are still continuously supplied with water. But water pools are enhanced with water through the hydrologic cycle and I would like to catch this caption I read " No Trees, No Water, No Water, No Life."

You see a lot of projects starting with this. For example take a look at carbify.io, they are planting trees but creating a business model out of it. Focus on Social Impact, Food Security and reforestation.

Always happy to exchange thoughts with you.

The major objectives of community based conservation in forestry are:

1. Engaging local stakeholders and empowering them to take part in the management of their forests;

2. Promoting local knowledge and traditional ecological practices to maintain sustainable forest resources;

3. Encouraging sustainable economic development through the use of forest products;

4. Restoring the genetic diversity of native tree species;

5. Protecting wildlife habitats and preserving biodiversity;

6. Establishing conservation areas and establishing buffer zones to protect sensitive ecosystems;

7. Promoting sustainable forestry practices that are ecologically sound and economically viable;

8. Developing educational and training programs to increase awareness and understanding of the importance of sustainable forestry.

Generally, Community based conservation can be done in any type of forest tree species, from coniferous to deciduous and from tropical to temperate.

You should run some eDNA of a lot of different places, and see what originally grew there. You can read the article at https://www.science.org/content/article/lost-world-northern-greenland-conjured-dna-ancient-soil where an ecosystem that existed in Greenland two million years ago was recreated by doing eDNA soil testing.

Depends how far back you want to go. If it is only 200-300 years, then I would dig down at different layers, and float carbon from the soil and do the DNA testing on that, to determine the original forest trees. At the same time from each layer, I would radiocarbon date, so you could tie the eDNA results to a particular time frame.

I radiocarbon dated some desert grassland soils from Nevada last year, and got 300 year old carbon.

Regards

Carbon sequestration is one big use of soil.

Did you find an answer to this question?

Plantation of trees in barren lands greatly increase the amount of carbon captured on forest lands ...broad leaf trees also accumulate more carbon; proper management of forest-by-forest officials also plays major role in carbon sequestration.

There are many variables that can be considered when mapping forest depletion or degradation, but some of the most important ones include the extent and type of forest cover, the rate at which trees are being removed or lost, the causes of forest loss (e.g. logging, fires, development), and the impact of forest loss on the surrounding ecosystem and local communities. Other factors that can be taken into account include the age and health of the remaining trees, the presence of protected areas or conservation efforts, and the availability of data and technology to monitor and track changes in forest cover over time. Ultimately, the best variables to consider will depend on the specific goals and context of the mapping effort.

code fixed as FALSE

It's not really evolution, but adaptation or exaptation, since you are not considering new species arising :)

The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) is an extension of the widely used Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The SPEI is designed to take into account both precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) in determining drought. Thus, unlike the SPI, the SPEI captures the main impact of increased temperatures on water demand. Like the SPI, the SPEI can be calculated on a range of timescales from 1-48 months. At longer timescales (>~18 months), the SPEI has been shown to correlate with the self-calibrating PDSI (sc-PDSI). If only limited data are available, say temperature and precipitation, PET can be estimated with the simple Thornthwaite method. You can refer to:

This is what my whole PhD is about :)

One step is image processing - https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/10/2301

Using multitemporal composites you can reduce noise from agricultural changes.

But it is harder to distinguish from forestry. That is not a solved problem yet. Probably the answer will come from applying computer vision, so that the different shapes of landslides vs forestry can be automatically differentiated.

Dear Darius,

I was reluctant in replying / àdding to your this discussion / question, because I felt my comment as I was thinking in relation to this is not well full knowledge applicable to the subject matter of 4.0 ICT technology per to the IT and ICT functioning consultancies are highly advanced to a vast high degree of super advancement, and my explanation may fall short along the already applied technology functioning.

Though, since there's no answers, comments to your valuable discussion question,where you are being well knowledge practitioner /of operator of ICT, raising this question of discussion to bring the topic up opening to a discussion to bring the topic rainforest, for bringing it to our attention.

Thanks you Darius, this topic does matter and I urge to other fellow Researchgate members/researchers to look at this and to input also.

Coming to my answer/ addition to your question discussion. Technology use, yes in this Advanced tech era is useful and must. For data record monitoring tech is certainly useful, database. Further, spreadsheet be useful to for the calculation. Certainlyly CCtv of surveillances is absolutely normal in this era.

Furthermore and foremost, the advanced innovative software tools / tech Webber certainly is essential in this. There are gadgets ie., Temperature gage, weathering monitors are absolutely efficient for biodiversity environmental tasks.

Better answers, input I could have given if I had read some detail current monitoring report of tasks/activities. Hope this much helping readers to understanding and serving promoting your motivational purpose to the discussion.

Regards,

Fatema Miah