Science method
Footprinting - Science method
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Questions related to Footprinting
Precambrian wrench footprints captured in composite Bouguer anomaly map of the Outrer Himalayas. India
I am trying to understand why H. erectus initially migrated out of Africa and I am trying to understand their foot morphology and locomotive capabilities. I know there is some evidence from Ileret of footprints, but is there physical fossil evidence of a complete (or near complete) H.erectus foot?
Thank you for your help!
At the continental level, what did the spatial footprint of African trade routes look like before colonialisation?
For district, city or urban scale building energy modeling, we normally only have the building footprint (polygon boundary), their average height, and the number of stories. which method do you use to create the 3D geometry and zoning for different building types based on those data? Or which method do you think is the best for urban building energy modeling? Or do you use any other methods?
1. Use prototype building (typically rectangular) with same floor area, orientation and aspect ratio?
2. Create one zone per floor?
3. Separate the internal zones with the perimeter zones (e.g., 15 ft/ 5 m width for the perimeter zones)?
Hello RG community! I am looking for a database containing an ANNUAL index of the human impact on landscapes. The Human Footprint Index does not contain annual information (as far as I know). Can anyone suggest another database? PS: The focus of the study is on Southern South America.
I want to measure the level of "agreement" between two methods that measure protected area management effectiveness. On the one hand, I have the results of qualitative evaluations ranging from very low to very high. On the other hand, I have values of the Human Index Footprint in those protected areas (0-100). The results of this index are classified in the same categories: from very low to very high. Is weighed kappa a good choice?
Hi
Does anyone have experience in designing multi-story wastewater treatment plants?
In fact, I want to reduce wastewater treatment footprint because we have a problem in terms of land.
We have developed a "DIGITIZATION FOOTPRINT" concept and we are looking for researchers willing to quantify the footprint for their AgTech related works.
It should be applied in Precision Agriculture, Smart Farming, Precision Livestock Farming, Remote Sensing research studies, but it can be similarly applied also to other research domains.
Any feedback or comment is welcome!
Here the theory
Conference Paper Agriculture and digital sustainability: a Digitization Footprint
And here a practical example
Contact me for details and support: francesco.marinello@unipd.it
I really appreciate every answer because this project is going to be my Master Degree Thesis.
I have already studied a lot of softwares, such as: Ecolizer, openLCA, GaBi, SimaPro, Ecochain and Umberto, and many databases: Eco-invent, US LCI, ELCD, Environmental footprint and BioEnergieDAT.
I want to build a model that tells the consumer's environmental footprints of their electricity usage. In this model, I want to include as much granularity as I can, including all the aspects of T&D losses, electricity trading CO2 emissions. Is there any standard for T&D losses in case of Germany?
We would like to analyze the effect of the digital footprint of tourist sites in Lebanon, in order to enhance and improve this important sector in our country, especially in this period when Lebanon has major economic problems.
Any suggestion for a tool for investigating and modifying energy/ power systems and environmental analyses (CO2 footprint calculations etc.) all together for industrial purposes ? Preferably not developing any codes and if two separated tools, compatible to each other.
Thanks
I work as a researcher in fruitgrowing and breeding, and I always wonder on what we do with our environment in the name of "growing". In Central-Europe we can see, that the pooreset regions always have the most problems with the footprint of fruitgrowing, while the richer regions are usually clear, and pproblem-free. They export their problems, wastes, and footprints as well.
My question is: this is true to your region too, and it is a world-wide problem? Or it is just our local problem?
I.e. analytical medical equipment such as mass spectometers, molecular biology devices, ultra low freezers, vacuum pumps.
I intend to perform footprinting to identify binding site of an RNA-binding protein. All the protocols I read suggest using T4 PNK and [32P]ATP. However, I ordered wrongly [32P]UTP because I am more familiar with labeling in vitro transcription. Is there any other method of RNA labeling using UTP that I can use to do footprinting?
I am requesting assistance in finding accurate and up to date information on local manufacturing of pharmaceuticals in African countries. In particular, I am looking for the following information:
- total number of manufacturing facilities in country
- total number of functioning manufacturing facilities
- total number of manufacturing facilities that have been shut down
- type of manufacturing conducted in facilities, e.g. ARVs, generic, etc.
- GMP/WHO PQP status of facility
- production levels, e.g. 40% productivity or running 1 shift
- target market information, if available - i.e. local market or export, global fund, etc.
Ideally, I'd like to create an accurate and up-to-date continent-wide mapping of the current manufacturing footprint. If you are interested in collaborating on this research or if you are aware of any publications that deal with this topic, please let me know.
I'm interested in developing a variety of footprints for the country of Croatia using Exiobase data in openLCA. Does anyone know if this is possible? SimaPro is probably better, but very expensive.
CST ( Computer simulation technology)
HFSS
The multiple crises we are currently involved in lead us to the elements that have led to the "global learning crisis". However, current educational trends and challenges related to: expanding access to educational opportunities, including historically marginalized populations, literacy, computing, quality of education, relevance of learning, creating lifelong learning systems and favorable environments, have made that in a period very short the whole learning model to be subject to change. Moreover, according to existing studies at European level, the rapid digitization of the last decade has transformed many aspects of work and daily life. Driven by innovation and technological evolution, digital transformation is reshaping society, the labor market and the future of labor. Employers face difficulties in recruiting highly skilled workers in several sectors of the economy, including the digital sector. Too few adults hone their skills or retrain to fill these vacancies, often because training is not available at the right time and place.
The use of digital technologies is also crucial for achieving the goals of the European Green Pact and achieving climate neutrality by 2050. Digital technologies are strong drivers for the transition to a green economy, including the transition to a circular economy and the decarbonisation of energy, transport, construction, agriculture and other industries and sectors. In parallel, it is important to reduce the climate and environmental footprint of digital products and to facilitate the transition to sustainable behaviors in both the development and use of digital products.
The education and training system is increasingly part of the digital transformation and can capitalize on its benefits and opportunities. However, it must effectively manage the risks of digital transformation, including the risk of a digital divide between urban and rural areas, in which case some people may benefit more than others. The digital transformation in education is supported by advances in connectivity, the widespread use of digital devices and applications, the need for individual flexibility and the growing demand for digital skills. The crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which severely affected education and training, accelerated change and provided a learning experience. In this paper we aim to reflect the defining elements of the global learning crisis, but especially to present Digital Education Action Plan, adopted in 2018, the EU and which directly influences our learning process in the current and future 2021-2027.
Moreover, exist the relevant element of the Report Thinking Higher and Beyond: Perspectives on the Futures of Higher Education to 2050 publishing in 7 May, 2021/ https://www.iesalc.unesco.org/en/2021/05/07/launch-of-the-report-thinking-higher-and-beyond-perspectives-on-the-futures-of-higher-education-to-2050/.
Individual footprint calculation would help us to understand the impact of any lifestyle change more clearly.
I am writting a case study on Amazon which will be further utilized as template for students to perform any type of digital footprint analysis. Touching base with important concepts of Buyer Persona, Digital Engagement Canvas, Customer Online Journey and based on Benchmark (with a reverse benchmark) setting expectations for real comparison. Using tools like SEMrush, Website Grader, Similar Web, Brand 24, etc.
Please advise which benchmarking criteria you recommend to enclose, so none important will be forgotten!
Thank you in advance
Anna
I am currently working with the AFM-assisted Depth-Sensing Nanoindentation technique for studying the mechanical properties of nanostructured systems. As a standard procedure, I usually determine the indenter area profile by analyzing different plastic indentation footprints in a free-standing indium film. In this context, I would like to know if someone has used this method for indenter area profile calibration (not necessarily with the same material) and if you could share your experience. For example, limitations associated with accuracy, reproducibility, reliability, or other technical problems.
I need some suggestion on reference materials for human footprint on wildlife. How can we score the human footprint??
- How are the local cultures contributed to the sustainable development of cities?
- Why must culture be at the heart of sustainable urban development?
- How does the asset impact or enhance the environment influence the overall sustainability ‘footprint’ of the city?
I'm finding hardships in making difference between these species based on their tracks so is there any tricks i can use to seperate these 3 species ? Thank you.
Dear all
I am trying to design and simulate a metasurface-based antenna in CST Studio. This Antenna will be used for wireless energy harvesting. How can I calculate the incident power on the footprint of each unit cell? Note that a horn antenna is used as the feed.
Dear researchers,
I am working on CO2 flux data measured at two different heights (~3 m and ~40 m) at a tower in the middle of a large homogeneous area (cropland, 6km x 6km). Anthropogenic emissions are ignorable. I am curious why CO2 fluxes (or NEE) showed a significant difference between two different measurement levels in daytime. The lower the larger absorption by ~ 2 times around noon LST (See the attached Figure). I think the two fluxes should be equal or similar, because their sources are almost equal, except the area covered by footprints, but the figure attached showed a huge offset.
A few other ideas come up:
1) I set a criteria of u* > 0.2 m/s. Should I adjust or found the proper u* at each measurement level? But the estimation of U* threshold distribution did not likely give any clear answer.
2) Is the higher one not sit on the constant-flux layer? Then, how can people interpret the very tall tower (> 200 m) data over a forest area? What is the main difference of fluxes measured at the canopy-level and the much-above level?
3) Should I add storage term to each flux to achieve NEE? I did, but the still large amount of offset.
In sum, how does one interpret the different fluxes at different measurement level at the same homogeneous site? Anyone can help me out?
Regards,
The adoption of bio-intensive cropping systems has the potential to reduce environmental footprints without compromising the economic gain per unit of resources.
I have seen so many of those strange marks in rocks near my hometown in Mexico, and to me, they look like fossil footprints. However, they could be the product of geological activity. Does somebody have an idea?




Looking for studies on how academics' climate footprint (personal and professional choices) affect their scientific credibility/legitimacy in the eyes of the public/other actors. Thx in advance!
According to the doc I have found :
"type of footprint to be downloaded. OSM tag key e.g. 'building', 'landuse', 'place', etc." but I'd like to find the exhaustive list.
Best regards
Simon
Many studies have claimed that ecological footprint is not a true reflection of ecosystem. Possibly, its merely seen as a measure of productivity.
How can we become more sustainable in both the pre- and post-harvest horticultural sectors. What is being done and what can be done to improvise the footprint.
Hi everyone.
I'm doing multiple species and multiple season occupancy modelling for leopard and prey species interaction in the human footprint landscape by using non invasive camera traps.could someone suggests me to build model using r software not presence software.I need a example or script for r presence.
Thanks
I am working on the texture feature extraction from foot for person identification. I applied Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix, it provides the accuracy of 87%. What are the factor which can be modified for getting good accuracy.
Imagine I've got a bunch of particles of different shapes, sizes and densities all in the micro-size range. Some of them would be pretty difficult to weight directly. So, i've been wondering if placing them on some sort of gel or material of known properties and with high plasticity for X minutes/hours would generate an obervable "footprint" that could be measured by optical means (depth, area, volume of the footprint) to determinte its "weight".
Thanks.
Hi all,
I am currently wanting to do some metabolomic footprinting of the secondary metabolites secreted by an organism into its culturing broth, but I have some concerns as to the level of metal ions present. I have calculated that if the organism has not used any of the metals in the broth there would be approximately 250nmol/uL of metals in neat broth, presuming about a 3uL injection volume that means it would be getting close to 1umol/injection of inorganic contaminants (absolute worst case scenario, its probably much less).
The metals that are present in the sample are Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, Mn and K.
I would like to try and preprocess my sample to remove as much of the inorganic components as possible to prevent accumulation on the ion source and reduce the background noise I will see during my analysis. Also, I am expecting that the secondary metabolites are relatively low abundance in the sample, so removing metals would enable some sample concentration procedures, improving my data collection.
- I have tried some ion exchange resin, specifically Chelex 100, which resulted in a 10-15% decrease in conductivity, which may not be sufficient.
- I have also tried EDTA chelation, but I cannot precipitate out the EDTA without releasing the bound metal ions, and keeping it in solution hasn't really solved any problems.
Any advice would be appreciated.
What does the term voice print refer to? Is it similar to footprints?
We found the dinosaur footprints on a sandstone layer of the Lower Cretaceous in Southwest China. We would like to know what kind of the dinosaur produced the footprint? i.e., was the dinosaur a carnivore or a herbivore? What is the environment and climate it prefered at the time?


In GIXRD measurement the incident angle onto the film surface is very low, so it corresponds to a large footprint of the incident beam as well. So, what should be the ideal dimension of the film surface i.e length and width, such that the beam does not fall outside the film surface.
Hi all,
I have been trying to perform footprinting for some time now using the maxam-gilbert method. To generate the Pu/Py ladder, I used Formic acid and hydrazine, respectively, followed by piperidine cutting. To my dismay, I found that the bands for both appeared at the same positions, rendering sequencing impossible.
I repeated the experiment many times and changed the reagents also, but to no avail. I was suspicious that there might be some nonspecific activity of piperidine after reading some papers, so I tried to check this by incubating the p32 labeled oligonucleotide (without any modifications) with piperidine for various times (10min-lane1, 20min-lane2, 30 min -lane3) at 95C followed by 2 rounds of etOH precipation. Final resuspension was in 95% formamide+10mM NaOH containing buffer.
As you can see from the image, I am experiencing severe nonspecific cleavage even with the unmodified oligonucleotide. Suspecting contamination, I have even switched reagents from another lab where they have used the piperidine for primer extension, but I get nonspecific cleavage.
I'd be extremely grateful if anybody can shed light on this issue and provide some solutions.
Best regards,
Subramaniyam

The Hilbert Book Model places elementary particles on their own private platform, which is a quaternionic separable Hilbert space that owns a private parameter space and contains an operator that manages the footprint of the particle in its eigenspace. The platform floats with the geometric center of its parameter space over the parameter space of a background platform. That background platform is a separable Hilbert space, which is embedded into a non-separable quaternionic Hilbert space. A dedicated operator in this embedding platform manages a continuum eigenspace that acts as the field, which represents the universe. At each progression instant, each floating platform injects a little bit of volume into the embedding field. The injected volume spreads over the field and thus deforms the field around the injection location. The deformation quickly fades away. Still, the injected volume expands the field.
The field contains black holes. Injected volume cannot leave the boundary of the black hole. The floating platforms of the elementary particle can only inject volume into the black hole when the trigger location of the injection hovers over this region. The part of the platform that stays out of the border of the black hole injects in space where the injected volume can spread freely. If the center of the platform cannot pass the border, then the platform stays at this border and the border of the black hole gets filled with these platforms. Injections inside the border increase the radius of the black hole. This makes room for the attachment of more elementary particles. Further outside of the border of the black hole the elementary particles can form hadrons, atoms and molecules. This is governed by special stochastic processes, whose activity is inhibited at the inside of the border. The active border is characterized by the entropy of the black hole. Inside the black hole only mass characterizes the properties of the Schwarzschild black hole. This story suggests that elementary particles cannot pass the border of the black hole. Only the injected volume exists inside the border.
See: Mass and Field Deformation in http://vixra.org/author/j_a_j_van_leunen
I want to calculate size of object in memory in java, so I used Caliper library and used the following method ObjectGraphMeasurer.measure that result the following:
Footprint{Objects=270813, NonNullRefs=353968, NullRefs=1016731, Primitives=[int x 388091, double x 4375548, long x 2609976, boolean x 6398, float x 76765, char x 66658]}
Firstly I don't know what mean by NonNullRefs and NullRefs, secondly I want to convert this result to bytes.
On the Global Footprint Network website I was able to download data only for 2014.
Increasing population demands housing which in turn requires new land to build houses and infrastructure. Often, the casualty has been productive lands that are capable of producing food. Of particular importance is high class soils which are extremely versatile and hold the potential to produce a wide range of human food at a greater rate with minimum effort and lower environmental footprint. Whilst the loss of productive soils will reduce food production, the loss of high class soils could limit future food diversity and availability.
New Zealand being an agricultural nation does possess a vast amount of productive land which is primarily used for livestock grazing. Only a fraction of the productive land has high class soils which is used mainly to produce vegetables. The close proximity of high class soils to urban centres make them more vulnerable to urban sprawl. Currently, in the absence of a national directive, local authorities are left with their own policies to protect high class soils with little or no success.
I need to calculate the deformation in the soil imposed by different agricultural equipment and I only have as a parametric resource the tire footprint recorded in the lime and the weight of the equipment. Thank you
After several conducting research, some benefits emerged:
•Being aware of your current online visibility gives you some control.
•You will gain a sense of what your digital shadow looks like, that is, content about you posted and uploaded by others, or even created by you inadvertently. You will make informed decisions about your digital footprint, what you want your active contribution to and interaction with the online world to look like.
•
•Increasing your own visibility enables you to:
•Gain recognition in your field and beyond Communicate your research to a wider audience Grow your networks
•
•Increasing the visibility of your scholarly outputs will:
Increase the impact of your work and potentially increase citations Make your work available to the widest audience This is beneficial not only for you but also for your unit, department, faculty and university as well as your research field as a whole.
Any other benefits or scholarly values?
Donald Trump's recent global strategy sees Africa as market for US goods. According to him, “We will offer American goods and services, both because it is profitable for us and because it serves as an alternative to China’s often extractive economic footprint on the continent”. What is i this strategy for African countries? Or is just to the benefit of Trump's America, a la "America First" mantra?
I need to calculate my ecological footprint but so far i have only seen calculators that are too general or for certain first world countries.
PROOF OF AN EXTRA SPATIAL DIMENSION
I studied the SDSS BOSS dataset and created a galaxy density map of the current universe.
The details of how to create a galaxy density map of the current universe are not relevant to the discovery. I just created a trivial d(z) and mapped all the 1.3 million objects in the dataset.
Then I created a cross-section of the globe, integrate of one of the angles (e.g. Declination) and just plotted all the other points densities irrespective to their Right Ascension.
This creates profiles that are consistent with the Galaxies being seeded by 36 Density Oscillations. In my theory those are mapped to Neutronium Acoustic Oscillations, but that is irrelevant.
The discovery that I want to be independently verified is that:
- In the SDSS BOSS dataset, there is information on the cross-section of the Galaxy Density Map that indicates SPHERICAL SEEDING OF GALAXIES (SSG).
- SSG distribution coalesce into 36 clusters (exact number is irrelevant, as long as it is more than 1).
I simplified the request. Just confirm the existence of spherical galaxy density distribution and that the distribution clusters itself into 36 or thereabouts (number is not relevant, just need to be larger than one) profiles.
Basically the request requires you to reproduce the plot and to realize that the mapping d(z) to current hypersphere or epoch is such that in a normalized Radius, distance is equal to alpha.
Also, no matter what mapping one uses, the spherical and clustering natures will not change and will also not depend upon the topology. Say, let d(z) be L-CDM corresponding function. That only changes distance and thus keeps the spherical nature of the distribution. L-CMD d(z) (if they had one) will also not change the clustering pattern since it is only changing distance d. This means that qualitatively spherical nature and clustering are not model dependent.
DATA ANALYSIS
The data, python scripts, and a video to help setting up the Anaconda Environment is provided here:
The creation of the map entails:
- Reading FITS files using astropy module
- FIXBOSS method which bins angular space to 0.1 degree and normalized radius, x, y, z by rounding them to n=3 significative figures.
- Notice that I am not doing anything to the Number density NZ nor to the proximity of objects. Galaxy density is the sum of objects times their NZ within a volume of 0.001 Radius x 0.1 DEC degree x 0.1 RA decree. Notice that radius range is [0,1], DEC [0,360], RA [90,-90]
- Notice that I mapped Alpha to distance (radius associated with objects).
The work is published here:
Map of the Universe here:




Laminated Siltstones and Mudstones of Cretaceous lacustrine deposits of Korea display these trace fossils apparently made by some crawling insect. Laterally there are large footprints of Dinosaurs..
The fact that elementary fermions bind into modules, makes them elementary modules. In contrast, elementary bosons do not bind into modules. Still, both elementary particle types feature mass and may feature electric charge.
A private stochastic process that owns a characteristic function, generates the hop landing locations of the elementary particles. The characteristic function acts as a displacement generator for the produced hop landing location swarm. Consequently, the swarm moves coherently as a single unit.
Also, the footprint of a module is generated by a private stochastic process that owns a characteristic function, which acts as a displacement generator that makes the module coherently move as a single unit. This can be comprehended when the characteristic function of the module equals the superposition of the characteristic functions of its constituents. The superposition coefficients relate to the internal positions of the components.
If elementary fermions can constitute modules, and elementary bosons do not bind into modules, then the conclusion is that the characteristic functions of elementary bosons cannot superpose into the characteristic function of a module. For bosons, gravitational binding and electrical binding is not enough.
Do anymore know if future predictions have been done of the global human footprint and the mammal richness, relying more or less on the methods ("global human influence index" and "global mammal richness grids) developped by the EOSDIS / SEDAC (Nasa) ?
I'm interested by the Amazonian scale.
Thanks,
The definition of the footprint is clear, but I like to know how easy or difficult it is to really come up with a reliable number for a town. So I am looking for existing experience.
The study aims to identify the main obstacles that prevent people from acting more environmental-friendly and therefore reducing their individual footprint.
I am working on development of a cooled double multilayer monochromator(Si).
The optics is designed to handle the heat load of the X-ray beam and provide optimal bandwidth and reflectivity at three desired photon energies.
For these photon energies, i need to find the beam size and beam footprint?
I am using XOP software to get photon energies for the input values.
Please guide me to get beam size and beam footprint at a distance D from the source either by XOP or by any calculation
Sandstones they are printed on these forms belong to Wadi Malik Fm. (Lower Carboniferous) outcropping in Jebel Uweinat (Sudan, on the border with Libya and Egypt). This may be footprints of tetrapods?
Energy efficiency is just one of the many criteria that could be used, as 'footprints' are being adapted to measure the impacts of buildings in terms of carbon emissions, water and energy consumption.
In other words, how distant we are from considering all the aspects related to the consumption of resources in the 'sustainability' equation of our building stock? Could this be delivered through a unified indicator?
Are you aware of cases where these techniques have been applied in real urban and regional planning policies, plans, and programs?
Thank you for your suggestions.
I am looking for literature on regional landscape patterns that look at the fractal quality of how rocks are broken apart in cosmic impacts, and the footprints they leave behind on the present landscape.
Farming is considered to be the first cause of deforestation in the tropics. Our research team is currently looking for farming solutions that may replace conventional small- and large-scale farming in Brazilian rainforests. Our current assumption is that vertical farming, mainly conceived for urban areas, may be an alternative that has a much smaller impact on the forest because of their small footprint and diffuse spatial distribution (vertical farms scattered around the forest, instead of being clustered), thus drastically reducing deforestation. We are confronted with the following questions:
- Is there any knowledge on how productive vertical farms are in tropical forests?
- What kind of new problems would vertical farms bring for farmers?
- Can current farming products be stacked vertically?
- Can vertical farming be realised with low-tech solutions?
We would highly appreciate any feedback on these questions.
I want to perform dna polymerase stop assay and DMS footprinting for my g quadruplex forming oligo.Our lab is new to this topic and no one in our lab has experienced about this.I have tried using some online protocol 2-3 timess but it doesnt work good. Does anyone of you are using this techniques in your lab and if yes, can you please share the protocols for the same. I would be highly obliged
I am searching for indicators to complete a model for assessing urban transformations, which have the following characteristics:
• They measure both direct and indirect impacts of consumptions
• They provide ecological thresholds [meaning optimal status and worst possible]
So far I find the Footprint family [Ecological, Water and GHG] are best suited though I am not able to find thresholds for many of them.
Any suggestions are welcome [either indicators or texts which provide ecological thresholds].
For an overall image of what I understand as a ‘Sustainability Indicator’ you can check the link.
Thanks
Ricardo
Deleted research item The research item mentioned here has been deleted
I am currently working on Bathonian aged dinosaur footprints form the Long Nab Member of Scarborough, Yorkshire. As part of my study I am looking into the local museum collections isolated footprints.
They are all tridactyl (some are broken however) but I am not sure how to assign left and right digits. I have read Thulborn (1990) and several other papers but not sure how to spot these nodes and the basic consensus on determining left from right from the curvature of the digits.
I have attached a few images of the prints I am working with to clarify.
Thank you!



I am looking for methodology pertaining to trapping designs (e.g., transects, web, grid, etc.) of small mammals to measure the edge effect of an acute disturbance. For example, if a parking lot were to appear in the middle of a grassland landscape, how far away would the biological footprint be felt by the small mammal community? 10m? 100m? Something in-between? What deisign might I use to determine this? The three statistics I want to investigate include species diversity, species richness and abundance. Thanks in advance, and I look forward to any input.
I work with a natural adhesive (footprint) extracted from a marine organism onto the glass slide or mica. It is very cohesive sample and so far, we have detected amyloid fibrils in the footprint (in combination with many other proteins and they have not been completely identified yet). My goal is to make high resolution images of amyloid fibrils and to do that I need to selectively wash away other components/proteins in the footprint. I probably should try some detergent but can anyone suggest which detergent to use and concentration?
I'm trying to look into the water footprint of various construction materials. Does anyone have data on the embodied water of pulverised fuel ash? I have data for cement which gives inputs of ground water, surface water, river water, sea water and "water", plus outputs of water vapour. This sort of breakdown would be good, but anything would be a start.
I am trying to characterize the secondary structure of my aptamer . I don't see neat and clear digested bands in my samples. I am attaching all the gels I have run until now, this is my first experience with these gels so any suggestion would be really helpful. Size of my RNA is 100 bases and I am running the gel at 1.5kV and 60mA.



In DMS footprinting, after DNA fragmentation with piperidine, we performed ligation mediated PCR in which the first step is primer extension. I would like ask is whether we need to perform a primer extension and if so, how do we go about this? As for the primer selection, how do we figure out the sequence pattern of the DNA?