Science method

Footprinting - Science method

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Precambrian wrench footprints captured in composite Bouguer anomaly map of the Outrer Himalayas. India
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Any interpretation of Bouguer gravity data should be built upon a realistic model with reasonable density values. Gravity data is non-unique so multiple hypotheses are possible. The best hypotheses are built from density data from boreholes. If an idea cannot be modeled due to lack of density data, any publication should also discuss alternative ideas. Such a paper might be valuable to generate discussion. If data exists and the idea cannot be modeled, it should be rejected and then other ideas should be modeled.
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I am trying to understand why H. erectus initially migrated out of Africa and I am trying to understand their foot morphology and locomotive capabilities. I know there is some evidence from Ileret of footprints, but is there physical fossil evidence of a complete (or near complete) H.erectus foot?
Thank you for your help!
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Thank you for your help! Though Turkana Boy is mostly compete and a great example of H. Erectus skeleton, I believe unfortunately the fossil is missing foot bones. Any other suggestions are welcome!
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At the continental level, what did the spatial footprint of African trade routes look like before colonialisation?
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Not only did pre-colonial trade occur but some manufacturing also took place and so traders engaged in the sale of manufactured products. Ancient Africa traded in tobacco, gold, copper, spices, ebony, ivory, and skins.
(citation from source).
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People in pre-colonial Africa were engaged in hunting and gathering, agriculture, mining and simple manufacturing. Agriculture involved most people, so the chapter looks mainly at farming activities. The chapter explains that farmers in those days faced two big challenges: a hostile environment and scarcity of labour.
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The very earliest evidence of African trade is described by Herodotus (c. 484-425BC) who wrote of the trade across the Sahara; a trade recorded in rock paintings dating from 10,000BC.
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In most parts of Africa before 1500, societies had become highly developed in terms of their own histories. They often had complex systems of participatory government, or were established powerful states that covered large territories and had extensive regional and international links.
The Transatlantic Slave trade not only distorted Africa’s economic development it also distorted views of the history and importance of the African continent itself. It is only in the last fifty years that it has been possible to redress this distortion and to begin to re-establish Africa’s rightful place in world history.
The African continent is now recognised as the birthplace of humanity and the cradle of civilization. We still marvel at the great achievements of Kemet, or Ancient Egypt, for example, one of the most notable of the early African civilizations, which first developed in the Nile valley over 5000 years ago.
(Citation from:
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The main items traded were gold and salt. The gold mines of West Africa provided great wealth to West African Empires such as Ghana and Mali. Other items that were commonly traded included ivory, kola nuts, cloth, slaves, metal goods, and beads.
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Simple conclusion:
Colonization brought a full disruption of Africa‘s traditional trade and routes.
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For district, city or urban scale building energy modeling, we normally only have the building footprint (polygon boundary), their average height, and the number of stories. which method do you use to create the 3D geometry and zoning for different building types based on those data?  Or which method do you think is the best for urban building energy modeling? Or do you use any other methods?
1. Use prototype building (typically rectangular) with same floor area, orientation and aspect ratio?
 2. Create one zone per floor?
3. Separate the internal zones with the perimeter zones (e.g., 15 ft/ 5 m width for the perimeter zones)? 
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I think this is pertinent, since performance simulation beyond the building scale is still contentious. So, thank you for the question. Considering its implications is quite helpful@.
At UNSW we have been working on library based Precinct Energy Modelling (PIM) to improve energy analysis - both on the data scheme and procedural implications. LBNL is at the forefront of this so, I am sure you are aware of the tool SBT-1 (Space Boundary Tool), formerly Geometry Simplification Tool (GST). It works in conjunction with a Simergy tool element that is being simultaneously adjusted through the work of @Richard See, whom I had the fortune to correspond with to test some features. Just like ASHRAE and other data libraries, it embraces the space type data concept with important additions. Both the concept and the features of this tool gave good insights. (Your questions are set to bold in what follows.)
"Use any other methods?"
"1. Use prototype building (typically rectangular) with same floor area, orientation and aspect ratio?"
The key to this is that you don't conceive a building as an extrusion of just one polygon per building. That way you could be way off with your performance simulation. Consider that in an urban setting many buildings have a podium volume and then significant setbacks for the upper story extrusions. Typically, the taller the building the larger the setback. Beyond that, floor area, aspect ratio and orientation are also important, of course.
"2. Create one zone per floor?"
You might want to be able to assign multiple programs to the same spaces or zones. This means that multiple zones per floor is a necessity not just spatially but also temporally. Consider a client who want the option for a large part of the podium level, or several stories of the tower portion, to be used not for a commercial but a residential building program. The usage schedules for those zones will be vastly different.
"3. Separate the internal zones with the perimeter zones (e.g., 15 ft/ 5 m width for the perimeter zones)?"
I like the idea of assigning approximately twice the storey height in horizontal distance from the perimeter for a separate zone. This comes from the daylighting need and the average angle sunlight hits the windows. But consider doubling this for the perimeter zones that are double-storey high. Also, change either figures for significantly different climate zones where the angle of average sunlight is steeper or shallower. This is pertinent both within the US, e.g. as within the ASHRAE types, but many provinces within China also have significantly different climate zones.
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Hello RG community! I am looking for a database containing an ANNUAL index of the human impact on landscapes. The Human Footprint Index does not contain annual information (as far as I know). Can anyone suggest another database? PS: The focus of the study is on Southern South America.
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Hi Lilian, Maybe this can help you
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I want to measure the level of "agreement" between two methods that measure protected area management effectiveness. On the one hand, I have the results of qualitative evaluations ranging from very low to very high. On the other hand, I have values of the Human Index Footprint in those protected areas (0-100). The results of this index are classified in the same categories: from very low to very high. Is weighed kappa a good choice?
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I think so. The weighted kappa allows the use of weighting schemes to take into account the closeness of agreement between categories. This is only suitable in the situation where you have ordinal or ranked variables :)
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Hi
Does anyone have experience in designing multi-story wastewater treatment plants?
In fact, I want to reduce wastewater treatment footprint because we have a problem in terms of land.
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I could tell you many "stories" about wastewater treatment plants (WWTP's) but I guess that mean "storey" (multi-level). As a matter a fact we designed one about 30 years ago in South-Korea where the footprint was so small that we installed a 3-level/storey WWTP including a stack of 2 final clarifiers (one on top of the other). Many more levels could be added as needed. This is a matter of proper hydraulic design (gravity flow and pumped flow) combined with efficient construction design (civil & structural works).
Kind regards, Bruno
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We have developed a "DIGITIZATION FOOTPRINT" concept and we are looking for researchers willing to quantify the footprint for their AgTech related works.
It should be applied in Precision Agriculture, Smart Farming, Precision Livestock Farming, Remote Sensing research studies, but it can be similarly applied also to other research domains.
Any feedback or comment is welcome!
Here the theory
And here a practical example
Contact me for details and support: francesco.marinello@unipd.it
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I am willing, please share the details
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I really appreciate every answer because this project is going to be my Master Degree Thesis.
I have already studied a lot of softwares, such as: Ecolizer, openLCA, GaBi, SimaPro, Ecochain and Umberto, and many databases: Eco-invent, US LCI, ELCD, Environmental footprint and BioEnergieDAT.
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Beatriz Lopo Teixeira Muchas gracias!!
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I want to build a model that tells the consumer's environmental footprints of their electricity usage. In this model, I want to include as much granularity as I can, including all the aspects of T&D losses, electricity trading CO2 emissions. Is there any standard for T&D losses in case of Germany?
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T&D losses  Energy losses occur in the process of supplying electricity to consumers due to technical and commercial reasons. The technical losses are due to energy dissipated in the conductors, transformers and other equipment used for transmission, transformation, sub-transmission and distribution of power. The Transmission and Distribution (T&D) loss and the Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C) loss are often quoted metrics to assess the health of the electricity distribution sector. High losses could be due to low investment in the network, poor maintenance or theft. Technical losses of the distribution line mostly depend upon electrical load, type and size of conductor, length of line etc. Maximum amp is 12 Amps. Diversity factor (DF) = 364 /228 = 1.15. Generally, the figures vary from 8-12% across the globe and there are attempts to reduce this loss to almost 5-6%. You may find the statistics for the same in Germany as well, please.
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We would like to analyze the effect of the digital footprint of tourist sites in Lebanon, in order to enhance and improve this important sector in our country, especially in this period when Lebanon has major economic problems.
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Digital footprints that can be used for tourism research have to do with accommodation, sightseeing, and consumption, with plentiful sources of Big Data. For example, digital footprint that has to do with sightseeing relates to the photographs that tourists upload on websites such as Flickr. Not to forget, there is also the matter of the carbon footprint associated with airplane travel to distant sights.
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Any suggestion for a tool for investigating and modifying energy/ power systems and environmental analyses (CO2 footprint calculations etc.) all together for industrial purposes ? Preferably not developing any codes and if two separated tools, compatible to each other.
Thanks
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I have worked on the RETScreen clean energy management software, and I were very satisfied with it, for my own research. I recommend to have a look of it, as an effective tool to simultaneously approach energy/ power systems and environmental analyses.
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I work as a researcher in fruitgrowing and breeding, and I always wonder on what we do with our environment in the name of "growing". In Central-Europe we can see, that the pooreset regions always have the most problems with the footprint of fruitgrowing, while the richer regions are usually clear, and pproblem-free. They export their problems, wastes, and footprints as well.
My question is: this is true to your region too, and it is a world-wide problem? Or it is just our local problem?
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Dear Akos,
many thanks for your question. In terms of "footprint": Are you referring to the environmental and/or ecological footprint of fruit growing in general or just to specific subsets thereof such as the "climate footprint" of fruitgrowing? Or perhaps to the amount of (natural) resources used in fruit growing and hence the resulting "resource footprint/rucksack/backpack"? Would be very helpful to know in order to contribute to the interesting discussion topic you have opened there.
Thank you,
Julius
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I.e. analytical medical equipment such as mass spectometers, molecular biology devices, ultra low freezers, vacuum pumps.
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I do not have an answer to this question as it is not within my competence.
Accept my best regards
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I intend to perform footprinting to identify binding site of an RNA-binding protein. All the protocols I read suggest using T4 PNK and [32P]ATP. However, I ordered wrongly [32P]UTP because I am more familiar with labeling in vitro transcription. Is there any other method of RNA labeling using UTP that I can use to do footprinting?
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The best way to go is to use gamma-p32-ATP because of the high energy gamma phosphate bond contributing to the low energy of activation and making the reaction go fast, the gamma phosphate bond of UTP does not have the same energy compared to ATP. If you only have UTP, make sure it is gamma-p32-UTP and increase the reaction time because the efficiency is much lower compared to ATP.
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I am requesting assistance in finding accurate and up to date information on local manufacturing of pharmaceuticals in African countries. In particular, I am looking for the following information:
  1. total number of manufacturing facilities in country
  2. total number of functioning manufacturing facilities
  3. total number of manufacturing facilities that have been shut down
  4. type of manufacturing conducted in facilities, e.g. ARVs, generic, etc.
  5. GMP/WHO PQP status of facility
  6. production levels, e.g. 40% productivity or running 1 shift
  7. target market information, if available - i.e. local market or export, global fund, etc.
Ideally, I'd like to create an accurate and up-to-date continent-wide mapping of the current manufacturing footprint. If you are interested in collaborating on this research or if you are aware of any publications that deal with this topic, please let me know.
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I'm interested in developing a variety of footprints for the country of Croatia using Exiobase data in openLCA. Does anyone know if this is possible? SimaPro is probably better, but very expensive.
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yes SimaPro is better but costly
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CST ( Computer simulation technology)
HFSS
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CST will import .DXF and gerber circuit board files. It will also import .sat cad files, but only up to a certain version, which I think is listed in the help. Internet says All versions up to ACIS R23. My version of CST is older so maybe won't go that far! .SAT is the preferred CAD import format. Components are preserved, but not materials. Some other formats add all the parts and import them as one lump.
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The multiple crises we are currently involved in lead us to the elements that have led to the "global learning crisis". However, current educational trends and challenges related to: expanding access to educational opportunities, including historically marginalized populations, literacy, computing, quality of education, relevance of learning, creating lifelong learning systems and favorable environments, have made that in a period very short the whole learning model to be subject to change. Moreover, according to existing studies at European level, the rapid digitization of the last decade has transformed many aspects of work and daily life. Driven by innovation and technological evolution, digital transformation is reshaping society, the labor market and the future of labor. Employers face difficulties in recruiting highly skilled workers in several sectors of the economy, including the digital sector. Too few adults hone their skills or retrain to fill these vacancies, often because training is not available at the right time and place.
The use of digital technologies is also crucial for achieving the goals of the European Green Pact and achieving climate neutrality by 2050. Digital technologies are strong drivers for the transition to a green economy, including the transition to a circular economy and the decarbonisation of energy, transport, construction, agriculture and other industries and sectors. In parallel, it is important to reduce the climate and environmental footprint of digital products and to facilitate the transition to sustainable behaviors in both the development and use of digital products.
The education and training system is increasingly part of the digital transformation and can capitalize on its benefits and opportunities. However, it must effectively manage the risks of digital transformation, including the risk of a digital divide between urban and rural areas, in which case some people may benefit more than others. The digital transformation in education is supported by advances in connectivity, the widespread use of digital devices and applications, the need for individual flexibility and the growing demand for digital skills. The crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which severely affected education and training, accelerated change and provided a learning experience. In this paper we aim to reflect the defining elements of the global learning crisis, but especially to present Digital Education Action Plan, adopted in 2018, the EU and which directly influences our learning process in the current and future 2021-2027.
Moreover, exist the relevant element of the Report Thinking Higher and Beyond: Perspectives on the Futures of Higher Education to 2050 publishing in 7 May, 2021/ https://www.iesalc.unesco.org/en/2021/05/07/launch-of-the-report-thinking-higher-and-beyond-perspectives-on-the-futures-of-higher-education-to-2050/.
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Many special thanks Prof. Aparna Sathya Murthy for your comment. Your argument is very appropriate especially in the context of the pandemic, but including technological progress and digitalization lead us to solutions to adapt to the present and the future. All the best!
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Individual footprint calculation would help us to understand the impact of any lifestyle change more clearly.
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Hi Mohammad,
I don't think there are any underlying equations that could do that in a simple way. Basically, you would need to map all activities and related flows of energy and material for the individual or population that you want to study. This could for example be averages for how much people in a certain country or region travel by different means of transport, how much they consume of different foods, heat their houses, etc. You can of course also do that for one individual. Once you have mapped all the flows, you can investigate the ecological footprint that each flow causes. There are some existing databases for that, but you need to be careful with selecting data that fits your context and scope.
Hope this is helpful.
Take care.
Jesko
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I am writting a case study on Amazon which will be further utilized as template for students to perform any type of digital footprint analysis. Touching base with important concepts of Buyer Persona, Digital Engagement Canvas, Customer Online Journey and based on Benchmark (with a reverse benchmark) setting expectations for real comparison. Using tools like SEMrush, Website Grader, Similar Web, Brand 24, etc.
Please advise which benchmarking criteria you recommend to enclose, so none important will be forgotten!
Thank you in advance
Anna
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That's a very interesting endeavor! I think it is quite challenging to identify all elements of digital footprint without specifying a particular context and objective of investigating digital footprints. In other words, is the template intended to serve providers', customers', administrators' or public perspectives? Is it to be used as part of an organization analytics strategy, assessment of standard compliance, security and digital forensics, evaluation of digital maturity, etc..?
I think these should be defined before capturing the necessary elements of digital footprints. They may also be included in your template. Furthermore, each elements may have different weights depending on the context it is applied to. For instance, search history might be of much greater value for a marketing perspective than it could be for a security perspective.
I know this does not answer your question directly but I would be happy to discuss it more and would definitely be interested in your work on this!
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I am currently working with the AFM-assisted Depth-Sensing Nanoindentation technique for studying the mechanical properties of nanostructured systems. As a standard procedure, I usually determine the indenter area profile by analyzing different plastic indentation footprints in a free-standing indium film. In this context, I would like to know if someone has used this method for indenter area profile calibration (not necessarily with the same material) and if you could share your experience. For example, limitations associated with accuracy, reproducibility, reliability, or other technical problems.
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Dear Simon Roa ,
In these two papers you can find nice results with formulas involving the AFM tip radius, the contact circle, the penetration depth and mechanical properties:
I hope it helps.
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I need some suggestion on reference materials for human footprint on wildlife. How can we score the human footprint??
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  • How are the local cultures contributed to the sustainable development of cities?
  • Why must culture be at the heart of sustainable urban development?
  • How does the asset impact or enhance the environment influence the overall sustainability ‘footprint’ of the city?
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People's behaviour depends on their cultures and how they deal with their urban and built environments .. some of urban rating system separated the category of culture from the other dimensions (social, economic and environmental) .. but i think that the culture is the spirit of social dimension
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I'm finding hardships in making difference between these species based on their tracks so is there any tricks i can use to seperate these 3 species ? Thank you.
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Your welcome.
Regards
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Dear all
I am trying to design and simulate a metasurface-based antenna in CST Studio. This Antenna will be used for wireless energy harvesting. How can I calculate the incident power on the footprint of each unit cell? Note that a horn antenna is used as the feed.
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Mr. Ferrando-Rocher
Thank you so much for your opinions regarding my query. Your Suggestion works, but I want to study incident power on the entire footprint of the unit cell, not just on a curve. Another question. If I use Floquet port (instead of horn antenna) and unit cell boundary condition to simulate an infinite array of aforementioned unit cells, How can I calculate the incident power on the entire footprint of the unit cell for the combination of all excited Floquet modes?
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Dear researchers,
I am working on CO2 flux data measured at two different heights (~3 m and ~40 m) at a tower in the middle of a large homogeneous area (cropland, 6km x 6km). Anthropogenic emissions are ignorable. I am curious why CO2 fluxes (or NEE) showed a significant difference between two different measurement levels in daytime. The lower the larger absorption by ~ 2 times around noon LST (See the attached Figure). I think the two fluxes should be equal or similar, because their sources are almost equal, except the area covered by footprints, but the figure attached showed a huge offset.
A few other ideas come up:
1) I set a criteria of u* > 0.2 m/s. Should I adjust or found the proper u* at each measurement level? But the estimation of U* threshold distribution did not likely give any clear answer.
2) Is the higher one not sit on the constant-flux layer? Then, how can people interpret the very tall tower (> 200 m) data over a forest area? What is the main difference of fluxes measured at the canopy-level and the much-above level?
3) Should I add storage term to each flux to achieve NEE? I did, but the still large amount of offset.
In sum, how does one interpret the different fluxes at different measurement level at the same homogeneous site? Anyone can help me out?
Regards,
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Hi Changhyoun!
Very large difference there! What my colleagues above highlight should normally NOT create such a large discrepancy. Flux footprint is likely most relevant, but also atmospheric layering. Your nighttime data suggest that some storage is most likely happening (little to no storage during daytime).
CO2 flux should decrease with height above the constant flux layer, but not this much by a factor of 2 at 40 m vs. 3 m, I think. Your 3-m NEE is much larger (not smaller), so it is not likely local respiration, but local Pn vs. larger scale Pn. Your flux footprints are much different at those heights!
Some possibilities:
- if roughness length is very low (what is the crop?), the z=40 m flux footprint may extend substantially outside the cropland area
- the concentration footprint for z=40 m may extend substantially outside the cropland area and you may see a horizontal inhomogeneity effect from a large, distant CO2 source, such as a power plant. Obviously you can check for that using wind direction discrimination ...
- your field(s) may not be as homogeneous as you think ... strong gradients may exist in Pn or respiration depending on soil moisture ... how do your latent heat fluxes compare? are there any canopy gaps?
- if you have access to a FLIR camera, check what the crop looks like in the IR; that can give clues on heat stress (you may sit in a local spot of optimal Pn ...)
Good luck figuring this out,
Gunnar
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The adoption of bio-intensive cropping systems has the potential to reduce environmental footprints without compromising the economic gain per unit of resources.
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Thank u Raman Jeet Singh sir
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I have seen so many of those strange marks in rocks near my hometown in Mexico, and to me, they look like fossil footprints. However, they could be the product of geological activity. Does somebody have an idea?
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It seems to be a phenomenon of differential erosion. It is possible that the rock had xenoliths that erosion has removed.
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Looking for studies on how academics' climate footprint (personal and professional choices) affect their scientific credibility/legitimacy in the eyes of the public/other actors. Thx in advance!
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This an interesting question, though I think we'd need to specify credibility to whom more nuanced answers. Policymakers? Other scientists? Climate change activists? Climate change deniers? Certainly for those researching and advocating on climate change issues (self included), the bar is a bit higher in terms of expecting researchers to "walk the walk", something which weighs upon me every time I travel.
However, as many of the other commentators have alluded to, the inverse question is likewise relevant. How much is establishment of scientific credibility/status predicated upon heavy travel emissions? Traveling a lot does not improve or diminish the quality of anyone's scientific work, but it might be a proxy for coherence between professional and personal lives, at least for those working on climate change issues.
Of course, not every conference is make or break for career development, but in general, they are a key aspect of building professional profile and visibility, especially for junior scholars. Also, for those of us who need to travel to field sites to even collect data upon which to publish and present, our travel needs are again greater.
My imagination is certainly piqued about how to research this question empirically.
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According to the doc I have found :
"type of footprint to be downloaded. OSM tag key e.g. 'building', 'landuse', 'place', etc." but I'd like to find the exhaustive list.
Best regards
Simon
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I think this might be what you're looking for:
Best,
Sean
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Many studies have claimed that ecological footprint is not a true reflection of ecosystem. Possibly, its merely seen as a measure of productivity.
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@Vaibhav, so when are we getting the right model? I mean when we the right model that captures ecological footprints coming or we are going to continue re-packaging Kuznet curve and pretend we are working on ecological footprints.
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How can we become more sustainable in both the pre- and post-harvest horticultural sectors. What is being done and what can be done to improvise the footprint.
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Hi,
for insulation you deffinitely ant to look vacuum insulation related options:
Consider both the roof and wall cooling:
For packaging:
And cosider approaching this thing fe.g. orm indicartors point of view:
B.R.,
Ari
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Hi everyone.
I'm doing multiple species and multiple season occupancy modelling for leopard and prey species interaction in the human footprint landscape by using non invasive camera traps.could someone suggests me to build model using r software not presence software.I need a example or script for r presence.
Thanks
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Trying to get information
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I am working on the texture feature extraction from foot for person identification. I applied Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix, it provides the accuracy of 87%. What are the factor which can be modified for getting good accuracy.
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Thank you for the suggestion. I will try with discrete wavelet transform.
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Imagine I've got a bunch of particles of different shapes, sizes and densities all in the micro-size range. Some of them would be pretty difficult to weight directly. So, i've been wondering if placing them on some sort of gel or material of known properties and with high plasticity for X minutes/hours would generate an obervable "footprint" that could be measured by optical means (depth, area, volume of the footprint) to determinte its "weight".
Thanks.
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Alternative way of weighing the isolated particle adsorbed on a surface may be by means of measuring the adhesion force between the particle and an AFM probe. Such a procedure needs gathering satistics on measuring different size and mass particles and establishing a mass/force correlation.
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Hi all,
I am currently wanting to do some metabolomic footprinting of the secondary metabolites secreted by an organism into its culturing broth, but I have some concerns as to the level of metal ions present. I have calculated that if the organism has not used any of the metals in the broth there would be approximately 250nmol/uL of metals in neat broth, presuming about a 3uL injection volume that means it would be getting close to 1umol/injection of inorganic contaminants (absolute worst case scenario, its probably much less).
The metals that are present in the sample are Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, Mn and K.
I would like to try and preprocess my sample to remove as much of the inorganic components as possible to prevent accumulation on the ion source and reduce the background noise I will see during my analysis. Also, I am expecting that the secondary metabolites are relatively low abundance in the sample, so removing metals would enable some sample concentration procedures, improving my data collection.
  • I have tried some ion exchange resin, specifically Chelex 100, which resulted in a 10-15% decrease in conductivity, which may not be sufficient.
  • I have also tried EDTA chelation, but I cannot precipitate out the EDTA without releasing the bound metal ions, and keeping it in solution hasn't really solved any problems.
Any advice would be appreciated.
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Do you actually want or need to remove inorganic ions before hand? All metabolomics study will have good LC before MS. If the ions are not bound to proteins they will be gone in the void volume, if they are bound to proteins you want to see them anyways. Ion exchange will remove positively charged proteins, too. You need to measure the void volume and set the LC flow to waste during that time.
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What does the term voice print refer to? Is it similar to footprints?
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Voiceprint is a biometric. Voiceprint is so unique for each person, it is becoming the main security feature for customer identification for businesses and banks. This technology can help authenticate customer identity with voice alone. It’s more secure than passwords.
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We found the dinosaur footprints on a sandstone layer of the Lower Cretaceous in Southwest China. We would like to know what kind of the dinosaur produced the footprint? i.e., was the dinosaur a carnivore or a herbivore? What is the environment and climate it prefered at the time?
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Dear colleague Xianghui Li,
First, let me give you my congratulations for your discovery. This slab (under surface of it) with a score or so of dinosaur tracks is very interesting. Also answering to the suggestion of my friend Francisco Bonfim (we worked together in the field) I’ll try to understand them.
I work on tetrapod tracks (Permian) since 1972, and Cretaceous tracks since 1975, mostly dinosaur tracks, in Brazil, Italy, Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Australia. I’ve seen thousands of them in many other countries. I’ve in press a large book on Brazilian dino tracks at the Indiana Uni Press.
· These are surely dinosaur tracks, probably from a lot of distinct individuals, probably of the same kind. All of them seems to be bipedal dinosaurs.
· They are surely convex hyporeliefs, i.e. natural casts on the sole of the upper layer, as was said by Jim des Lauriers. And the layer on which they had walked is no more in place, it fell down. You perhaps can find fragments of this layer with tracks searching in the downfall debris.
· There is the possibility that these footprints are the concave hyporeliefs and undertracks at the same time (casts of undertracks).
· There is at least one score of dinosaur tracks in the picture, of quite different quality of impression; some of them with anatomical details, two or three with a good outline, other are just general impressions.
· Those on the right are best quality; on the left they are very bad quality; however, they are equally footprints, because of the association and of the (medium) same dimensions.
· It is always difficult (and inappropriate) trying to classify tracks from pictures, without having the tracks in the hands.
· If you permit, sorry, 5 m are not a distance preventing from going up and examining the material. There are ladders. Christian Meyer and I and Martin Lockley worked one month (1998) and Christian many times more at the Cal Ork’o Ichnosite (Sucre, Bolivia) in the Andes, hanged the whole day on a piton and rope. So do I in Dolomites, Italy.
· I tried to do a sketch (in attachment) of what I can see in the photos. Sorry, I’m not organized here for a better drawing.
· I can’t see a surely complete trackway (sequence of footprints of the same trackmaker). They are sparse footprints. Mark Philippe noted that there is no regularity in spacing and distribution. He is right. They are pertaining to a number of individuals.
· One of the best proofs or evidences that these are really tracks, is the presence of quite evident DR (at least in the tracks 1,2,4,5, (8,9?), 10, 11). DR is the displacement rim: the sand and or clay, mud, displaced around the track by the weight of the animal maker. As this is a natural cast (convex hyporelief), the DR is naturally and evidently concave.
· I tried to calculate or extrapolate the dimensions of the tracks (with some regards to the perspective), The medium length of the footprints is about ± 20-25 cm, if the hammer-shaft is 33 cm (and it is also in diagonal position, which is a problem). So they are relatively small footprints.
· Almost all of them seem to be longer than wide. (Perhaps, for the 6 best footprints in the picture (in perspective deformation), the average index L/W = ~ 1,33.
· Some of the footprints are clearly tridactyl (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ?7, 9).
· Some of them have claws or hoofs (at least 2, ?5, 9).
· The hypexes I can see show all acute angles.
· A number of footprints, of very bad quality, not numbered, sometimes represented here with hatched outline) are neither classified nor classifiable, however, they are all in the same range of dimensions and also in a similar sector of direction of the main axe as the other tracks. Anyway, they are (bad quality) footprints.
· Many footprints, all of the recognizable, are going “upward” in the picture. There is here a preferential corridor, for example a water-border, the border of a lake etc.
· Footprint #9 is a special case. It seems to be tridactylous; it is associated with another, smaller tridactylous footprint partially in overlap, at the left (of another smaller individual); and is inside a very large concavity, too large to be a DR, to concave (it seems so) to be a sauropod hind-footprint, that, in the sole of the layer, ought to be convex, like the other tracks here.
· The track-maker were here surely all bipedal, no sauropods at all; however, I can’t decide if they are theropod or ornithopod tracks. It seems to me more probable than they could be ornithopod tracks, as Jens Carl Dieter wrote above. As a matter of fact, the toes are wide and the extremities of them are often blunt. In one or two cases they can seem to be claws, but more commonly they seem to be hooves. But I can’t exclude however that they could be fat-toed theropod tracks. It is often difficult distinguishing between them, when the material is not good quality. Also if one can measure exactly the tracks, and here I can’t, in any diagram there is an area of intersection between the polygonals of ornithopod footprints and those of fat-toed theropods. Here, surely there is not clear evidence of sharp claws.
I would suggest, dear colleague Xianghui Li, you would publish this fine material.
Cheers! Giuseppe Leonardi
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In GIXRD measurement the incident angle onto the film surface is very low, so it corresponds to a large footprint of the incident beam as well. So, what should be the ideal dimension of the film surface i.e length and width, such that the beam does not fall outside the film surface.
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Size as area is not so important as much thickness and scaning speed. you can have 1mm2 and still obtain prety good results. Most of mine thin films never cover whole substrate.
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Hi all,
I have been trying to perform footprinting for some time now using the maxam-gilbert method. To generate the Pu/Py ladder, I used Formic acid and hydrazine, respectively, followed by piperidine cutting. To my dismay, I found that the bands for both appeared at the same positions, rendering sequencing impossible.
I repeated the experiment many times and changed the reagents also, but to no avail. I was suspicious that there might be some nonspecific activity of piperidine after reading some papers, so I tried to check this by incubating the p32 labeled oligonucleotide (without any modifications) with piperidine for various times (10min-lane1, 20min-lane2, 30 min -lane3) at 95C followed by 2 rounds of etOH precipation. Final resuspension was in 95% formamide+10mM NaOH containing buffer.
As you can see from the image, I am experiencing severe nonspecific cleavage even with the unmodified oligonucleotide. Suspecting contamination, I have even switched reagents from another lab where they have used the piperidine for primer extension, but I get nonspecific cleavage.
I'd be extremely grateful if anybody can shed light on this issue and provide some solutions.
Best regards,
Subramaniyam
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Dear Emanuela,
I used a 1M concentration of piperidine. After boiling for 30 mins i performed ethanol precipitation twice.
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The Hilbert Book Model places elementary particles on their own private platform, which is a quaternionic separable Hilbert space that owns a private parameter space and contains an operator that manages the footprint of the particle in its eigenspace. The platform floats with the geometric center of its parameter space over the parameter space of a background platform. That background platform is a separable Hilbert space, which is embedded into a non-separable quaternionic Hilbert space. A dedicated operator in this embedding platform manages a continuum eigenspace that acts as the field, which represents the universe. At each progression instant, each floating platform injects a little bit of volume into the embedding field. The injected volume spreads over the field and thus deforms the field around the injection location. The deformation quickly fades away. Still, the injected volume expands the field.
The field contains black holes. Injected volume cannot leave the boundary of the black hole. The floating platforms of the elementary particle can only inject volume into the black hole when the trigger location of the injection hovers over this region. The part of the platform that stays out of the border of the black hole injects in space where the injected volume can spread freely. If the center of the platform cannot pass the border, then the platform stays at this border and the border of the black hole gets filled with these platforms. Injections inside the border increase the radius of the black hole. This makes room for the attachment of more elementary particles. Further outside of the border of the black hole the elementary particles can form hadrons, atoms and molecules. This is governed by special stochastic processes, whose activity is inhibited at the inside of the border. The active border is characterized by the entropy of the black hole. Inside the black hole only mass characterizes the properties of the Schwarzschild black hole. This story suggests that elementary particles cannot pass the border of the black hole. Only the injected volume exists inside the border.
See: Mass and Field Deformation in http://vixra.org/author/j_a_j_van_leunen
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Does a limit not exist when it cannot be reached? Pi is the limit of a converging series of rationals. A similar case holds for all irrational numbers. When does a boundary exist?
Is the event horizon not a boundary? Is it a limit?
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I want to calculate size of object in memory in java, so I used Caliper library and used the following method ObjectGraphMeasurer.measure that result the following:
Footprint{Objects=270813, NonNullRefs=353968, NullRefs=1016731, Primitives=[int x 388091, double x 4375548, long x 2609976, boolean x 6398, float x 76765, char x 66658]}
Firstly I don't know what mean by NonNullRefs and NullRefs, secondly I want to convert this result to bytes.
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On the Global Footprint Network website I was able to download data only for 2014.
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In addition to what Ilan provided you may also find information from the link below;
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Increasing population demands housing which in turn requires new land to build houses and infrastructure. Often, the casualty has been productive lands that are capable of producing food. Of particular importance is high class soils which are extremely versatile and hold the potential to produce a wide range of human food at a greater rate with minimum effort and lower environmental footprint. Whilst the loss of productive soils will reduce food production, the loss of high class soils could limit future food diversity and availability.
New Zealand being an agricultural nation does possess a vast amount of productive land which is primarily used for livestock grazing. Only a fraction of the productive land has high class soils which is used mainly to produce vegetables. The close proximity of high class soils to urban centres make them more vulnerable to urban sprawl. Currently, in the absence of a national directive, local authorities are left with their own policies to protect high class soils with little or no success.
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In a recent study we have found a similar picture in Kyoto, Japan, despite its long tradition of growing heirloom vegetables (see )
Unfortunately the city is doing next to nothing to avoid this problem so far, but we are working to hopefully change that.
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I need to calculate the deformation in the soil imposed by different agricultural equipment and I only have as a parametric resource the tire footprint recorded in the lime and the weight of the equipment. Thank you
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After several conducting research, some benefits emerged:
Being aware of your current online visibility gives you some control.
•You will gain a sense of what your digital shadow looks like, that is, content about you posted and uploaded by others, or even created by you inadvertently. You will make informed decisions about your digital footprint, what you want your active contribution to and interaction with the online world to look like.
Increasing your own visibility enables you to:
•Gain recognition in your field and beyond Communicate your research to a wider audience Grow your networks
Increasing the visibility of your scholarly outputs will:
Increase the impact of your work and potentially increase citations Make your work available to the widest audience This is beneficial not only for you but also for your unit, department, faculty and university as well as your research field as a whole.
Any other benefits or scholarly values?
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A public discussion of scientific issues with peers without the (high) cost of a conference; applies to RG
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Donald Trump's recent global strategy sees Africa as market for US goods. According to him, “We will offer American goods and services, both because it is profitable for us and because it serves as an alternative to China’s often extractive economic footprint on the continent”. What is i this strategy for African countries? Or is just to the benefit of Trump's America, a la "America First" mantra?
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Dear John,
It seems to be the mantra - again...
But I believe that if governors of African countries were able to negotiate good contracts, they can "use" this advantage of Africa as a big market to make it all good not just for America.
But, indeed, it´s a big challenge. I agree with you that the mantra can overcome all this and let Africa behind again. UNFORTUNATELY!
All my best wishes.
Prof. Hess
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I need to calculate my ecological footprint but so far i have only seen calculators that are too general or for certain first world countries.
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PROOF OF AN EXTRA SPATIAL DIMENSION
I studied the SDSS BOSS dataset and created a galaxy density map of the current universe.
The details of how to create a galaxy density map of the current universe are not relevant to the discovery. I just created a trivial d(z) and mapped all the 1.3 million objects in the dataset.
Then I created a cross-section of the globe, integrate of one of the angles (e.g. Declination) and just plotted all the other points densities irrespective to their Right Ascension.
This creates profiles that are consistent with the Galaxies being seeded by 36 Density Oscillations. In my theory those are mapped to Neutronium Acoustic Oscillations, but that is irrelevant.
The discovery that I want to be independently verified is that:
  1. In the SDSS BOSS dataset, there is information on the cross-section of the Galaxy Density Map that indicates SPHERICAL SEEDING OF GALAXIES (SSG).
  2. SSG distribution coalesce into 36 clusters (exact number is irrelevant, as long as it is more than 1).
I simplified the request. Just confirm the existence of spherical galaxy density distribution and that the distribution clusters itself into 36 or thereabouts (number is not relevant, just need to be larger than one) profiles.
Basically the request requires you to reproduce the plot and to realize that the mapping d(z) to current hypersphere or epoch is such that in a normalized Radius, distance is equal to alpha.
Also, no matter what mapping one uses, the spherical and clustering natures will not change and will also not depend upon the topology. Say, let d(z) be L-CDM corresponding function. That only changes distance and thus keeps the spherical nature of the distribution. L-CMD d(z) (if they had one) will also not change the clustering pattern since it is only changing distance d. This means that qualitatively spherical nature and clustering are not model dependent.
DATA ANALYSIS
The data, python scripts, and a video to help setting up the Anaconda Environment is provided here:
The creation of the map entails:
  1. Reading FITS files using astropy module
  2. FIXBOSS method which bins angular space to 0.1 degree and normalized radius, x, y, z by rounding them to n=3 significative figures.
  3. Notice that I am not doing anything to the Number density NZ nor to the proximity of objects. Galaxy density is the sum of objects times their NZ within a volume of 0.001 Radius x 0.1 DEC degree x 0.1 RA decree. Notice that radius range is [0,1], DEC [0,360], RA [90,-90]
  4. Notice that I mapped Alpha to distance (radius associated with objects).
The work is published here:
Map of the Universe here:
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Dear Marco
I will keep contact to You.
Citation by A. Einstein:
Behind all discernible laws and connections,there remains something subtle,intangible and inexplicable.
I do have close family connection to Princeton.
Have a nice day
Kurt Wraae
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Laminated Siltstones and Mudstones of Cretaceous lacustrine deposits of Korea display these trace fossils apparently made by some crawling insect. Laterally there are large footprints of Dinosaurs..
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Syed,
These arthropod tracks look quite a bit like Triassic specimens that Edward Hitchcock described as Lithographus punctatus in 1865 from the Connecticut Valley, USA. His original monograph included only a simplified sketch, but in 2005 E.C. Rainforth re-studied all of Hitchcock's specimens for her PhD disstertation at Columbia University. She provided new photographs to supplement the sketches. I am attaching the plate that shows this ichnotaxon.
Best wishes,
George
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The fact that elementary fermions bind into modules, makes them elementary modules. In contrast, elementary bosons do not bind into modules. Still, both elementary particle types feature mass and may feature electric charge.
A private stochastic process that owns a characteristic function, generates the hop landing locations of the elementary particles. The characteristic function acts as a displacement generator for the produced hop landing location swarm. Consequently, the swarm moves coherently as a single unit.
Also, the footprint of a module is generated by a private stochastic process that owns a characteristic function, which acts as a displacement generator that makes the module coherently move as a single unit. This can be comprehended when the characteristic function of the module equals the superposition of the characteristic functions of its constituents. The superposition coefficients relate to the internal positions of the components. 
If elementary fermions can constitute modules, and elementary bosons do not bind into modules, then the conclusion is that the characteristic functions of elementary bosons cannot superpose into the characteristic function of a module.   For bosons, gravitational binding and electrical binding is not enough.
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@ Behnam Farid
"HC" is the abbreviation of Hypotron Cluster.
The notion of "symmetric HC" is specified in ch.5 section 5.3.
 "HSC" is the abbreviation of Hypotron Sextet Cluster (see ch.6 section 6.4).
It can be shown that there exist 30 types of HSCs which have integer charge Q.
These types are called "HSC-classes" (in German: "HSC-Klassen", will be corrected).
Furthermore, it can be shown that for each HSC-class the supercharge has an integer value too !!!
The list of HSC-classes H_1,...,H_30 is contained in ch.6 section 6.4.
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Do anymore know if future predictions have been done of the global human footprint and the mammal richness, relying more or less on the methods ("global human influence index" and "global mammal richness grids) developped by the EOSDIS / SEDAC (Nasa) ? 
I'm interested by the Amazonian scale.
Thanks,
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The definition of the footprint is clear, but I like to know how easy or difficult it is to really come up with a reliable number for a town. So I am looking for existing experience.
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Michael,
Thank you kindly for the indication. I shall study the paper.
Manfred
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The study aims to identify the main obstacles that prevent people from acting more environmental-friendly and therefore reducing their individual footprint.
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Dear Franziska
Calculating individual ecological footprints, in my view, is very difficult, because of the cultural and contextual differences to which people are submitted to, or living through. I am not sure whther such type of caluclation would clarify your query: identify obstacles that prevent people to act ecofriendly. Sudies of sustainability in education, mainly in higher education, have highlighted that there is a huge gap between knowldedge about sustainability and action towards a sustainable society. People know and are aware of their own harmful behaviour as consumer that impact the environment, but it seems it does not change the way they act. There are Social Theories as Planned Behaviour Theory, for instance, that seem able to help to investigate this subject in details. I am sorry, but I do not believe that calculation, as first approach, will help to understand obstacles for people do not act in ecofriendly way. I think it is more valuable to try to investigate the reflective gap between knowing and acting when it relates to sustainable action. Please, see Azjen work (Attempt Theory, Azjen, you can find several papers in acaademic data bases, and in Google Scholar). Kind regards.
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yes... it will be helpfull to see any picture of the track... and you also need to remember that dinosaur tracks (and all tracks) are studied in the field of animal behavior rather than dinosaur taxonomy (parataxonomy). Dinosaur tracks can be surely related to a certain dinosaur lineage based on anatomy and known diversity of the formation, but allways are named following the inconolgic parataxonomy. Thus, reference to a certain lineage or species is only a hypothesis.
best!
Marcos
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I am working on development of a cooled double multilayer monochromator(Si).
The optics is designed to handle the heat load of the X-ray beam and provide optimal bandwidth and reflectivity at three desired photon energies.
For these photon energies, i need to find the beam size and beam footprint?
I am using XOP software to get photon energies for the input values.
Please guide me to get beam size and beam footprint at a distance D from the source either by XOP or by any calculation 
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The footprint at distance D is given by a convolution of the emission characteristics of a single electron travelling through the undulator and the electron beam's source size and divergence in the straight section as given by the emittance of he storage ring. This can be done using the code Synchrotron Radiation workshop SRW from O.Chubar (https://github.com/ochubar/SRW) or the code WAVE from M.Scheer (https://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/forschung/oe/fg/undulatoren/arbeitsgebiete/wave_en.html) . In combination with raytracing codes (RAY, SHADOW) the evolution of the footprint along the beamline can be tracked.
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Sandstones they are printed on these forms belong to Wadi Malik Fm. (Lower Carboniferous) outcropping in Jebel Uweinat (Sudan, on the border with Libya and Egypt). This may be footprints of tetrapods?
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I agree with Jérôme, but to be sure, you should contact Per Ahlberg from Uppsala University, Sweden, he's a specialist in tetrapod footprints, his e-mail is Per.Ahlberg@ebc.uu.se
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Energy efficiency is just one of the many criteria that could be used, as 'footprints' are being adapted to measure the impacts of buildings in terms of carbon emissions, water and energy consumption.
In other words, how distant we are from considering all the aspects related to the consumption of resources in the 'sustainability' equation of our building stock? Could this be delivered through a unified indicator?
Are you aware of cases where these techniques have been applied in real urban and regional planning policies, plans, and programs?
Thank you for your suggestions.
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I am afraid that I may not be able to contribute completely in this matter but I feel like I could add a suggestion or another way of thinking on the topic.
Something else to consider would be the relation to decay. Materials off gas and fall apart or they combine with the conditions of the area to speed up the process or to create a poison. Sometimes the materials actually used in the architecture, although great for long lasting built environments, are actually toxic to the people living on the located site.
I also feel that the "footprint" could be measured by usage. Was every part of the space utilized to the fullest? If the building changed functions, how has it coped with the new usage despite the original purpose? Was the "footprint" economical in design? Would it be worth it in the long run to upkeep a building because it works so well or is it necessary to upkeep it to modify? (I hope this made sense).
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I am looking for literature on regional landscape patterns that look at the fractal quality of how rocks are broken apart in cosmic impacts, and the footprints they leave behind on the present landscape.  
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Dear David,
A lot of literature exists dealing with the topic you are interested in. Here are just a few examples:
French, B.M. (1998). Traces of Catastrophe. Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 2007-05-20.
ANN M. THERRIAULT – RICHARD A. F. GRIEVE – MARK PILKINGTON. The recognition of terrestrial impact structures. Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, Vol. 77, No. 4, 253–263, 2002.
B.M. French and C. Köberl. The convincing identification of terrestrial meteorite impact features: What works, what doesn’t, and why. Earth-Science Reviews 98(1):123-170 · January 2010.
and many others...
I assume, you are searching for literature on terrestrial impact structures. I recommend the following page:
On this page, you can find the most important literature available for each (confirmed) terrestrial impact crater you are interested in.
By the way, rocks hit by an asteroid are not neccessarily vaporized, These rocks can also be melted (impact mekt breccias or Impact melt rocks) or just brecciated (impact breccias).
All the best
Elmar
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Farming is considered to be the first cause of deforestation in the tropics. Our research team is currently looking for farming solutions that may replace conventional small- and large-scale farming in Brazilian rainforests. Our current assumption is that vertical farming, mainly conceived for urban areas, may be an alternative that has a much smaller impact on the forest because of their small footprint and diffuse spatial distribution (vertical farms scattered around the forest, instead of being clustered), thus drastically reducing deforestation. We are confronted with the following questions:
- Is there any knowledge on how productive vertical farms are in tropical forests?
- What kind of new problems would vertical farms bring for farmers?
- Can current farming products be stacked vertically?
- Can vertical farming be realised with low-tech solutions?
We would highly appreciate any feedback on these questions.
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Nature has created vertical as well as horizontal layers of farming.
In a complex forest Leaf Area Index (LAI) is about 12-14. This means that in one meter square land area you have 14 meter square leaf area. In this forest you have halophytes and sciophytes along with facultative halophytes and facultative sciophytes. These plants have favourable on unfavourable associations. This canopy makes use of solar radiation which has 680 nm wave length and 700 nm wave length.
The multi tiered canopy has capacity to produce biomass 2.5 times more than the mono cultured crop. If the biomass is to be used as raw material for fulfilling human requirements in that case plant species useful to human beings should be selected.
We have got wonderful results on this experiments. If the demand is of food we have hundreds of forest trees having capacity to feed human race. Examples are Madhuka longifolis (Mahua) it gives carbohydrates, Fatty acids and protein to lesser extent; Phoenix sylvestris (Wild date palm) can be perennial source of sucrose fibres and fruits. There are hundreds of tuberous crops (as and under story of forest canopy) which can feed millions of people. It includes different kinds of yams and kudzu. The list is endless and every ecosystem will have its own flora and fauna.
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I want to perform dna polymerase stop assay and DMS footprinting   for my g quadruplex forming oligo.Our lab is new to this topic and no one in our lab has experienced about this.I have tried using some online protocol 2-3 timess but it doesnt work good. Does anyone of you are using this techniques in your lab and if yes, can you please share the protocols for the same. I would be highly obliged
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I did use DMS probing to identify reactive N7 G for RNA (the protocol should be same as DNA). Check http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2013/SC/C2SC21588H#!divAbstract, or the original citation in this paper (This paper is available on my research gate if you dont have acess to it).
But if you have some specific question you can ask and then we can reply you better.
cheers,
sandeep
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I am searching for indicators to complete a model for assessing urban transformations, which have the following characteristics:
• They measure both direct and indirect impacts of consumptions
• They provide ecological thresholds [meaning optimal status and worst possible]
So far I find the Footprint family [Ecological, Water and GHG] are best suited though I am not able to find thresholds for many of them.
Any suggestions are welcome [either indicators or texts which provide ecological thresholds].
For an overall image of what I understand as a ‘Sustainability Indicator’ you can check the link.
Thanks
Ricardo
Deleted research item The research item mentioned here has been deleted
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I have been recently stimulated by a question from Susan B. Kask, on what is the purpose of a system related to the five main capitals: natural capital, social capital, manufactured capital, financial capital, and human capital. The issue she addresses (what is a system purpose?) I believe is at the root of the selection of sustainability indicators.  That is quite relevant for socio-economic-ecological systems (complex adaptive systems) like the ones we live in, actually, all kinds of macrosystems. The question she poses does depend on a strategic vision of values to be pursued. The construction of a system of values, analyzing motivations, can be traced to Maslow (1943), who developed a holistic-dynamic theory of motivation, well-known as ‘Maslow’s hierarchy of needs’. It represents a pyramid of basic human needs in five levels (physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, self-esteem, and self-actualization) that motivate and drive behavior and are sequenced in order of priority from lowest to highest. to satisfy basic physiological needs, such as food, air, water, then our needs for safety (e.g. security of environment, employment, health, law), belongingness (e.g. love, friendship, family), esteem (e.g. achievement, self-esteem, respect,) and lastly self-actualization (e.g. personal growth, self-fulfillment, morality, creativity). In this perspective, if basic (physiological and safety) needs are not met, it is unlikely that other higher values at the top of the pyramid (democracy, social justice, equity) will be prioritized (Hagerty 1999; Tischler 1999; Yawson et al. 2009; O‘Brien and Wolf 2010, Tay and Diener 2011). The ability of humans to satisfy these needs arises from the opportunities available and constructed from social, built, human and natural capital. In this viewpoint, in the sequence of Maslow‘s pyramid the human motivations connect the human being primarily to the natural capital and then to the built, social and human capital evoking the framework suggested by Meadows (1998) which relates natural wealth to ultimate human purpose through technology, economy, politics and ethics. Several researchers pointed out that the opportunities for sustainability increase as more of Maslow‘s human needs are met (Kofinas and Chapin 2009; Sidiropoulos 2013). In the perspective of environmental sustainability, Udo and Jansson (2009) have demonstrated that poorer nations that are struggling to survive are less concerned with environmental sustainability than advanced and stable nations at higher levels in the hierarchy of needs.
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I am currently working on Bathonian aged dinosaur footprints form the Long Nab Member of Scarborough, Yorkshire. As part of my study I am looking into the local museum collections isolated footprints. 
They are all tridactyl (some are broken however) but I am not sure how to assign left and right digits. I have read Thulborn (1990) and several other papers but not sure how to spot these nodes and the basic consensus on determining left from right from the curvature of the digits.
I have attached a few images of the prints I am working with to clarify.
Thank you!
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As you probably know there is a slight invard curvature in the middle digit (digit III) of some tridactyl tracks.Rodolphos suggestion about the digit IV possesing more phalanges and being more slender is also helpful in identifing tracks.
I gues the first picture is a right one because of the stout appearnce of the left (presumably second) digit.
The third picture is likely a right one as well given the curvature of the III digit.
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please fallow the attached file.
the best
mahnaz
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Mahnaz, I have no idea at this point in time, the prints do not resemble anything in the New Zealand region. You have quite a mystery on your hands. All the best. 
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I am looking for methodology pertaining to trapping designs (e.g., transects, web, grid, etc.) of small mammals to measure the edge effect of an acute disturbance.  For example, if a parking lot were to appear in the middle of a grassland landscape, how far away would the biological footprint be felt by the small mammal community? 10m? 100m? Something in-between? What deisign might I use to determine this?  The three statistics I want to investigate include species diversity, species richness and abundance.  Thanks in advance, and I look forward to any input.
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Hi, I suggest you should place your transects parallel to the edge you are interested on. So, you will have a similar trapping effect along each transect regarding distance from the border (the whole transect will be at the same distance from the border). Each transect could be placed at different distances from the border and then you will be able to evaluate the differences between different transects at different distances. Moreover, you also have to place several sets of transects in different sampling points. I mean you should not place several sets of transects in a same fragment, for example. Instead, it would be better to place one set of transects at different distances in several fragments, thus you can have (spatially) independent sampling points to analyse. Good luck!
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I work with a natural adhesive (footprint) extracted from a marine organism onto the glass slide or mica. It is very cohesive sample and so far, we have detected amyloid fibrils in the footprint (in combination with many other proteins and they have not been completely identified yet).  My goal is to make high resolution images of amyloid fibrils and to do that I need to selectively wash away other components/proteins in the footprint. I probably should try some detergent but can anyone suggest which detergent to use and concentration?
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There are several examples of cleaning solutions you could use that are commonly employed in protocols that extract amyloids from natural sources, mainly brain tissue, such as prions and other amyloids associated with neurodegenerative disorders. A detergent I have used in the past for a similar task is N-lauroylsarcosine (Sarkosyl). I refer you to a PNAS paper by Prusiner that you could use as starting point for developing a suitable washing method (http://www.pnas.org/content/104/52/20914.full). Good luck with the experiments.
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I'm trying to look into the water footprint of various construction materials. Does anyone have data on the embodied water of pulverised fuel ash? I have data for cement which gives inputs of ground water, surface water, river water, sea water and "water", plus outputs of water vapour. This sort of breakdown would be good, but anything would be a start.
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Ecoinvent is the largest transparent life cycle inventory database and in version 3 also has water flows (inputs and outputs) to assess water conusmption. keep in mind that for a proper water footprint (there is a new ISO norm accepted and available as draft ISO 14046) you need to perform impact assessment on water consumption and emissions affecting water resources. to do so you can use spatial explcit models such as those for impact assessment we published (freely available as google earth layer on http://www.ifu.ethz.ch/ESD/downloads/Monthly_WSI or online on http://waterfootprinting.jimdo.com/)
Additional information and references are available there.
Best,
Stephan
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I am trying to characterize the secondary structure of my aptamer . I don't see neat and clear digested bands in my samples. I am attaching all the gels I have run until now, this is my first experience with these gels so any suggestion would be really helpful. Size of my RNA is 100 bases and I am running the gel at 1.5kV and 60mA.
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Perhaps you could post your protocol. Its difficult to tell what went wrong just from gels. I suspect you have several issues here.
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In DMS footprinting, after DNA fragmentation with piperidine, we performed ligation mediated PCR in which the first step is primer extension. I would like ask is whether we need to perform a primer extension and if so, how do we go about this? As for the primer selection, how do we figure out the sequence pattern of the DNA?
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