Footprinting - Science method

Any interpretation of Bouguer gravity data should be built upon a realistic model with reasonable density values. Gravity data is non-unique so multiple hypotheses are possible. The best hypotheses are built from density data from boreholes. If an idea cannot be modeled due to lack of density data, any publication should also discuss alternative ideas. Such a paper might be valuable to generate discussion. If data exists and the idea cannot be modeled, it should be rejected and then other ideas should be modeled.

Some sources:

1. https://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/ecological-footprint

2. https://www.footprintcalculator.org

3. https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WVNEAQAAQBAJ

4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X15005269

5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800908003376

Not only did pre-colonial trade occur but some manufacturing also took place and so traders engaged in the sale of manufactured products. Ancient Africa traded in tobacco, gold, copper, spices, ebony, ivory, and skins.

People in pre-colonial Africa were engaged in hunting and gathering, agriculture, mining and simple manufacturing. Agriculture involved most people, so the chapter looks mainly at farming activities. The chapter explains that farmers in those days faced two big challenges: a hostile environment and scarcity of labour.

(citation from: https://www.aehnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Green.Production-Systems-in-Pre-Colonial-Africa.pdf

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The very earliest evidence of African trade is described by Herodotus (c. 484-425BC) who wrote of the trade across the Sahara; a trade recorded in rock paintings dating from 10,000BC.

(Citation from: https://african.business/2021/10/trade-investment/a-short-history-of-african-trade/

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In most parts of Africa before 1500, societies had become highly developed in terms of their own histories. They often had complex systems of participatory government, or were established powerful states that covered large territories and had extensive regional and international links.

The Transatlantic Slave trade not only distorted Africa’s economic development it also distorted views of the history and importance of the African continent itself. It is only in the last fifty years that it has been possible to redress this distortion and to begin to re-establish Africa’s rightful place in world history.

The African continent is now recognised as the birthplace of humanity and the cradle of civilization. We still marvel at the great achievements of Kemet, or Ancient Egypt, for example, one of the most notable of the early African civilizations, which first developed in the Nile valley over 5000 years ago.

(Citation from:

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The main items traded were gold and salt. The gold mines of West Africa provided great wealth to West African Empires such as Ghana and Mali. Other items that were commonly traded included ivory, kola nuts, cloth, slaves, metal goods, and beads.

(Citation from: https://www.ducksters.com/history/africa/trade_routes_of_ancient_africa.php

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Simple conclusion:

Colonization brought a full disruption of Africa‘s traditional trade and routes.

I think this is pertinent, since performance simulation beyond the building scale is still contentious. So, thank you for the question. Considering its implications is quite helpful@.

At UNSW we have been working on library based Precinct Energy Modelling (PIM) to improve energy analysis - both on the data scheme and procedural implications. LBNL is at the forefront of this so, I am sure you are aware of the tool SBT-1 (Space Boundary Tool), formerly Geometry Simplification Tool (GST). It works in conjunction with a Simergy tool element that is being simultaneously adjusted through the work of @Richard See, whom I had the fortune to correspond with to test some features. Just like ASHRAE and other data libraries, it embraces the space type data concept with important additions. Both the concept and the features of this tool gave good insights. (Your questions are set to bold in what follows.)

The key to this is that you don't conceive a building as an extrusion of just one polygon per building. That way you could be way off with your performance simulation. Consider that in an urban setting many buildings have a podium volume and then significant setbacks for the upper story extrusions. Typically, the taller the building the larger the setback. Beyond that, floor area, aspect ratio and orientation are also important, of course.

You might want to be able to assign multiple programs to the same spaces or zones. This means that multiple zones per floor is a necessity not just spatially but also temporally. Consider a client who want the option for a large part of the podium level, or several stories of the tower portion, to be used not for a commercial but a residential building program. The usage schedules for those zones will be vastly different.

I like the idea of assigning approximately twice the storey height in horizontal distance from the perimeter for a separate zone. This comes from the daylighting need and the average angle sunlight hits the windows. But consider doubling this for the perimeter zones that are double-storey high. Also, change either figures for significantly different climate zones where the angle of average sunlight is steeper or shallower. This is pertinent both within the US, e.g. as within the ASHRAE types, but many provinces within China also have significantly different climate zones.

Hi Lilian, Maybe this can help you

I think so. The weighted kappa allows the use of weighting schemes to take into account the closeness of agreement between categories. This is only suitable in the situation where you have ordinal or ranked variables :)

Mahsa Sadeghi Vazin

I could tell you many "stories" about wastewater treatment plants (WWTP's) but I guess that mean "storey" (multi-level). As a matter a fact we designed one about 30 years ago in South-Korea where the footprint was so small that we installed a 3-level/storey WWTP including a stack of 2 final clarifiers (one on top of the other). Many more levels could be added as needed. This is a matter of proper hydraulic design (gravity flow and pumped flow) combined with efficient construction design (civil & structural works).

Kind regards, Bruno

I am willing, please share the details

Beatriz Lopo Teixeira Muchas gracias!!

Digital footprints that can be used for tourism research have to do with accommodation, sightseeing, and consumption, with plentiful sources of Big Data. For example, digital footprint that has to do with sightseeing relates to the photographs that tourists upload on websites such as Flickr. Not to forget, there is also the matter of the carbon footprint associated with airplane travel to distant sights.

I have worked on the RETScreen clean energy management software, and I were very satisfied with it, for my own research. I recommend to have a look of it, as an effective tool to simultaneously approach energy/ power systems and environmental analyses.

Dear Akos,

many thanks for your question. In terms of "footprint": Are you referring to the environmental and/or ecological footprint of fruit growing in general or just to specific subsets thereof such as the "climate footprint" of fruitgrowing? Or perhaps to the amount of (natural) resources used in fruit growing and hence the resulting "resource footprint/rucksack/backpack"? Would be very helpful to know in order to contribute to the interesting discussion topic you have opened there.

Thank you,

Julius

I do not have an answer to this question as it is not within my competence.

Accept my best regards

The best way to go is to use gamma-p32-ATP because of the high energy gamma phosphate bond contributing to the low energy of activation and making the reaction go fast, the gamma phosphate bond of UTP does not have the same energy compared to ATP. If you only have UTP, make sure it is gamma-p32-UTP and increase the reaction time because the efficiency is much lower compared to ATP.

Attached files, it may be useful

yes SimaPro is better but costly

CST will import .DXF and gerber circuit board files. It will also import .sat cad files, but only up to a certain version, which I think is listed in the help. Internet says All versions up to ACIS R23. My version of CST is older so maybe won't go that far! .SAT is the preferred CAD import format. Components are preserved, but not materials. Some other formats add all the parts and import them as one lump.

Many special thanks Prof. Aparna Sathya Murthy for your comment. Your argument is very appropriate especially in the context of the pandemic, but including technological progress and digitalization lead us to solutions to adapt to the present and the future. All the best!

Hi Mohammad,

I don't think there are any underlying equations that could do that in a simple way. Basically, you would need to map all activities and related flows of energy and material for the individual or population that you want to study. This could for example be averages for how much people in a certain country or region travel by different means of transport, how much they consume of different foods, heat their houses, etc. You can of course also do that for one individual. Once you have mapped all the flows, you can investigate the ecological footprint that each flow causes. There are some existing databases for that, but you need to be careful with selecting data that fits your context and scope.

Hope this is helpful.

Take care.

Jesko

That's a very interesting endeavor! I think it is quite challenging to identify all elements of digital footprint without specifying a particular context and objective of investigating digital footprints. In other words, is the template intended to serve providers', customers', administrators' or public perspectives? Is it to be used as part of an organization analytics strategy, assessment of standard compliance, security and digital forensics, evaluation of digital maturity, etc..?

I think these should be defined before capturing the necessary elements of digital footprints. They may also be included in your template. Furthermore, each elements may have different weights depending on the context it is applied to. For instance, search history might be of much greater value for a marketing perspective than it could be for a security perspective.

I know this does not answer your question directly but I would be happy to discuss it more and would definitely be interested in your work on this!

Dear Simon Roa ,

In these two papers you can find nice results with formulas involving the AFM tip radius, the contact circle, the penetration depth and mechanical properties:

I hope it helps.

People's behaviour depends on their cultures and how they deal with their urban and built environments .. some of urban rating system separated the category of culture from the other dimensions (social, economic and environmental) .. but i think that the culture is the spirit of social dimension

Dear Kilani Faouz

Your welcome.

Regards

Mr. Ferrando-Rocher

Thank you so much for your opinions regarding my query. Your Suggestion works, but I want to study incident power on the entire footprint of the unit cell, not just on a curve. Another question. If I use Floquet port (instead of horn antenna) and unit cell boundary condition to simulate an infinite array of aforementioned unit cells, How can I calculate the incident power on the entire footprint of the unit cell for the combination of all excited Floquet modes?

Hi Changhyoun!

Very large difference there! What my colleagues above highlight should normally NOT create such a large discrepancy. Flux footprint is likely most relevant, but also atmospheric layering. Your nighttime data suggest that some storage is most likely happening (little to no storage during daytime).

CO₂ flux should decrease with height above the constant flux layer, but not this much by a factor of 2 at 40 m vs. 3 m, I think. Your 3-m NEE is much larger (not smaller), so it is not likely local respiration, but local Pn vs. larger scale Pn. Your flux footprints are much different at those heights!

Some possibilities:

- if roughness length is very low (what is the crop?), the z=40 m flux footprint may extend substantially outside the cropland area

- the concentration footprint for z=40 m may extend substantially outside the cropland area and you may see a horizontal inhomogeneity effect from a large, distant CO₂ source, such as a power plant. Obviously you can check for that using wind direction discrimination ...

- your field(s) may not be as homogeneous as you think ... strong gradients may exist in Pn or respiration depending on soil moisture ... how do your latent heat fluxes compare? are there any canopy gaps?

- if you have access to a FLIR camera, check what the crop looks like in the IR; that can give clues on heat stress (you may sit in a local spot of optimal Pn ...)

Good luck figuring this out,

Gunnar

Thank u Raman Jeet Singh sir

It seems to be a phenomenon of differential erosion. It is possible that the rock had xenoliths that erosion has removed.

This an interesting question, though I think we'd need to specify credibility to whom more nuanced answers. Policymakers? Other scientists? Climate change activists? Climate change deniers? Certainly for those researching and advocating on climate change issues (self included), the bar is a bit higher in terms of expecting researchers to "walk the walk", something which weighs upon me every time I travel.

However, as many of the other commentators have alluded to, the inverse question is likewise relevant. How much is establishment of scientific credibility/status predicated upon heavy travel emissions? Traveling a lot does not improve or diminish the quality of anyone's scientific work, but it might be a proxy for coherence between professional and personal lives, at least for those working on climate change issues.

Of course, not every conference is make or break for career development, but in general, they are a key aspect of building professional profile and visibility, especially for junior scholars. Also, for those of us who need to travel to field sites to even collect data upon which to publish and present, our travel needs are again greater.

My imagination is certainly piqued about how to research this question empirically.

I think this might be what you're looking for:

Best,

Sean

@Vaibhav, so when are we getting the right model? I mean when we the right model that captures ecological footprints coming or we are going to continue re-packaging Kuznet curve and pretend we are working on ecological footprints.

Hi,

for insulation you deffinitely ant to look vacuum insulation related options:

Consider both the roof and wall cooling:

For packaging:

And cosider approaching this thing fe.g. orm indicartors point of view:

B.R.,

Ari

Trying to get information

Thank you for the suggestion. I will try with discrete wavelet transform.

Alternative way of weighing the isolated particle adsorbed on a surface may be by means of measuring the adhesion force between the particle and an AFM probe. Such a procedure needs gathering satistics on measuring different size and mass particles and establishing a mass/force correlation.

Do you actually want or need to remove inorganic ions before hand? All metabolomics study will have good LC before MS. If the ions are not bound to proteins they will be gone in the void volume, if they are bound to proteins you want to see them anyways. Ion exchange will remove positively charged proteins, too. You need to measure the void volume and set the LC flow to waste during that time.

Voiceprint is a biometric. Voiceprint is so unique for each person, it is becoming the main security feature for customer identification for businesses and banks. This technology can help authenticate customer identity with voice alone. It’s more secure than passwords.

Dear colleague Xianghui Li,

First, let me give you my congratulations for your discovery. This slab (under surface of it) with a score or so of dinosaur tracks is very interesting. Also answering to the suggestion of my friend Francisco Bonfim (we worked together in the field) I’ll try to understand them.

I work on tetrapod tracks (Permian) since 1972, and Cretaceous tracks since 1975, mostly dinosaur tracks, in Brazil, Italy, Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Australia. I’ve seen thousands of them in many other countries. I’ve in press a large book on Brazilian dino tracks at the Indiana Uni Press.

· These are surely dinosaur tracks, probably from a lot of distinct individuals, probably of the same kind. All of them seems to be bipedal dinosaurs.

· They are surely convex hyporeliefs, i.e. natural casts on the sole of the upper layer, as was said by Jim des Lauriers. And the layer on which they had walked is no more in place, it fell down. You perhaps can find fragments of this layer with tracks searching in the downfall debris.

· There is the possibility that these footprints are the concave hyporeliefs and undertracks at the same time (casts of undertracks).

· There is at least one score of dinosaur tracks in the picture, of quite different quality of impression; some of them with anatomical details, two or three with a good outline, other are just general impressions.

· Those on the right are best quality; on the left they are very bad quality; however, they are equally footprints, because of the association and of the (medium) same dimensions.

· It is always difficult (and inappropriate) trying to classify tracks from pictures, without having the tracks in the hands.

· If you permit, sorry, 5 m are not a distance preventing from going up and examining the material. There are ladders. Christian Meyer and I and Martin Lockley worked one month (1998) and Christian many times more at the Cal Ork’o Ichnosite (Sucre, Bolivia) in the Andes, hanged the whole day on a piton and rope. So do I in Dolomites, Italy.

· I tried to do a sketch (in attachment) of what I can see in the photos. Sorry, I’m not organized here for a better drawing.

· I can’t see a surely complete trackway (sequence of footprints of the same trackmaker). They are sparse footprints. Mark Philippe noted that there is no regularity in spacing and distribution. He is right. They are pertaining to a number of individuals.

· One of the best proofs or evidences that these are really tracks, is the presence of quite evident DR (at least in the tracks 1,2,4,5, (8,9?), 10, 11). DR is the displacement rim: the sand and or clay, mud, displaced around the track by the weight of the animal maker. As this is a natural cast (convex hyporelief), the DR is naturally and evidently concave.

· I tried to calculate or extrapolate the dimensions of the tracks (with some regards to the perspective), The medium length of the footprints is about ± 20-25 cm, if the hammer-shaft is 33 cm (and it is also in diagonal position, which is a problem). So they are relatively small footprints.

· Almost all of them seem to be longer than wide. (Perhaps, for the 6 best footprints in the picture (in perspective deformation), the average index L/W = ~ 1,33.

· Some of the footprints are clearly tridactyl (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ?7, 9).

· Some of them have claws or hoofs (at least 2, ?5, 9).

· The hypexes I can see show all acute angles.

· A number of footprints, of very bad quality, not numbered, sometimes represented here with hatched outline) are neither classified nor classifiable, however, they are all in the same range of dimensions and also in a similar sector of direction of the main axe as the other tracks. Anyway, they are (bad quality) footprints.

· Many footprints, all of the recognizable, are going “upward” in the picture. There is here a preferential corridor, for example a water-border, the border of a lake etc.

· Footprint #9 is a special case. It seems to be tridactylous; it is associated with another, smaller tridactylous footprint partially in overlap, at the left (of another smaller individual); and is inside a very large concavity, too large to be a DR, to concave (it seems so) to be a sauropod hind-footprint, that, in the sole of the layer, ought to be convex, like the other tracks here.

· The track-maker were here surely all bipedal, no sauropods at all; however, I can’t decide if they are theropod or ornithopod tracks. It seems to me more probable than they could be ornithopod tracks, as Jens Carl Dieter wrote above. As a matter of fact, the toes are wide and the extremities of them are often blunt. In one or two cases they can seem to be claws, but more commonly they seem to be hooves. But I can’t exclude however that they could be fat-toed theropod tracks. It is often difficult distinguishing between them, when the material is not good quality. Also if one can measure exactly the tracks, and here I can’t, in any diagram there is an area of intersection between the polygonals of ornithopod footprints and those of fat-toed theropods. Here, surely there is not clear evidence of sharp claws.

I would suggest, dear colleague Xianghui Li, you would publish this fine material.

Cheers! Giuseppe Leonardi

Size as area is not so important as much thickness and scaning speed. you can have 1mm² and still obtain prety good results. Most of mine thin films never cover whole substrate.

Dear Emanuela,

I used a 1M concentration of piperidine. After boiling for 30 mins i performed ethanol precipitation twice.

Does a limit not exist when it cannot be reached? Pi is the limit of a converging series of rationals. A similar case holds for all irrational numbers. When does a boundary exist?

Is the event horizon not a boundary? Is it a limit?

Hi Amal,

Did you have a look to https://stackoverflow.com/questions/52353/in-java-what-is-the-best-way-to-determine-the-size-of-an-object?noredirect=1&lq=1 ?

In addition to what Ilan provided you may also find information from the link below;

http://www.wiod.org/home

In a recent study we have found a similar picture in Kyoto, Japan, despite its long tradition of growing heirloom vegetables (see )

Unfortunately the city is doing next to nothing to avoid this problem so far, but we are working to hopefully change that.

check this links the articles maybe help you

A public discussion of scientific issues with peers without the (high) cost of a conference; applies to RG

Dear John,

It seems to be the mantra - again...

But I believe that if governors of African countries were able to negotiate good contracts, they can "use" this advantage of Africa as a big market to make it all good not just for America.

But, indeed, it´s a big challenge. I agree with you that the mantra can overcome all this and let Africa behind again. UNFORTUNATELY!

All my best wishes.

Prof. Hess

It depends for what you want to use it. You can have a look at the following publication, and see that in compative research one can design own factors.

Dear Marco

I will keep contact to You.

Citation by A. Einstein:

Behind all discernible laws and connections,there remains something subtle,intangible and inexplicable.

Have a nice day

Syed,

These arthropod tracks look quite a bit like Triassic specimens that Edward Hitchcock described as Lithographus punctatus in 1865 from the Connecticut Valley, USA. His original monograph included only a simplified sketch, but in 2005 E.C. Rainforth re-studied all of Hitchcock's specimens for her PhD disstertation at Columbia University. She provided new photographs to supplement the sketches. I am attaching the plate that shows this ichnotaxon.

Best wishes,

George

@ Behnam Farid

"HC" is the abbreviation of Hypotron Cluster.

The notion of "symmetric HC" is specified in ch.5 section 5.3.

 "HSC" is the abbreviation of Hypotron Sextet Cluster (see ch.6 section 6.4).

It can be shown that there exist 30 types of HSCs which have integer charge Q.

These types are called "HSC-classes" (in German: "HSC-Klassen", will be corrected).

Furthermore, it can be shown that for each HSC-class the supercharge has an integer value too !!!

The list of HSC-classes H_1,...,H_30 is contained in ch.6 section 6.4.

Please find the detailed information from following links 

Thanks!

Michael,

Thank you kindly for the indication. I shall study the paper.

Manfred

Dear Franziska

Calculating individual ecological footprints, in my view, is very difficult, because of the cultural and contextual differences to which people are submitted to, or living through. I am not sure whther such type of caluclation would clarify your query: identify obstacles that prevent people to act ecofriendly. Sudies of sustainability in education, mainly in higher education, have highlighted that there is a huge gap between knowldedge about sustainability and action towards a sustainable society. People know and are aware of their own harmful behaviour as consumer that impact the environment, but it seems it does not change the way they act. There are Social Theories as Planned Behaviour Theory, for instance, that seem able to help to investigate this subject in details. I am sorry, but I do not believe that calculation, as first approach, will help to understand obstacles for people do not act in ecofriendly way. I think it is more valuable to try to investigate the reflective gap between knowing and acting when it relates to sustainable action. Please, see Azjen work (Attempt Theory, Azjen, you can find several papers in acaademic data bases, and in Google Scholar). Kind regards.

yes... it will be helpfull to see any picture of the track... and you also need to remember that dinosaur tracks (and all tracks) are studied in the field of animal behavior rather than dinosaur taxonomy (parataxonomy). Dinosaur tracks can be surely related to a certain dinosaur lineage based on anatomy and known diversity of the formation, but allways are named following the inconolgic parataxonomy. Thus, reference to a certain lineage or species is only a hypothesis.

best!

Marcos

The footprint at distance D is given by a convolution of the emission characteristics of a single electron travelling through the undulator and the electron beam's source size and divergence in the straight section as given by the emittance of he storage ring. This can be done using the code Synchrotron Radiation workshop SRW from O.Chubar (https://github.com/ochubar/SRW) or the code WAVE from M.Scheer (https://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/forschung/oe/fg/undulatoren/arbeitsgebiete/wave_en.html) . In combination with raytracing codes (RAY, SHADOW) the evolution of the footprint along the beamline can be tracked.

I agree with Jérôme, but to be sure, you should contact Per Ahlberg from Uppsala University, Sweden, he's a specialist in tetrapod footprints, his e-mail is Per.Ahlberg@ebc.uu.se

I am afraid that I may not be able to contribute completely in this matter but I feel like I could add a suggestion or another way of thinking on the topic.

Something else to consider would be the relation to decay. Materials off gas and fall apart or they combine with the conditions of the area to speed up the process or to create a poison. Sometimes the materials actually used in the architecture, although great for long lasting built environments, are actually toxic to the people living on the located site.

I also feel that the "footprint" could be measured by usage. Was every part of the space utilized to the fullest? If the building changed functions, how has it coped with the new usage despite the original purpose? Was the "footprint" economical in design? Would it be worth it in the long run to upkeep a building because it works so well or is it necessary to upkeep it to modify? (I hope this made sense).

Dear David,

A lot of literature exists dealing with the topic you are interested in. Here are just a few examples:

French, B.M. (1998). Traces of Catastrophe. Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 2007-05-20.

ANN M. THERRIAULT – RICHARD A. F. GRIEVE – MARK PILKINGTON. The recognition of terrestrial impact structures. Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, Vol. 77, No. 4, 253–263, 2002.

B.M. French and C. Köberl. The convincing identification of terrestrial meteorite impact features: What works, what doesn’t, and why. Earth-Science Reviews 98(1):123-170 · January 2010.

and many others...

I assume, you are searching for literature on terrestrial impact structures. I recommend the following page:

On this page, you can find the most important literature available for each (confirmed) terrestrial impact crater you are interested in.

By the way, rocks hit by an asteroid are not neccessarily vaporized, These rocks can also be melted (impact mekt breccias or Impact melt rocks) or just brecciated (impact breccias).

All the best

Elmar

Nature has created vertical as well as horizontal layers of farming.

In a complex forest Leaf Area Index (LAI) is about 12-14. This means that in one meter square land area you have 14 meter square leaf area. In this forest you have halophytes and sciophytes along with facultative halophytes and facultative sciophytes. These plants have favourable on unfavourable associations. This canopy makes use of solar radiation which has 680 nm wave length and 700 nm wave length.

The multi tiered canopy has capacity to produce biomass 2.5 times more than the mono cultured crop. If the biomass is to be used as raw material for fulfilling human requirements in that case plant species useful to human beings should be selected.

We have got wonderful results on this experiments. If the demand is of food we have hundreds of forest trees having capacity to feed human race. Examples are Madhuka longifolis (Mahua) it gives carbohydrates, Fatty acids and protein to lesser extent; Phoenix sylvestris (Wild date palm) can be perennial source of sucrose fibres and fruits. There are hundreds of tuberous crops (as and under story of forest canopy) which can feed millions of people. It includes different kinds of yams and kudzu. The list is endless and every ecosystem will have its own flora and fauna.

I did use DMS probing to identify reactive N7 G for RNA (the protocol should be same as DNA). Check http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2013/SC/C2SC21588H#!divAbstract, or the original citation in this paper (This paper is available on my research gate if you dont have acess to it).

But if you have some specific question you can ask and then we can reply you better.

cheers,

sandeep

I have been recently stimulated by a question from Susan B. Kask, on what is the purpose of a system related to the five main capitals: natural capital, social capital, manufactured capital, financial capital, and human capital. The issue she addresses (what is a system purpose?) I believe is at the root of the selection of sustainability indicators.  That is quite relevant for socio-economic-ecological systems (complex adaptive systems) like the ones we live in, actually, all kinds of macrosystems. The question she poses does depend on a strategic vision of values to be pursued. The construction of a system of values, analyzing motivations, can be traced to Maslow (1943), who developed a holistic-dynamic theory of motivation, well-known as ‘Maslow’s hierarchy of needs’. It represents a pyramid of basic human needs in five levels (physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, self-esteem, and self-actualization) that motivate and drive behavior and are sequenced in order of priority from lowest to highest. to satisfy basic physiological needs, such as food, air, water, then our needs for safety (e.g. security of environment, employment, health, law), belongingness (e.g. love, friendship, family), esteem (e.g. achievement, self-esteem, respect,) and lastly self-actualization (e.g. personal growth, self-fulfillment, morality, creativity). In this perspective, if basic (physiological and safety) needs are not met, it is unlikely that other higher values at the top of the pyramid (democracy, social justice, equity) will be prioritized (Hagerty 1999; Tischler 1999; Yawson et al. 2009; O‘Brien and Wolf 2010, Tay and Diener 2011). The ability of humans to satisfy these needs arises from the opportunities available and constructed from social, built, human and natural capital. In this viewpoint, in the sequence of Maslow‘s pyramid the human motivations connect the human being primarily to the natural capital and then to the built, social and human capital evoking the framework suggested by Meadows (1998) which relates natural wealth to ultimate human purpose through technology, economy, politics and ethics. Several researchers pointed out that the opportunities for sustainability increase as more of Maslow‘s human needs are met (Kofinas and Chapin 2009; Sidiropoulos 2013). In the perspective of environmental sustainability, Udo and Jansson (2009) have demonstrated that poorer nations that are struggling to survive are less concerned with environmental sustainability than advanced and stable nations at higher levels in the hierarchy of needs.

As you probably know there is a slight invard curvature in the middle digit (digit III) of some tridactyl tracks.Rodolphos suggestion about the digit IV possesing more phalanges and being more slender is also helpful in identifing tracks.

I gues the first picture is a right one because of the stout appearnce of the left (presumably second) digit.

The third picture is likely a right one as well given the curvature of the III digit.

Mahnaz, I have no idea at this point in time, the prints do not resemble anything in the New Zealand region. You have quite a mystery on your hands. All the best. 

Hi, I suggest you should place your transects parallel to the edge you are interested on. So, you will have a similar trapping effect along each transect regarding distance from the border (the whole transect will be at the same distance from the border). Each transect could be placed at different distances from the border and then you will be able to evaluate the differences between different transects at different distances. Moreover, you also have to place several sets of transects in different sampling points. I mean you should not place several sets of transects in a same fragment, for example. Instead, it would be better to place one set of transects at different distances in several fragments, thus you can have (spatially) independent sampling points to analyse. Good luck!

There are several examples of cleaning solutions you could use that are commonly employed in protocols that extract amyloids from natural sources, mainly brain tissue, such as prions and other amyloids associated with neurodegenerative disorders. A detergent I have used in the past for a similar task is N-lauroylsarcosine (Sarkosyl). I refer you to a PNAS paper by Prusiner that you could use as starting point for developing a suitable washing method (http://www.pnas.org/content/104/52/20914.full). Good luck with the experiments.

Ecoinvent is the largest transparent life cycle inventory database and in version 3 also has water flows (inputs and outputs) to assess water conusmption. keep in mind that for a proper water footprint (there is a new ISO norm accepted and available as draft ISO 14046) you need to perform impact assessment on water consumption and emissions affecting water resources. to do so you can use spatial explcit models such as those for impact assessment we published (freely available as google earth layer on http://www.ifu.ethz.ch/ESD/downloads/Monthly_WSI or online on http://waterfootprinting.jimdo.com/)

Additional information and references are available there.

Best,

Stephan

Perhaps you could post your protocol. Its difficult to tell what went wrong just from gels. I suspect you have several issues here.