Food Security - Science topic

Other adverse effects include an increase in the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones, for instance, Cyclone Idai and Kenneth which devastated Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia and Madagascar. Duration and intensity of heat waves are also on the increase all over Africa, especially in the Sahel region.

Dr Himanshu Raj thank you for your contribution to the discussion

India’s controversial plan to link several rivers could upset the local water cycle and reduce rainfall in already-dry regions by as much as 12% during the monsoon season. The project would create a network of 15,000 kilometres of canals and thousands of reservoirs to transfer vast amounts of water from regions in which it is abundant to those that are in need of it. Some scientists have cautioned that too little is known about the environmental effects of river engineering to implement such a gigantic project...

yes, getting started with the 7Rs: Rethink, Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repair, Regift, and Recyclelet's broaden the conversation by including action on all eight of the “Rs”: Reduce, Refuse, Reuse, and Re-Purpose, Repair, Recycle Right, Remove, and Rally! So, let's dig in! Think about what we all can do to make each “R” a part of “R” everyday lives. It starts with the mindset change triggers Remember, Respect, Refuse and Reduce, and continues with the actions Reuse, Return, Refill and Rot, which may demand a portion of your attention, creativity, but does not require that you add any extra materials, and is rounded off by the last resorts Restore, Repurpose. The Principles cover anti- corruption, diversity and inclusion, environment, ethics and business conduct, financial integrity, global citizenship, health and safety, human rights, labor rights, supply chain sustainability, and transparency. To achieve this vision, we have crafted the 2030 5C SD Strategy, by which our strategic priorities, known as the “the 5Cs”: Clean, Community, Culture, Care and Corporate Governance will point the way for the Group's sustainable future toward 2030 and beyond. Sustainability is broken into four distinct areas, known as the four pillars of sustainability: Human, Social, Economic, and Environmental Sustainability. Let's take a look into what these pillars cover. Efficient water and nutrient management should be done to enhance efficiency. Methods like drip-irrigation must be used in place of flood irrigation to save water and government should incentivize farmers to use climate-tolerant crop varieties. Sustainable agriculture and food systems such as organic agriculture and agro-ecology improve food security, eradicate hunger and are economically viable, while conserving land, water, plant and animal genetic resources, biodiversity and ecosystems and enhancing resilience to climate change and natural disasters. Efficient land use and healthy soils are important for food security. Integrated land and water management practices improve agricultural production and enhance soil productivity and its resilience against desertification and other impacts of climate change and variability.

QUESTÕES GÇOBAIS:

- LIXO PLÁSTICO

- NANOPARTÍCULAS DE PLÁSTICO NO AR

- LIXO RADIATIVO

- INTELIGÊNCIA DE MÁQUINAS DESEMPREGANDO PESSOAS

- SUPERPOPULAÇÃO

- MULDERES NO PODER AGINDO COMO OS PIORES MACHISTAS DE HOJE

Regenerative agriculture encourages biodiversity and the services it offers, such as pollination, natural pest control, nutrient cycling, and soil health, by putting into practice techniques like cover cropping, agroforestry, crop diversification, habitat preservation, and lowering chemical inputs. Organic matter provides the food for soil organisms that regulate nutrient availability to plants and many other soil functions that maintain or improve land productivity and soil health is connected to sustainable soil productivity through balanced physical, chemical, and biological soil attributes. Sustainable agriculture practices include using local resources, reducing water usage, and using natural fertilizers to maintain soil quality and reduce erosion, protecting natural resources for future generations. Healthy soils produce healthy crops that in turn nourish people and animals. Indeed, soil quality is directly linked to food quality and quantity. Soils supply the essential nutrients, water, oxygen and root support that our food-producing plants need to grow and flourish. Sustainable agriculture and food systems such as organic agriculture and agro-ecology improve food security, eradicate hunger and are economically viable, while conserving land, water, plant and animal genetic resources, biodiversity and ecosystems and enhancing resilience to climate change and natural disasters. Increasing soil carbon content and better integration between crop and livestock production, and increased incorporation of trees and wild vegetation and reduction of direct and indirect greenhouse-gas emissions of livestock production. Efficient land use and healthy soils are important for food security. Integrated land and water management practices improve agricultural production and enhance soil productivity and its resilience against desertification and other impacts of climate change and variability.The ultimate objective of agricultural development is to ensure food security. Food security means that food is produced to feed the people. All people have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and live healthy lives.

A sustainable food system is one that provides a reliable and resilient source of nutritious and culturally acceptable food for all, while ensuring the long-term ecological, economic, and social viability of the system. It encompasses the entire process of food production, distribution, and consumption and takes into account environmental, economic, and social considerations. A sustainable food system for food security and nutrition includes the following elements:

· Food Availability: It ensures a consistent and sufficient supply of food to meet the dietary needs of the population. This involves increasing agricultural productivity, diversifying food sources, and reducing food losses and waste.

· Food Accessibility: It makes sure that all people have physical and economic access to the food they need. This involves addressing issues like income disparities, market access, and food affordability.

· Food Utilization: It focuses on ensuring that food is nutritionally adequate, safe, and culturally acceptable. It involves addressing issues related to dietary diversity, food safety, and appropriate food processing and preparation.

· Stability and Resilience: A sustainable food system is resilient to shocks and climate variability. It promotes the use of environmentally sustainable practices that protect natural resources and ecosystems, such as sustainable farming methods and responsible resource management.

· Equity and Social Inclusion: It promotes fairness and social inclusion in food systems. This includes addressing issues like gender equity, land rights, and the well-being of marginalized groups.

· Economic Viability: A sustainable food system should support the livelihoods of those involved in food production and distribution. This includes promoting fair trade practices and economic opportunities in the food sector.

Food security refers to the condition in which all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs for a healthy and active life. Food security is a critical element of achieving better nutrition and eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India and globally. Here's how food security contributes to these goals in India:

· Hunger Reduction: Food security ensures a consistent and adequate food supply, reducing the prevalence of hunger in India. By improving food availability and access, food security can help address food shortages and undernutrition.

· Nutrition Improvement: A food-secure population is more likely to have access to a diverse and nutritious diet, leading to improved nutritional outcomes. A sustainable food system can promote the availability of diverse and nutrient-rich foods.

· Reducing Malnutrition: Food security, when combined with access to nutritious foods, helps in reducing malnutrition, including undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and stunting among children.

· Enhancing Resilience: A food-secure population is better equipped to withstand shocks and crises, such as droughts or economic downturns, which can impact food availability and access.

· Economic and Social Development: Improved food security can contribute to economic development, as well as social development through poverty reduction, better livelihoods, and improved well-being.

To achieve these outcomes, it is essential to focus on not only food production but also on equitable distribution, access, and the nutritional quality of food. Sustainable and diversified food systems are crucial for addressing the challenges of hunger and malnutrition in India and ensuring the well-being of its population.

The additional SOC storage potential in the topsoil of global croplands ranges from 29 to 65 Pg C. These values only equate to three to seven years of global emissions, potentially offsetting 35% of agriculture's 85 Pg historical carbon debt estimate due to conversion from natural ecosystems. The total C sequestration potential of the world cropland is about 0.75–1.0 Pg/yr or about 50% of annual emission of 1.6–1.8 Pg by deforestation and other agricultural activities. The global potential of SOC sequestration through these practices is 0.9±0.3 Pg C/year, which may offset one-fourth to one-third of the annual increase in atmospheric CO2 estimated at 3.3 Pg C/year. The cumulative potential of soil C sequestration over 25–50 years is 30–60 Pg. Average sequestration potential in agroforestry in India has been estimated to be 25 Mg C ha−1 over 96 million ha. Carbon sequestration was 2.5 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ over the 22-yr lifespan for the tagasaste treatments, with a change of 0.9 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in SOC and 1.6 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in biomass. 'No-till' (NT) agriculture, which eliminates nearly all physical disturbance of the soil surface on croplands, has been widely promoted as a means of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration with the potential to mitigate climate change. A direct seedling mulch-based cropping system increases soil organic matter, as a result of increased carbon inputs and decreased soil disturbance. Mulch can increase soil organic matter (SOM) and carbon sequestration in the top 0–5 cm soil depth. Agroforestry practices can help mitigate emissions and store carbon in both soils and trees. Not only does agroforestry provide above-ground benefits in the field but it also provides crucial below-ground benefits.

No trade offs in food security, in fact the tree planting that India and 24 countries have started with the "Middle East Green Initiative" will actually increase the amount of farmlands, that can be created when replanting arid areas that formerly had grassland-savannah like the THAR desert.

A more important impact of the tree planting, will be the increase of rainfall, especially if the local "rain trees" are replanted that create the "Cloud forests" where rainclouds are formed from the Pseudomonas bacteria living on the host plant leaves. Read https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/does-rain-come-from-life-in-the-clouds

India is about to start replanting millions to billions of trees, to sequester carbon, according to what was said at the COP27 meeting a year ago by your Minister of the Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

That is a very important issue that scientists in India need to discover, which are India's "rain trees", so more can be planted to help extend the monsoonal moisture during the rainy season further east.

India has the perfect Cloud forests to study, in the Western Ghats, which produce new rain clouds all of the time, but they are wasted as they fly westward over water--instead need to be planted on the eastern side of the Thar to produce rain clouds to rain on that region and regreen it again.

You can read my 2002 proposal at https://www.ecoseeds.com/cool.html which the Saudi government adopted in 2010 to set aside 200 million hectares as Ecological Restoration Preserves, and they are started to replant at the rate of one million trees per week, until 10 billion are planted.

Dear Dr. Suneel Kumar

Dear Dr. Suneel Kumar

Dear, Dr, Himanshu Tiwari

What the historical trend of agricultural soils in the world taught us, soil without organic matter and organic carbon cannot be productive for us in the field of agricultural production. Because agricultural soils show synergy with natural components and make stability possible in the rhizosphere environment. In this regard, pay attention to the following two important articles.

Dr Jamel Chahed Than thank you for your contribution to the discussion

You are not right. Russian products are predominantly wheat products. Most of the territory of the Russian Federation is a zone of risky farming and vegetables grow poorly in open ground. Wheat products are very high in calories. More than meat products.

Climate Resilient Agriculture involves sustainable agricultural practices that enhance productivity, mitigate risks, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. By adopting climate-resilient agriculture, farmers can ensure food security in the face of extreme weather events and climate change.Besides, sustainable agriculture promotes rural development and resilience. By prioritizing small-scale farming, it encourages the involvement of local communities in agricultural practices. This can help revitalize rural areas, create job opportunities, and improve the overall quality of life. By adopting sustainable practices, farmers will reduce their reliance on nonrenewable energy, reduce chemical use and save scarce resources. Keeping the land healthy and replenished can go a long way when considering the rising population and demand for food. Sustainable agriculture gives equal weight to environmental, social, and economic concerns in agriculture. Agricultural sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. A sustainable agriculture approach seeks to utilize natural resources in such a way that they can regenerate their productive capacity, and also minimize harmful impacts on ecosystems beyond a field's edge. Sustainable agriculture practices and systems improve farmers' food security by diversifying their sources of food and income. They also increase food security for families living in agriculture. Sustainable agriculture is a type of agriculture that focuses on producing long-term crops and livestock while having minimal effects on the environment. This type of agriculture tries to find a good balance between the need for food production and the preservation of the ecological system within the environment. Sustainable agriculture can help in environmental protection by: Reducing pollution: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation and covers cropping, can help to reduce soil erosion and nutrient runoff. This can help to improve water quality and reduce the amount of pollution that enters our waterways. Green and climate-resilient agriculture employs agricultural practices, technologies and innovations that enhance productivity in a sustainable manner, increase resilience and food security, reduce GHG emissions and ensure higher incomes for small-scale producers. Climate-resilient agriculture practices look at adaptive agricultural methods that can withstand the shocks of climate change and weather extremes. These practices must be flexible enough to prepare and tackle long-term climate change as well as short-term weather shocks such as storms, hail, droughts, etc. Climate-resilient agriculture (CRA) is an approach that includes sustainably using existing natural resources through crop and livestock production systems to achieve long-term higher productivity and farm incomes under climate variability.

Excerpt from: Besbes, M., Chahed, J., Hamdane, A., & De Marsily, G. (2010). Changing water resources and food supply in arid zones: Tunisia. Water and Sustainability in Arid Regions: Bridging the Gap Between Physical and Social Sciences, 103-121. Available on:

Thanks so much dear Professor Bouayad.

That is, nutrition security means having consistent access, availability, and affordability of foods and beverages that promote well-being and prevent disease, particularly among racial/ethnic minority populations, lower incomes populations, and rural and remote populations. Food security occurs when all people, all of the time, have access to sufficient, safe, affordable, and nutritious food for a healthy diet. Demand for food is increasing, driven by a range of population and demographic changes: population growth, changes in population structure, consumption growth, and urbanization. Food security focuses on quantity of food which is important but limited in scope. It is essential to talk about nutrition security now as preventable diet-related diseases are on the rise. Diabetes and obesity rates continue to rise, especially among children. Overall, National Food Security is crucial for National Security in India as it provides its people stability, growth, and assurance of food resources. National Food Security is also essential for India's economic growth since its population depends on agriculture production and distribution for their livelihoods. Food security can exist even when one of its pillars, availability, affordability, and accessibility, is absent. Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. The four pillars of food security are: food availability, access to food, utilization and stability. The nutritional dimension is integral to the concept of food security. Food insecurity creates enormous strain on worker productivity, healthcare spending, and military readiness and disproportionately impacts racial/ethnic minority populations, lower income populations, and rural and remote populations.Food security is when a person is able to obtain a sufficient amount of healthy food on a day-to-day basis. People who do not consume enough food each day suffer from food insecurity, which is when a person is unable to obtain a sufficient amount of healthy food on a day-to-day basis. The concept of food security has evolved to recognize the centrality of agency and sustainability, along with the four other dimensions of availability, access, utilization, and stability. These six dimensions of food security are reinforced in conceptual and legal understandings of the right to food.

The government has also taken significant steps to combat under- and malnutrition over the past two decades, such as through the introduction of mid-day meals at schools, anganwadi systems to provide rations to pregnant and lactating mothers, and subsidized grain for those living below the poverty line through a public distribution system.A good health care system that provides immunization, oral rehydration, periodic deworming, early diagnosis and proper treatment of common illnesses can go a long way in preventing malnutrition in the society. Importance of exclusive breastfeeding for six months and continuing to breast feed up to two years or beyond. Firstly work on poor sanitation, lack of access to fresh water, poor hygiene, and improper wastage disposal methods. Develop a healthcare system which will dedicatedly work for providing medical help in less time in rural areas of India. Increase health-care spending for healthcare development. Nutrition is the process of intake of nutrients from which the organisms derive their energy. ∙ In the process of nutrition, there are five major steps which are ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and digestion.The government can take steps to provide healthcare for all by: Increasing the number of hospitals, healthcare centres, and family welfare centres and rganizing free camps for the check-up of the general public. The food procured by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) is distributed through government regulated ration shops among the poorer section of the society. This is called the Public Distribution System (PDS). This is the most important step taken by the Government of India towards ensuring food security. The government has ensured the availability of food grains with the help of a carefully-designed food-security system. This system involves the maintenance of a buffer stock of food grains, and the distribution of this food among the poorer sections of the society with the help of a public distribution system. The role of the government in providing food security involves: (i) Promoting domestic production to meet the demands of the growing population. (ii) Providing minimum support prices for procurement and storage of food grains. Healthy public food procurement and service policies set nutrition criteria for food served and sold in public settings. These policies increase the availability of foods that promote healthy diets and/or limit or prohibit the availability of foods that contribute to unhealthy diets. Provide food in a way which encourages the person to try it e.g. by providing them with small well presented portions at first and increasing them over time and by adding ingredients which may build them up such as cream.

Food security focuses on quantity of food which is important but limited in scope. It is essential to talk about nutrition security now as preventable diet-related diseases are on the rise. Diabetes and obesity rates continue to rise, especially among children. Food security is closely related to household resources, disposable income and socioeconomic status. It is also strongly interlinked with other issues, such as food prices, global environment change, water, and energy and agriculture growth. The agri-food systems are the most important part of the Indian economy. Food and nutritional security is the key to attain to the Sustainable Development Goals and other high-level aspirational goals. Food security does not exist without nutrition security. Unfortunately, many organizations and policies focused on quantity rather than quality of food over the past half-century. It's the difference between eating bread every day or a diverse diet incorporating all the food groups every day. Food security is defined as the availability and the access of food to all people; whereas nutrition security demands the intake of a wide range of foods which provides the essential needed nutrients. It is estimated that the average dietary intake in India is 2280 calories.Food and nutrition insecurity can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and affect diabetes management. Millions of people across America have problems accessing enough food or enough healthy food known as food and nutrition insecurity. Although food security refers to access to a safe and sufficient food supply to meet dietary needs, nutrition security further warrants that individuals actually consume the food to which they have access and that appropriate nutrition education is available to foster positive food choice. Food insecurity, whether a relative change or absolute severity, may increase the risk of malnutrition in all of its forms. Certain groups of the population are more vulnerable to food insecurity and thus more susceptible to dietary inadequacies.

Also, you can check:

India ranks 97th in the fight against hunger according to the International Food Policy Research Institute. Many people in India, particularly women and children, do not have enough food to eat. Over 194 million people, or 14.5 percent, of India's 1.3 billion inhabitants are malnourished‏. The National Food Security Act, of 2013 aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two-thirds of the country’s population. The enactment of this landmark legislation, brought a paradigm shift in approach to food security, from welfare to rights-based approach. More information through the following links:

Also, you can check the following link:

Weather has a significant impact on the prevalence of pests and diseases, the availability of water, and the amount of fertilizer needed to grow crops. Farmers rely on climate patterns and weather forecasting in agriculture to determine which crops to cultivate and when to sow them. Indian agriculture is highly prone to the risks due to climate change; especially to drought, because 2/3rd of the agricultural land in India is rainfed and even the irrigated system is dependent on monsoon rain Reduced agricultural yield is due to factors like an increase in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns, changes in extreme weather events, and reductions in water availability. The effects of climate change on agriculture can result in lower crop yields and nutritional quality due to drought, heat waves and flooding as well as increases in pests and plant diseases. Farmers are more intensively moving towards cultivation of cash/commercial crops such as oilseeds, fruits, vegetables, spices, etc. from the traditional non-cash/non-commercial crops such as cereals and pulses. Farmers have changed their crop patterns in order to reap the benefits of economic expansion as well. The Factors Influencing Agriculture are climate, soil type, irrigation, technology, and population density. Agriculture has played a critical role in the evolution of human civilization. In fact, India, like many other countries, has an agrarian economy that is largely dependent on the agricultural sector.The most important climatic factors that influence growth, development and yield of crops are solar radiation, temperature and rainfall. Optimum temperature is required for maximum dry matter accumulation. For instance, temperature, precipitation, wind, light, humidity, and frost are the most influential climatic factors on agricultural productivity. Climate change further poses a challenge to food security challenges with its influence on food production, costs, and security. Excessive heat or shortage of water can impede crop growth; reduce yields, and influence irrigation, soil quality, and the ecosystem on which agriculture depends. Moderate warming and more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may help some plants to grow faster. However, more severe warming, floods, and drought may reduce yields. Livestock may be at risk, both directly from heat stress and indirectly from reduced quality of their food supply. For areas of the world that are already water-constrained, climate change will increasingly cause adverse impacts on agricultural production through diminishing water supplies, increases in extreme events like floods and severe storms, heat stress, and increased prevalence of pests and diseases. Climate change impacts food systems via multiple pathways, including soil fertility, water availability, reduced food yield, reduced food nutrient concentration and bioavailability, increased food anti-nutrient content and increased episodes of infectious diseases.

The effects of climate change on agriculture can result in lower crop yields and nutritional quality due to drought, heat waves and flooding as well as increases in pests and plant diseases. Climate change impacts are making it harder for agricultural activities to meet human needs. Climate change can disrupt food availability, reduce access to food, and affect food quality. As, projected increases in temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, changes in extreme weather events, and reductions in water availability may all result in reduced agricultural productivity. High temperatures, changing precipitation levels, and extreme weather conditions such as droughts, floods, cyclones, etc. will reduce agricultural productivity. Unsustainable agricultural practices lead to soil erosion, eventually leading to a drastic loss in yields. Climate change has been found to have an impact on food safety, particularly on incidence and prevalence of food-borne diseases. Increased climate variability, increased frequency and intensity of extreme events as well as slow ongoing changes will affect the stability of food supply, access and utilization. Invest in food storage systems that can withstand extreme weather events. Diversify food sources and agricultural production techniques to reduce risk. Adopt water management systems that reduce crop damage from floods or droughts. Climate change can alter where species live, how they interact, and the timing of biological events, which could fundamentally transform current ecosystems and food webs. Climate change can overwhelm the capacity of ecosystems to mitigate extreme events and disturbance, such as wildfires, floods, and drought. Hence, ecological imbalance in a country can affect the international economy. Droughts, floods, scanty rainfall, soil erosion, land degradation, pollution, water logging are the factors that can alter the agriculture which in the long run can bring down the national income and foreign exchange. On the other hand, ecological imbalance is defined as the disruption of the natural balance of the earth's ecosystem. There are several causes of ecological imbalance and this includes climate change, deforestation, and degradation of natural resources, natural calamities, and pollution. The balance of an ecosystem can be disrupted by natural or human-caused disturbances. If a species disappears or a new species is introduced it can shift an ecosystem to a state of ecological imbalance. Its major type’s are water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, thermal pollution, light pollution and soil pollution. Ecosystems establish a state of balance where species coexist with other species. It can shift from a state of balance to a state of imbalance, if something happens in an ecosystem.

Climate change can increase operational costs and reduce profits in the industrial sector due to factors such as new climate-friendly regulations, reduced utilisation of old stock, relocation of production processes and activities due to climate-related losses. Climate change impacts our society by disrupting the natural, economic and social systems we depend on. This disruption will affect food supplies, industry supply chains and financial markets, damage infrastructure and cities, and harm human health and global development. Some ecosystems are likely to be especially affected by climate change. In the long-term (beyond 2050), climate change may become the major driver for biodiversity loss globally. The socio-economic impacts of climate change are likely to be greatest in communities that face other stresses. Climate change is affecting some of the critical services that ecosystems provide to society. For example, ecosystems provide a bounty of food to people. Climate changes, like drought and heat, could affect the availability and quality of some foods, as well as farmers' ability to grow certain crops. The Reserve Bank of India's latest report suggests that up to 4.5 per cent of India's GDP could be at risk by 2030, owing to lost labour hours from extreme heat and humidity. Agriculture: Climate change can severely disrupt crop cycles and can cause low agricultural yield. Under 4°C warming, the west coast and southern India are projected to shift to new, high-temperature climatic regimes with significant impacts on agriculture. Changing Rainfall Patterns: A decline in monsoon rainfall since the 1950s has already been observed. nvest in food storage systems that can withstand extreme weather events. Diversify food sources and agricultural production techniques to reduce risk. Adopt water management systems that reduce crop damage from floods or droughts. Plant-based foods such as fruits and vegetables, whole grains, beans, peas, nuts, and lentils generally use less energy, land, and water, and have lower greenhouse gas intensities than animal-based foods. High temperatures, changing precipitation levels, and extreme weather conditions such as droughts, floods, cyclones, etc. will reduce agricultural productivity. Unsustainable agricultural practices lead to soil erosion, eventually leading to a drastic loss in yields. Interrelation between climate and agriculture: The climate crisis impacts all parts of the global food system, from production to consumption. It destroys land and crops, kills livestock, depletes fisheries, and cuts off transport to markets. This impacts food production, availability, diversity, access, and safety. When there is a disaster or a calamity, the production of food grains decreases in the affected area. This in turn creates a shortage of food in the area. Due to the food shortage, the prices go up. The raised prices of food materials affect the capacity of many people to buy the same.More extreme temperature and precipitation can prevent crops from growing. Extreme events, especially floods and droughts, can harm crops and reduce yields.

Climate change can alter where species live, how they interact, and the timing of biological events, which could fundamentally transform current ecosystems and food webs. Climate change can overwhelm the capacity of ecosystems to mitigate extreme events and disturbance, such as wildfires, floods, and drought. As the impacts of climate change mount, millions of vulnerable people face disproportionate challenges in terms of extreme events, health effects, food, water, and livelihood security, migration and forced displacement, loss of cultural identity, and other related risks. Climate change impacts our society by disrupting the natural, economic and social systems we depend on. This disruption will affect food supplies, industry supply chains and financial markets, damage infrastructure and cities, and harm human health and global development. Some ecosystems are likely to be especially affected by climate change. In the long-term , climate change may become the major driver for biodiversity loss globally. The socio-economic impacts of climate change are likely to be greatest in communities that face other stresses. Climate-change ecology is the study of the effects of anthropogenic climate change on any aspect of ecology. It includes the effects of altered temperature and precipitation on the distribution, abundance, behavior and physiology of populations and communities. Climate change threatens people with increased flooding, extreme heat, increased food and water scarcity, more disease, and economic loss. Human migration and conflict can also be a result. The World Health Organization (WHO) calls climate change the greatest threat to global health in the 21st century.Climate change can increase operational costs and reduce profits in the industrial sector due to factors such as new climate-friendly regulations, reduced utilization of old stock, relocation of production processes and activities due to climate-related losses. Climate is warming, the populations of many species are in decline, pollution is affecting ecosystems and human health, and human societies now face new risks in terms of sea level changes, disease, food security, and climate extremes. Change in climate causes extreme cold or hot weather conditions and as a consequence vector-borne infections, air-borne infections, diarrhoeal diseases, malnutrition and many other health issues arise. India urgently needs an appropriate and updated policy to address the challenges involved with climate change. Climate change will most likely affect populations through impacts on the necessities and comforts of life such as water, energy, housing, transportation, food, natural ecosystems, and health systems. High temperatures, changing precipitation levels, and extreme weather conditions such as droughts, floods, cyclones, etc. will reduce agricultural productivity. Unsustainable agricultural practices lead to soil erosion, eventually leading to a drastic loss in yields. For areas of the world that are already water-constrained, climate change will increasingly cause adverse impacts on agricultural production through diminishing water supplies, increases in extreme events like floods and severe storms, heat stress, and increased prevalence of pests and diseases. The effects of climate change on agriculture can result in lower crop yields and nutritional quality due to drought, heat waves and flooding as well as increases in pests and plant diseases. Climate change impacts are making it harder for agricultural activities to meet human needs. This climate change leads to higher temperatures and unanticipated rainfall across the country, resulting in reduced crop yields and overall food production. Due to the rise in temperature and changes in water availability, climate change can affect irrigated agricultural production throughout Agro-ecological zones. Agriculture contributes to a number larger of environmental issues that cause environmental degradation including: climate change, deforestation, biodiversity loss, dead zones, genetic engineering, irrigation problems, pollutants, soil degradation, and waste.Climate change can affect agriculture in a variety of ways. Beyond a certain range of temperatures, warming tends to reduce yields because crops speed through their development, producing less grain in the process. And higher temperatures also interfere with the ability of plants to get and use moisture.

Gaurav H Tandon

Hashem Aram

How can you contain or extract heavy metal pollution in soils and water?

Is biochar efficient?

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to play a significant role in addressing various global challenges, including issues related to international relations, food security, and the environment. However, it is essential to understand that AI is a tool and not a replacement for comprehensive theories or human decision-making in these complex areas. Let's explore how AI can contribute to these fields:

Despite the potential benefits, AI also poses some challenges and limitations in these domains:

In conclusion, AI can complement and enhance the efforts of policymakers and researchers in addressing global challenges like food security and environmental sustainability. However, it cannot replace the comprehensive theories or human expertise required to navigate the intricacies of international relations and devise holistic solutions to complex problems. A multidisciplinary approach that combines AI's capabilities with human insights and values is likely to yield the most promising results.

Regenerate response

Agro biodiversity can help fight climate change and reduce the environmental footprint that conventional farming leaves behind. By using less fertilizer and pesticides, the world can benefit from reduced water pollution, less greenhouse gas emissions and much more. Agro biodiversity increases productivity, makes farming systems more stable, robust, and sustainable. Reduces the pressure of agriculture on fragile areas, forests and endangered species and increases food security, and economic returns and contributes to sound pest and disease management. Agro ecology not only builds up organic soils and saves water, but it also helps more kinds of life grow and encourages the use of land in a sustainable way. It preserves pollinators like bees and birds, which in turn support food production. Agro ecology is a holistic and integrated approach that simultaneously applies ecological and social concepts and principles to the design and management of sustainable agriculture and food systems. Biodiversity is the source of the plants and animals that form the basis of agriculture and the immense variety within each crop and livestock species. Countless other species contribute to the essential ecological functions upon which agriculture depends, including soil services and water cycling. Conserves soil and increase natural soil fertility and health. Reduces dependency on external inputs. Improves human nutrition and provides sources of medicines and vitamins. Conserve ecosystem structure and stability of species diversity. Thus, agrobiodiversity encompasses the variety and variability of animals, plants and micro-organisms that are necessary for sustaining key functions of the agro-ecosystem, including its structure and processes for, and in support of, food production and food security. Biodiversity for food and agriculture is all the plants and animals - wild and domesticated - that provide food, feed, fuel and fibre. It is also the myriad of organisms that support food production through ecosystem services – called “associated biodiversity”.

@all Yes, it is possible to merge the fishing terminal and aquaculture business to enhance seafood supply logistics and improve food security in Sarawak and Malaysia. Integrating these two aspects of the seafood industry can bring several benefits:

To implement this merger effectively, it would require careful planning, coordination between different stakeholders, and adherence to sustainable practices. It is essential to address potential challenges such as environmental impacts, water quality management, disease control, and ensuring that traditional fishing practices remain sustainable and culturally relevant.

Government agencies, local communities, seafood industry players, and research institutions can work together to develop a comprehensive strategy for integrating fishing terminals and aquaculture in a way that maximizes benefits while minimizing potential negative impacts on the marine environment and coastal communities.

Dear, Camilo Torres Sanchez

Your decision on the subject of two very important components in biodiversity in the environment (backyards/quintal ) is very interesting and useful!! Therefore, I will assist you in this important and purposeful endeavor.

Certain crops require less water compared to others, and selecting drought-tolerant varieties conserves water resources. Crop rotation, on the other hand, breaks pest and disease cycles, enhances soil fertility, and reduces irrigation demands. Judiciously applied crop rotation can improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants. In turn this can reduce erosion and increase infiltration capacity, thereby reducing downstream flood risk. It gives various benefits to the soil. The crops with the highest Water Use Efficiency (WUE) include sorghum and pearl millet. Water use efficiency is the proportion of water used by plants for metabolism to water lost through transpiration. Water use efficiency is the ratio of water used for plant metabolism to the water lost by plants through transpiration. It can be understood as a measure to reduce water wastage from plants by providing only the necessary amount. The crops which have high Water Use Efficiency (WUE) are Pearl millet and sorghum. Crop rotation, by nature, increases exposure to biomass from sod, green manure, and various other plant debris. The reduced need for intensive tillage under crop rotation allows biomass aggregation to lead to greater nutrient retention and utilization, decreasing the need for added nutrients. Physical productivity improvements can be made by obtaining more productive transpiration from rain and irrigation withdrawals, producing more and higher-value crops per unit of transpiration, reducing evaporation, and managing agricultural water deliveries and drainage better. The scope of sustainable management of water resources in agriculture concerns the responsibility of water managers and users to ensure that water resources are allocated efficiently and equitably and used to achieve socially, environmentally and economically beneficial outcomes. Less water going down the drain means more water available in the lakes, rivers and streams that we use for recreation and wildlife uses to survive. Using water more efficiently helps maintain supplies at safe levels, protecting human health and the environment. Crop rotation improves crop yield by optimizing soil health, nutrient availability, and pest control. It prevents nutrient depletion, reduces pest and disease pressure, and enhances soil fertility, structure, and microbial activity. These factors collectively contribute to increased crop productivity and higher yields. Because different crops have different nutritional needs and tend to be vulnerable to different diseases and pests, rotating what crops are grown in a specific location can reduce soil depletion and the need for as much pesticide and fertilizer use.

Crop rotation, by nature, increases exposure to biomass from sod, green manure, and various other plant debris. The reduced need for intensive tillage under crop rotation allows biomass aggregation to lead to greater nutrient retention and utilization, decreasing the need for added nutrients. Crop rotations increases soil fertility and in turn, increase the yield of the crops. Crop rotation helps to reduce soil erosion and restore the Physico-chemical balance of the soil. Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons. It helps in reducing soil erosion and increases soil fertility and crop yield. With crop rotation, particular nutrients are replenished depending on the crops that are planted. The food procured by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) is distributed through government regulated ration shops among the poorer section of the society. This is called the Public Distribution System (PDS). This is the most important step taken by the Government of India towards ensuring food security. National Food Security plays a vital role in economic development, poverty alleviation, and the population's security by supplying nutritional sustenance and improving the livelihoods of vulnerable people in India. The National Food Security Act of 2013 (NFSA) represents a paradigm shift from a welfare-based to a rights-based approach to food security. Following the Antyodaya Anna Yojana and the Priority Households, it covers 75% of the rural and 50% of the urban populations (PHH). The Government of India has enacted the National Food Security Act in 2013. Food security means provision of nutritious food to enable every individual to live an active and healthy life. The duties of the government to uphold the Right to Food include providing for the poor who cannot afford basic meals; taking care of the elderly, widows, disabled and children who might not be able to earn a livelihood; and, ensuring that no one dies due to malnutrition or hunger. A well-balanced diet provides all of the: energy you need to keep active throughout the day. nutrients you need for growth and repair, helping you to stay strong and healthy and help to prevent diet-related illness.

To promote millet-based integrated farming, governments must invest in R&D, provide incentives and capacity building for farmers, develop market linkages, and formulate supportive policies. Collaboration and data collection are crucial. These efforts enhance food security, improve livelihoods, and promote sustainable agriculture.

well said. we need government interventions as safety nets for farmers. investing in technologies that enhance resilience and resistance should be be emphasized.

The negative effects of climate change on food security are manifold. Firstly, changes in precipitation patterns and extreme weather events such as droughts and floods can lead to reduced crop yields and livestock productivity, resulting in food scarcity and higher prices. Rising temperatures also affect the growth and development of crops, leading to reduced nutritional value and lower crop quality. Additionally, climate change disrupts ecosystems, impacting pollinators and natural pest control, which further compromises agricultural productivity. Finally, climate-induced changes in sea levels and ocean acidification pose threats to coastal communities, their livelihoods, and access to seafood resources.

Venkatanagasai Raju Alluri Sukardi Sukardi

I encourage you to read the following article:

Yes, I am agree with your statement..

Warming climatic system is expected to impact the availability of basic necessities like freshwater, food security, and energy, while efforts to redress climate change, both through adaptation and mitigation, will similarly inform and shape the global development agenda. In fact, progress made towards limiting global temperature increase would significantly ease the path to many other SDGs, such as those related to poverty, hunger, access to water, and terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Food production has its own SDG which calls to “end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.” However, achieving other SDGs cannot be accomplished without a productive and sustainable agricultural sector. A strong climate agreement backed by action on the ground will help us achieve the Sustainable Development Goals to end poverty, build stronger economies and safer, healthier, and more livable societies everywhere. Aiming at reducing environmental risks and increasing the resilience of societies and the environment as a whole, UN Environment action fosters the environmental dimension of sustainable development and leads to socio-economic development. Sustainable agriculture is at the heart of the 2030 Agenda and first fundamental step to securing zero hunger. Changing our main energy sources to clean and renewable energy is the best way to stop using fossil fuels. These include technologies like solar, wind, wave, tidal and geothermal power. SDG 1 aims to eradicate poverty in all of its forms worldwide. Its goals include ensuring that everyone, especially the poorest and most vulnerable, has equal access to economic resources, basic services, property and land control, natural resources, and new technologies.

Climate change can affect all four dimensions of food security: food production, food availability, food accessibility, food utilization and food systems stability. These cannot be prevented, but quickly detected through monitoring. For animals that rely on grain, changes in crop production due to drought could also become a problem. Climate change may increase the prevalence of parasites and diseases that affect livestock. The earlier onset of spring and warmer winters could allow some parasites and pathogens to survive more easily. Up to a certain point, rising temperatures and CO2 can be beneficial for crops. But rising temperatures also accelerate evapotranspiration from plants and soils, and there must also be enough water for crops to thrive. Its effects include higher temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, rising sea levels and more frequent extreme weather events. All of these pose risks for agriculture, food and water supplies. Resilience is therefore a predominant concern. Agriculture is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change worsens unsustainable food systems by directly impacting soil fertility, rain patterns, crop yields and food production, food-nutrient and anti-nutrient composition, and nutrient bioavailability. These changes decrease macro- and micronutrients available in the global food supply. Droughts and floods contribute to decreases in crop yields. As extreme weather events become more common and more intense, floods and droughts can destroy crops and eliminate food supply, while disrupting agricultural activities. Activities that improve soil, plant, and animal health can improve resilience to climate change. Regenerative agriculture practices such as no-till cultivation, not burning stubbles, and planting cover crops, can ensure that plants and soil are in the best condition to tolerate drought and erratic rainfall.

There are many recent applications of AI in building predictive and preventive modeling tools in the field of agriculture and environmental studies. Here are some examples:

Overall, AI has the potential to revolutionize the agriculture and environmental sectors by providing more accurate and timely information to farmers and policymakers, enabling them to make better decisions that benefit both the environment and human well-being.

In fact these crops protect and build soil health by preventing erosion, replenishing soil nutrients, and keeping weeds in check, reducing the need for fertilizers and herbicides. Reducing or eliminating tillage. Traditional plowing prepares fields for planting and prevents weed problems but can cause soil loss. Sustainable agriculture and food systems such as organic agriculture and agro-ecology improve food security, eradicate hunger and are economically viable, while conserving land, water, plant and animal genetic resources, biodiversity and ecosystems and enhancing resilience to climate change and natural disasters. Sustainable food production is “a method of production using processes and systems that are non-polluting, conserve non-renewable energy and natural resources, are economically efficient, are safe for workers, communities and consumers, and do not compromise the needs of future generations”. Sustainable agriculture can herald the second green revolution with high-yielding crop varieties, proper crop rotation, sustainable irrigation, modern farming methods, agri-tech and policy and marketing support. This will help the agriculture sector and agro-based industries, including the agri-tech sector. As against conventional farming, sustainable farming offers to provide healthy food by transitioning to agriculture that can adapt to unavoidable climate change whilst preserving biodiversity, sustaining the quality of soils, and improving the livelihood of farmers. The development of sustainable food production and biodiversity can help reduce hunger, improve the food security status and provide a nutritious diet for the world's population. Shifting food and fiber production to a sustainable system helps attain both objectives. Sustainable agriculture practices are intended to protect the environment, expand Earth's natural resources, and maintain and improve soil fertility.

The use of genetic engineering and biotechnology in agriculture has the potential to significantly impact crop production and food security. Some of the potential benefits of genetic engineering and biotechnology include:

However, the use of genetic engineering and biotechnology in agriculture is not without its controversies and potential risks. Some concerns include:

Overall, the use of genetic engineering and biotechnology in agriculture has the potential to significantly impact crop production and food security. However, it is important to carefully evaluate and manage the potential risks and benefits associated with these technologies to ensure that they are used in a responsible and sustainable manner.

Dear Himanshu Tiwari ,

Proso millet is a drought-tolerant, short-season grain crop produced in various parts of the world for food and feed. Here are several agroecological practises that can help Proso millet agriculture be more sustainable and resilient: Crop rotation is a key strategy for improving soil fertility and reducing pests and illnesses. Rotating proso millet with leguminous crops like cowpea or pigeon pea can help fix nitrogen in the soil and promote soil health. Intercropping: Intercropping Proso millet with other crops can boost agroecosystem production and resilience. Intercropping Proso Millet with legumes or vegetables such as cowpea, chickpea, or okra, for example, can supply additional nutrients while also protecting against pests and illnesses.

Water management practises such as rainwater collecting and drip irrigation can increase Proso millet cultivation's tolerance to drought and unpredictable rainfall. Rainwater gathering techniques, such as contour farming or micro-catchments, and drip irrigation systems, which may offer precise and efficient water distribution to the crop, can be used to cultivate proso millet. Overall, these agroecological practises can improve Proso millet cultivation's sustainability and resilience by improving soil health, enhancing biodiversity, minimising pests and illnesses, and saving water and other natural resources.

Finger millets have a number of environmental benefits that make them a valuable crop for sustainable agriculture. They are drought-tolerant and can be grown in marginal lands with poor soil quality, which makes them a good option for farmers in regions where water and soil resources are limited. Finger millets also have a low carbon footprint and require fewer inputs like water and fertilizer than other cereal crops. In addition, they can be an important source of nutrition for vulnerable populations, particularly in regions where food security is a major concern.

Biofortification has several advantages over food fortification. After the initial investment to develop the biofortified seed, it can be replicated and distributed without any reduction in the micronutrient concentration. This makes it highly cost-effective and sustainable. Biofortification of staple crops such as rice is intended as a sustainable, cost-effective and food-based means of delivering target micronutrients to populations who do not have access to or cannot afford diverse diets and other existing interventions such as fortified foods and supplementation. Biofortification of staple crops such as rice is intended as a sustainable, cost-effective and food-based means of delivering target micronutrients to populations who do not have access to or cannot afford diverse diets and other existing interventions such as fortified foods and supplementation. Agronomic biofortification is the application of micronutrient-containing mineral fertilizer to the soil and/or plant leaves to increase micronutrient contents of the edible part of food crops. Hidden hunger is the term used to describe the deficiency of micronutrients such as zinc and iron. Agronomic biofortification of crops is achieved through the application of mineral fertilizers to increase the concentrations of minerals in edible crops, but it may have important extra effects for increasing yield on marginal or infertile soils. With food fortification or enrichment, we can regain the nutrients lost during food processing or storage. Fortified foods contain micronutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and essential nutrients. They are crucial for enzymes, hormones, and various substances production, which participate in growth and development.Bio-fortification is an emerging method to increase the micronutrient values of crops in order to eradicate hidden hunger in developing nations. Hidden hunger is a lack of vitamins and minerals. Hidden hunger occurs when the quality of food people eat does not meet their nutrient requirements, so the food is deficient in micronutrients such as the vitamins and minerals that they need for their growth and development. Hidden hunger, or micronutrient deficiencies, occurs when the quality of food that people eat does not meet their nutrient requirements, so they are not getting the essential vitamins and minerals they need for their growth and development. It affects two billion people across the globe. With diversity in diet, many food constituents like antioxidants, and probiotics can be taken, thus improving the nutrient intake of the population as such. Hence, diet diversification is the preferred method of combating hidden hunger.

Innovations in nanotechnology can help safeguard food security and protect the public from pathogens in food, water and the environment. Nanotechnology can help increase agricultural productivity, boost pest-resistance and improve food quality. From saving raw materials, energy and water, to decreasing greenhouse gases and dangerous waste, nanotechnology's unique attributes can be utilized in various products, procedures and applications that could undoubtedly support environmental and climate protection. Nanotechnological products, processes and applications are expected to contribute significantly to environmental and climate protection by saving raw materials, energy and water as well as by reducing greenhouse gases and hazardous wastes. Therefore, by detecting pollutants by specific sensors, we can help protect the sustainability of human health and the environment. Thus, nanotechnology provides us with a new approach to cut down the waste production, reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and discharge of hazardous chemicals in water bodies. Nanotechnology and materials are also expected to contribute to the realization of a sustainable society through ensuring water purification reducing CO2 emissions, and promoting material circulation with recycling approaches. Nanotechnology is helping inform the development of alternative energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Solar cells, for instance, turn sunlight into electric currents. Nanotechnology could change the way solar cells are used, making them more efficient and affordable. Nanotechnology can change dental medicine, healthcare, and human life more profoundly than several developments of the past. However, they even have the potential to evoke important advantages, like improved health, higher use of natural resources, and reduced environmental pollution.

you may include the other realted of parameters that have a main purpose for the urban agriculture in different measures .

Biodiversity is essential for sustainable development and human well-being. It underpins the provision of food, fibre and water; it mitigates and provides resilience to climate change; it supports human health, and provides jobs in agriculture, fisheries, forestry and many other sectors. Sustainable agriculture and food systems such as organic agriculture and agro-ecology improve food security, eradicate hunger and are economically viable, while conserving land, water, plant and animal genetic resources, biodiversity and ecosystems and enhancing resilience to climate change and natural disasters. The heightened emphasis on sustainability in agriculture is due to the fact that the recent achievements in agriculture, which have led to major improvements in productivity that have enabled food production to keep up with population growth, have often come at high social and environmental costs. Sustainable agricultural productivity growth aims to improve food security and nutrition for all, alleviate poverty, enhance the wellbeing of farmers and agricultural workers, conserve natural resources, mitigate climate change, and build more sustainable, resilient, and inclusive food systems.Sustainability has to be the basis on which the world produces food and ensures healthy consumption for all. Food security can only be achieved if food systems become sustainable. A high degree of diversity among species, varieties, breeds, populations and ecosystems can improve productivity by creating and maintaining healthy soils, pollinating plants, controlling pests, making nutrients available, purifying water, providing protection against both extreme weather events and price volatility. Biological diversity is important to agriculture because crop genetic diversity has a critical role to play in increasing and sustaining production levels and nutritional throughout the full range of different agroecological conditions. Sustainable agriculture embraces biodiversity by minimizing its impact on wild ecosystems and incorporating numerous plant and animal varieties into complex, on-farm ecosystems. Agriculture is the largest contributor to biodiversity loss with expanding impacts due to changing consumption patterns and growing populations. Agriculture destroys biodiversity by converting natural habitats to intensely managed systems and by releasing pollutants, including greenhouses gases.

If the country promotes the domestic farming system and they are not really to imports so defenitly No

In the present scenario, sustainability in agriculture is due to the fact that the recent achievements in agriculture, which have led to major improvements in productivity that have enabled food production to keep up with population growth, have often come at high social and environmental costs. With growing population, depleting resources and the increasing threat of climate change, it will be impossible to fulfill the needs of the future unless we transition to sustainable food and agricultural systems that would ensure world food security, provide economic and social opportunities, and protect the ecosystem.Biodiversity supports the livelihoods of food producers while also reducing negative impacts on the environment. By providing important ecosystem services, like pest control and nutrient cycling, biodiversity reduces the need for costly and harmful external inputs. Sustainability in agriculture is due to the fact that the recent achievements in agriculture, which have led to major improvements in productivity that have enabled food production to keep up with population growth, have often come at high social and environmental costs.Climate change has altered marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems around the world. It has caused the loss of local species, increased diseases, and driven mass mortality of plants and animals, resulting in the first climate-driven extinctions. Climate change further poses a challenge to food security challenges with its influence on food production, costs, and security. Excessive heat or shortage of water can impede crop growth, reduce yields, and influence irrigation, soil quality, and the ecosystem on which agriculture depends.

Climate change further poses a challenge to food security challenges with its influence on food production, costs, and security. Excessive heat or shortage of water can impede crop growth; reduce yields, and influence irrigation, soil quality, and the ecosystem on which agriculture depends. Climate change is one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss, but destruction of ecosystems undermines nature's ability to regulate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and protect against extreme weather, thus accelerating climate change and increasing vulnerability to it. The major impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems are loss of habitat due to encroachment of forest areas, expansion of agriculture and settlement in forest area, development of infrastructure within the forest area, planned priority projects within forestland to uplift economic development.

Until the Authorities in Zimbabwe accepts and embrace the reality that both the Shona speaking people and the Ndebele speaking have equal entitlement to the citizenship of their country, the challenge of poor and bad governance will continue unabated. The current leadership ought to govern diligently and strive for absolute equity. It is time that the current leadership introspect and do away with politicking, since this tends to create Party Reinforced Personality Thoughts and thus start delivering to the people what people need. The current leadership must pay special attention to Good Governance, which is about outcomes and not people and their greed.

Generating less pollution during the manufacture of materials. For the production of solar cells to generate electricity at a competitive cost. To increase electricity generated by windmills. For cleaning organic chemicals that pollute the groundwater. Nanotechnology can also help to reduce resource consumption and energy use through the development of more efficient technologies. For example, nanoparticles can be used to clean up oil spills, remediate contaminated soil and groundwater, and capture and remove air pollutants. Modern agriculture makes extensive use of chemicals to stimulate growth and inhibit pests and disease. Nanotechnology could help to make these substances simultaneously more effective and less harmful to the environment. Air purification with ions, wastewater purification with nanobubbles or nanofiltration systems for heavy metals are some of its environmentally-friendly applications. Nanocatalysts are also available to make chemical reactions more efficient and less polluting.

Nanotechnology and materials are also expected to contribute to the realization of a sustainable society through ensuring water purification, reducing CO2 emissions, and promoting material circulation with recycling approaches. Nanotechnology, such as nanoscale biosensors and nanoparticles, to get an inside look at and manipulate processes like the spread of pathogens. Innovations in nanotechnology can help safeguard food security and protect the public from pathogens in food, water and the environment. Therefore, by detecting pollutants by specific sensors, we can help protect the sustainability of human health and the environment. Thus, nanotechnology provides us with a new approach to cut down the waste production, reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and discharge of hazardous chemicals in water bodies. Nanotechnology offers many new strategies to reduce pollution in various processes, including improving production processes, reducing hazardous chemicals, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing the use of plastics and replacing plastics with biodegradable materials.

Nanotechnology devoted to designing, producing, and using structures, devices, and systems by manipulating atoms and molecules at nanoscale. Nanotechnology is helping to considerably improve, even revolutionize, many technology and industry sectors: information technology, homeland security, medicine, transportation, energy, food safety, and environmental science, among many others. Nanotechnology, such as nanoscale biosensors and nanoparticles, to get an inside look at and manipulate processes like the spread of pathogens. Innovations in nanotechnology can help safeguard food security and protect the public from pathogens in food, water and the environment. Nanotechnology can help increase agricultural productivity, boost pest-resistance and improve food quality. It helps to enhance the productivity and consecutively the production of food. It can assist in providing opportunities for income generation. And, it generally provides improvement of nutritional advice through home economics programmes and enhances the quality of rural life by way of community development.

To apply floowing parameters

Time limit, components of foods, Income stability, age group of serving food, awareness of food staffing, calculate BMI. Analysis BMI Per day, percapita consuption

Vertical farming will change agriculture as growing the crops on big farms and then transporting them is an expensive and time-consuming effort. Whereas vertical farming helps in supplying the produce from neighborhood buildings to grocery shops. It clearly shows that the food is fresher and that less fuel is needed. Vertical farming technique can cut water consumption by 95%. Due to the controlled climate, no pests or diseases are harbored by the soil, and it requires fewer farm pesticides. So organisms including farm workers, honeybees, and other plants and animals are exposed to less toxic substances. Vertical farming is considered a highly efficient and sustainable way of producing food. It uses 250 times less water than a traditional farm would need. The main advantage of vertical farming is the increased crop yield that comes with a smaller unit area of land requirement.

Breed it is the most determinant factor for the productivity of an animal

Climate change; It causes negative effects such as change in precipitation regime, increase in temperature, drought, natural disasters. All these negative effects pose a significant threat to productivity and growth rates in agriculture. For instance, Increases in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events may also disrupt food delivery.

You are correct, visual sorting gets increasingly difficult as the particle size gets smaller. The sizes of MPs that you are able to pick out of your sample first comes down to what you can see, and that is often dependent upon the magnification abilities of your microscope. And there can be a fair amount of error associated with that as MPs often look like other things (e.g., diatoms). Adding additional techniques before visualization can help a lot.

First is the digestion of the tissue. I have tried both KOH and H2O2 + heat on fish tissues and found them both to be effective. I typically use H2O2 at 65C for a few of hours with periodic agitation, depending on the size of the tissue sample. Karami et al. (2017) has a nice paper on different types of digestions. Next is separation from the surrounding media. If you are interested in separating by polymer type, then you can consider a density separation. Li et al. (2018) provides a good method. Just know that some of the chemicals used can be a little difficult to handle and particle size can impact buoyancy. The latter might be solvable by adding centrifugation (see Nguyen et al. 2019). You mention filtration, and I would say that is the most common method. There is some discussion about how to best filter samples to get the most MPs while avoiding contamination. While not the only one, Cai et al. (2020) addressed that subject recently. Personally, I think that filters are a good way to go if your MPs are large enough to be caught by it. You should consider passing the digestate and subsequent filtrates through multiple filters with smaller and small pore sizes so that you you don’t clog filter pores and when you get to the smallest particles large bits aren’t obscuring the view of smaller particles. Nanoplastics are still a big problem. The Nguyen et al. (2019) study says that their technique is able to separate those too, but I haven’t tried it yet. Its generally agreed upon (as of now) that there is no one good method to separate out the really small nanoplastics. And if you think you have a separation method, once they get that small, the only way to verify if you got any is by using an electron microscope (maybe uFTIR…very much maybe). That’s one of the reasons most people purchase fluorescent NPs to use in their exposure experiments. Next is the Nile red staining that you mentioned (I’m assuming you are using protocols from Maes et al. 2017 and Shim et al. 2016?). I certainly see this as one of the more commonly used methods to differentiate MPs from their background. And, if your microscope has enough resolution, you should be able to see particles <500um. Considering that you are using shrimp tissue, you should determine if you will get autofluorescence within the same wavelengths as the stain. I also recommend reading Meyers et al. (2022); they have some interesting ideas about using Nile red that I look forward to trying. Stanton et al. (2019) proposes the use of DAPI as a costain gives better results. And as the previous responder mentioned, FTIR has the final say in whether something is a plastic or not, and what kind it is. If it is possible for you to do on at least a subsample of what you separate from your sample, then it will make your study stronger. Regarding tissue type, I think that has more to do with your question. When dealing with aquatic organisms, exposure route should be carefully considered as it can be inhalation, dermal, and/or ingestion. Particle size typically determines if an how a particle can translocate through the body, and not all tissue types are equally permeable. The muscle seems like generic sort of tissue to look at, not in a bad way though. Would it be possible to collect hemolymph?

I’m not sure how much I helped to solve your problem, but I hope I at least gave you a few more directions to look in.

Good luck!

- Melissa

Cai, H., et al. (2020) Microplastic quantification affected by structure and pore size of filters. Chemosphere 257, 127198. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127198

Nguyen, B., Claveau-Mallet, D., Hernandez, L. M., Xu, E. G., Farner, J. M., & Tufenkji, N. (2019). Separation and analysis of microplastics and nanoplastics in complex environmental samples. Accounts of chemical research, 52(4), 858-866. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00602

Karami, A., et al, (2017) A high-performance protocol for extraction of microplastics in fish. Science of the Total Environment 578, 485-494. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.213

Stanton, T., et al. (2019). Exploring the efficacy of Nile red in microplastic quantification: a costaining approach. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 6(10), 606-611. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00499

Meyers, N., et al, (2022). Microplastic detection and identification by Nile red staining: Towards a semi-automated, cost-and time-effective technique. Science of the Total Environment, 823, 153441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153441

Li, L., et al., (2018). A straightforward method for measuring the range of apparent density of microplastics. Science of The Total Environment 639, 367-373. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.166

Maes, T., et al. (2017) A rapid-screening approach to detect and quantify microplastics based on fluorescent tagging with Nile Red. Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 44501. http://doi.org/10.1038/srep44501

Shim, W.J., et al. (2016) Identification and quantification of microplastics using Nile Red staining. Marine Pollution Bulletin 113, 469-476. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.049

Jiri Jaromir Klemeš lets catch up online on email or WhatsApp you can use the above details.

Q1 Journals cannot have that short publication periods. They do real review. Thank you

The best way is to use canonical ordination, such as PCA :)

Dear @Takele Taye Desta

A local land race is a heterogeneous mixture of genotypes having mutually beneficial associations with each other and with immediate environmental conditions. Such lines synergistically co-operate with, yet compete against each other. Thus local land races are locally adapted lines. When sown in association with present day improved cultivars, they show better competitive ability as well as climate resilience. They are also sources of many useful genes including disease resistance and quality attributes. Therefore, it is imperative to maintain them as genetic resources, and utilize them as donors to improve the present day cultivars.

The tech-know-logical impact of exponential knowledge automation (e.g. automation of cartography) on geography as a scientific discipline is very strong, but the physical realties of geography do not change.

Except: The Geography of Space Exploration: Space 5.0;it is even possible that fundamental concepts of geography have to be reinvented, e.g. the concept of space is one of the most fundamental of geographical concepts.

Dear Prof Jamel Chahed

Appreciated you, for Very vital and interesting discussion, as far as the all evidences have showed that climate change would have adverse impact on world water resources and food production!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Small scale Permaculture needs no petrol. Hand tools, perrenial cultivars nitrogen fixators all reduce needs for petrol. Thus lowering co2 and pollution. It can supply Local neibourgs thus eliminating transportation and lowering refrigaration needs from harvest to consommation.

I have designed a sustainable forest farm in Permaculture, including cultivated vegs and mushrooms, and live off grid.

Covid has not affected me too mush, since 80% of my food are from my farm.

Tourism has doubled last year.

I believe that my way of life is in line with drawdown project.

I Hope you find your way

Long life <3