Science topic

Food Industry - Science topic

Food Industry is the industry concerned with processing, preparing, preserving, distributing, and serving of foods and beverages.
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Dear Prof./Dr./Sir/Madam,
We are pleased to announce that Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) will be organizing the following conference:
4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL SCIENCES AND FOOD TECHNOLOGY (ICAFT 2025)
THEME: Sustainable Synergies: Bridging Agriculture, Food Innovation, Animal Science and Environment
Date : 11 & 12 August 2025
Venue : Paya Bunga Hotel, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu
Shall you have any inquiries, please contact the organizing committee at icaft2025@gmail.com or contact Dr. Athiqah at +6012 334 4957/ Dr. Hanafi at +6014 514 4743.
Best regards,
Secretariat ICAFT2025
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Waalaikum salam, terima kasih Dr. Setyo. Moga dapat jumpa Dr. dan pasukan nanti di ICAFT 2025.
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which factors can influence the storage time of feed pellet and how much have to be this factors?
in the high temperature and humidity region what we can to do for increase the lifetime?
which kind of storage strategy is better to do? silos storage or bag storage on the pallet? 
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In my opinion, based on the moisture content (below 13 %) you can keep the pellet (packaged) for 6 months in normal condition, but It is often consumed in short period in many poultry farms.
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I am looking for researchers in various fields and countries (chemical engineering, metallurgy, food industry, mechanical engineering, etc.) for market research activities and collaboration.
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Specifically to be engaged in What?
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📢 Call for Book Chapter Contributions 📢
We are excited to announce the call for chapter submissions for the upcoming book, "Food and Industry 5.0: Transforming the Food System for a Sustainable Future," edited by Dr Pushan Kumar Dutta. Ahmed Hamad, A. K. HAGHI, PhD, and Pranav Kumar Prabhakar (Jha)
This contributed volume explores the transformative potential of emerging Industry 5.0 technologies, such as AI, big data, blockchain, robotics, and 6G, in revolutionizing the food industry towards enhanced efficiency, sustainability, and resilience.
We invite researchers, industry professionals, and academics to submit chapter proposals on the following topics (but not limited to):
🍅 Industry 5.0 technologies for sustainable food production
🌾 AI/ML applications in agriculture and food processing
📡 IoT and digital twins for smart food supply chains
🔗 Blockchain for food traceability and transparency
🤖 Robotics and automation in food manufacturing
🔒 Cybersecurity for safeguarding digital food ecosystems
💰 Economic impacts of food tech transformation
📜 Regulatory frameworks for Industry 5.0 in food
📈 Future trends and prospects in the food industry 5.0
Submission Timeline:
🗓️ Proposal Submissions: April 20, 2024
📝 Notification of Acceptance: May 20, 2024
📖 Full Chapter Submissions: July 20, 2024
✏️ Peer Review: July 21 - August 30, 2024
📚 Final Chapters Due: November 30, 2024
🌐 Publication: January 30, 2025
No submission or publication fee required.
Submit your proposals to pkdutta@kol.amity.edu
Don't miss this opportunity to contribute to this cutting-edge volume and shape the future of the food industry!
#FoodIndustry #Industry5.0 #SustainableFood #AgriTech #FoodTechnology #AI #BigData #Blockchain #Robotics #6G #CallForChapters
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We will be taking a few more chapters to my email by July 10th 2024
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What are the possible problem statements for this?
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What are the uses of social media in the food sector (selling, data gathering, promotion...etc)? What are the most suitable platforms for this (tweet, facebook...)? What are the social media marketing strategies most adopted during ...(animations, rational, ethical mesaages....etc)? How is the effectiveness of campaigns estimated (Quali and quanti....and so on)?
and many other relevant research questions may arise.
it depend on your research field, personall interest, and abilities.
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Please can anybody help me with my final year project?
I'm working on an assortment optimization problem in retail (Food industry), and i have a big transactional data . i have to chose only 4000 products from a set of 15000 product in a way to maximize the total revenue. I'm supposed to use an operational research approach , and the only thing that cross my mind is to use the MILP(mixed integer linear programming).
I dont have any constraint about the shelf space or the stock restriction, can i use a knapsack approach in this case ?
also i want to know if I can use multi label classification to determine the probability that a client might buy a product from a specified category?
thank you in advance for your answers.
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Some thoughts I have: Knowing the breadth of the products, time period of the data you have, do you have store locations (lat/log's), demographic data, as well the product categories. Do we know sub-categories, brands, if the items are substitutes or complements, as well as the what the consumer decision tree (CDT)? What is the consumer buyer behavior? Do we know product space, or fixture space? MILP is a common method. Are there reasonable constraints that should be applied to make the recommendation more actionable? Interesting topic, I'm interested in hearing your progress.
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what y'all think about this research
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SME social media opened new frontiers for people to eliminate poverty . I think and found it cost-effective,smart and trendy also.
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this will serve as a related literature
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“Food Forensics Handbook” discusses problem-solving associated with a wide variety of processing issues. At 600 pages, there is a lot of processing revealed that is not revealed anywhere else. Available on the net.
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Roles of Dietitians in food industry?
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Dietitians help in providing nutritional information and advice on foods produced by the company and assist in getting approval for specific health claims on the food product package.
Dietitians can also give nutritional advice to staff with health conditions on how to manage them. They can also give general dietary advice to the staff.
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In a simple experiment, I measured the pH of Tween 80 solutions and observed that the pH decreased. investigation results :
3 ppm tween80 = 8.43
6 ppm tween80 = 8.24
12 ppm tween80 = 7.51
15 ppm tween80 = 7.31
1780 ppm tween80 = 4.22
3560 ppm tween80 = 4.05
7120 ppm tween80 = 4.09
Solutions were made in distilled water. It seems that pH increased first and then increased with increasing concentration.
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Tween 80 is an ester formed from the reaction of polyethoxylated sorbitan and oleic acid. Though the reaction product is neutral, a small amount of sulfuric acid is sometimes used to catalyze esterification reactions such as the one that forms Tween 80. Is it possible that Tween 80 contains a small amount of residual sulfuric acid from the reaction that produces it? This would account for the decreasing pH as you increase the concentration of Tween 80.
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The lca will be conducted in food industry
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Мен сизга ушбу усимликни хам зиравор хам доривор йуналишда ишлатилиши хакида куплаб малумот беришим мумкин.
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My PhD research is: Future research of food industry businesses in the context of climate change - what model do you suggest for me to implement?
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I suggest using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA): This model can be used to assess the sustainability of different food production and distribution systems by evaluating multiple criteria such as environmental impact, economic viability, and social equity.
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I search for an alternative material for pectin with similar or near binding properties in food industries particularly jam.
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It depends on final use you of pectin you are trying. There are several different alternatives in the Industry when processing some fruit compounds , like carrageenans, alginates, derivatives of carob flour, etc.
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Whether butylated hydroxyanisole is used as an antioxidant in food industries and whether it can enter water sources?
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Improper handling will inevitably lead to leaking into water. The main question is then: how much and what are the (possible) adverse effects.
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I am doing an applied research study on export-related problems in the organization (food industry). The company's owner expects to expand its business beyond the local market. I want to get the supported literature materials/resources from you.
Thank you.
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You can use different sources to do research on the subject. While some of them are used for a fee, they are available on platforms that offer free use. For example https://www.trademap.org/Index.aspx is free and can respond to your request.
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The demand for ready- to- eat food is increasing worldwide. Fresh foods are facing challenges in terms of their limited shelf life, association with food borne diseases and outbreak. This results in commercial pressure from consumers on the use of synthetic chemicals as food preservatives. A wide range of synthetic additives are used as preservatives in food industries in order to increase their shelf life and inhibit bacterial growth. However, use of these synthetic chemicals is causing health threats to consumers. Plant antimicrobials are getting into potential interest as a good alternative over synthetic food additives. Limited research has been done on the use of pine antimicrobials in food industry. This research will focus on the use of chemical analysis by qualitative and quantitative techniques in extracting plant antimicrobials (the phytochemicals) from Pinus caribaea needles var. hondurensis, in order to shed light on its potential usage in food industry as a natural food preserving additive. Pinus caribaea needles will be collected from Fiji Pines forest stations (Lololo, Ra, Nabou, Nai, Bua, and Maduata forest stations, and nurseries: Ra, Nabou, and Nadi) of different ages (3 weeks- 6 months, and 5, 10, 15, and 20 years) of the tree. Chemical analysis will be conducted via qualitative (use of chemicals), and quantitative (UV Spectrometry and Gas chromatography, Gas chromatography/ Mass spectrometry) techniques. The effect of the age of the pine needles and its environmental factors on the quantity of phytochemical extraction will be considered. This finding will assist in potential usage of plant antimicrobials extracted from Pinus caribaea needles var. hondurensis in food industry as a food ingredient, and further in- depth research can be continued on this limited research present in literature.
looking for collaborations in writing review papers and ideas in doing this project. Thankyou
thank you
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What "health threats" are caused by current food preservatives and do you plan to address the human safety of pine needle extracts ?
Please be aware of relevant reports of pine needle extracts as potential food preservatives https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,10&q=pine+needle+extracts+as+food+preservative
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Hello
As the vitamin D3 is usually in crystallin or powder form and it is insoluble in the water, I want to know how it's possible to mix it in a homogenized way in fortifying process in order not to make toxicity because of the vitamin d high dose aqumulation?
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Kindly check the following link that explored potential strategies that could be used for the fortification of foods with Vit D:
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Dear Researchers,
What are some of the possible indicators in the Circular Economy(CE) in terms of the Food Industry?
Is there any research paper that could possibly show the CE indicators in the context of the Food Industry?
Any paper link would be highly appreciated. Thanks and regards.
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kindly check the following link that includes propose a modification of one of the few available tools for measuring the circularity, the Material Circularity Indicator (MCI), for adapting it to biological cycles, then applied to the poultry sector, integrating the results with the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. I hope it is useful:
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I am a graduated student.
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Dear Sajith Karunaratne,
These are some topics for writing review article. I hope they would be useful.
  • Probiotics and their fermented food products
  • Lactic acid bacteria
  • Utilization of wastes of food industries
  • Food waste biorefinery
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We want to review the advantages/drawbacks and the mechanism of all the methods used in food industry to encapsulate bioactive compounds (physical methods, physicochemical and chemicals methods) especially for polycondensation.
Maybe someone here could help us ?
Thank you very much
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Dear researcher i am doing researcher in halal field, about halal certification, halal tourism, especialy how can halal help to the economy of country?
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Please check the below article. It has created a link between formal V/s non-formal economic outlines through the lens of halalan tayyiba-
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We are looking for edible fibers that can be used in the food industry
does silk fiber edible? And does the FDA approve?
Many thanks for considering my request.
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FDA has specific requirements for certain dietary fiber claims. A product must contain 20 percent or more of the DRV per reference amount customarily consumed (RACC) to be considered “high” in fiber and between 10 and 19 percent to make a “good source of fiber” claim
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please tell me about the product formation from soy flour like paperboard are using soy flour as a adhesive agent. Like this there are more products formed from this soy flour. Also made insulating panel & fiber from soy flour. How these insulating panel & fiber are formed & which company are generated this panel.
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Products made from soy flour other than food industry are paper coatings, wood veneer adhesives, alkyd resins, and printing ink.
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How do I make food granules?
Also;
How to make granules with maltodextrin?
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Kindly check the following RG link:
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I want to know what are the possible barriers occurred if any Food industry wants to use multi-sourcing for increasing Resilience in their supply chain network.
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Dear all,
I am just reading about a new trend in food sector i.e. developing hydrogels. Literature showed uses of hydrogels in food packaging and bioactive molecule delivery or their carrier in matrix.
I am eager to know are hydrogels really so important? Why they are being so emphasized if hydrogels have applications in two areas of food only? How are they better than conventional means of packaging and drug/bioactive component delivery? Do they have potential to affect food industry of a developing country significantly? What can be other potential applications of hydrogels besides packaging and bioactive component delivery?
Regards
Mamta Thakur
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Dear Mamta Thakur, I think obviously yes, since they are used as matrices for drugs (edible). Please check the following files. My Regards
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How do I separate soybean or pea protein?
Do you know any way other than centrifugation and spray drying to separate and drying soybean or pea protein from protein solution?
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What is the destination of the protein? A food related use will most likely exclude certain possibilities.
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Please introdouce me some of the best researchers and specialists of fruit juice industry
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Good question, all the best
Oday
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Traceability is the capability to trace something , usually trace the part number number (P/N) of materials used to produce the final product. My question has two parts:
1. What new technologies (RFiD, Beacon, QR code scanners, etc.) are the most promising for the food industry ?
2. What information (apart from material components) can be additionally tracked (e.g. ambient temperature during the production) for a given P/N by using new technologies?
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A combination of RFID and nanosensor can be used to track the components as well as the food inside it. Many nano sensors are chemical based which intern may help to check the prior temperature inside the container.
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I am looking for available databases for a standardized list of SOPs. More specifically, I am looking for a standardized SOP for anthocyanin extraction from deepwater rice. This SOP must be for industrial use.
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Potassium Sorbate added to cheese with low pH due to the presence of lactic acid; does lactic acid act the same as HCL to convert Potassium Sorbate to Sorbic.
Also, potassium Sorbate added to brine ( saturated water with salt 10% at 4 C degrees)
How you think these conditions will affect the equilibrium between potassium Sorbate to Sorbic acid.
The problem in food industry labs they rely on outside labs to test and analyze samples for all out of ordinary tests and I've been trying to find a lab to analyze Potassium Sorbate separate from Sorbic acid but they only test Sorbate by HPLC which doesn't give an idea how much of each component is in that sample.
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There are several other separation methods published for the detection of sorbic acid in foodstuffs. These include HPLC (Saad et al., 2005; FSIS, 2004), spectrophotometric (Campos et al., 1991), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (Boyce, 1999), and CE (Özteki̇n, 2018).
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I'm currently conducting a project focusing on how to foster improvement in food industry named "RR Kerepek shop". This food industry sell variety of chips such as sweet potato chips, banana chips, crackers and also the traditional and modern cakes. However, this shop are facing major problems which there relates to insufficient space and poor sorting techniques. As a result, these situations creates crowded condition in spatially due to having insufficient space available for individual comfort and normal functioning.
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Applying 5 S is the best option and then focus on GMP.
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Hello,
I am aware of FDA being the reference institution for food production control. However, I am not sure which guidance in particular defines the testing which are required to be performed?
Thanks,
Antonio
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Olabisi Abidemi Adekalu any references to the AOAC manual?
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Why is waste cooking oil or waste frying oil is interchangeable used for spent oils from households, restaurant and food industries ?
Can somebody share relevant published work on this?
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@ Chinaza Godswill Awuchi,
Thanks for sharing an article related to the above subject matter. Regards
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Im a student conducting a research ased on what are consumer views on edible insects in general, but mainly for gym goers views on edible insect infused in protein powder.
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Might be not in the current mood about feeding humans with inscets, but does anyone agree that most of the insect stock culture request quite a lot fungicides, antibiotics and so on... Obviously insect store it which is probably not very healthy for humans consuption ...
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I am looking for papers/works that address air pollution control in the food industry. I teaching equipment such as cyclones, filters and electrostatic precipitator for air pollution control for Food Engineering students. I need studies for classroom discussion.
Best regard!
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Dear researcher.
This present works were proper to you, Hopefully.
Best regards
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I watched a documentary, "Rotten", that explored the various methods of honey adulteration. The high demand for honey with the sharp decline in honeybees are a concern.
Seems such practice of honey adulteration is widely practiced.
As consumers, how can we know pure honey from altered ones?
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" ( Wang, S., Guo, Q., Wang, L., Lin, L., Shi, H., Cao, H., & Cao, B. (2015). Detection of honey adulteration with starch syrup by high performance liquid chromatography. Food chemistry, 172, 669-674)
Abstract
According to saccharide profile comparison between starch syrups and pure honeys analysed through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a characteristic peak was found at 15.25 min retention time in HPLC chromatogram of syrup, but no peak was observed at the same retention time in chromatogram of pure honeys. This characteristic peak for syrup was identified as an overlapping peak of oligosaccharides with more than 5 degree of polymerisation (DP) based on HPLC chromatogram comparison between starch syrup and a series of standard mono-, di- and oligosaccharides of 3–7 DP. Additionally syrup content correlated linearly with the height of the characteristic peak of syrup under different slope in two ranges 2.5–7.5% and 10–100%, respectively. Therefore, the characteristic peak at 15.25 min retention time can serve as a syrup indicator in HPLC analysis of the adulterated honeys. This new HPLC method for honey adulteration detection was further applied in an authenticity inspection on more than 100 commercial honeys. In addition to the improved accuracy of honey adulteration detection, the proposed HPLC method was simple, low cost and easy practice for honey product quality control by government department considering the popularity of HPLC device and technology".
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Hi,
i need to find an interesting master thesis topic. i have studied industrial enginnering and work in a food industry.
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Study the effect of the quality of food packaging materials on health, in terms of 1 - free of harmful substances, 2, its interaction with food
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thank you
i am narges heidari.
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You must contact to the prof before admission application.
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I am planning to proceed with block chain technology for my project. But project idea need to be unique as well as provide some business value.
Since I have to focus on a niche market, I would be focusing on Organic Food industry .
Any ideas what kind of a system/ solution I can develop?
Thanks in advance.
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you can use blockchain technology in milk/dairy industry keeping track from the health of the cow to the final stage of the delivery to the consumer
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Antibacterial activity is also an important application in food industries
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1. Effect of food preservatives on Antimicrobial activity.
2. Rapid detection of microbes from food and their antimicrobial activity.
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Hi
We are looking for unpublished studies that investigate the relationship between country/region of origin food labels and consumer evaluations of these labels.
We are interested in studies about all food related labels which designate some kind of region of origin – this can include labels which designate a group of countries (eg EU), an individual country (eg France) or some other region within a country (eg Produced in Kent). We are interested in linking these labels to any consumer based evaluation – this can include willingness-to-pay, purchase intention, choice, attitude or any other consequence resulting from a consumer’s evaluation of such labels.
Studies can include unpublished, quantitative empirical work that may not be picked up by typical database searches. Examples include conference proceedings, book chapters, unpublished studies, working papers, manuscripts in preparation, preprints or even raw data.
If you have such studies we would be grateful to receive them to enhance the scientific integrity of the work we are doing.
Please send any such documents in an attached Word or PDF document to b.lowe@kent.ac.uk.
Thanks for considering our request.
Best Regards
Ben Lowe
Kent Business School University of Kent Canterbury, United Kingdom b.lowe@kent.ac.uk
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Thanks Sadiq Jaafir . If you could send the paper to b.lowe@kent.ac.uk that would be much appreciated.
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how onion waste can be used in food industry?
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Dear Raja,
For better understanding you can see the the given PDF
Utilization of Vegetable Wastes for Bioenergy Generation
and Study of onion processing waste powder for potential use in food sector
Regards
Krishna
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We are going to develop a new animated video on the CE and this time the target is the food industry. Please share any reference or interested party.
Just as a reminder, this is the sort of video productions we made so far. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBnnERfX7nQPP3usECG2ve2vpczk__Zub
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Yes Dave, we are not trying to sell videos here! I am after a content-partner. A well established organization with wide knowledge in the industry, who is interested in helping out to create a dense text of 800-1,000 words for our video. To give you an example, this would have been a good partner for us to have https://circulareconomy.fooddrinkeurope.eu/ Does your company have this sort of comprehensive understanding of CE in food?
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The foremost claims in all papers related to extraction of chemicals from bio-oil or hydrothermal liquefaction condensate is that they are incredible sources of fine chemicals and that they would have applications in pharmaceuticals and food industry.
How much of these claims are practically possible to meet considering the present scale of biomass conversion is limited to power and bio-fuel production?
If the potential of biomass is so immense how is the production so limited and the interest only academic?
I have a personal interest in this question because part of my research is to do with separation of organic chemicals from bio-oil and it seems like a very daunting task with no goal in sight.
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Also check out https://www.agrifutures.com.au/wp-content/uploads/publications/08-117.pdf . A bit old but issues discussed are still relevant.
There is need to consider trade-offs. Issues of sustainable biomass production and transport costs related to feedstock economics are relevant. It could be value-adding for biomass suppliers, but "costly" for bioenergy/biofuel producers.
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I registered for PhD , willing to work on 3D printing in food industry I couldn't able to figure out what the gap in this area as I am new to this area. Any experienced or researchers who are working in this area please suggest me the way i need to crack for a best PhD project
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Going through some of the articled may help you out
Most of the them doing research in finding out the suitable materials for food printing such fish surmi gel, lemon juice gel etc .,,, Hope so you it might be helpful
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Edible cutlery are useful products in the field of food industry and offers various advantages over current scenario.
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Eco-friendly and biodegradable edible utensils including cutlery and chopstick are made of flours having about 65% w/w or above carbohydrate content with self life of 1 year or more. These biodegradable edible utensils are prepared from healthy and hygienic edible can be consumed by the user after their use utensils o if thrown away they biodegrade naturally within less than two days. For details consult Google Patents." patents.google.com
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Hello! I am currently enrolled in a Bacteriology class this semester. A journal summary has been required in this course wherein it shall focus on the application of bacteria in the field of environment, agriculture, food and industry, fisheries, and medicine. A total of 10 journals shall be summarized in each field. By the end of the semester, three fields shall be chosen and three special projects shall be initiated that are based on the synthesized journals. Thank you!
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Hi! I believe Elsevier Journal Finder and Springer Journal Suggester would help you with this. The links are below:
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I am deciding to conduct extraction of polysaccharides from plant sources that are rich in antioxidant and known for its anti-hypergylcemic activity and wanted to make use of it. Any suggestion on the possible use or application of the polysaccharides for the food industry??
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Polysaccharides from plants (pectin, many gums such as guar, carob, tamarind, acacia..., dietary fibers...) or algae (alginate, caragheenans...) are commonly used in foods as thickeners, gelling agents etc. All edible plants contain pectins, it can be extracted from almost all of them, however still since the 1930's only apple and citrus are used industrially. You might meditate on that. You'll have a job of work finding something new to investigate!
As to presence of antioxidant it is usually an artefact from the preparation procedure, see
Renard C.M.G.C., Watrelot A.A. & Le Bourvellec C. : Interactions between polyphenols and polysaccharides: mechanisms and consequences in food processing and digestion. Trends in Food Science and Technology 60 (2017) 43–51
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White mice are characterized by rapid reproduction and rapid growth. Can their meat be used in food industry experiments?
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5 ways you know you’re eating rat meat
laura Ginn
On Thursday, China’s Ministry of Public Security announced that the police had arrested 63 traders accused of buying rat, fox, and mink meat and then selling the meat as mutton. Apparently, the crime ring had been mixing the meat with gelatin, red dye, and nitrates before selling it in Shanghai and neighboring Jiangsu province. How appetizing.
It has been quite a year for food scandals, what with IKEA’s horsemeat meatballs and China’s floating dead pigs. To China’s credit, the country appears to be tackling the food safety issue head on (state media report that Chinese law enforcement officials have arrested more than 900 people for selling fake or tainted meat in the last three months). But this latest revelation has shocked more than reassured, leaving many in China to wonder whether the "mutton" stewing on their stoves .
But never fear! Foreign Policy reached out to North Carolina-based artist Laura Ginn, who, after organizing a rat-themed five-course dinner in New York last year, has become somewhat of a rat meat connoisseur. With her help, we hereby offer you five ways to know you’re eating rat.
1. It smells like rat. Rats secrete an oil onto their skin that gives them their distinct "rodenty" odor. Some compare the smell to that of a warm tortilla, says Ginn, while others compare it to urine. Regardless, it’s distinctive. While it’s true that the odor lessens after the rat is skinned, and again after the rat is cooked, no amount of cooking can ever completely get rid of the smell.
2. It tastes like rat. The oil rats secrete gives them a distinctive taste as well. Ginn describes it as quite pungent and gamey — most similar to raccoon or rabbit. Blended with other meats, rat becomes a lot less distinctive, so you’d have to be rather discerning to notice it.
3. It tastes delicious when brushed with a moonshine glaze and barbecued. Of all the ways Ginn has eaten rat, this is her favorite preparation. A close second is smoked rat jerky served on brioche French toast. So, if you happen to be savoring a moonshine-BBQ dish, or think there is something slightly "rodenty" about the gamey and delicious jerky you are consuming, you might want to check the ingredients.
4. It looks like lamb. When it’s raw, pinkish/red rat looks very much like lamb. Unfortunately for the Chinese, when ground, rat can look a lot like any generic ground meat. When cooked, rat looks more like rabbit, Ginn thinks, just because of the shape of the cuts.
5. You’re in Asia. According to Ginn, rats are most commonly eaten in Asia because of the rice crop. In areas where rats feed off rice paddies rather than garbage, the rodents are considered safer to eat. Of course, it isn’t clear whether the rats marketed as mutton in China were healthy, rice-fed rats or sewer-dwelling, garbage-eating, Templeton-esque rats. The New York Times reports that the arrest announcement "did not explain how exactly the traders acquired the rats and other creatures." Rats are also disease carriers, so when Ginn organized her meal she ordered hers from a company that supplies specially raised, grain-fed rodents to zoos.
Bon appétit!
regards
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Is it possible to make a beverage flavor emulsion without any E numbers. For food industry.
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Why not??? But, be aware that substances allowed to be used in food in the EU - thus having an E number - have been thoroughly tested and accepted. Other ingredients might not have been tested to the same extent.
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current trends followed by food industries on food waste utilization.
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Hello mohamed, i hope this article helps
best regards
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I have a reaserach to do in Microbiology class, you would be of mush help if you had any articles or books recommendations.
Thank you
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you can study about aflatoxin from cereal ,its very risk on human health.
good luck
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Hey, everybody,
I would like to know if anyone knows where I can find a list of wall materials permitted for use in the food industry (to nanoencapsulate bioactive compounds) and if there is any law in the European Union that regulates it.
Thank you very much.
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Nanoencapsulation
Please let me know if these references/sites are useful to you:
1. Nanoencapsulation Techniques for Food Bioactive Components ...
... implemented by encapsulation. Nanoencapsulation ... of nanotechnology in the food industry have been ... coating or encapsulated with wall materials in ...
2. Wall Material Selection for Encapsulation by Spray Drying ...
the food industry, b ... Wall Material Selection for Encapsulation ... the important characteristics that decide the suitability of wall materials for encapsulation, ...
3. Nanoencapsulation - Springer
Molecular encapsulation. Definition. Nanoencapsulation is defined as ... Materials. Food. C: ... the detergent industry uses dissolution of shell wall of powder ...
4. Nanoencapsulation in the food industry: manufacture ...
Nanoencapsulation in the food industry: manufacture, applications and characterization. ... in the food industry that consists ... nano encapsulation" and “food ...
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For food exportation to some of countries, observance of international regulations is necessary, so how we can produce biscuits that are in accordance with oil's FDA regulations.
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Dear Ahmed,
Trans fatty acids (TFAs), occur both naturally in foods and can be formed or added to foods during manufacture. Naturally occurring TFAs are found in some animal products including butter, cheese and meat. Manufactured TFAs (also known as artificial TFAs) are formed when liquid vegetable oils are partially hydrogenated or ‘hardened’ during processing to create spreads such as margarine, cooking fats for deep-frying and shortening for baking. Some TFAs are also formed during high temperature cooking.
There is strong evidence that TFAs increase the amount of ‘bad’ low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in our blood, a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. Also, TFAs may decrease the levels of ‘good’ high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in blood. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that no more than 1 per cent of our daily energy intake (kilojoules) should come from TFAs. 
Now, if you realize, there are many oil sources free of significant trans fatty acids (many vegetable and plant oils) you can use for your purpose. More over, there is also a recommended limit of TFAs amount uptake.
You may get some important information from the following links:
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I am into MED, but I am curious about food industry risk assessments
Thanks
Sebastian
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Risk is a measure of the likelihood of a hazard doing harm and how
much harm the hazard could do. Or, another way of looking at it is to
consider risk an estimate of the probability of a hazard being present.
All activities related to food production and handling involve some
hazards. However, how we do something or what we do determines the
level of risk.
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How can Lean Six Sigma be used in the Food Industry?
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In order to apply lean six sigma in the food industry, one has to analyse the maturity of their orgnisational culture towards quality management and understand the purpose of applying LSS in the company. LSS is effective and efficient to be applied at any process in the industry. It's proven in many case studies in all different commodities of the food industry. However careful, it is not the solver to all problems.
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This is still for my thesis on breadfruit chips
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pH will not have a significant change on proximate composition but soluble solids would affect the same.
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Testing is to be done quickly on both field produce and or processed products intended for different markets.
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Thanks and is a good source.
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I want to get the statistics of biscuit imports in Iraq from 2015 to 2016.
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Thanks for your answer Mr. Saleem Mir, but there isn't current website for Iraq, can you get me the address?
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Make in India and Digital India have been trademarks of the new government with a hope of revival and launch of the country as a hub of manufacturing with technology and basic digital infrastructure. Most of farmers still depend on old traditional methods of farming and irrigation. I would like to know the food processing industries under Make in India or Digital India programe. please share 
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Make In India by Patanjali
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How are chefs using innovation to meet customers changing needs?
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Hi Jenny,
Chefs are taking advantage of new food sources and novel technological treatments to develop a new offer for customers. Spain has chefs with outstanding international reputation in this area. Among them, I would recommend to take a look at the Basque Culinary Centre in the Basque Country. This centre is supported by public and private institutions and is a remarkable example of how new ingredients and new technologies combine to create a brand new offer for customers. Below the link in English language:
Best regards
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Including the manufacturing and economic feasibility. 
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Intelligent food packaging is extremely broad topic. But my first thoughts are if driven by regulations, then a processor adds to the cost to its operation in order to comply, such as Time-Temperature Indicators (TTI) as required for seafood in a low oxygen modified atmosphere package when sold fresh.  For that reason, low oxygen packaging is avoided due to costs of TTIs and technical challenges, whereby processors and retailers instead choose the FDA required 10K OTR packaging (10,000 oxygen transmission rate packaging film) for merchandising of fresh fish.  Secondly, foodborne illness indicators can drive change if it benefits the processor to catch problems to remain compliant with regulations, yet none of the solutions built into packaging have been shown to be 100% fail-safe (do not measure all surfaces where pathogenic bacteria may reside).  It is more economically beneficial to test production batches for pathogens, rather than the expense of an indicator on every package that is not 100% valid.  Thirdly, data driven packaging features such as RFID require the entire supply chain to re-configure the data collection methods, and capital investment is a hurdle.  If the technology only allows data capture to a certain point, then only those participants can benefit, and benefits downstream to the consumer or point of sale may be missing or missed, and limit implementation.   Justification of the value must be demonstrated to  drive the capital investment (shrink reduction, product recall notifications, end of life product management, etc).  
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could some one help me with understanding the exact procedure for autoclaving water? Can we use autoclaved water for product development? we are currently thinking of using autoclaved water in our finished goods to mix some ingredients. Is the water sterile? what could be the possible shelf life of autoclaved water?
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According to Chris Woodford, an autoclave is essentially just a large steel vessel through which steam or another gas is circulated to sterilize things, perform scientific experiments, or carry out industrial processes. Typically the chambers in autoclaves are cylindrical, because cylinders are better able to withstand extreme pressures than boxes, whose edges become points of weakness that can break. The high-pressure makes them self-sealing (the words "auto" and "clave" mean automatic locking), though for safety reasons most are also sealed manually from outside. Just like on a pressure cooker, a safety valve ensures that the steam pressure cannot build up to a dangerous level.
Once the chamber is sealed, all the air is removed from it either by a simple vacuum pump (in a design called pre-vacuum) or by pumping in steam to force the air out of the way (an alternative design called gravity displacement). Next, steam is pumped through the chamber at a higher pressure than normal atmospheric pressure so it reaches a temperature of about 121–140°C (250–284°F). Once the required temperature is reached, a thermostat kicks in and starts a timer. The steam pumping continues for a minimum of about 3 minutes and a maximum of about 15–20 minutes (higher temperatures mean shorter times)—generally long enough to kill most microorganisms. The exact sterilizing time depends on a variety of factors, including the likely contamination level of the items being autoclaved (dirty items known to be contaminated will take longer to sterilize because they contain more microbes) and how the autoclave is loaded up (if steam can circulate more freely, autoclaving will be quicker and more effective).
Autoclaving is a bit like cooking, but as well as keeping an eye on the temperature and the time, the pressure matters too! Safety is all-important. Since you're using high-pressure, high-temperature steam, you have to be especially careful when you open an autoclave that there is no sudden release of pressure that could cause a dangerous steam explosion.
Although best known as sterilizers, autoclaves can also be used to carry out all sorts of industrial processes and scientific experiments that work best at high-temperatures and pressures. Unlike sterilizing autoclaves, which usually circulate steam, industrial and scientific autoclaves may circulate other gases to encourage particular chemical reactions to take place. Industrial autoclaves are often used for "curing" materials (applying heat to encourage the formation of long-chain polymer molecules). For example:
•Rubber can be vulcanized (heated, toughened, and hardened with sulfur) in an autoclave.
•Nylon (a plastic) can be made by "cooking" a concentrated salt solution in an autoclave to encourage what's called condensation polymerization.
•Polyethylene (polythene, another plastic) can be made by circulating air or organic peroxides through an autoclave to polymerize ethylene.
•Airplane materials made from composites are also typically cured in large industrial autoclaves.
Some autoclaves combine elements of both sterilization and industrial manufacture. For example, natural cork (wooden) bottle stoppers have to be boiled and sterilized before they're suitable for use. Traditionally, that was done in large water tanks; now it's much more likely to be done on a large scale in computer-controlled, industrial autoclaves
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I have a protein that I freeze dried.Following the freeze drying process, the protein seems to be insoluble in water. However, I tried other organic solvents such as acetone, hexane, ethanol, and mixtures of these with water but am still not able to solubilise the samples. Does anyone know any other solvents preferably something that is permissible in the food industry that I can try to use to solubilise the proteins?
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Hi Jagan,
I tried your suggestion and it did not work. After incubating the samples for 24 h at 4 degrees in the presence of acetone, I could only manage to precipitate the proteins but nothing happened in terms of the them becoming more soluble.
Thanks,
Claire
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We need this information for research about food processing.
We prefer methods for foods industry, as enzymatic methods or safe process wich destroy this kind of saponins.
Thank you
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you can perform hydrolysis of these saponins by boiling them with Lemon juice, it is a safe and non toxic method for food processing, you have to ensure the complete hydrolysis of saponins by simple TLC analysis, if the acidic taste in not accepted you can add sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the acidity of citric acid.
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any questions to do with customer satisfaction at fast food outlets
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Could you clarify more what exactly you want. Do you need to measure customer satisfaction?
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in term of labor worker
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Labour intensive technology will not be adopted by food industry. In food industry, minimum human contact is desired to prepare a quality product. If the new technology minimise the use of labour then it will enhance the production and consequently profit.
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As blood is byproduct of animal slaughtering and after separation of heme and plasma, plasma is used like egg white. so my question is for information and confirmation. second how can we analyse it when added into products?
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Plasma proteins are quite functional, and thus, used in several products (mainly cooked meat ones; see: http://www.vepro.biz/en/plasma-12.htm)
Once added to the product, there could be a couple of ways to analyse plasma proteins: by LC/MS through proteomics (it is a complex matrix and could be somehow tricky; some specific peptides could also serve as markers of the presence of plasma proteins) or using specific antibodies for some of the plasma proteins.
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My doctorate is about the relation between Architecture and Food in industrialized western countries, and it'd be very important for me to know some true data about the use of the domestic space in relation to food in the developed world. How much we cook and eat at home. It's said that people that live alone don't cook much at home, but I can't find any true data about this issue. Many thanks.
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Does anyone know what is the value of energy used or demanded by Joule of sugar produced? I know that there are some interesting cogeneration energy processes that leads an efficient used of energy for sugar industry, what are the values that they can produced? Thanks a lot for your contribution
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 Thank you so much for your contributions. Actually, I am working in an energy balance of this industry, but it is mainly theoretical, so I wanted to have some values for comparison because I am using some assumptions that might be a bit unreal. I will have a look to this material
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Dear Sir/madam,
Kindly suggest me regarding good books, papers and chapter or nay other document available on Good Manufacturing Practices for Food Industries? 
Regards, 
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EHEDG European Hygiene Engineering Design Group has many good publications on this topic. 
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Postgraduate student at Warwick University, my project is about the challenges and issues of the Food Industry in the EU Market.
I am focusing on the relationship between the customers and distributors, and how the change of the customer behaviour has an impact on the distribution. I am looking for some data or documents on: Food Safety, Supply Chain Security, Customer trust, functional, processed and organic food, e- commerce.
It would be a pleasure to discuss about my project with some professionals in order to improve and to deepen my research.
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We have looked into horsemeat consumption after the horsemeat scandal in 2013. I think that scandal really showed some of the problems that there is with crime in meat markets, animal welfare problems, how to know where the meat is from and so on. Our interest was slightly different, we looked into cultural meanings that people have about horsemeat consumption. However,  the article might give you some ideas for your own research. 
Good luck with your research!
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IS anyone familiar with encapsulation of materials in the food industry? I want to encapsulate a water soluble polyphenol with hydrogenated oil by simple hot-melt method. I am also required to determine the encapsulation efficiency. Evaluating the surface phenol and total phenol was the method i used. I tried washing the matrix with water and evaluating the conc. of surface phenol  but the oil seems to be contaminating the water fraction thereby exaggerating my results. I though water, being miscible with oil would work. Anybody to help? 
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I have used hot melt encapsulation to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles. Are you preparing water-in-oil emulsion? and why are you using hot melt encapsulation if you have no solid component which need to be melt.
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I need to know differences between industrial cane and chewing cane in it's morphological, physical and physiological character. Both the canes come under Saccharum officinarum.
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Chewing cane is softer and made for the human teeth to chew and extract liquid (Easy chewing). 
The industrial cane, on the contrary, is very hard and made for industrial plant to squeeze and get sugar (Difficult chewing). 
Good luck my brother
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I am working on a research project to produce unsweetened tea concentrate from a particular clone of cammelia sinensis to be used in the food industry.
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If I got it well and unless you were talking about a green tea concentrate, I think the main objective is to remove the large polyphenols from the concentrate in order to limit astringency.
You can get inspired by methods used in the brewing industry for stabilizing beer against cloud formation during storage. Using a food grade PVPP could be your best option, although you might want to check which populations of your polyphenols/tannins are being removed as, in the end, it is all a matter of binding affinity and competition for binding to PVPP. You might also want to check a range of concentrations of PVPP as the PVPP-polyphenol ratio can influence the proportions being bound.
I hope this helps a bit!
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Can any environmental expert/Microbiologist let me know the proper concise method of Passive air sampling through Air sampler. Also would like to know regarding the microbiological criteria set for a food Industry?
Also if anyone of you can share authentic reference/ guide for Food Industry sharing Air sampling methods and criteria set for action and critical limits.
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Thank you Patrick and Youssef for the prompt reply. Links have been useful. 
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To improve and enhance the efficiency of green supply chain in food industry. please recommend some framework that might fit with this concern.
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Dear Pittawat
It would be interesting to know if your concern is on the design of the supply chain (and therefore framework to guide this process) or if is on the "performance-improvement" side of supply chain management, which can be tackled by optimization models, for instance. 
Nonetheless, I suggest you read the followings:
Iakovou, E., Vlachos, D., Achillas, C., Anastasiadis, F.
Design of sustainable supply chains for the agrifood sector: A holistic research framework (2014) Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, (SPEC. ISSUE), pp. 1-10.
It looks both at green supply chain management and logistic principles. The goals are the minimization of the environmental burden and the maximization of supply chain sustainability of an agrifood supply chain.
If your concern targets logistic network of the supply chain specifically, I suggest to read:
Soysal, M., Bloemhof-Ruwaard, J.M., Van Der Vorst, J.G.A.J.
Modelling food logistics networks with emission considerations: The case of an international beef supply chain (2014) International Journal of Production Economics, 152, pp. 57-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2013.12.012
It uses a multi-objective linear programming (MOLP) model for a generic beef logistics network problem. As the abstract reports, here the objectives of the model are of minimizing total logistics cost and minimizing total amount of greenhouse gas emissions from transportation operations.
Hope this will be helpful to you.
Best wishes
Ilaria
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The aim is to identify gelling systems that mimic the rheological and sensory properties of gelatine to make food matrices suitable for vegetarians.
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It is reasonable to use fish gelatin – gelatin made from fish skin or fish scales. It is a good alternative to beef and pork gelatin.
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Hi, 
I'm doing some calculations on extinction coefficients and I've run into some problems: I came across methods of calculation which do not seem to agree with each other.
First method (color value):
Color Value (10%E618nm) indicates the color density which is measured at 618nm after melted into 10% solution.
  1. Measure 0.25gram of the sample and melt it into 100ml with citric acid buffer solution adjusted pH6.0 using volumetric flask. All the procedure should be done strictly correct.
  2. Then dilute the solution 10times also with citric acid buffer and measure the absorbance at 618nm using the sell which is 1cm in thickness.
  3. Color Value (10%E618nm) = Absorbance (at 618nm) x 100 / 0.25gram.
Second method (extinction coefficient):
This is a method that I remember learning from textbooks.
  1. In order to calculate E10%, first dissolve 10g of sample in 100 mL of solution (using a volumetric flask)
  2. Measure the absorbance at 618nm using a spectrophotometer, diluting if necessary.
  3. Based on Beer-Lambert law, A=(E10%)*(% concentration)*(path length)
  4. Therefore, E10%=A/(% concentration), since path length = 1cm
Can anyone shed some light on this? Is the first method a food industry method for determining color value, or did I do the second method wrongly? Thanks.
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The first one is commonly used in food industry as a practical equation. The two methods that you mentioned are not contradictory. In the first method, the Color Value formula should be presented as CV(E10%)= Abs * Dilution factor * 10 (for 10%)/ sample weight (g)
From my understanding, the sample weight is always numerically equal to concentration (w/v) if you dissolve the sample to 100mL buffer everytime.
With that being said, by using this formula, you are expected to prepare 1% sample for measure every time. The dilution factor is reflecting any further dilution from the 1% sample.
E10% means, the ABS of 10% sample. So you have to time 10 to the ABS acquired from 1% sample.
That may convert the first equation to 
E10%=ABS/ concentration (w/v)
which is the equation in the second method.
Hope it may help
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How many log CFU/g should a process reduce to be considered a fungal decontamination method for foods? Can anyone indicate some references about it?
Thanks in advance.
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According to European Regulation in the case of minimally processed fruits and vegetables it should be less than 10 exp7 UFC / g fresh tissue (<7 log / g fresh tissue) for total aerobic microorganism (Marchetti, R.; Casadei, M.A.; Guerzoni, N.E. (1992).Microbial population dynamics in ready-to-use vegetable salads. Italian Journal of Food Science, 2, 97 -108). I guess that for processed foods it should be lower.
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Thanks in advance for your replies.
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Yes Karine, Fish is highly perishable food. The fresh fish is less susceptible to deterioration  then older fish. Older fish is vulnerable to microbes and decay very short time.
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I want to know if at all food label is dully considered by Nigerian consumers during purchasing of a product.
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but also bear in mind that every country has its labelling standards. i think u should have a look at government`s page as to the topic.
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After briefly presenting the profile of the company, the assignment analyzes the external and internal environment, paying attention to the factors that affect their business, as well as the sources of its competitive advantages. Following these, a hypothetic case is analyzed, whereby a new low-cost retailer enters the fast-food industry in Greece.
The scenario of the case discussed in this assignment suggests, a new low-cost retailer enters the fast-food industry in Greece, which obviously affects the business of Goody’s. 
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It seems to me the answer would turn on how the low cost positioning is connected to the desires of a particular consumer segment; there is no abstract answer to this question. Low cost strategies are difficult to maintain, and positioning on cost is a kind of  brain dead strategy since it is copyiable, and especially if there are deep pocket competitors already in the market space who can squeeze the new entrants margins with short term deals. 
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What are general scale-up calculations for a food industry machine? especially for fluid flow similarity.
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Hi Vahid,
As my colleague Allard says, there are a lot of factors to take into account. But, for me, the most important thing is the food you are going to process in the machine. In my former job, I had to calculate the residence time of fruits and vegetables during washing, the optimum temperature, antioxidant levels in water, etc., and then I had to adjust the machine in order to make these ideal conditions as real as possible. Because, sometimes, "real world" or industrial scale does not fit with research conditions.
So, if you are looking for the best data in your case, I would take into account the product and then I would talk with the provider of the machine (because they are really different depending on the manufacturer, even though the machines are of the same class).
Greetings! 
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What are general calculations for optimization of a food industry machine? Especially for energy consumption and investigating effect of different parameters.
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Working on multigrain breads and other cereal products, what should be the upper limit of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids etc. per serving or per kg body weight per day.
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Hi,
every country has its own rules. In Russia there are standards for flavonoids.
Recommended levels of consumption: for adults - 250 mg / day (including catechins - 100 mg); for children 7 - 18 years from 150 to 250 mg / day (including catechins from 50 to 100 mg / day). Isoflavones - Recommended consumption for adults - 50 mg / day
Kind regards, 
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Which crop has a scope to grow in the processing industry and why?
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Dear discussants,
The processing industry of major commodities such as wheat, corn, rice etc. is not able to stimulate the development of the area used unless it receives supplies locally. On the world market of large commodities any one industry is a drop in the sea, and it has little or no influence.
The situation is different if you are experiencing waves of optimism and pessimism in all industries that work the same product. Then these may increase or decrease the demand and simultaneously create an impact on prices in the sense of increase or decrease, respectively.
The increase or decrease in prices gives signals to farmers to cultivate respectively more or less of those commodities with an impact of the cultivated land.
In the recent past a great impetus was given to energy crops like corn as fuel or as iatropha.
Greetings
Ting Fa Marg
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EU Delegated Regulation no. 665/2014 defines the requirements for applying the optional quality term "mountain product", which was introduced with EU Regulation no. 1151/2012. These requirements are the result of a long process to standardise the different approaches presented by EU Member States. Previously France and Switzerland had already implemented a scheme dedicated to mountain products.
Do you know if certification schemes and/or labeling schemes dedicated to mountain products have already been implemented (excluding Europe and Switzerland)?
Does anyone have a scientific reference about quality term "mountain product" in France, in Swiss or in other country?
Thank you.
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Is there any animal food product which  does contain  non-heme iron?
Animal food mainly contains only heme iron.
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Egg yolk is containing high bioavailable iron 
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I am trying to blend chitosan with any other polymer (natural/synthetic) so as to enhance its antimicrobial properties along with its tensile strength.  
Which polymer will be suitable for blending, so that its blended film can be used for food packaging?
Any suggestions?
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Hi Shakeel,
I'd concur with Hernando: you can blend chitosan with a lot of other polymers to improve its mechanical properties. Watch out for compatibility of the polymers, though: some will tend to phase separate and will lead to materials with weaker mechanical properties than pure chitosan or pure alternate polymer.
Also, from this material perspective, blending chitosan with another polymer in order to obtain a composite material lowers the relative amount of chitosan and then possibly reduces its surface antimicrobial property. To avoid that, you can use a support material with adequate mechanical properties and coat chitosan on it (there area lot a papers out there reporting paper, PE or PET coated with chitosan or modified chitosan)
I may also mention another solution to improve chitosan antimicrobial and mechanical properties: cross-linking and incorporation of an antimicrobial agent. Cross-linking allows you to impact mechanical properties of your material. Also, if another antimicrobial agent is incorporated in the chitosan matrix, adequate cross-linking allows to control the release of this agent and get prolongued antimicrobial effect. Then, from the standpoint of antimicrobial activity, you have the benefit of a surface action from chitosan and depth action from the diffusion of the other antimicrobial agent.
Hope this helps... Cheers!
Nicolas
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How can I utilize my antioxidant activity determination work in spices and medicinal plant extracts?
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Dear Deepshikha
when we use a compound or metabolite as a antioxidant, we need to note to three points.
1-  Odorless
2-Non-toxicity
3- Colorless
alpha-Tocopherol is good in this respect, however some essential oil that have good odors for customers we can use as a natural antioxidant
best regards
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Has anyone looked into the extent to which low food prices contributed to the industrialisation in the era after WWII up until the 1990's?  
Are there studies comparing the experiences of countries under different food price scenarios, or facing agricultural policies?  
(ie. trade liberalisation vs protectionism, food subsidies, export restrictions)   
It seems to me that agricultural subsidies and food dumping by developed countries made it possible for countries like Brazil and Mexico to displace populations from the countryside to large cities to work in industry even with very low wages.
It seems like the era of productivity breakthroughs in agriculture, and subsequent growth in industry and services has come to an end. A new era of high commodity prices has coincided with a phenomenon Dani Rodrik and others refer to as premature deindustrialization in emerging countries, which creates a new set of challenges- especially the lack of new sectors to pick up the slack from manufacturing.  
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The question addresses a long standing debate about the role of agriculture in economic development, see for example writing of John Mellor, Bruce F Johnston,, Walter falcon in the 1960s and 1970s. 
At early stage of development low food prices help industrial and service dector development by keeping urban food prices low. Turning terms of trade against agriculture has been put forward as a strategy. However, a precondition for that strategy to succeed is generation of improved technology for agricultural productivity improvement so that unit cost of production decreases and higher output and lower cost give enough margin for farm families and farm labour to improve their living standards. there are good empirical examples  this  phenonmenon. However, problems of poverty and lack of balanced growth in many developing countries have many reasons, some genral and specific to individual countries. So theory and evidence need to be discussed for specific contexts.
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There are several industrial solid wastes, especially from food processing industries (whose solid wastes are increasing rapidly), which require technological solutions for treating these wastes.
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high tempreture roast degradation
microorganism degradation