Fire - Science topic

Complex engineering structures are subject to various sources of uncertainty, including geometric and material variations, and randomness in external loads/excitations. In addition, the coupling of nonlinearity and randomness in high-dimensional or large-degree-of-freedom stochastic systems leads to a formidable challenge. To ensure the safety and...

Carbonaceous aerosols affect air quality adversely, affect global warming, and human health. However, our understanding of the impact of ultrafine (PM0.1) carbonaceous particulate matter is incomplete, particularly the effects during haze episodes. This study monitored diurnal variations in PM0.1 in Chiang Mai, Thailand, from March-April 2020. We i...

The legitimacy of MSIs as institutions for social and environmental governance in the global economy has received much scholarly attention over the past years. To date, however, research has yet to focus on assessing the legitimacy of MSIs in their interactions with other actors within larger systems of deliberation. Drawing on the deliberative sys...

This study evaluated the influence of heating temperature variability on the degradation level of concrete by varying the exposure temperatures (200°C, 450°C, and 800°C) and concrete design strength (C25 and C40). The concretes were submitted to ultrasound tests (before and after heating) and then were ruptured by axial compression. After rupture,...

Composite steel decking concrete slabs are an important structural member in building construction. Research on its thermal behavior should be developed to understand its fire performance. In this paper, a comparison of the temperature distribution in the cross-section of steel decking concrete slabs subjected to fire is made through three differen...

One of the main challenges in using reinforced concrete materials in structures is to comprehend their fire resistance. The assessment of fire resistance can be performed in a laboratory environment using fire. However, such tests are time-consuming and expensive, and they may not provide a complete assessment of all relevant properties of a partic...

In many urban buildings, there is the presence of gas central storage, which contain pressurized tanks. One of the main risks in these places is an explosion, which may or may not is followed by fire. In general, the shock wave formed by this phenomenon is disastrous and can cause material damage and even fatalities. Recent research has contributed...

The objective of our research was to develop an optimum concrete mix for fire resistance, that is usable for hollow core slab prefabrication. Small-scale and full-scale tests were done, and the results were used to calibrate a numerical model that can be used to determine the temperature and load capacity reduction of steel reinforcement. With the...

The spatial-temporal characteristics of wildfires were summarized based on fire reports covering 55,863 wildfires with a total burned area of 289.91 km2 from 1995 to 2020 in Japan. The long-term decreasing trend was largely influenced by changes in social aspects, while the annual fluctuation was determined by large-scale events. The wildfire seaso...

This manuscript presents a method to produce sand-polymer bricks motivated by the need to reuse plastic waste and to reduce the embodied energy and carbon footprint associated with manufacturing. The method is designed to be simple: it involves a custom-built apparatus that simultaneously mixes and heats dry sand and recycled polypropylene granules...

It is always challenging to seek external rescue assistance in high-rise building fires. Therefore, it is critical for individuals to master survival skills. For crowd dynamics modeling, previous research focused on numerical simulations and building designs with little attention to the self-rescue mechanism. It is critical to understanding crowd e...

Existence of periodical solutions, i.e. cycles, in the Impulsive Goodwin's Oscillator (IGO) with the continuous part of an arbitrary order m is considered. The original IGO with a third-order continuous part is a hybrid model that portrays a chemical or biochemical system composed of three substances represented by their concentrations and arranged...

Communication is a purposeful process, especially during disasters, where emergency management officials and citizen journalists aim to disseminate relevant information to as many affected people as possible. Twitter, a popular computer-mediated communication (CMC) platform, has become an essential resource for disaster information, given its abili...

This article aims to evaluate the reliability of cross-sections of simply supported reinforced concrete (RC) beams in a fire situation considering the utilization of the simplified method proposed in the Brazilian standard NBR 15200 [1]. The impact of the concrete cover, the live-to-total load ratio, and the quantity of heated beam faces were all t...

This article presents how foreign naturalists described the burning of the fields, grasslands, and savannas (cerrado) of Central Brazil in the nineteenth century, in a dialogue between the history of science and environmental history. It discusses how they engaged with fire, which raged in the region at the end of the dry season, describing its eff...

The frequency and severity of wildfires in Mediterranean climate regions have increased in the last decades due to changes in climatic conditions and land use. This change in the fire regime has increased the threat to forest, shrublands and agricultural lands. To evaluate to what extent wildfires could affect agricultural soils, we evaluated 40 pr...

A series of large-scale experiments has been conducted on under-ventilated mass timber room compartments with kerosene pool fires. To characterise the role of exposed timber walls on the fully-developed phase of the fire, the exposed surface area of mass timber was varied between experiments. Experiments with all timber surfaces protected were comp...

This study examines the fire behavior of cold-formed steel (i.e., CFS) columns exposed to hydrocarbon fire. Using ABAQUS numerical software, the heat transfer, and structural responses of CFS columns were simulated under hydrocarbon fire and axial compression. The research introduces two fire resistance levels: buckling time resistance (i.e., BTR,...

FTX-the world's second-largest cryptocurrency exchange, collapsed and filed for bankruptcy. The incident brought jitters to the cryptocurrency market, experiencing a prolonged crypto winter as most digital assets were depreciating. The collapse of FTX added fuel to the fire and sparked a domino effect leading to the collapse of several other financ...

To advance our understanding of the neural control of muscle, we decoded the firing activity of extensive samples of motor units in the Tibialis Anterior (129±44 per participant; n=8) and the Vastus Lateralis (130±63 per participant; n=8) during isometric contractions of up to 80% of maximal force. From this unique dataset, we characterised the rat...

Kashmir conflict is not a byproduct of contemporary times, but had a long history. Conflict emerged soon after the establishment of two nation states, Pakistan and India, in 1947. Albeit, Colonial British divided the subcontinent into two separate independent nations, but at the same time left Kashmir as an unfinished agenda for future. From that t...

This study evaluates the occurrence of dry and wet events and their relationship with fires in southern Pampas, Argentina. The intensity and magnitude of dry and wet events were determined based on the regional series of the Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) for the 2000-2021 period. The data obtained were related to th...

In the unfortunate event of a fire, within the context of the evolution of façade fires, with a specific focus on the utilization of polystyrene thermal insulation (external thermal insulation composite system façades—ETICS façades), this study delves into the investigation of fires ignited by containers containing plastic bottles. Through an exami...

On the Cover Living under ongoing shelling and missile attacks could cause a widespread of disruption of everyday life and emotional distress. Coping with such distress could be associated with the personal resources of religion and spirituality. The present study aimed to examine the relationships between religiosity and spirituality with Post Tr...

Nature-based climate solutions are championed as a primary tool to mitigate climate change, especially in forested regions capable of storing and sequestering vast amounts of carbon. New England is one of the most heavily forested regions in the United States (>75% forested by land area), and forest carbon is a significant component of regional cli...

The coati optimization algorithm (COA) is a recently proposed heuristic algorithm. The COA algorithm, which solved the continuous optimization problems in its original paper, has been converted to a binary optimization solution by using transfer functions in this paper. Thus, binary COA (BinCOA) is proposed for the first time in this study. In this...

Vegetation structural complexity (VSC) plays an essential role in the functioning and the stability of fire-prone Mediterranean ecosystems. However, we currently lack knowledge about the effects of increasing fire severity on the VSC spatial variability, as modulated by the plant community type in complex post-fire landscapes. Accordingly, this stu...

One of the most important concepts that can be examined in the legal system of Islamic jurisprudence and international law is legitimate defense. In the past few decades, these interpretations and understandings of this concept have expanded. One of these concepts is preemptive defense. This concept has been heavily used in the history of wars of t...

Niniejszy tekst prezentuje ważne wydarzenie w dziejach aktywności Ochotniczych Straży Ogniowych pow. kaliskiego, jakim był ich Zjazd odbyty 19 stycznia 1919 r. w Rychnowie, w świetle dwóch dokumentów – „Prośby organizatorów Zjazdu Straży Ogniowych wiejskich z pow. Kaliskiego w Rychnowie do Sejmiku Powiatowego w Kaliszu” i „Protokołu ze Zjazdu” prze...

A typical neuron signals to downstream cells when it is depolarized and firing sodium spikes. Some neurons, however, also fire calcium spikes when hyperpolarized. The function of such bidirectional signaling remains unclear in most circuits. Here we show how a neuron class that participates in vector computation in the fly central complex employs h...

Experienced athletes use self-talk (ST) when challenged to monitor distress, to continue effort, and battle fatigue. The power clean, a training modality for power sports, challenges athletes to develop cognitive strategies to maintain performance, technique, and persist. A problem has been that ST studies have not measured perception of effort and...

Verdier er en avgjørende faktor i sosial samhørighet og konflikt. I hovedsak, når man vurderer samfunn fra et internasjonalt perspektiv, er det første problemet som oppstår interkulturalitet. En interkulturalitet som ikke er begrenset til de formene som hverdagen tar. Dypere og mer avgjørende er måten vi oppfatter verden på. En måte å oppfatte virk...

The Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) is an ideal instrument to understand the impact of (1) assimilating multispectral/joint retrievals versus single-spectral products, (2) assimilating satellite profile products versus column products, and (3) assimilating multispectral/joint retrievals versus assimilating individual products...

Numerous efforts for emulating organ systems comprised of multiple functional units have driven substantial advancements in bio‐realistic electronics and systems. The resistance change behavior observed in diffusive memristors shares similarities with the potential change in biological neurons. Here, the diffusive threshold switching phenomenon in...

The Hungarian dipterologist Kálmán Kertész (1867–1922), founder of the Diptera Collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, described 353 dipteran species new to science, and excluding three species, the type specimens of the new taxa were deposited his mother institute. The type material of 241 species has been destroyed by fire in 1956, wh...

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a growing network of interconnected devices equipped with various sensors and internet connectivity. This widespread adoption of IoT devices, particularly in industrial automation, has paved the way for real-time remote monitoring and control of industrial equipment. Traditional gas leak detection systems, while prec...

Wildfires exert enduring and multifaceted impacts on the environment, economy, and biodiversity of a region. These fires, with diverse origins, are expected to proliferate due to climate change and anthropogenic actions, creating a pressing need for effective prevention and management. Forest ecosystems, renowned for their exceptional biodiversity...

Concept of Counter Accurate Fires In Conflicts against hostile targets with a future perspective

Techniques and tools meant to aid fire management activities in the Cerrado, such as accurately determining the fuel load and composition spatially and temporally, are pretty scarce. The need to obtain fuel information for more efficient management in a considerably heterogeneous, biodiverse, and fire-dependent environment requires a constant searc...

This study focuses on solving the green economic load dispatch problem by considering the presence of green energy sources, including wind energy and solar power plants. The main objective function of the whole study is to minimize the total fuel cost (TFC) of all the thermal generating sources (TGSs) in the system. Moreover, the multiple selection...

Fire is an integral ecosystem process and a major natural source of vegetation disturbance globally. Yet at the same time, humans use and manage fire in diverse ways and for a huge range of purposes. Therefore, it is perhaps unsurprising that a central finding of the first Fire Model Intercomparison Project was simplistic representation of humans i...

The specific meanings of some trigrams or hexagrams that are described in existing (especially modern) versions of I Ching are not reasonable and may even be wrong. For example, the Kan trigram is defined to refer to one denoted by the Chinese character “水/shui” whose meaning in ancient Chinese, however, may be different from its modern meaning (i....

In geoarchaeological studies, there is an issue with distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic signals in pedological paleoarchives. With the pedostratigraphy of the Upper Paleolithic site of Kostenki 14, this issue is reflected by problems with the determination of features of pedogenic and pyrogenic processes. This issue was addressed by m...

Following a hemiparetic stroke, individuals exhibit altered motor unit firing patterns during voluntary muscle contractions, including impairments in firing rate modulation and recruitment. These individuals also exhibit abnormal muscle coactivation through multi–joint synergies (e.g., flexion synergy). Here, we investigate whether motor unit firin...

I denne artikkelen belyser vi hvordan kunstfaglig metodikk på en demensavdeling kan bidra til sosial innovasjon. Vi beskriver hvordan en slik metodikk har potensiale til å bidra til et bærekraftig samfunn der mennesker som lever med demens blir likeverdige medborgere. Artikkelen bygger på et åtteårig kunstintervensjonsprosjekt ved et sykehjem i en...

Forest fires cause damage to life, biodiversity, and properties, affecting natural ecosystems, healthy and only. During the practical application of fire prevention, numerous detection techniques have been thoroughly researched to prevent devastating fires. The techniques improve early fire detection and accelerate emergency response, reducing dama...

This paper investigates the application of the YOLOv7 object detection model combined with knowledge distillation techniques in forest fire detection. As an advanced object detection model, YOLOv7 boasts efficient real-time detection capabilities. However, its performance may be constrained in resource-limited environments. To address this challeng...

Countries located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, such as Chile, require robust evacuation plans for tall buildings to manage the ongoing threat of natural disasters. This study presents a methodology for developing evacuation plans by conducting pedestrian movement simulations with agents that have a model of their surroundings. This approach allows...

This project aimed to build a home security system that could monitor a home for intrusion and an increase in temperature; the research method used was prototyping. This work emphasised designing a robust system compared to the published reports, where AT mega serial microcontrollers were used for controlling the system. Still, in the present work,...

Abstract— The energy sector is one of the most important aspects of any country's economic development. To meet the increasing energy demands at acceptable costs in various sectors like industries, commercial, transport, etc. is the challenge to energy planners. The present work is an account of energy and exergy analysis of a fire tube boiler dete...

Head direction cells and grid cells are neuron types defined by their regular firing patterns in standard experimental arenas. As technology advances, we can record extensive neuronal firing activity over time using electrophysiological or calcium imaging methods. The covariance matrix is a critical measure of this neural population's discharge act...

This study aims to explore the metaphorical concept of "MEDIA AS FIRE" in both Vietnamese and English from the perspective of Cognitive Linguistics. This research utilizes the Metaphor Identification Procedure of the Pragglejaz Group (2007), in conjunction with descriptive approaches, statistical analysis, and classification strategies, to scrutini...

High rise buildings have many influencing factors and are interconnected, and the mechanism of fire occurrence is relatively complex. For the characteristics faced by such fire risks, conducting a risk assessment of high-rise buildings based on fire assessment analysis methods can objectively present the fire risk results of high-rise buildings. Th...

Fire has been a widely used tool in habitat and landscape management, mainly associated with land use dynamics of deforestation, pasture renewal, hunting and reclaiming new agriculture and rangeland areas. Ancient societies followed norms and rules regarding the used of fire. However, as these societies developed and land ownership changed, the con...

In recent years, frequent forest fires have seriously threatened the earth’s ecosystem and people’s lives and safety. With the development of machine vision and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs) technology, UAV monitoring combined with machine vision has become an important development trend in forest fire monitoring. In the early stages, fire shows t...

Wildfires spread rapidly and cause considerable ecological and socioeconomic losses. Inner Mongolia is among the regions in China that suffer the most from wildfires. A simple, effective model that uses fewer parameters to simulate wildfire spread is crucial for rapid decision-making. This study presents a region-specific technological process that...

Fire protection is a popular solution to slow down the temperature increase in steel elements subjected to fire, and simple equations, such as the mass lumped formula proposed in EN1993-1-2, may be employed to estimate the steel temperature in the cross-section. The EN1993-1-2 formula assumes that the temperature of the exposed insulation surface a...

In South Korea, firefighters are employed as government officers and are deployed throughout the country. This study aimed to evaluate the unmet healthcare needs of firefighters and associated factors. The National Fire Agency (NFA) conducted a nationwide survey in 2022 to identify the unmet healthcare needs of firefighters and evaluate their accep...

In this study, we sought to examine firewood use patterns in artisanal ceramic production by a quilombola community in the context of forest scarcity in Northeastern Brazil. This article aimed to answer the following questions: (1) Is the firing of ceramic products related to the perceived quality, diversity, or plant part used as firewood? (2) Doe...

The perirhinal cortex (PER) supports multimodal object recognition, but how multimodal information of objects is integrated within the PER remains unknown. Here, we recorded single units within the PER while rats performed a PER-dependent multimodal object-recognition task. In this task, audiovisual cues were simultaneously (multimodally) or separa...

Recent progress of advanced operation modes in tokamaks is addressed focusing upon internal transport barrier (ITB) discharges. These ITB discharges are being considered as one of candidate operation modes in fusion reactors. Here, “internal” means core region of a fusion plasma, and “transport barrier” implies bifurcation of transport phenomena du...

Peter Godfrey-Smith recently introduced the idea of representational ‘organization’. When a collection of representations form an organized family, similar representational vehicles carry similar contents. For example, where neural firing rate represents numerosity (an analogue magnitude representation), similar firing rates represent similar numbe...

The size principle is a key mechanism governing the orderly recruitment of motor units and is believed to be dependent on passive properties of the constituent motoneurons. However, motoneurons are endowed with voltage‐sensitive ion channels that create non‐linearities in their input–output functions. Here we describe a role for the M‐type potassiu...

We analyzed changes in fire occurrence patterns in the Brazilian Pantanal using remote sensing data resources. To estimate the spatio-temporal dynamics of fire occurrence, we employed a structural representation using a log-Gaussian Cox process (LGCP), which decomposes the intensity function into components of trend, seasonality, cycle, covariates,...

In addition to climate change bringing high temperatures and drier weather, factors that increased the severity of wildfires or drought-factories caused by climatic change — factors that increase the severity of wildfires and fired forests—the potential of some forests to fully recover from such extreme weather conditions may be hampered or even we...

p>This study explores the application of the VGG16 convolutional neural network for accurate fire detection, par- ticularly in forest fire scenarios, using images and videos. The urgency of timely fire detection, given the significant threats to life and property, underscores the importance of this research. Lever- aging transfer learning, VGG16 is...

ACP (aluminum composite panel) umum digunakan sebagai sistem pelapis selubung bangunan gedung pada eksterior gedung. ACP yang beredar di pasaran umumnya belum teruji sesuai standar terkait tingkat ketahanan api. Terdapat banyak kasus penyebaran api pada kebakaran gedung di tahun 2020 akibat penggunaan sistem pelapis berbahan ACP sebagai selubung ba...

Predicting current and future wildfire frequency and size is central to wildfire control and management. Multiple fire danger indices (FDIs) that incorporate weather and fuel conditions have been developed and utilized to support wildfire predictions and risk assessment. However, the scale‐dependent performance of individual FDIs remains poorly und...

p>This study explores the application of the VGG16 convolutional neural network for accurate fire detection, par- ticularly in forest fire scenarios, using images and videos. The urgency of timely fire detection, given the significant threats to life and property, underscores the importance of this research. Lever- aging transfer learning, VGG16 is...

The potential for fires increased at this time. Many factors cause fire, both small sale and large scale, such as forest fires. Early detection of fire is one of the right solutions. The Research about detection fire use any methods, you can use UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), Android devices, and other technologies that are mostly based on image p...

The object of this homework is the assessment of the effects of a localized fire on the precast roofing elements of an industrial building. The objective is to define the fire scenarios that better conform with the results of Non-Destructive inspections.

Classical mythology, folklore, and fairy tales are full of dragons which exhibit fantastic attributes such as breathing fire, hoarding treasure, or possessing more than one head. This study maintains that some of these puzzling phenomena may derive from riddles, and will focus particularly on some plausible answers that refer to a real creature tha...

Fire activity during 2020 to 2021 in California, USA, was unprecedented in the modern record. More than 19,000 km ² of forest vegetation burned (10× more than the historical average), potentially affecting the habitat of 508 vertebrate species. Of the >9,000 km ² that burned at high severity, 89% occurred in large patches that exceeded historical e...

Wildfires emit vast amounts of aerosols and trace gases into the atmosphere, exerting myriad effects on air quality, climate, and human health. Ensemble forecasting has been proposed to reduce the large uncertainties in the wildfire air pollution forecast. This study presents the development of a multi‐model ensemble (MME) wildfire air pollution fo...

FRIC report: Smouldering fire test methods for thermal insulation In this FRIC report, fire test methods to document smouldering in thermal insulation are presented. Standardized test methods from Europe, USA and Canada are presented, describing the test principles and assessment criteria. In addition, a selection of non-standardized experimental...

The concrete performance under fire conditions is one of the critical aspects that ensures their structural integrity and safety. This experiment investigates Concrete compressive strength subjected to elevated temperature, considering variations in cement types and concrete grades. The objective is to assess the impact of different types and grade...