Fire - Science topic

Where are fire safety measures?

Directing the expansion of clay to form specific shapes, like cubes, instead of irregular aggregates, is a challenging process due to the natural behavior of clay during the firing and expansion process. However, some techniques can be employed to try and control the shape and size of expanded clay:

1. Molding Before Firing:

2. Controlled Atmosphere Firing:

3. Post-Firing Shaping:

4. Sintering Techniques:

5. Pre-Conditioning the Clay:

Challenges:

While these methods can help in shaping expanded clay, it's important to note that achieving perfect cubes or other specific shapes requires a high level of precision and control, which might be more feasible with other materials or specialized industrial techniques.

Best regards,

This may help you.

To address the issue with the coupled temperature-displacement analysis of your RCC beam in Abaqus, follow these steps:

Here's a step-by-step approach to modifying the time incrementation and solver settings:

Maybe fulgurite caused by lightning strikes due to the Fe-Si reaction which points to hight-T processes leading to fayalite which is also common to Fe slags

HGD

Answer V (continued)

Once again, nature is beautiful and powerful.

It is capable of solving all its mathematics or physics problems in the simplest and fastest ways, and the 4D x-t Matrix B series solution is equally beautiful and wireframed.

In particular, probabilities and statistics that are well defined in the four-dimensional unit space of matrix strings B but belong to a missing part of classical theoretical mathematics and physics are the underlying reason for the superiority of the former.

The following example is a nice explanation of the power of solving the transition series of matrix B to find the sum of infinite algebraic series, which clearly exceeds the power of the Schrödinger equation or one of its derivatives.

Here we consider the statistical-physical solution to a purely mathematical formula.

given by,

Consider the physical statistical solution to a purely mathematical formula.

The question  given by:

Using matrix algebra,[3] how can we show that the series of infinite integers

[(1+x)/2]^N is equal to (1+x)/(1-x), ∀x∈[0,1 [?

We assume that all mathematicians and physicists know that mathematics is the language of physics. However, not all mathematicians and physicists admit that modern physics (classical physics supplemented by B-matrix strings) can be the language of mathematics and replace it in certain areas/situations, as in the case of this question.

A numerical example for validation, the sum of the entire series, 0.99 + 0.99^2 + 0.99^3 + . . . . +0.99^Ntends to 190 as N tends to infinity. The proof of this question is based on the transfer matrix D :

plus the following rule (principle 1) [14].[For positive symmetric physical power matrices, the sum of their eigenvalues ​​is equal to the eigenvalue of their sum of power series] The question arises whether a classical mathematical proof can also be found?

We assume that the proposed axiom or mathematical principle:

[For the real statistical transition matrices that follow,

D(N)= B+B^2+B^3 + . +B^N

the sum of their eigenvalues ​​(λ +λ^ 2 + λ^3+ . . ., where λ∈[0,1[) is equal to the eigenvalue of their sum of integer series (i.e. λ of D(N) ] .. ..Principle (1)

It is obvious that λ is the eigenvalue of the transition matrix B and λ^2 is the eigenvalue of the matrix B^2. . etc.

Note that principle (1) is true and can be validated by numerical calculation.

However, to our knowledge, there is no rigorous mathematical proof of principle (1).

Additionally, using matrix algebra and principle 1, you can prove some mathematical formulas such as:

i- the infinite power series [(1+x)/2]^N is equal to (1+x)/(1-x), ∀x∈[0,1[.

ii- Moreover, the infinite integer series [(1 + Mx) / (1 + M)] ^ N is equal to (1 + Mx) / M (1-x), ∀x element of [0, 1[ and M is a positive integer?

The five examples above show beyond doubt that Schrödinger PDE is a subset of statistical matrix mechanics and not the other way around.

Statistical matrix mechanics is concerned with the nature of quantum particles and their associated energy density, but Schrödinger's PDE describes the probability distribution of the energy density of a quantum system over possible energy levels.

This means that Schrödinger PDE and statistical matrix mechanics are apparently two different subjects. However, Schrödinger's PDE remains a subset of statistical matrix mechanics, in the sense that any solution for the energy density in a quantum system found by Schrödinger's PDE can also be obtained via appropriate statistical matrix mechanics. And more via many missing physical and mathematical solutions in Schrödinger's PDE are well defined and explained in statistical matrix mechanics.

3-Using matrix algebra, how to show that the infinite integer series [(1+x)/2]^N is equal to (1+x)/(1-x), ∀x∈[0,1[ ? , Researchgate, IJISRT journal, November 2023.

To be continued.

Nusrat Lateef Since you have already performed the non-linear time history dynamic explicit analyses, copy the same model without deleting the mesh inside it. Remove the existing step and, using the initial conditions, define a heat transfer analysis. In the initial stage, use the odb stresses from the previous step as initial stresses. Additionally, change the mesh library from Mechanical 3D Stress to Heat Transfer and set all other required parameters. Include temperature-dependent materials if needed.

По моему мнению лучшим является устройство импульсного ударно-волнового распыления создающее Шквал с широким фронтом, быстро заполняющим опасный объём помещения. Многократные отражения фронта Шквала от стен, оборудования, мебели создадут эффект многократного тушащего воздействия.

to test 100 mm cube, it is same as 150 mm cube or we need to ratio it down the temperature?

Hey Mike,

Like you, I’ve not been impressed by the quality of reviews in MDPI journals. I have published in them a couple of times and i can remember only one useful review across maybe 7 total reviews that we’ve received for different papers. Despite the high cost, many people still publish there because - quick turnaround, they are open to publishing things without criteria like “perceived impact”, and publish articles that other folks might not be willing to because they question dominant viewpoints. I see the value that they bring to our field, but no longer review for them and will probably not publish there again in the future because I don’t like their process. We had a final decision on a paper and they said “you have 7 days to do revisions”, then two days later, they said “actually, you are going to get another review mid-week and you still have to get them all done by the 7-day deadline. It was a weird process and seemed pretty unprofessional.

I think the quality of reviews is so low because they only give about a 1-week turnaround for reviewers and because they offer financial incentives for reviewers to complete anything, which leads to lots of folks accepting review opportunities on things they are unqualified for, and/or writing VERY short and superficial comments to check the box and get partway to a free paper, like a punchcard for a free sandwich at Arby’s, which is the restaurant equivalent of MDPI. I like some papers at Forests, Fire, and Remote Sensing, just like i like the curly fries at Arby’s, but man those roast beef and nacho cheese sandwiches are bad.

Agreed with other comments that you will get lots of chances to be a subject editor or board member for other journals. Just keep doing good work!

Kyle

p.s. MDPI now partners with ResearchGate, so I’m curious to see how they approach discussions like this

A Hazard is the inherent potentiel for harm or danger, while risk is the measure of probability and potentiel of consequences of that Hazard leading to adverse outcomes. Hazards existe regardless of whether there is exposure to them, whereas risk considers the likelihood and impact of exposure to hazard

Hello,

In HFSS, first find the plane containing the E-field, e-g Y-Z plane contains the E-field, then go to results--> create far field report-->directivity or gain --> directivity phi or directivity theta and plot the result. this will give you the co and cross of the E-field.

Thanks,

The Pauli effect, also known as Pauli’s device corollary, is a phenomenon where technical equipment is believed to encounter critical failure in the presence of certain people. Pauli described certain instances in which demonstrations involving equipment suffered technical problems only when he was present

Poor communication such as the one in the retail company's decision to reduce employees' hours and potential layoffs leads can lead to negative consequences.

Employees might face heightened anxiety, experience a significant decline in morale, and perceive an erosion of trust in the company leadership.

This will result in resistance, disruptions of task completion, and loyalty disengagement, impacting overall workforce efficiency and thus affecting customer service.

The negative impact might extend to the company's public perception, emphasizing the crucial need for clear, honest, and empathetic communication to mitigate these adverse effects.

call the director francisc0 y al reector uv xalapa as we walked with him@º

No.

I would suggest the infiray cameras (https://www.infiray.com/products/thermal-camera-for-smartphone/). You can take picture and videos with temperature and a great resolution. They are also affordable compared to other options with similar/lower specs.

yeah, I am trying to calculate the fire weather variables from the normal weather variables using some R library package fwi, but its kind of tedious.

Amena Muzaffar Shumi

I understand that you want to model the concrete damage plasticity (CDP) model that will account for the effect of fire on the degradation of concrete properties with varying temperature. This is a challenging task that requires a good understanding of the material behavior and the numerical methods involved. I have searched the web for some relevant literature that might be helpful for you. Here are some of the papers that I found:

Borys Bolibrukh pleas can you also share your idea ?

Increase the area of the outlet orifices of the fuel gas at the tip of the burner.

All combustion generates CO, CO2, other gases and water vapour and the residue of combustion. The fire tetrahedron is made up of oxygen, fuel, heat source and chain reaction.

When the three components (oxygen, fuel, heat source) react the chain reaction is formed.

Ignition can be controlled and regulated as in the case of oxyfuel activity, regulating complete combustion (blue flame) or incomplete combustion (yellow flame).

Combustion can be controlled as part of Safety actions: Cooling (using water to lower the temperature), or suffocating (with CO2 extinguisher, PQS) or isolate the fuel.

It is advisable to have fire extinguishers or hoses.

Dear CEO Dr. Fry-Revere!

I am a scientist who has been eliminated from within the academic community at LUT University - they changed my email to student - format and deleted many critical data from my profile & account. I stood up for the right of EU early career researchers - decision makers hire now new early career researchers from Russia, Belarus, and elsewhere from Asia. I feel like being in an open prison, jailed up for 13 years....They banned me for political reasons and consider me as an "unemployed student".

I am not able to pursue my new research idea related to supply chain emergency management during cyber-warfare.

Yours sincerely, Bulcsu Szekely

Fire assay crucibles are generally made from materials that withstand high temperatures and repeated heating and cooling cycles. The most common materials used include clay, graphite, and silica, with some additives to enhance certain properties like thermal shock resistance, corrosion resistance, and non-wetting properties.

Regarding particle size granulation, a good starting point is combining different particle sizes to get a dense and strong structure. Coarser particles (within the range of ~1 mm) can increase the overall strength of the crucible. In contrast, finer particles (on the order of micrometres) can fill in the gaps between the coarser particles and enhance the density of the crucible, thus improving its thermal shock resistance.

However, it's essential to note that choosing the correct particle size granulation is only one aspect of creating a high-quality fire assay crucible. Here are some additional tips to improve your crucible's performance:

1. Material Selection: As mentioned earlier, the crucibles are commonly made from a mixture of clay, graphite, and silica. The choice of material and their proportions significantly influence the properties of the crucible. Different materials might require different granulations for optimum performance.

2. Mixing and Forming Process: How you mix and form your crucible can significantly affect its final properties. It's critical to ensure that the materials are mixed thoroughly to achieve a homogeneous distribution of particle sizes. The forming pressure and method (pressing, slip casting, etc.) can also affect the crucible's density and strength.

3. Drying and Firing Process: The crucible should be dried slowly to prevent cracking due to the rapid evaporation of water. Also, the firing process should be carefully controlled: a slow heating rate, holding at certain temperatures (biscuit firing), and a slow cooling rate can all help to prevent cracking.

4. Quality of Raw Materials: Make sure to use high-purity raw materials, as impurities can cause cracking or other defects during firing.

5. Design of the Crucible: The thickness and shape of the crucible can also affect its thermal shock resistance. A thicker crucible can generally withstand thermal shock better than a thin one but also requires a longer heating time.

In conclusion, improving the performance of a fire assay crucible involves careful consideration of many factors, and it might require some trial and error. If problems persist, consider contacting ceramics manufacturing or materials science experts for more detailed advice.

In general, E in Einstein's mass-energy equivalence denotes the fire energy and light energy of a moving object. If the object is rigid, then E is the kinetic energy, where E = (mv)/2.

Hi Mostak, Thank you for your response. I have been using Chemkin defined reaction rate for Finite Rate Kinetics. So i haven't been changing the coeffcicients and simply using the values defined by chemkin. However the problem is that even after getting ignition the flame dies out in subsequent iterations and if add too much energy to get ignition the solution diverges. Not really sure how to get around this problem.

Hi Han,

I will try to follow up on what Blaine has explained. There are two points that need to be taken into consideration in what you're reading. The first one is the memory phase you're looking at. As Blaine well said, you're studying what is happening during the consolidation of a given memory, which means the brain is undergoing plasticity changes in order to register a given event and the stimuli associated with that event (the firing patterns you're reading are associated with that. It doesn't mean that during memory recall (a different phase of the memory process), these firing patterns will be happening again as if the firing patter itself represented what the memory means to the brain.

It leads us to the second point, which is the brain region you're looking at: the hippocampus. The hippocampus is heavily involved in the memory consolidation process, specially the spatial components of a given memory. But it is not where the memory is stored. The hippocampus is not the equivalent of a biological Hard Drive (HD). It's more like a hub that coordinate the encoding of new information throughout the whole CNS.

This is easier to address if we know what kind of engine you are working on. I am going to assume you are working with a 4-stroke engine but is it an inline 4 cylinder, inline 6 cylinder, V-6 or possibly a V-8.

Inline 4-cylinder engines very often use a 'flat plane' crank with cylinders 1 and 4 traveling in unison and 2 and 3 in unison. This lends itself well to a 1-3-4-2 firing order. (notice an outside-inside-outside-inside pattern) There are a few oddball cranks but this covers 98.5% of them. A drawback to the 4-cylinder flat crank it that two pistons are at TDC when two are at BDC so all four pistons are changing direction at the same time.

Inline 6-cylinders have 1-6, 2-4, 3-4 travelling in pairs with the pairs separated by 120 degrees on the crank. Firing order is universally 1-5-3-6-2-4. I expect there is an inline 6 out there that does not follow that rule but in 45 years I have not seen it.

V6 it gets a little more confusing at the engines can be either 60 degree or 90 degree Vees each having advantages and disadvantages. Different manufacturers also number their cylinders differently making a standard arrangement more difficult to simply state.

V8 are a little more standardized than V6. Most V8 use a 90 degree crankshaft on a 90 degree V. General motors tends to number their cylinders 1-3-5-7 front to back on the left side and 2-4-6-8 front to back on the right side. There are alternative firing orders but a very common on with that arrangement is 1-8-4-3-6-5-7-2. You have to draw it out to see how the cylinders 'hit' side to side and front to back. There are some other firing orders out there but that is most common. With the theory that various first and second order harmonics are better controlled, regardless of how many cylinders you have.

In all cases, the cam has to be ground so that the valves are behaving appropriately for whatever firing order you are working with.

So, yes, way down in engine design there are some guidelines for setting up a firing order. I have never seen a specific formula for creating a firing order mostly guidelines as very few of us are going to be able to just go whip up a different crankshaft because we feel like trying something.

Dear Nipuna

Thank you for the comments.

But the way you understood was something wrong. What I mean is to introduce clean renewable energy supply mechanism in urbanized areas especially the housing schemes/apartment residences etc. This would be a centralized energy generation in particular location and distributes among the nearest residences for cooking applications. Not only the power generation, even currently many industries have been shifted from fossil fuel fired steam boilers to the firewood fired steam generation systems to obtain their thermal energy demand.

I think that you may not have an idea about the lower performance and pollutants emission of traditional and existing biomass fired stoves/cookers. Further, now a days bio mas is not freely available, and it has good market potential even bonification fuels (formed fuels) such as pellets, briquettes, chips etc.

As the engineers, scientists, researchers, we should think in different ways to promote the locally available resources to use in correct and efficient ways through new and updated technologies.

I know the mechanism and also potential availability to implement such project. But the issue will be to find a device; like steam cooker, similar to the currently available single or two burner LPG cocker. Otherwise introducing completely different new stoves implementation in community level would be difficult with their traditional practiced cooking pattern.

Once again, thank you very much for your interest in this que. I would appreciate your feedbacks, if you are further interest or you have any idea/dealer related to the similar products.

Thanks

Jayasinghe K T

Research Fellow

Baked bricks are more durable. The organic materials are burnt out and the hydrated substances are de-hydrated. The silica becomes glassy at high enough temperatures.

Safety and fire protection are of paramount importance in all types of buildings. However, due to the increased risks associated with certain activities, some buildings require more emphasis on safety and fire protection than others. For example, public buildings such as schools and hospitals, as well as industrial buildings such as factories and warehouses, should have stricter safety and fire protection protocols in place due to the higher number of people and potential hazards present. Additionally, buildings that store hazardous materials or contain flammable substances should also prioritize safety and fire protection to minimize the risk of fire and other accidents.

After seeking technical material or any information about fires in automobiles with lithium batteries, for a photovoltaic inverters room project, I received this important article by the Confederation of Fire Protection Associations Europe (CFPA-Europe) with an extensive field test with electric cars in a vessel.

The final report with all conclusions will be published soon (as we all expect) but meanwhile I send you the link of the first analysis report by DBI - Danish Institute of Fire and Security Technology.

Hope it can be useful for you.

may be ansys possible if "Eddy analysis could be version" it works. beCuz eddy is newtonian nonlinear small nonliear mass pollution. or if you could codeing in the ansys, put it in the code Navir-stock equaitio!! Best luck ^^

The really sad part about this is that potentially dangerous equipment has been introduced with no warning, no preparation, no training, no consideration whatsoever of public safety--all because it's "green" and must therefore be proclaimed as "good". The FAA and TSA websites proudly proclaim such absurdities as fining a well-known movie production crew $150k for inadvertently shipping 3 Bic lighters air freight. I'm not suggesting we carelessly ship tanks of benzene air freight or ban EV busses, only that we be honest and reasonable about ALL things. We should have safety measures (controls, training, proven techniques, etc.) in place BEFORE introducing dangerous equipment and we must always be truthful--even when it's inconvenient.

24 June MMXXII

In Italy it is known that volunteer fire fighter start fires so that they can be paid €10-00 to extinguish them....ASJ

Drone Industry in India: Impact of New Rules 2021 - GreyB

Emergency relief in the process industries aims to protect equipment, the environment and operating personnel from abnormal conditions. Appropriate estimation of relief loads under extreme conditions is important for the correct sizing of relief valves and flare headers, and for the selection of disposal media. In addition, during debottlenecking or revamping of process units, adding a new relief valve and modifying the relief system can be very costly and, in terms of construction, difficult to implement. Following are the useful links.

Relief Flow=Unbalanced heating Duty/Latent heat of Vaporization.

Design Factor=Calculated relief Load/actual relief Load

Probably... but the accuracy of the results depend on the assumptions. For example, the capacity of the boiler only matters if it was accurately designed and operated as prescribed. If the manufacturer doesn't know what they're doing (and some don't) or the boiler is operated off-design, then the design point won't be meaningful to the conditions in question. You also need the inlet steam conditions and the steam flow. You might want to read ASME PTC4. While it is a strange and convoluted document, it does describe how to estimate a variety of things based on what you do know instead of what you wish you knew. For example, you would like to know the composition and flow rate of coal (which varies continuously and is extremely problematic to measure) plus the mass flow rate of combustion air (or the mass flow rate of the exhausting products of combustion), which is also very difficult to actually measure. You should also read several test codes (ASME and ISO) on flow measurement, which is a lot harder to do accurately than most people realize. Sticking a probe into a flow or clamping on an acoustic flow meter, no matter how expensive, doesn't mean that the results aren't garbage. Post a picture and labeled schematic drawing of your system.

Nicolas Maestripieri The answer to your question is here:

"definition of megafire as fires > 10,000 ha arising from single or multiple related ignition events. We introduce two additional terms – gigafire (> 100,000 ha) and terafire (> 1,000,000 ha) – for fires of an even larger scale than megafires."

I'm sorry, maybe i wasn't clear enough. I'm talking about a generalized fire, not a generated fire.

Many thanks Fouad Kechouane for your reply. Do you mean that define epoxy resin as solid element?

Unfortunately there aren't any publications or data on this for any aicraft. I have a pretty extensive literature database and the reference that Paulo linked is about as close as it gets.

Thank you, Nagalakshmi, for your answer.

I apologise for not formulating my question clearly enough. I was thinking about biogeoArgo floats. I was wondering how increased aeolian deposition to surface water (from fires for example) could bias say backscattering measurements and chlorophyl measurements made by those floats for example. Same question regarding increased fire emissions in the atmosphere; how do they disturb satellite measurements of Chlorophyll. Is there any acknowledged correction to be applied to such measurements ?

Thanks again

Generally for the cement industry it is a stack emission at 10% O2 dry for 500 mg/NM3 of NOx as NO2. The Power Industry at least in Europe is 200

more information might founded herein

Probably, other, non-medical personnel, those who do not constitute the practice of medicine or practice of nursing. Furthermore, a clinical study involves research using human volunteers (participants) that is intended to add to medical knowledge. There are two main types of clinical studies: clinical trials (also called interventional studies) and observational studies.

Alexis,

Well, I think it is mainly a habit, since most researchers would not be able to explain why. Actually during the fast phase of the EPSP occurs during the maximum inward synaptic current where the input resistance at the EPSP location is transiently reduced by ionic influx. Therefore, it is assumed that at this time point the EPSP is the best index for the ionic conductance amplitude (or current amplitude) as you were recording in voltage clamp. There is supposed to be less interplay with intrinsic neuronal properties, so you can separate what's rely on from channel opening and interaction with passive or active properties of the post-synaptic site. It also pertains to field recordings but in a more complex way since synchronization of EPSP from neuron population would increase the fEPSP slope too. I do not have references at hand, but it moves back to the very early work on LTP in the 70s.

I hope that I recalled this well from my physiology lessons back in the 80s. So I may be wrong.

Regards

Darya Kalinskaya The European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) supports the services in charge of the protection of forests against fires in the EU and neighbor countries and provides the European Commission services and the European Parliament with updated and reliable information on wildland fires in Europe.

A number of specific applications are available through EFFIS:

- https://effis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/apps/data.request.form/

- https://effis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/applications/data-and-services

Ann Sy

In summary, a fire risk rating is a numerical scale representing the likelihood of flames igniting, spreading, and necessitating fire control activity across a vast region. It is generated by applying a series of complicated science-based equations to local data of current or forecast fuel, weather, and topography circumstances.

Fireline intensity, which is the rate of heat transfer per unit length of the fire line (measured in kW m1) and indicates the radiant energy release in the flame front, is a frequently used metric of fire intensity. The intensity of a forest fire is defined in terms of tree mortality, canopy loss, or bole and crown scorch.

Canberk Usta please send your email to me at drwhocooke@yahoo.com for detailed discussion. I worked exclusively with CO2 and its many applications for over 15 years of my professional career.

Check to see whether this paper is of assistance.

The proposed system seems that it is not applicable. Why? Because fire automatic detection systems must be certified, and sprinkler systems as well. I can not foresee the value of having sprinklers connected with a fire system, unless you are refereeing to a deluge system, that starts pouring water as soon as a fire is detected by the fire automatic detection system. And what does IoT has to be with these, fire detection systems and sprinklers? I really do not know!

I got this resolved, moved polygons with multiparts.

Hi dear Masoud Hasanzade

I am about to publish a paper in this regard. Since it hasn't been published yet, I am not allowed to give you the article. However, if you are not in a hurry, you can follow my updates. Otherwise, you can find previously published papers on Elsevier.

Dear Ann Sy,

You're welcome

Regards

Hello Mohamed,

that's an interestingtechnical question. In this case I see no real hazards because you have such a large amount of water in your system. It's completely safe as long as there is no ignition source nearby. For some important information please check the Wikipedia entry on the term "Flash point". It is clearly outlined there the the "flash point" must not be confused with the "autoignition temperature". In your case there is clearly no danger of autoignition. Thus your ethanol / water mixture cannot catch fire as long as there is no ignition source / open flame around.

Good luck with your work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann

Kulite

This is a good question.

Hi Dear Masoud Hasanzade

Check out the following article:

They are usually separated because of the difference in working pressure. For fire hydrant it's around 300 psi, but it's only up to 100 psi for sprinkler, for instance. Maybe a mechanism can be developed so that they could share same pumps. But then if all systems are working concurrently, disruptions may be expected. Equally important, there may be local regulations or laws that one needs to comply with (depending on the country), in which they may probably not allow such kind of combination.

Thanks a lot for your recommendation.

Dear Yacine Benhalima

The very basic idea of Monte Carlo simulation is to use a random number generator of a certain statistical model and with a specified set of parameters that belong to this model. As such, you need your variables either one by one or in combination and set their values and compute your output. I do not know how to it I GIS software but I did it I MATLAB, then you export the output to your GIS software.

Regards,

Gamal

Consider first, light is emission on a very specific band of the electromagnetic spectrum. Most of the 'light' that you are referring to is likely the orange-yellow glow associated with most fires fueled by carbon rich sources. That orange-yellow glow is actually particles with a high enough temperature that their black-body emissions have reached the visible spectrum. Yes, this radiation and specific spectrum can be measured. By use of infrared sensitive radiometers lower frequency e-m emissions can also be measured.

The same principles apply to the blue flame near the base of many flames, although this is from reactions that are so energetic that the e-m emissions are the result of an electron cascade to nearer ground state as the molecule cools. (That is a very basic description there) Similar physics for other colored flames.

P

Dear Chris,

Please note that real vegetation is much more varied!

Let's start with NDVI.

NDVI index is essentially a difference between the NIR and Red spectral band images. The summation of NIR and Red in the denominator is a factor to normalize the NDVI to a value range [-1,1].

In essence, the lower and upper threshold numbers suggested in Remote Sensing literature are just approximate/hinted values to start with.

Have a look at high NDVI values 0.6 to 0.9 supposedly corresponding to dense vegetation.

https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/eros/phenology/science/ndvi-foundation-remote-sensing-phenology?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

Notice the prefix "approximately" inserted with suggested ranges.

You can expect optimal dense vegetation between 0.54—0.83 (or may be 0.62—0.76) in your area of interest! This is primarily due to the fact that there are a lot of factors that influence NDVI e.g., atmospheric conditions, vegetation moisture, soil moisture, overall vegetative cover, differences in soil type etc.

E.g., Light from the soil surface can influence the NDVI values by a large degree. This limitation was the reason for the development of the several different soil-adjusted vegetation indices (e.g., Soil-adjusted Vegetation Index, Modified Soil-adjusted Vegetation Index).

https://wiki.landscapetoolbox.org/doku.php/remote_sensing_methods:normalized_difference_vegetation_index

You should expect different NDVI values in a same area over time due to seasonal or phonological changes. For the reason, different lower and upper thresholds have to be figured out for classification of vegetation.

I hope it is helpful.

Regards,

Dear Mohammad Assi

Abaqus provides a coupled temperature-displacement analysis step (for Abaqus standard Apps), as well as a dynamic coupled temperature-displacement analysis, which are selected according to your application. With such types of analysis procedures, you can load your assembly with both mechanical and thermal loading utilizing form various Abaqus options (load, boundary, or interaction). it should be noted that for such analysis methods, element degree of freedom must be selected appropriately (thermal and mechanical DOFs) to solve such conditions, regardless of element shape and meshing strategies.

For any extra information, please do not hesitate to get in touch with me at any time.

My best regards

@Jibin G George, industrial production standards of fire property of carbon steel materials are specified, the addition of your proposed will definite increased durability, though, laboratory test will prove better than theoretical assumption

The link provided by Milad Shakiba does not provide any answer to the question at hand, a question that has been asked nearly five years ago. If you follow the link you may download a full text that is only the first page of his paper. This is just click-bait.

I suggest you consider greatly expanding the concept of pollution to include the combined effects of the global pandemic and the global devastation from the fires (climate change). One is very local (internal pollution) the other widespread. But together will add to an extended effort to recover...my guess if we're lucky and both subside, beyond 10 years. If the fires, the extreme heat, storms and disease stay the current course (some are expected to worsen) way beyond that.

Hi Enrica,

I think this is an interesting topic to conduct research on. Below, I have listed five articles for your reference that I think described the scenarios well. The last reference excluded parts of the Canadian and Russian high Arctic.

All the best,

Ebrahim