Financial Management - Science topic

Specifically, based on your sentence

"The manager suggested that we sell our products with a ten percent discount for cash sales, but This problem was not solved."

So, presumably, you have the sales data before and after the discount. Thus, (1st) create (fit) a demand function on these sales data; and (2nd) write down (create) the correponding revenue function and maximize it - - a standard textbook example, however, maximization will reviel the optimal discount value that may work out well for you (under the given (your) sales data).

btw, Additionally, a cost function can be incorporated in the revenue function, which is then maximized again for a more optimal (and conservative) discount.

Good luck

maximizing the prosperity of owners (shareholders)

Same problem here and we are in 2024. No responses for WOMAC copyright permission since 2017 when this thread started.

Intelligent technologies are significantly transforming financial management practices in the banking sector by

1.Robotic process automation

2.AI and machine learning

3.fraud detection and risk management

4.Blockchain Technology

You can refer to articles and website,I have provided the link below

To effectively promote advanced automated construction and reconstruction management technology in the market, focus on showcasing its tangible benefits, such as cost savings, increased efficiency, and improved project accuracy. Highlight successful case studies and real-world applications to demonstrate its value. Engage with industry stakeholders through targeted marketing campaigns, trade shows, and webinars to build awareness and credibility. Collaborate with influential partners and thought leaders to endorse the technology. Additionally, provide comprehensive training and support to help potential users seamlessly integrate the technology into their workflows, ensuring a smooth transition and maximizing its adoption.

Dear Nguyen Thanh Cuong

I think it is (used to be?) a stand-alone journal. This cannot be really checked since the website/link turns out to be dead. See for example https://www.haw-hamburg.de/hibs/recherche/ejournals/detail/?libconnect%5Bjourid%5D=243006&cHash=4b4cc3e0ea8531380c1ea8ff57d81e30

A little bit of info can be found here https://www.riviera-university.fr/journal-of-finance

Best regards.

PS. Looking at what can be found in Google Scholar I think 2023 is the last year they were active.

ISBN: 9780471481324, 0471481327 And ISBN: 9781119382560, 1119382564 Both are best for Case studies and Practical Guidence.

To achieve zero emissions, we'll need to increase the number of renewable energy sources, while ensuring excellent control of the power system. We'll also need to educate end consumers (industry, campuses, hospitals, homes) about the benefits of using RES, both for them and for the ecosystem.

One of the policies being developed and deployed by certain countries is demand response (DR), which ensures good grid management and offers cost advantages to customers, as well as the diminishing view of renewable energy sources, making it easier for private individuals to install them, thus avoiding the cost of the carbon charge.

Financial risks in non-financial firms would probably start with debt leverage which in turn means loan covenants, interest cover, future cashflow safety. These will fall generally under treasury risks. Chapter 2 of the attached discusses these kinds of risks at length including relevant literature.

I would then consider any financial risks associated with operational cash outflows, such as supply chain and payroll.

For completeness, you may also wish to consider non-financial risks in non-financial firms. One of the most obvious at the moment, applicable to every kind of firm, would be cyber security.

what is thesis topic and a few sentences on what it is about ?

Assalamualaikum Helza Nova Lita

Hope not too late to share the transcription of "BUAL BICARA KEWANGAN SOSIAL ISLAM Kewangan Sosial Islam: Apa Manfaatnya?" with you.

Dear Denis Muchunku, Haseeb Javed,

Yes. Internet advertisements are used more and more often in advertising campaigns also by financial institutions, including commercial banks presenting their offers of banking products and financial services as well as internet mobile banking offer. During the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic, the development of electronic internet banking, including mobile banking, accelerated. Therefore, commercial banks have recently been developing mainly online mobile banking for citizens, individual clients and business entities. Recently, many banks have been conducting advertising campaigns using new online media, including social media portals, to promote their online banking offers, also offered to companies and enterprises. Banks offer the opening of an online banking account primarily for business entities from the SME sector that do not yet have a mobile banking account, do not have their own website, are startups, etc. In promotional online banking offers for companies and enterprises from the SME sector, commercial banks offer additional incentives and incentives. auxiliary services creating a website for the company, creating an online platform for selling products and / or services of the client's enterprise, creating an online store, they also offer tax advisory services, financial advisory services, etc. Banks more and more often offer their financial services through social media portals, because of the research conducted market know that their customers are increasingly actively using these new online media and that these online marketing communication channels can be the most effective.

Thank you very much,

Best regards, Greetings,

Have a nice day,

Be safe and healthy,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Financial health refers to the current operational state of an organization's finances analyzed using specific financial indicators. Financial sustainability also refers to the long-term approach to the level of sustainability of financial phenomena, capital in terms of the effectiveness of their use, low level of financial risks, balancing the credited production factors with an appropriate level of their profitability and efficiency, balancing inflows against expenses in the context of cash flow analysis, etc. the above concepts of financial health and financial sustainability are not the same.

Happy New Year 2022,

Be safe and healthy,

Best wishes,

Dariusz

Information asymmetry between the financial institution offering certain financial services and the client can be reduced through the increase in the use of ICT and Industry 4.0 information technologies for remote, web-based service and concluding transactions. In addition, customers can use social media portals where they share their experiences of using specific financial services.

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

KEY TAKEAWAYS

Advances in technology allow for innovation in the ways businesses and individuals perform financial activities. The development of financial technology—commonly referred to as fintech—is the subject of great interest for the public and policymakers. Fintech innovations could potentially improve the efficiency of the financial system and financial outcomes for businesses and consumers. However, the new technology could pose certain risks, potentially leading to unanticipated financial losses or other harmful outcomes. Policymakers designed many of the financial laws and regulations intended to foster innovation and mitigate risks before the most recent technological changes. This raises questions concerning whether the existing legal and regulatory frameworks, when applied to fintech, effectively protect against harm without unduly hindering beneficial technologies’ development.

The underlying, cross-cutting technologies that enable much of fintech are subject to such policy trade-offs. The increased availability and use of the internet and mobile devices could offer greater convenience and access to financial services, but raises questions over how geography-based regulations and disclosure requirements can and should be applied. Rapid growth in the generation, storage, and analysis of data—and the subsequent use of Big Data and alternative data—could allow for more accurate risk assessment, but raises concerns over privacy and whether individuals’ data will be used fairly. Automated decisionmaking (and the related technologies of machine learning and artificial intelligence) could result in faster and more accurate assessments, but could behave in unintended or unanticipated ways that cause market instability or discriminatory outcomes. Increased adoption of cloud computing allows specialized companies to handle technology-related functions for financial institutions, including providing cybersecurity measures, but this may concentrate financial cyber risks at a relatively small number of nonfinancial companies who may not be entirely comfortable with their regulatory obligations as financial institution service providers. Concerns over cyber risks and whether adherence to cybersecurity regulations ensure appropriate safeguards against those risks permeate all fintech developments.

Fintech deployment in specific financial industries also raises policy questions. The growth of nonbank, internet lenders could expand access to credit, but industry observers debate the degree to which the existing state-by-state regulatory regime is overly burdensome or provides important consumer protections. As banks have increasingly come to rely on third-party service providers to meet their technological needs, observers have debated the degree to which the regulations applicable to those relationships are unnecessarily onerous or ensure important safeguards and cybersecurity. New consumer point-of-sale systems and real-time-payments systems are being developed and increasingly used, and while these systems are potentially more convenient and efficient, there are concerns about the market power of the companies providing the services and the effects on people with limited access to these systems. Meanwhile, cryptocurrencies allow individuals to make payments entirely outside traditional financial systems, which may increase privacy and efficiency but creates concerns over money laundering and consumer protection. Fintech is providing new avenues to raise capital—including through crowdfunding and initial coin offerings—and changing the way companies trade securities and manage investments and may increase the ability to raise funds but present investor protection challenges. Under statute passed by Congress, insurance is primarily regulated at the state level where agencies are considering the implications to efficiency and risk that fintech poses in that industry, including peer-to-peer insurance and insurance on demand. Finally, firms across industries are using fintech to help them comply with regulations and manage risk, which raises questions about what role finetch should play in these systems.

Regulators and policymakers have undertaken a number of initiatives to integrate fintech in existing frameworks more smoothly. They have made efforts to increase communication between fintech firms and regulators to help firms better understand how regulators view a developing technology, and certain regulators have established offices within their organizations to conduct outreach. In another approach, some regulators have announced research collaborations with fintech firms to improve their understanding of new products and technologies. If policymakers determine that particular regulations are unnecessarily burdensome or otherwise ill-suited to a particular technology, they might tailor the regulations, or exempt companies or products that meet certain criteria from such regulations. In some cases, regulators can do so under existing authority, but others might require congressional action.

The findings of research shows that respondents who have low financial literacy leads to higher in spending behavior. ... Findings shows that the age above 50 years are high in spending behavior and low in financial knowledge because of low awareness of financial literacy as compared to the younger age group people.

A few papers of mine are published about the effect of corporate governance on banks' financial performance; you may want to check them out.

Depend on economic conditions, business situations , level of efficiency of stock market and economic development.

This is an interesting phenomenon. I hope by now (2020), the situation has much improved.

Yes. I believe in this era we should not think gender as a variable for organization success or performance.

There are core Standards on financial literacy from the CEE. Here you find a description which subdomains are important.

You find more papers on my Profile.

Roland

I would suggest the following papers:

Zehrer, A., & Leiß, G. (2019). Family entrepreneurial resilience–an intergenerational learning approach. Journal of Family Business Management.

Garcia, P. R. J. M., Sharma, P., De Massis, A., Wright, M., & Scholes, L. (2019). Perceived parental behaviors and next-generation engagement in family firms: A social cognitive perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(2), 224-243.

Fendri, C., & Nguyen, P. (2019). Secrets of succession: how one family business reached the ninth generation. Journal of Business Strategy.

Behrens, J., & Tseitlin, L. (2019, July). Perceptions of Transgenerational Intentions and Nonfamily Employees´ Commitment in Family Firms. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2019, No. 1, p. 11522). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.

Following

Yes! In fact, artificial intelligence has many applications in business and may be implemented in personal financial management using either Markov theory of algorithms and neural networks depending on the specific personal financial management applications is expected to be developed.

If you want to get offers here, you might want to be a bit more specific, as "analysing data" can be lots of things. For example what software you manage and have in your possession (Eviews, SPSS, Stata...) and what is your expertise, not only your interest (for example, can you manage time series, panel data, GMM GLS methods, can you manage economic growth modeling, financial market theories and which ones and so on. Wish you all the best.

The first point of call should be your interest area and an intense google search. However, you could also consider looking at :

Financial management and profitability of small and medium enterprises

Dear respected Geleen Sanchez,

The factors that affect the financial management (spending and saving habits) of students are

1. The level of social life they engage in.

2. The peer group they move with.

3. How they are brought up.

4. The demand of the institution/school.

5. Taste of the student.

6. How the student can control his/her in the area of money spending

Best regards.

Kifilideen

Ethics has a stabilizing function in financial management; the economic crisis (2000/2008) is a result of speculative transgressions, namely the new economy illusion (2000) and the housing bubble (2008). Ethics can help us to being more responsible, concerning the money burn rates and meltdowns, which are always a result of low ethical banking standards and wishful thinking.

ROA, ROE and NPM: mostly used. But then they’re market based measure of performance such as EPS

Dear professor Cox,

Your analytic sounds logical and worth to try.

Thank you very much.

Adem.

Most traditional finance journals host some special issue on Fintech and digital finance. You might want to take a look at those

1. The Journal of Finance

2. Review of Financial Studies

3. Financial Review

4. Journal of Financial Intermediation.

5. Journal of Financial Services Research

I do not quite agree with the above answers because they have attempted to answer a question that is a little ambiguous in the following respects:

"cost of debt is 10% and tax rate is 30%. then, after tax cost of debt will be 7%" Yes that is the cost of the debt liability to the borrower. But it is not the cost of debt to the lender because from the lender's perspective it is an asset not a liability. The lender will have borrowed those funds from other sources (eg customer deposits in the case of a bank, or maybe wholesale borrowing from other banks) so the lender will have a completely different and unrelated cost of debt. The lender's marginal tax rate may also be different from that of the borrower.

"so, how can the after tax cost of debt(i.e., after tax required rate of return) be 7%?" Because that is the after-tax cost of debt to the borrower not the lender, as explained above.

"it means, 7% cost of debt(i..e, after tax cost debt) is only from the company view point, but not from the debt capital contributors view point. am I right?" Yes. But in your question you have used the terms "firm", "company", "debt capital providers", "contributors of capital", "contributors of debt capital", "debt capital holders" ... which makes your question difficult to follow.

I am fairly sure you are only ever referring to Borrower and Lender. So if you only used those two terms the question would probably be clearer to understand.

Hope that helps!

There are many areas to be researched like Forensic Accounting, Benefit to Society Accounting, and so on...

NIM is calculated as a percentage of interest bearing assets. For example, a bank's average loans to customers was $100.00 in a year while it earned interest income of $6.00 and paid interest of $3.00. The NIM then is computed as ($6.00 – $3.00) / $100.00 = 3%. Net interest income equals the interest earned minus the interest paid out to customers.

In particular, for a bank or a financial institution if the non-performing assets are high, their NIM will go down as the interest earning assets are that much reduced by non-performing assets.

Both, it is science and art, sure of that.

Best,

Litart

Cannot fix the number -- quality of references is critical. You need to provide sufficient evidence to support your hypothesis or thesis. This evidence will include the key findings in the field that have shaped the thinking. You will also be sure to find recent work which indicates the paths that have been followed. Importantly you will interpret the different authors views and research, showing how they relate to your thesis. Through critical reflection you will link your findings within the literature to prove / show the importance of the area that you are researching. Readers have to be convinced by your arguments that your interpretation of the implications of prior work is valid.

A buyback of shares indicates that the company has excess funds for which they do not have any immediate profitable investment opportunity available. At times, there is nothing more to be read into a buyback other than the company's intention to use such funds for repurchase rather than payment of dividends. Since buyback reduces the capital base, it will increase the EPS & DPS even with same amount of profits. Also, since buyback is often done at a premium to prevailing market price, a high premium sends signal to the market that the company perceives that its shares are undervalued.

hello,

the following link and article can be useful

Rohwer, A. (2009). Measuring corruption: a comparison between the transparency international's corruption perceptions index and the World Bank's worldwide governance indicators. CESifo DICE Report, 7(3), 42-52.

Good Luck

what you mentioned is actually project procurement management which can be divided into 4 process groups; Planning, executing, monitoring and closing. I suggest you to refer pmbok guide since it is widely used as standard reference of industry best practices for project management

has SEM been applied to agriculture yet? if not, you should be able to use SEM research applied to other industries and port it to agriculture. you would merely note how SEM applied to agriculture may differ from SEM applied to the other industry

1. The Concept of Corporate performance

2. The measurement of corporate performance (Discus all the measurements and there after discuss further on financial performance in 3)

3. Corporate Financial performance

4. Theories of corporate financial performance

5. Measurement of corporate financial performance

6. etc

Divyakant Tehlyan has a good answer and I would speculate that his Answer #2 is what is likely. It would help us if you would share a few bits of the sample data and the names of the variables. For example, if we knew the means of each variable, it would allow us to be more confident in offering different interpretations.

It looks like as VA increases by 1, the dependent variable increases by 5504.31. If the dependent variable in an index number, which generally is close to 100, then my conjecture above would be incorrect.

Until we see more information, I hope this helps.

Rob

Agriculture is a dominant sector of our economy and credit plays an important role in increasing agriculture production. Availability and access to adequate, timely and low cost credit from institutional sources is of great importance especially to small and marginal farmers. Along with other inputs, credit is essential for establishing sustainable and profitable farming systems. Most of the farmers are small producers engaged in agricultural activities in areas of widely varying potential. Experience has shown that easy access to financial services at affordable cost positively affects the productivity, asset formation, income and food security of the rural poor. The major concern of the Government is therefore, to bring all the farmer households within the banking fold and promote complete financial inclusion

Hello Caroline, I am working in a project related to NRPS as well. Did you had any change to get such list?

Dear Peter Thank you for your concern, i will try to investigate the question, Lisbon and Oporto markets are melting and no one care about it relations with the financial sector! My best Sérgio

In my knowledge you could use

Willems, J. Seven trade-offs in measuring nonprofit performance and effectiveness / J. Willems, S. Boenigk, M. Jegers // Voluntas. – 2014. – No. 25. – Pp. 1648–1670.

Delia Corina Mihaltan et al. Analysing the financial effectiveness of the nonprofits. Case study on health nonprofits / Procedia Economics and Finance. – 2015. – No. 26. – Pp. 367 – 374.

Thank you for your contributions Dr Ahmed Mohsen Al-Baidhani,  Abbas Ali Daryaei and Md. Manik Hossain. It has been really helpful

I agree with you all and add ACCA as a well-known letters in finance world.

You may refer to the following links which contain papers on use of capital budgeting methods in decision making & the frequency of their use:

Hope this helps.

Hemlata

Well I was talking about the financial statement analysis of investment funds, you can not use these methods to analyze financial statements of investment funds. It is completely different and that is the problem.

COMPUSTAT is very rich source 

Can manager(s) use IRR & PER to achieve their personal interests by shifting profits to achieve target profits or a kind of 'guarantee for payment of principal'? Or, IRR can be an important tool in Risk Management strategy of an institution?

From a cash-flow shortage perspective, an early payment can be encouraged and the interest rate vary, and also the reasons. Such practice can be observed for those firms that have a restricted access to the banks' money facilities. Some countries stated specific legislation in regards of early of late payments and recommended limitation of these interest rates from 1.5 to maximum 3-5 % per year.

As Yuri mentioned, the banks have different commercial behaviors and it is not commonly seen that they are accepting early debt payments without penalties.

I think that these papers may be useful:

Guidry, R. P., & Patten, D. M. (2012, June). Voluntary disclosure theory and financial control variables: An assessment of recent environmental disclosure research. In Accounting Forum (Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 81-90). Elsevier.

Hoskisson, R. E., & Hitt, M. A. (1988). Strategic control systems and relative R&D investment in large multiproduct firms. Strategic management journal, 9(6), 605-621.

Hill, C.W.L. and Jones, G.R. (2004), Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach. New York: Houghton, Mifflin Company, pp. 413–415

Hitt, M. A., Hoskisson, R. E., Johnson, R. A., & Moesel, D. D. (1996). The market for corporate control and firm innovation. Academy of management journal, 39(5), 1084-1119.

Li, Y., Liu, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2006). The role of market and entrepreneurship orientation and internal control in the new product development activities of Chinese firms. Industrial Marketing Management, 35(3), 336-347.

Best wishes

Anna

let me attach recently published papers using AMOS, You may get some helpful hints.

Good luck

India has comparative advantage in terms financial inclusion as compare to other developing countries. Majority of states still communicate in local languages which is understood by many if not all. Although most people may not be able to read or write in the local language i believe they understand when is read or spoken to them. Hence the banking technologies should look at situation where the ATM will be giving instructions in local voices not written instructions. This can allow majority of the illiterate who may not be able to read or write in English or local language benefit from the cashless transactions.

If you still have a problem with the FF factors them IIMA and Sandy Lai have their own factor returns.

Dear Gideon,

Either solution carries advantages and disadvantages. Placing budget responsibility on the individual department level will promote confidence and a sense of self-identification with the job done. From a more practical point of view, budget needs and budget handlig might be better understood at department level. However, there is a trade-off between department knowledge, expertise and experience on the one hand and the risk of slack and budget gaming on the other hand.

Budgeting on centralized level can reduce the above mentioned risks, but at the cost of less precision and more bureaucracy.

Finally, it depends on how the entity is organised and managed in terms of hierarchy and management culture. For example, a flat structure would benefit from budgeting at department level.

Also, the current financial situation must be considered. If the entity struggles economically, it might make sense to implement a hierarchical line of command with strict top-down budgets, to prevent further deterioration at department level and to achieve a turn-around.

Regarding management attitudes towards budget responibility I would like to refer you to the following literature:

- Hopwood, A., G. (1974). Leadership climate and the use of accounting data in performance evaluation, The Accounting Review 49 (3), pp. 485 -495.

- Jensen M., C. (2003). Paying People to Lie: the Truth about the Budgeting Process. European Financial Management 9 (3), pp. 379-406.

- Schweitzer M., Ordonez L., Douma B. (2001). The dark side of goal setting: the role of goals in motivating behaviour. Working Paper. Retrieved from: http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/~schweitz/papers/AoM_Proceedings_Goal_setting.pdf

I am going to publish a research paper on budgeting, motivation and performance measurement in the near future. For your convenience, I will make a reference to my paper here.

Paul   

I suggest that you set the estimation window before the first event that occurs in you sample. this is viable if you have enough data before the date of the first event to get reasonably accurate estimates of the stock returns' model.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), where it is invested, the sector to be invested in, the time to be invested all depends on the investor or owner(s) of such funds. Investors prefer to take their funds to countries or sectors that by their assessment or analysis should give high return, level of certainty and safety of their investment. FDI move to where opportunity subsist with minimal risk and reasonable returns and whether a change of tide will occur in future depends on what happens at the current FDI destination.   

Thanks Mohamed Samy, your research work will surely help me...

Dear Hajaj,

I am doing research on the related topic, that is financial literacy and its impact on retirement planning. Can you guide me for the questionnaire

This was a very hard concept for me to grasp when I was learning it. How could something that seems so illegal actually be legal? And, why would there be the need to dabble on that fine line between legal and illegal? The best way to answer this question is to use the acronym WISE. WISE stands for: Window dressing, Internal targets, income Smoothing, External Expectations.

Window dressing refers to the company's decision to dress up the financial statements for potential investors and creditors. The goal of this is to attract new supporters by having financial statements that look like the company's doing great. The company needs to appear to have a history of being profitable, even if it means lowering profits in one accounting period to increase profits in another. Even though this seems fraudulent, it isn't. Overall, the company is still reporting the same amount of profits, but is spreading the amount evenly over a specific time period.

Internal targets are another reason that a company may choose to use earnings management techniques. Often times, the company has set its own internal goals, such as departmental budgeting, and wants to be sure to meet those goals. No department wants to be the one to blow the proposed budget, so earnings management techniques are used to balance this out.

Income smoothing comes into play here because of the fact that potential investors generally like to invest in companies that have a continuous growth pattern. Smoothing out income generated, when there may be spikes at certain times and drops at others, allows it to appear like the company has that smooth growth pattern.

External expectations comes into play when the company has already made projections as to what their profits will be and investors now expect that exact amount of profits or more. Management may feel the need to shift revenue from one accounting period to another in order to meet the projected goal. Earnings management, quite simply, takes advantage of the different ways that accounting policies and procedures can be applied to financial reporting.

Hi Rajeev,

I undertook my PhD research on exclusion of the poorest of the poor women from microfinance programs (SHGs0 In southern India in 2012-2014.  I found that financial dimensions were useful however there are social dimensions that come to the fore. Social capital was found to grow and have significant impact on those women who did not become members of the SHG for various reasons - see my thesis on QUT/Library/eprints. use Knowles G E 2014 Microfinance as prompts.

See also paper attached re social capital in villages.

Willing to further discuss if you like.

regards,

Gordon.

I have done both. And am currently in admin whilst still publishing. The key to me is that admin jobs require a totally different mindset and organizational approach than academia. I am not trying to be cruel, but academia's focus on teaching and research in no way prepares you for admin work. Teaching is about interpersonal interactions and presentation of course material you are (or should be) expert at. research is about asking questions, performing analysis to know "why" (sometimes "how") something is, and then transmitting that as some sort of pure knowledge. Admin work is about doing tasks that further some type of work, or assists decision making, usually a "what". That is, admin work is about a concrete result where the theoretical aspect is not very important. The modes of communication are totally different. Academic work is based on your qualifications, networks and reputation derived through your research and publications (taken broadly). Academic work requires communications based on your position in the organization (not hugely important in academia), your specific role in how the university runs (specific in admin and quite general in academia), and your hierarchical relationships (tightly defined in admin an both tight and loose in academia - by that I mean an academic has a specific role, teach course x, and relative freedom to do whatever they want at the same time). So academics have totally different work styles and learnt behavior that lead to success. E.g. An academic gets multiple goes at a paper. An admin person gets one go at a paper. The audience for the academic paper is peers, probably sympathetic to the work. The audience for the admin paper is senior people that expect a certain template of work, done in a certain way leading to certain answers in a set timeframe.

So many academics fail because they bring academic work and communication styles to admin work. this means they are slow, inaccurate/sloppy (as defined by the admin work), and often communicate in a way that conflicts with how the place runs.This in no way indicates that academics are inferior in any way. It is simply how academics are taught to work, think and communicate.

Most admin/business people won't succeed in academia because they don't think in the right way. they don't explore the why issues. They approach things with the attitude that so long as 'that bit of work is OK then 'what's he problem'? When to an academic there is no linkage to broader theoretical frameworks, structures of empirical findings in the area and modes of communication in invisible colleges.

Hope that makes sense. Many people work well in both areas. But the logic of success is so different.

Time series is the best reflection of any fluctuation.

Dear Ali Bni Lam

I quite agree to Tesfaye Boru that we are not easy to observe the effects of fixed assets on bank efficiency since the bank fixed assets have important role in keeping the customer confidence in bank ability beside