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Questions related to Films
Now that Carestream/Kodak Biomax MR film is no longer available, I am looking for a replacement film for 14C-mouse brain autoradiography that optimizes spatial resolution. There are a host of analog films commercially available but scant information about the technical characteristics of these films, even from manufacturers. If any one is using an alternate film they are happy with, it would be much appreciated if you could make a recommendation. Thank you.
Hello,
This question is not naive and is easy to answer. But I would like to understand the basics of methods being followed across different laboratories where active/biopolymeric films are being developed. How do you make sure the uniform thickness? Ideal molds for casting biopolymeric films? Ideal temperature being used for drying? How long do you keep the dried films after peeling before you start film analysis? Please share basics that you use in your laboratories (can be facility pictures also)
Thank you
There was observed a temperature hysteresis of a resistance of gas sensing thin PdO films received by thermal oxidation and used in regime of long time (5 min) harmonic temperature modulation when minimum resistance takes place after passing the maximum temperature. There were observed also loops in the resistance temperature behavior in the presence of ozon which are more distinctive the greater O3-concentration.
The objective of the project is determining the upper time and temperature limitations of liquid liner films to prevent bag leakage in application. The different films are made up of PE, EVOH or PA or a combination of all three polymers.
I am writing a thesis on the impact of Eco-horror films (western and non-western) and how it provides a non-anthropocentric view of nature (i.e. nature not as an 'other' but an integral part of our lives and reality and void of judgement for its usefulness to humans). Thereafter discussing how this is beneficial to promoting ecological awareness. Some examples that will be used are The Happening, Annihilation and Gaia.
I am still solidifying on my frameworks (i.e. post-humanism vs eco-criticism) and referencing Timothy Morton's Dark ecology/ Hyper objects philosophy. I am also going to give a short reference to Asian and Indigenous folklores and how they have been perpetually non-anthropocentric.
I aim to find the different ways the films mentioned narrate this "decentralization" of anthropocentrism, either through change of power dynamics or the great unknown and link to how this can help us be more respectful of nature, or perhaps see it differently, or perhaps start new discourses for environmental concerns.
Hi
I am dealing with polymer hardness measurement methods. I am familiar with Shore A and Shore D. It is well reported on websites. However, in the case of Shore Micro and Shore A, I cannot see any quantitative or qualitative correlation. It looks like Shore Micro is used for thin, delicate polymer films. Can anybody help me with this? Any hint? Any paper? Any manual?
Mis à part Analyse des films de Aumont et Précis d'analyse filmique, où pourrais-je trouver l'état de l'art des théories de l'analyse de films?
We are preparing film about 50microns by casting into a Petri Disk, but the thickness varies from one place to another more than 20%, even leaving it level during evaporation.
well I have waterborne films and I want to check their viscosity, I am guessing it is possible through tensile strength test, can anyone help me
Hello, I'm trying to measure the conductivity of semiconductor films but since I don't have a commercial four point probe set up I would like to build one on my own in my lab. I have generators, multimeter, galvanostat/potentiostat etc anyway I don't understand how to connect all the cables in order to get the right measurement since the values I got so far have no sense!
Either it is by your experience either you have an article / book text explaining it it would be very helpful!
I know that films and other low-thickness laminated products are produced using biaxial orientation, but is there something similar for sheets with a thickness of around 6 mm? Or are they exclusively manufactured with monoaxial orientation?
The way sex is portrayed in the media and in films often provides us with a base of comparison that is not always realistic for the individual. (Andrea Burri)
I want to know about water contact angle of silica films without using any surfactants.
More and more relationships are collapsing in this 21st century due to the fact that women are becoming more and more romantic. They struggle for freedom from the past world dominated by men. In some traditional Korean films, certain women experience tragedy due to the fact that they are masculine women who found themselves in patriarchal world. Current study is on Romantic Love and Tragedy of Masculine Women in Empress Ki
Polymer films synthesis via solution casting
How to do characterization (FT-IR, XRD) of polymer and MOF films electro-deposited on GCE. Because if I separate it from the electrode, it may damage the material. right. The problem is that most techniques require sample preparation. Any possible solution. researchers
I know people deposit HfO using ALD, but this is too slow for the thicknesses were looking for. I've heard of evaporated HfO films as well, but I doubt the films are of good quality. If any of you could help me find some examples of people depositing some thick High K dielectric using CVD or some other method that is not extremely slow, I would really appreciate it.
I'm currently engaged in research focused on the expansion of transition metal oxide thin films. Our approach involves depositing transition metal films on two distinct substrates using either electron beam or thermal evaporation techniques. Following deposition, we subject these films to thermal oxidation under identical conditions. This process leads to alterations in the morphology of the resulting metal oxide films. I'm curious about the reasons behind these morphological changes observed in both instances. Could you recommend a comprehensive paper or book that delves into this phenomenon?
I'm looking for illustrations of public space, public interaction, and public life in films. Which are the most interesting to look at? Thank you!
I am trying to understand the influence of polymer films sliding against each other. For the simulation, I saw many molecular dynamics simulations, like LAMMPS, GROMACS, etc. I am new to this field. Can someone who has experience with these methods suggest which one is the best one for the particular case?
The effect of film thickness on the optical properties of tin oxide films
What are your opinions? I would like to obtain results and data on this subject, as well as the structural properties of this membrane, examined by FESEM, AFM, and XRD. Thank you very much.
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Hello,
I was elaborating thin films from FeCl3 using a dip coater. These films were deposited on a glass sheet for 6 layers and then annealed at 500°C. However, XRD analysis did not yield any results or peaks! What could be the problems?

Hi All
I am trying to understand the Akono scratch test method to find the fracture toughness of thin film. I am scratching the films with a probe radius of 4um (Spherical) with load below the film critical load. this means that the scratch path has no sudden change. For the data analysis, I only using a lateral load segment of scratch and divide it with the spherical shape function. can someone help to understand what is best way is to do this scratch and how to analyze the data.
Thanks for your help.
I have deposited Al doped PbS thin films using CBD method at different concentrations from 0,2,4,6 and 8%. I was observed that thickness of the films decreases with increase of Al concentration. Can explain about the reason
Hello everyone, I am seeking guidance on the analysis of scanned films obtained from Proteome Profiler Mouse Cytokine Array Kits, specifically focusing on the quantification of dot intensity using ImageJ. I have successfully scanned the array membranes, which contain dots exhibiting varying intensity levels, ranging from intense to very light. However, I am facing challenges in determining the optimal method for selecting the appropriate area for intensity measurement, particularly due to the variability in dot intensity across the membranes.
I am uncertain about the most suitable approach for measuring dot intensity and comparing them across the membranes. Considering the diverse range of dot intensities present on the membranes, I am unsure whether to fix the area for intensity measurement or adopt a different approach.
I would greatly appreciate guidance or recommendations on how to effectively analyse the scanned films to quantify dot intensity using any available protocol or instruction using ImageJ. Specifically, I am seeking insights on selecting the appropriate area for intensity measurement, taking into account the presence of both intense and light dots.
I have attached a sample image of the scanned film for reference, and I am more than willing to provide additional details or clarification upon request.


PGA solvents are toxic and I need a better approach to create films with this polymer.
In advance, Thank you for you time and consideration.
I want to get good films out of them, knowing that the melting process was complete, but the films weren't clear.
The peak current densitiy of HiPIMS is usually 0.5~2.0 A/cm2, nearly equal to that of the cathodic arc evaporation. The duty of the HiPIMS is always less than 10%. However, the deposition rate of the HiPIMS films is close to ARC film, several μm per hour, they didn't show a more than tenfold of difference. Why?
In thermal evaporation process, for the digital thickness monitor to display thickness of films, we need to input, density, acoustic impedance, tooling factor. For standard compositions it is available in literature. What if we made a particular composition, how can we find it?
Dear Colleaguse,
We are trying to simulate the XRR nanolayers to get information about the density parameters of PS films on Si substrate.
And I found that no matter how I adjusted the parameters of PS film and the substrate, I could not make the first half of the fitted image match the shape of the data. I tried to change the density of the Si substrate, but to get a better fitting curve would more than double the density of the substrate, which I don't think is right.
Does anyone have an idea of where is the problem, and what we have to change/modify to get a better simulation?
Thanks in advance.

I'm currently making calcium alginate films by solvent casting followed by imersion in CaCl2 solutions. After the imersion, while drying the films, they start shrinking and getting the form of a hyperbolic paraboloid. I already tried to change the concentration of CaCl2, the plasticizer and the plasticizer concentration. The drying occurs at ambient temperature and pressure. I cannot lyophilize nor pressurize the drying process. Is there a way to hold it in a circular shape without risking tearing them apart in the process?
I prepared SnS films by chemical bath deposition method. I need the ICDD card number of SnS cubic crystal structure to analysis of XRD patterns of films.
The laser 532 nm can penetrates around 700 nm depth in the sample, ( in the case, silicon cabide 4H) so then, the nickel silicide films we fabricated have around 150 nm thick. When we perform raman tests we can see only silicon carbide peaks. How to solve the depth problem of laser penetration ?
I tried to find, but didn't found any effective solution.
I have been working for several years in the modelling, optimization, production and quality assessment of the composition of polymer films intended for application on human skin. I produce films by casting, and as excipients, I use various cellulosic polymers together with plasticizers. Maybe someone works in this field and would like to cooperate, then contact me via the following e-mail: Modestas.Zilius@lsmuni.lt
In RF sputtering, the typical growth rate of ZnO at power of 100 W is about 50 - 100 nm per hour. Our films were grown at 100W for 20 min and the tickness of the film from the cross sectional FESEM is 209 nm. How could the films be so thick?
I had a quick question about tape casting/slurry coating films in general, and was hoping for some insights on getting a freestanding tape of Silicon or Carbon/Alumina. I'm trying to get freestanding tapes that are 100 - 300 um thick to cut to size for a subsequent heat treatment process.
I'm having difficulty in getting the dried film to release and have no idea why. My substrate is silicone coated mylar (release film), binder is Polypropylene carbonate, and solvent is DMC (Dimethyl Carbonate). Solid weight loading is around 30 - 35 wt%, binder is 5 - 10 wt %, and solvent is the rest. Does anyone have experience with the same?
In the XRD experimental analysis of polycrystalline TiN films, are TiN (111) and TiN (222) different crystal planes? Or are they the result of different diffraction levels of the same crystal plane? If they are the same crystal plane, what factors are related to the changes in the intensities of the (111) and (222) peaks?
I am writing a thesis on a specific subgenre of film in relation to feminism and was wondering what methods are best to adapt when doing an in-depth analysis of the selected films. What would be the right method(s) in order to perform a well-rounded analysis (textual, visual, narrative) on multiple aspects of the films selected?
Hi,
These measurements are new to me so apologies for the naive questions. How can I use profilometry or ellipsometry to measure the thickness of spin coated quantum dot films on CVD graphene (on a copper substrate)? Given the uniform coverage across the film, I do not have any obvious steps that would be well suited for profilometry. I saw a few papers use ellipsometry but I am not sure what would be the right fitting procedure to use to accurately measure the thickness. Any help in either of these directions would be very helpful!
After blending of banana rachis fiber drived CNC with PLA to fabricate nanocomposite films there has clearly been identified a sharp peak at 2350 cm-1, it is urgent to know which functional group actually responsible for this absorption peak, if you are expert please provide the r8 information addressing this particular case.
Hello everyone,
I have obtained SAED patterns of MoO3-x films deposited at different substrate temperature and now I want to find the zone axis to know how the substrate temperature has induced the structural distortion and generated oxygen vacancies inside MoO3-x films.
Can anyone suggest the method or articles related to these types of studies?
Thanks
Juhi
I want to make a polymer film by using polyurethane diol solution mixed with carbon dots. But the issue is that, even when I dry it at 60 degrees, it does not transform into polymer films. Carbon dot is completely dissolve in the polyurethane diol solution.
Somewhere i read that the bandgap increases due to localized states and stronger associations of the films with substrate with annealing temp. Why?
Recently we have fabricated a biobased nanocomposite films from PLA/CNC by effective blending then solution casting method followed by EIPS. But for a perticular composite it has clerly been found a large agglomeration additionally poor adhesion during compounding indeed whereas it exhibited less thermal stability & lower crystalinity index. But i am not sure about the actual reason behind the sence but suspect that the large agglomeration & poor adhesion is guilty for it, is it?
What do you think about it?
Can I know the variables to be used in the preparation, like dependent variables and independent variables
I am trying to make rubber films from Natural rubber. Unfortunately, I don't have access to extruders or similar equipment and therefore work with solvents. As for my curing system, I am using Sulphur, DPG, Zinkoxide and Stearic Acid. I dissolve/disperse everything and then cast the solution into containers. Once the films are completely dry, I vulcanise them in an oven at 160 °C. However, the films look inhomogenious, are easy to break and are extremely sticky and tacky.
I hope someone can tell me what might be happening during cross-linking and how I can improve my process. I am grateful for any suggestions.
Hello everyone,
I'm currently researching printed CIGS solar cells and wondering about the corrosion mechanism in CIGS films due to oxygen exposure. Does anyone have insights into how this process works and what we can do to prevent degradation of the samples?
Should the samples be stored in an N2-filled glovebox, and if so, what is the appropriate level of oxygen ppm to prevent degradation? Your insights would be greatly appreciated.
Best regards,
Maryam
I am writing my dissertation for female representation of Hollywood female-led films. And I am going to choose one film as my main case study. I would like to analyse the images and character's line to illustrate how gender stereotypes have been both challenged and reinforced in the film. However, I am struggling to choose a methodology for my dissertation. I have read some articles, but I am still confused about which one shall I choose. May I please have some suggestions? Thank you!
No use of SEM, by methods such as IV testing
And how to observe the sample using TEM?
Many studies have explained the changes in peak intensity in XRD patterns of irradiated polymeric films, but I have found little information on the shift effect. Could someone please provide some assistance?
I want to perform XRD on 1-2mm thick and 2*2 cm size plastic films. Do they also need any prior treatment or can I perform the analysis directly?
I am growing PtTe2 films using direct tellurization of Pt films in CVD system. The Raman spectra of the film is matching well with literature. But the EDAX and XPS results are not coming good. How can I accurately know that which phase of Pt/Te is forming or is there any extra Te that is sticking on surface of the film.
Thank You
Regards
Pinki
I have thin metallic and ferromagnetic films on the quartz substrate and I want to clean the surface of these films. what are the cleaning procedures for metallic thin films and ferromagnetic thin films?
I would like to see a clearer distinction between nanoporous/nanotubular films. For example, if a thin layer of oxide with a low content of fluorine is formed on the upper surface of the TiO2 films is it a nanotubes or a nanoporous structure? What degree of dissolution of the fluorine-enriched layer between the nanotubes is necessary for the sample to be attributed to nanotubes?
Hello everyone,
When using an oscilloscope to test the piezoelectric properties of devices assembled with PVDF films, how to distinguish whether the generated signal is piezoelectric or triboelectric?
Thanks,
Jason
I am depositing thin films of Co using RF sputtering (magnetron) system. The deposition pressure is 7 x 10-3 mbar and RF power is 80 W at 20 sccm Argon flow. Earlier I was getting a sheet resistance around 400 ohms for a 4 nm thin film but now after almost 1 month, the 4 nm film resistance is coming around 1k ohm and there is no FMR signal is coming. I have changed the gas cylinder and tried to check the the possible things to look for.
Now I want to work on power and deposition pressure. Can anyone please help me how these parameters effect the film quality and magnetic behavior of Cobalt.
Thanks
Best Regards
Pinki
Is there any method to calculate the thickness of the films by AFM analysis.
I have a nanochannel with a top and bottom surfaces silicon nitride. I found a note that says "Hydrolysis of stoichiometric silicon nitride to evolve ammonia is known to occur for films exposed to liquid- and vapour-phase water [ Si3N4 + 6H2O->3SiO2 + 4NH3]. But it doesn't say at what condition this would occur. I am wondering whether I need to consider this phenomena for my nanochannel case as well.
Thank you!
Dear sir
Please let me know the best solvent to dissolve polypyrrole. I am planning to prepare polypyrrole and co polimer films.
- SHOT defines a continuous view filmed by one camera without interruption . Each shot is a take . ( if the setup is changed in any way - camera moved ,lens changed or different action filmed -it is a new shot ,not a retake )
- SCENE defines the place or setting where the action is laid . A scene may consist of one shot or series of shots depicting a continuous event .

Hi to everyone, I'm trying to obtain information about the morphology of small cylinders of GelMA. As they were too thick we cut them prior to standard treatment with Pt/pd coating required for SEM imaging. However, this process seems to alter the hydrogel structure leading to no significant data. Can GelMA films work better? We want to try heat-drying the samples instead of freeze-drying them but my concern is creating a temperature gradient that can alter the porosity. Has anyone ever tried this method?
I am studying microbial biodegradation of polyethylene and I want to make some pure PE films so there is not risk of other carbon sources from plasticizers. I have LDPE powder already and would like to use this if possible to make some films, the melting temp of the powder is 92oC. Could anyone help me with a method of how to turn the powder into a film, or if it can only be easily done with pellets - how to turn pellets into film?
Thank you so much,
Nels Wedin, University of Minnesota
In a standard nanoindentation test of thin films, one must be careful about the indentation depth. If the penetration is too low (comparable to roughness), the resulting hardness can be much higher. If the penetration is too high, the substrate hardness will influence the coating hardness, resulting in lower values (typically). So ideal hardness measurement is around 10 % of coating thickness.
My question is: How to measure the hardness of the multilayer structure? Let's say we have a multilayer coating with TiN and AlN; both films are 20 nm thick. The total thickness is 600 nm. How deep should I indent this structure to get the correct information about the hardness of this multi-structure? And how should I change the depth when one of the coatings (i.e. AlN) is 10 nm and the other one 20 nm?
Thank you for your answers and opinions.
I am examining dielectric constants of polymer films by LCR meter. As capacitance is directly proportional to area of electrodes and inversely proportional to thickness. Hence in order to have a comparison, thickness and area has to be same. So how to prepare samples for dielectric measurements in order to have accurate results?
I am studying the nonlinear properties of polymeric films doped with organic dye . I need to measure the refraction index of the film in order to calculate the nonlinear refraction index of it .
We will be very grateful for a discussion, experience sharing, possible experimental challenges for the accurate and reliable photoluminescence (PL) investigation of 2D TMDC layers/films (WSe2) using Spectrofluorometer with a monochromatic light source (Xe arc lamp).
We have performed PL spectral analysis of various WSe2 films (mono- and multilayered) on different substrates (c-cut sapphire, fused silica, SiO2, Si).
PL properties of WSe2 (and other semiconducting TMDC) are extensively investigated with a strong thickness dependence and usually broad peaks structure. The majority of the PL studies are based on a laser source configuration, while the PL analysis of TMDC thin films using Spectrofluorometer are very rare.
However, our acquired spectrum (for all studied thin film samples) is untypical and consists of single very narrow peak at 754nm(1.64eV) with linewidth ~ 10meV at λexc = 500nm.
The samples are produced by Chemical Vapour Deposition and Thermal Assisted Conversion.
Thank you!

It has been brought to our attention that there is a manufacturing problem with different types of autoradiography films and the earliest date for shipping is in October. We are close to deadlines and this is too late for us. Does anyone have extra BioMax MR Films and is willing to sell them? Thanks
I am trying to do some dielectric measurements in a parallel plat set up on polymer and colloidal films but am getting absurdly high numbers. Can anyone recommend a solution with a known dielectric spectrum that I can use to test the validity of my set up?
I am researching about the molecular-level cling mechanism of PIB in polyethylene films. However, I didn't find neighter satisfatory nor cientific answers. Can any one indicate a article, book chapter or link with a more technical answer?
Thanks in advance.
I'm searching for different ways to create hydrogel or chitosan films on hard surface
I what to select some polymers for an intended application, where a specific compressive strength is needed. But, the tensile strengths of the polymers are usually reported in the catalogues. Is there any reliable formula for the relationship between tensile strength and compressive strength of polymer films?
Why do all the metal oxides (amorphous) deposited by ALD have the same phenomenon?
(not considering the temperature effect here)
They all have lower refractive indexes with thinner films(fewer cycles) and refractive indexes increase with the thickness(still amorphous).
Does ALD have some imperfect mechanism in the early deposition process, or is it the nature of metal oxides?
How do we explain this phenomenon?