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Dear all,
I am looking for the use of a Langmuir–Hinshelwood model over film after being degraded using TiO2 in air. Is correct to use it?.Is possible to suggest that the thickness of the PS film will be affected by the photocatalytic efficiency?
Thank you in advance for your anwswers,
Kind regards
Rosa M Huertas
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Yes, the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L-H) model can be applied to describe the photocatalytic degradation of a polystyrene (PS) film using TiO₂ in air, but with some considerations. Unlike liquid-phase reactions, gas-solid interactions play a crucial role, including the adsorption of oxygen and volatile degradation products. If mass transfer limitations are minimal, the L-H model can effectively describe the reaction kinetics. Regarding film thickness, it significantly affects photocatalytic efficiency. A thicker PS film may reduce light penetration and limit the diffusion of reactive oxygen species, slowing the degradation rate. Conversely, a thinner film allows for more efficient photocatalytic activity due to better light absorption and radical diffusion.
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Dear all,
I am currently spin-coating a 10 wt% polystyrene (Mw = 280,000) solution in anisole onto a silicon wafer. The wafer is pre-cleaned using acetone sonication followed by isopropanol sonication, each for 5 minutes. The spin-coating parameters are:
  • Speed: 2000 rpm
  • Duration: 1 minute
  • Acceleration: 500 rpm/s
I have experimented with different coating volumes, but all resulted in the same surface appearance (see attached image). The procedure follows an exact protocol from a published paper, yet the outcome seems inconsistent with the expected results.
Could anyone provide insights into potential causes for this issue? Any suggestions or troubleshooting advice would be greatly appreciated.
Thank you in advance for your help!
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Alvena Shahid Hi Alvena Shahid, thank you very much for your suggestion! I will try performing an oxygen treatment.
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I am attempting to calculate the vertical carrier mobility through a semiconductor powder sample coated on FTO using Spin Coating method. The I-V results I recorded using SMU 2401, shows current saturation at very low voltage like 0.3V, 0.4V etc. From Literature I found the saturation Value to be more than 2V. What could be the reason of showing this much low current saturation in my sample. I want know the possible reasons behind such result. whether the device is short? or any other reasons? I am attaching the images of (a) the configuration I chose for coating and I-V measurements (b) Corresponding I-V Graph of my sample (c) reference I-V plot taken from literature .
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Cu2O syntheses in three different crystals morphology: octahedron is highly conductive, a cube is moderately conductive, and a rhombic dodecahedron is nonconductive. The conductivity differences are ascribed to the presence of a thin surface layer having different degrees of band bending [1]. In this respect, each type has its syntheses route: Octahedral Cu2O microcrystals obtain in the absence of oleylamine and at the highest sodium oleate concentration. Rhombic dodecahedral Cu2O microcrystals obtain at the highest oleylamine concentration or at the lowest sodium oleate concentration[2].
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What suggestions can be made to develop Sri Lankan law regarding copyrights and related rights for protecting the intellectual property rights of creators, actors, and producers in the film industry?
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Dear L.G.s.U. Sandaruwan it seems that the text in your reply was written by ChatGPT instead of you. You are asking about proposals for the development of legislation, but as problems you mention ignorance of rights and inaccessibility of legal consultants. Please think with your head, dear assistant lecturer, whether changing the law would help solve the problems you have identified. And use chatbots less, please.
Best regards
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you can see that the XRD peak is split. This is the first time I've seen this phenomenon. I wonder what the cause is. and how can i fix it?
This is a sample with 5nm of Ag deposited on a CsPbBr3 single crystalline film.
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The peak position of the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is determined by the interplanar distance. There may be a reaction between the silver and the base film. The resulting solid solution has different interplanar distances.
However, your film is a single crystal. And the X-ray image shows lines of one family (hkl). Therefore, there is another possible reason for the splitting of the peaks. It consists in the formation of planes with (hkl) close to, but not coinciding with, the main plane of the crystal. For example, due to thermal stresses or mechanical distortions in the area of ​​​​contact between silver and the substrate.
Considering the fact that the ratio of the intensities of split off peaks from small and large angles is different for 15, 30 and 45 degrees, I would be inclined to the second explanation.
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Now that Carestream/Kodak Biomax MR film is no longer available, I am looking for a replacement film for 14C-mouse brain autoradiography that optimizes spatial resolution. There are a host of analog films commercially available but scant information about the technical characteristics of these films, even from manufacturers. If any one is using an alternate film they are happy with, it would be much appreciated if you could make a recommendation. Thank you.
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We are currently using
Product: UC Autorad Film Blue 8x10
Cat #: sc-201697
Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc
Headquarters Europe web site
10410 Finnell Street toll free: +800 457 8000, fax: +49 6221 4503 45, email: europe@scbt.com
Dallas, Texas 75220 tel: +49 6221 4503 0
toll free: 800.457.3801
tel: 214.902.3900
fax: 214.358.6070
email: cc@scbt.co
It is a film with blue transparent background but works quite well for mouse brain autoradiography with 14C, and is comparable to the Biomax MR film.
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I have recently prepared transition metal chalcogenides using a selenization method (which involves evaporating a layer of metal film with an ion beam and then reacting it with selenium powder). However, the grown thin film exhibits a pronounced granular texture and numerous voids under an optical microscope. Despite having sharp Raman spectroscopy peaks, no photocurrent response from the material can be observed. May I ask what the reason for this is, and how should I regulate the growth of the thin film? (What should be used as the criterion for evaluating the quality of the thin film? Must the quality of thin films prepared by this method be inferior to those prepared by chemical vapor deposition?)
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I think this is due to the non-adjustable metal/chalcogen ratio. During the reaction with selenium powder, compositional inhomogeneities are possible. Many transition metals exhibit different valences. Therefore, the local composition may be different. And at different valences, materials have different crystal structures and, therefore, volumes. Hence the inhomogeneities in the morphology of your film.
As for me, it is better to selenize using selenium vapor. This will be much more homogeneous due to the much greater diffusion mobility of selenium in the vapor than in the solid state.
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I'm preparing my activated carbon electrode from used coffee grounds for a Microbial Fuel Cell. Based on the literature I've reviewed, most studies use a substrate such as carbon cloth, graphite paper, and etc to attached the activated carbon. Is it feasible to directly attach the activated carbon electrode I've prepared onto a membrane? I'm still unclear about the necessity of attaching the activated carbon electrode to another carbon material. Thank you in advance for your assistance!
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Using a freestanding activated carbon film as an electrode in a microbial fuel cell is feasible, but it may result in lower conductivity and microbial adhesion compared to electrodes attached to conductive substrates. For optimal performance, combining activated carbon with conductive materials is generally recommended.
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Hi, I m currently working on a hydrogel film composed of two polysaccharides, glycerol, and plant extract, and I am seeking advice on suitable analytical techniques to characterize its structure and surface properties.
Specifically, I am considering conducting Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses to investigate the composition, chemical interactions, and crystalline structure of the hydrogel. However, I am unsure if XRD would provide meaningful results given that the hydrogel is likely to be amorphous in nature due to the polymeric and hydrophilic components. In this context, I would greatly appreciate your insights on the following:
Would NMR be a suitable method to examine the molecular structure and interactions of the polysaccharides, glycerol, and plant extract in the hydrogel film?
Would XPS provide valuable surface-level information regarding the chemical bonding and distribution of elements within the film?
Given the amorphous characteristics of the hydrogel, do you think XRD would offer any significant data, or would it primarily result in a broad halo pattern due to the lack of crystalline order?
Your expertise and any recommendations regarding the most appropriate methods for analyzing this type of hydrogel film would be greatly appreciated.
Thank you for your time and consideration
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NMR is suitable for examining the molecular structure and interactions in your hydrogel film, while XPS provides valuable surface-level chemical bonding information. XRD may yield only a broad halo pattern due to the hydrogel's amorphous nature, so consider additional techniques like FTIR and SEM for a comprehensive analysis.
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I want to take UV spectra of film but the blank is not a film it is in small pieces so how i could perform the blank ?
should i dissolve both blank and sample in an appropriate solvent and then read the spectra ?
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If you dissolve the film then you're not measuring a spectrum of the film, you're measuring the film dissolved in solvent. You should probably measure in diffuse reflectance geometry and use spectralon as your "100%R" sample.
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Using magnetron sputtering with an alloy target composed of A:B:C in a 2:1:1 ratio, the resulting thin film composition is A:B:C=1:1:1. How can you achieve a A:B:C=2:1:1 composition? What are some effective solutions?
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This question is solved. Maybe we can determine the composition of the film by using EDS and optimize the sputtering process. For the missing components in the film, the target components during sputtering are supplemented.
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I am working on characterizing thin films and would like to measure their thickness using the Hitachi AFM5100N model. Could someone provide a step-by-step guide or tips on the best approach to accurately measure film thickness with this AFM model?
  • The choice of cantilever/probe for such measurements.
  • Recommended settings or modes (e.g., contact, non-contact, or tapping).
  • Any challenges or precautions to keep in mind during the process.
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You can use DNP 10 or DNP S10 Bruker. Use a higher spring constant (e.g. 0.35 N/m or 0.24 N/m).
There are 3 options to measure the thickness.
1. scratch the film using cantilever (e.g. 2x2 micrometer). Use contact mode, set deflection setpoint to high value (e.g. >6 V) and scan rate to high value (4 Hz). scan it 10 times and zoom out, then check the profile.
2. Make a force-distance curve. If you find the breaktrough point, that is the thickness of the film.
3. or you can scratch the film using a knife and check with AFM. measure the profile later on.
Definitely, you should use contact mode.
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I want to calculate the thickness of a thin film deposited on glass with the transmittance using the Swanpoel method:
I use the transmittance spectrum of the sample (film + glass) or the T/T0 ratio ( T is the transmittance of (film+ glass) and T0 is the transmittance of the glass).
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To calculate the thickness of a thin film using the Swanepoel method, follow these steps:
  1. Obtain Transmittance Spectra: Measure the transmittance spectrum of the film on glass (T) and the transmittance spectrum of the bare glass (T₀).
  2. Calculate T/T₀ Ratio: Compute the ratio of the transmittance of the film on glass to the transmittance of the bare glass for each wavelength.
  3. Identify Interference Maxima: Identify the wavelengths where the transmittance shows interference maxima (peaks).
  4. Determine Optical Path Difference (OPD): Calculate the optical path difference (OPD) for each interference maximum using the formula:
OPD=2ndcos⁡(θ)
where n is the refractive index of the film, d is the film thickness, and θ is the angle of incidence
5. Calculate Thickness: Use the OPD and the corresponding wavelength to calculate the film thickness dd using the formula:
d=OPD/2n
You can find the thin film thickness from cross-sectional FE-SEM imaging.
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I am trying to measure the plasmon resonance angle of gold film and pure water using the Kretschmann configuration and a 633nm laser. Without flowing water over the gold, I can detect a clear absorption peak at 44 degrees. However, when I inject water into the flow cell I see no reflectance peak whatsoever, instead I see a (mostly) flat line with little to no change in absorption from 40 to 60 degrees. I am using ultra pure water so there are no impurities. The gold film has no impurities either and there are no bubbles in the flow cell. I have tried multiple thicknesses of the water layer ranging from less than half a millimeter to over 2 millimeters in depth. My beam spot size is 6mm in diameter and my fluidic well is 9mm. What could be causing this issue and how can I improve my setup?
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If the incident beam is focused on to the Kretschmann configured prism with a high numerical aperture lens which accommodate both SPR angles for air and water then only you can detect both gaseous and aqueous samples.
There is a paper which discussed the angular spread at the coated surface of the prism (see the ray diagram).
Ref:
“Surface plasmon resonance mediated fringe modulation using a birefringent lens creating radial shearing environment”, Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 32, 5, 961-970 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.32.000961
Also, you can understand from the simulation perspective that TIR angle at prism-water interface is around 61°, and SPR angle for water sample is around 70°, whereas the TIR angle at prism-air interface is around 41°, and SPR angle for air sample is around 43°.
Ref:
“A combined surface plasmonic and isotope-selective spectroscopic study toward a deeper understanding of real-time enzymatic urea hydrolysis” Journal of Chemical Sciences, 135, 53 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12039-023-02175-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12039-023-02175-0
So, if your system is designed for gaseous samples with air as reference, your probe is unable to detect aqueous samples.
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304 stainless steel was oxidized using an induction coil under the following conditions: atmospheric atmosphere at 900°C, steam atmosphere at 900°C, and steam atmosphere at 1000°C. After the experiment, the oxide film thickness of the specimen oxidized in the atmospheric atmosphere at 900°C was approximately 5 μm, while the oxide film thickness of the specimen oxidized in the steam atmosphere at 900°C was about 20 μm, and the oxide film thickness of the specimen oxidized in the steam atmosphere at 1000°C was 45 μm. To determine the composition of the oxide films, XRD analysis was conducted. In the XRD data for the specimen oxidized in the atmospheric atmosphere at 900°C, Cr₂O₃ was detected at a high level, and an increasing trend in the background was observed. I am curious why only this specimen shows an increasing trend in the background.
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Thank you very much for your kind response.
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This discussion explores the transformative role of AI and machine learning in the film industry, focusing on how these technologies serve as collaborative tools rather than mere utilities. We will examine AI’s applications in various stages of film production, from script analysis and set design to character creation, visual effects, and post-production enhancements. By analyzing real-world examples and emerging research, the discussion will delve into the creative partnership between human filmmakers and intelligent systems, highlighting the balance between automation and artistic control. Additionally, we will address the ethical and creative implications of using AI in storytelling, as well as the potential it holds for reshaping the future of film design and production.
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I strongly recommend this Research Gate discussion question on "Creative Machines: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning as Collaborative Tools in Film Design and Production."
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This discussion delves into the transformative influence of artificial intelligence on film set construction, exploring how AI-driven tools are reshaping traditional practices in production design. We’ll examine how AI is optimizing the design process, enabling more dynamic visualization, and allowing for innovative set construction techniques that were once beyond reach. Participants will gain insights into the balance between AI capabilities and creative control, and discuss the future potential of AI as a vital collaborator in bringing cinematic worlds to life
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Thank you for sharing your valuable reflections on the transformative role of generative AI in visual content creation and its impacts on the marketing and film industries. I completely agree with your assessment that while AI offers tremendous benefits in enhancing efficiency and creativity, it also brings challenges, particularly regarding the ethical concerns around misinformation and deepfake content.
Your insights on balancing automation with human creativity are particularly relevant, as this relationship is indeed reshaping traditional practices in film production. I find it fascinating how thought leaders like Lev Manovich and Toby Walsh are framing AI as a "collaborator" that supports, rather than replaces, human expression—a perspective I am equally passionate about exploring further.
Thank you for your kind invitation to collaborate. I would be delighted to discuss possible avenues for joint research on the opportunities and regulatory considerations for AI in creative industries. Your article, "Opportunities and Threats to the Development of Artificial Intelligence Applications," sounds compelling, and I look forward to reviewing it to better understand your perspectives on this essential topic.
Warm regards, Riham Hilal riham.hilal@ejust.edu.eg
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How does the substrate atom hold the sample atoms on the film?
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Main question:
If you look at the basic structures fcc and hcp, you find that fcc(111) and hcp(001) are both maximum density packed surface structures with triangles. Therefore these two facets match with each other and you can do epitaxy there. Please be aware that, since fcc has an abcabc stacking and hcp just ababab, an fcc-derived layer provides one additional "structure variable" about the stacking direction, so you can expect epitaxial growth without any texture issues of hcp(001) on fcc(111), but if you try it the other way round, you can expect the fcc layer to stack both abcabc and cbacba (symmetry-equivalent to a 60° or 180° rotated domain), so if you check the texture with an XRD pole figure, you can expect twice as many spots as on a single crystal.
Secondary question:
The adatoms can be bound to the substrate by any known kind of bond, be it van der Waals, covalent, ionic, metallic or quite often a mix of them. That's not a question of the crystal structure but more a question of what the specifice atoms prefer when they react with each other.
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I have a prepared a carbon dots incoporated hydrogel film. I am wondering if someone could guide me about measuring the fluoroscence of the prepared film. Will 96 well plate be a right choice?
Any insights in this regard is greatly appreciated.
Thanks in advance! Have a great time!
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Yes, the fluorescence of a hydrogel film can be measured by cutting it into small pieces and placing it in a 96-well plate sample holder, but there are a few key considerations to ensure accurate measurements:
1. Hydrogel Piece Size and Placement:
  • Uniform Size: The pieces of hydrogel film should be cut into uniform sizes to ensure consistency in fluorescence intensity across wells. Variations in size can lead to uneven distribution of the fluorescent signal.
  • Even Distribution: Ensure that the hydrogel pieces are evenly distributed at the bottom of each well. In some cases, using a transparent or optically clear 96-well plate might help improve signal detection.
2. Fluorescent Dye or Molecule Concentration:
  • If the hydrogel is embedded with a fluorescent dye or contains fluorescent molecules, the concentration of these fluorophores needs to be uniform within the hydrogel to avoid variability in signal intensity.
3. Measurement Conditions:
  • Solvent Consideration: If the hydrogel requires a specific hydration level or solvent environment to maintain its fluorescence properties, ensure that the hydrogel pieces are in the appropriate conditions (e.g., immersed in buffer or water) inside the wells.
  • Excitation and Emission Settings: Use a plate reader that allows you to specify the correct excitation and emission wavelengths for the fluorescent material being studied. Ensure that the optical path from the excitation source and the detector is aligned properly for fluorescence measurement.
4. Potential Issues:
  • Thickness and Opacity: If the hydrogel pieces are too thick or highly opaque, they might scatter or absorb some of the excitation or emission light, leading to inconsistent measurements. Thinner films or thinner pieces of hydrogel may yield more accurate results.
  • Auto-fluorescence: Some hydrogels can exhibit auto-fluorescence, which might interfere with the detection of the desired fluorescent signal. A control sample (without the fluorophore) should be measured to account for any background fluorescence from the hydrogel itself.
5. Alternatives:
  • If the hydrogel film is large or difficult to handle in pieces, another option could be using a flatbed fluorimeter where the entire hydrogel film can be placed in the measurement path without cutting, avoiding any uneven distribution or size issues.
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I bought graphene oxide powder from Sigma Aldrich, dispersed it in DI water, and vacuum filtered it to make a film. However I am unable to figure out whether it is graphene oxide film or reduced graphene oxide film because the resistance is 4-5kohm.
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Generally, GO is resistive material depending to their degree of oxidation. I recommend you to check it with XRD, if you see an intensive diffraction peak at 2theta=11° then it's surely GO, otherwise not.
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If we are looking at an oxide film and want to measure its band gap, which of the two methods(xps/auger) will give us more information about the bulk and which will be more surface sensitive?
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X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
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the exfoliated Graphite in Ethyl cellulose EC in ethanol dispersion forms a good dispersion in the liquid state but during drying at Room temperature (without heating) in air and recrystallization on precleaned glass slides, Accumulation of the graphene dark solid material appears at all the perimeter(edges) of the slides as in the attached photo. this accumulation prevent good coverage over all the film body and consequently gives low quality film uniformity and electrical properties. How can we drop cast dispersions of Gr/EC in ethanol without this coffee ring effect CRE ?
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Instead of drop casting on the substrate after dispersing it in ethanol medium try brush coating. This can be easily done with a paintbrush with minimum brush size and paint it over the glass substrate evenly. This further reduces the surface resistance of the material.
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You can do UV-DRS to easily find the band gap. From the data obtained plot the Kubelka-Munk or Tauc plot and extrapolate it to the x-axis to get the bandgap (eV). To find the band edge position please consider the Mott-Schottky plot which is directly co-related to the bandgap obtained from DRS data.
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Please Note that the pattern is micron-sized grooves (diameter 100 microns with depth 200 microns).
Few literature mentions the film will form the nanoparticles of Au when on polished surface. But I want to know what will happen on patterned substrates.
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You will not get any gold nanoparticles, and instead of a coating, rather large gold droplets are formed in random places. Although 1000°C is slightly below the melting point of gold, this temperature is high enough to cause sintering and coagulation of thin films into rounded droplets. Small drops of gold, free from oxide films, tend to merge into larger ones, since large drops are thermodynamically more favorable. For this simple reason, coagulation of gold droplets will definitely occur.
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I am working with PVDF films, which I prepare using DMF at 65°C. sometime, in the FTIR analysis of these films, a flat curve appears in the region where the beta phase peak is expected. What could be the reason for this flat curve? i am attaching the IR spectra for the reference.
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Dear Anshika Passi,
From what I understand, you are measuring the spectrum using the transmission technique, specifically the thin-film method. As you can see, in this region, the transmittance is zero, indicating that the sample absorbs all radiation within this range of wavenumbers. Your film is likely too thick. If it were thinner, you would be able to record the spectrum. If reducing the thickness is not feasible, you could also use the ATR technique, which would avoid this issue.
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I am working on polymer, i want to make film of PVDF so i made solution at 65 degree but it turns into gel when left for sometime at room temperature in open atmosphere. i am using DMF as solvent. what could be the reason of this gel formation also the film is not transparent as it should be. it is white in color?
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Dear Anshika Passi, if you want to work with high concentrations, other alternative solvents and fruitful information in the following RG thread dealing with a similar question. My Regards
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Dear Research Community
I want to pattern PVDF-TrFE film to make semiconductor devices with ferroelectric properties.
I completed PVDF-TrFE film by coating it in film form using DMF and MEK as solvent. After that, I patterned it using PR to lift off the electrode and performed lift-off.
However, during lift-off, PVDF-TrFE dissolved in acetone and electrode patterning did not work.
Is there a way to pattern the device without dissolving in acetone?
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The usual way is to deposit the solution in a pattern using any of a number of printing /patterning techniques. If you want a semi-conductor device, I am assuming you want too fine a pattern for patch coating. Common printing techniques include screen printing, flexography, gravure printing (can create features down to about 50 microns but is more natural for a roll to roll process than a sheet fed process), aerosol jet printing, Electrohydrodynamic printing, and heliosonic printing. You could probably do subtractive patterning (e.g. using Cromalin proofing material) but I think it would be cleaner (i.e., you are less likely to leave a residue in areas you don't want coating) to put the wet material down in a pattern.
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Hello. I am a graduate student conducting research on BiVO₄ photoelectrodes.
I have been forming a BiOI film on FTO glass through an electrodeposition method (-0.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl) and reacting it with VO(acac)₂ (450°C, 2°C/min, 2 hours).
As you can see in the pictures below, there seems to be no problem up to the electrodeposition process of the BiOI film, but after the reaction with VO(acac)₂, a large amount of material disappears, or droplet-like marks remain.
I am unable to speculate on what might be causing this issue, so I would like to seek the insights of more experienced researchers.
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Hello,
You can benefit from the link below:
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Hello,
I am trying to spray dry my material (hydrophilic) using PVA, but yield is the problem. During drying, my PVA material is sticking inside the drying chamber as it as film forming property. Can anyone help me how to avoid this and increase the yield of powder in cyclone?
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The answer to this question is very simple: the atomized droplets may only reach the walls of the tower when they are dry.
In industry, this is achieved by making the tower large, but laboratory systems are far too small to allow the droplets to travel a long distance.
If you have a small tower available, the only option is to optimize the spray nozzle to produce smaller droplets and lower productivity. A high temperature in the upper part of the tower can also help a little.
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I need to coat a layer of metal oxide on silica glass surface but i didn't go beyond 100 degree temp. And I want my film more adhesive and stable in water. Because when I kept my film in water it starts leaching. So let me know how to resolve this issues.
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Dear colleague,
I did some work on this, 40 years ago. Good question. If your substrate is made from float glass (cheapest), it likely will have alkali components in its structure. These will cause corrosion and hence, delamination of any coating under warm water conditions (worst is pressure cooker).
You can selectively remove the alkali by sputter etching using Ar plasma (Int. Symp. Plasma Chem., ISPC-8, Tokyo,1987, Paper P-133, p. 1720 to1725). For further questions, please contact me via my (surface-chemistry.eu) home page.
Best, Heinrich
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Chemical EOR
1. What is the average thickness of the brine film (1 nm??) that exists between reservoir rock mineral surfaces and crude-oil droplets – associated with a carbonate reservoir?
In such cases, whether the oil requires to be removed from solid rock surfaces, or, from relatively smoother brine surfaces?
With nanoparticle dispersion, what is the expected fraction of oil that remains directly in contact with the rock surface? With NPD, What is the expected fraction of oil that remains adhering to the solid rock surfaces through electrostatic forces? What will be the required threshold energy level towards separating oil from the surfaces given the imbalances between Brownian motion and electrostatic repulsion between nanoparticles (for a given nanoparticle size distribution)? Upon using Darcian approach, how would the details on the evolution of molecular structures of rock-brine interface and brine-oil interfaces approaching molecular thickness (from its original brine film thickness) would remain to be helpful?
If we have a slip @ brine-oil interface, how will we be able to quantify the effective viscosity of brine films?
2. Whether the degree of disjoining pressure associated with such brine films would significantly influence the resulting contact angle of oil droplets on rock surfaces?
Whether the alterations in ionic distributions in the Electric Double Layer of the brine film - as a function of brine film thickness and bulk ion concentration – would have an impact on the resulting contact angle?
3. With the thickness of the brine-film bounded between ‘rigid solid rock surface’ and relatively a ‘smooth diffusive oil surface’, would it remain feasible to upscale the details associated with Debye length of brine; the hydration diameter of ions in brine; the characteristic length of the density oscillation of brine molecules near solid rock surfaces; and the width of diffuse brine-oil interfaces – to a relatively larger pore-scale (leaving aside Darcy’s continuum-scale) – towards formulating a new EOR concept or facilitating the improvement of existing EOR technique?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Professor (HAG)
12-Aug-2024
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Hi Suresh - Not sure I know the precise answer because there are many carbonate surfaces in the pore system of a carbonate rock. Different types of surfaces as well as the effect of capillary pressure between the wetting and non-wetting phase in combination with the geometry of the surfaces will undoubtly affect the local thickness of the wetting film. But if you look at capillary pressure curves for carbonates (both oil-brine, air-brine and especially air-Hg capillary pressure curves) and take into account that many oil-brine and air-brine capillary pressure curves are not truly equilibrium curves (it takes too long time to reduce the water saturation due to the low relative permeability to water), then you can extract the irreducible water volume equal to the pore surface water. And if you combine the pore surface volume with the pore surface area (from tomography or BET), then you can estimate that the average thickness of the wetting phase at irreducible water saturation is around 5 nm in carbonates. This is of cause an average value and will be larger in the corners of the pore system and smaller on the flat pore walls away from the corners.
As the recorded Amott water and oil wettability clearly is a function of the maximum hydrocarbon saturation in the pore system I expect that when you reach this minimum average wetting film thickness the film will break/penetrated by the hydrocarbon phase that then may locally change the pore wall wettability and park the irreducible water in the corners.
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I tested my samples using DMA and DSC.. and the Tg of the same samples was very different in DSC vs tan delta. I have read some articles that it won't have the same value because it has different sensitivities to the samples, but I was wondering if I'm testing my samples wrongly. The lab I sent my samples to, only requested me to cut them (PSA with PET film still attached on both sides of the adhesive) and give it to them. So I think, maybe if they don't remove the PET film, the PET film may affect my results. I'm now confused about how you do it.
Here are my conditions:
1. In film tension mode
2. strain rate: 0.1%
3. Frequency: 1Hz
4. Heating rate: 5degrees Celcius/min
5. Temperature range: -70 to 60 degrees Celcius
Thank you~
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Levi Scott thank you for your suggestions
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I have a film of polymer composite electrolyte. Now I want to test the conductivity of it. So should I do the silver paste for conductivity or is there any other method for that.
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To measure the conductivity of your LLZO+PEO polymer composite electrolyte film, the most reliable method is AC impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Sandwich your film between two blocking electrodes, optionally using silver paste for better contact. Apply a small AC voltage over a range of frequencies, measure the impedance response, and analyze the resulting Nyquist plot to determine the bulk resistance. Finally, calculate the conductivity using the film dimensions and measured resistance. Ensure consistent sample preparation, control environmental conditions, and repeat measurements for accuracy.
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We want to transport water-based solutions in 200L plastic containers. The water is to be saturated with Carbon dioxide at room temperature. What is a gas barrier to minimize loss of CO2?
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I was thinking polyethelene would work, but then I found this article which might help you more: https://www.scienomics.com/case-studies/co2-diffusion-in-plastic-materials/#:~:text=Improvements%20in%20the%20performance
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I want to make a zinc oxide film using Si substrate. What is the best target in TF500 sputter? Should we use DC or RF? What is a good value for the tooling factor?
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I'll assume you already have a TF500 standing around which has DC and RF sources built in. Correct?
ZnO can be grown by RF both by sputtering from a ZnO dielectric target and also by reactive sputtering from a Zn target. Reactive sputtering is also possible using DC, but in that case I would check if it is pulsed or continuous DC. In any case, your target will probably get oxygen-poisoned and continuous DC may bring arcing or plasma ignition issues.
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I have images of film formed on the bottom of a 50mL beaker, and I have been trying to figure out the surface area. I could easily use features on imageJ to do that, but I want to know which area is covered by the film and which is not covered. I have explored the threshold feature, and I think either I am not doing it correctly or I am not very certain what I am doing is right. Is there anything I can do or process to follow to accurately know the covered area and determine the surface area based on that? I have attached images of the empty beaker and the beaker with the film. Thank you.
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Right
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Heuristically, I suppose people consider films more successful the greater the return on investment(ROI). Stimuli: ”Successful films are often based on classics due to relatability and interest”(Ohnemus 2023). “My film career was and is perhaps successful despite my lack of technical skills. Arts have both applications and fundamentals”(Ohnemus 2023). Source:
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I try my best:
The concept of "Classics as Foundations" is explored in this aphorism.
The success of films is frequently attributed to their basis in classic works, which are perceived as relatable and interesting. This assertion indicates that cinematic works rooted in classic literature, myths, or well-known stories frequently achieve success due to their capacity to resonate profoundly with audiences. Classics represent time-tested narratives that have already demonstrated their appeal and relatability. They tap into universal themes, human emotions, and experiences that audiences find engaging and compelling. By basing films on these enduring stories, filmmakers can leverage existing interest and familiarity, which can contribute to the film’s success.
Artistic Success Beyond Technical Skills:
"The trajectory of my film career has been and is perhaps successful despite my relative lack of technical skills. Arts, including filmmaking, have both practical applications and fundamental tenets." This view underscores the idea that success in the arts does not depend entirely on technical proficiency. While technical proficiency is undoubtedly important, it is not the sole determinant of success. Creativity, vision, storytelling, and the ability to connect with audiences are also critical elements that contribute to success.
I hope this will help:)
Kind regards
Florian
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In order to make a polyaniline film, I used the electrodeposition method and set all the conditions, but I noticed that the polymerization process is happening, but it doesn't stick to the substrate, but I changed the substrate more than once, and the solution is right, and the polymerization happens, I hope that you will benefit me.
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Hi Nina. Adhesion of PANI film to ITO depends on thickness and quality of PANI itself. These depend, in turn, on concentration of aniline, pH, temperature, background electrolyte (acid, salt) and on electrodeposition mode (CVA, potentiostatic or galvanostatic) and parameters (for CVA - sweeping rate, potential window, quantity of cycles; for potentiostatic- potential and time; for galvanostatic - current density and time). Typically the thinner film the better adhesion. Conditions of galvanostatic synthesis of good PANI film but on FTO are described in our paper
Rhese conditions fit also to ITO
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I have been trying to deposit AlN in a magnetron sputtering chamber with a pure Al target in Ar/N2 environment. After numerous attempts with varying power (RF and DC), N2 percentage, substrate heating and other relevant parameters in the system, the film persists to grow in amorphous phase.
I have changed the substrates as well from Si to Sapphire and glass etc. the results remains the same.
Kindly suggest where there could be a correction needed.
Thanks
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If they are truly amorphous, that would speak for a too low temperature, if it was high enough, I would expect at least a polycrystalline film.
c-plane sapphire is generally a "good-natured" substrate which doesn't require a lot of pretreatment, so you should be fine there.
Regarding the metal excess: in reactive sputtering, there are the "poison mode" and the "metallic mode":
This can be overcome by decreasing the Ar/N2 ratio. Please note that working in poison mode indeed poisons your target and you require pasting (pure metal sputtering) processes in between every run.
Regarding access to Bala Sundarapandian's paper: if you have no access, you can ask via RG's request tool or contact him directly via mail; especially if you have deeper questions going beyond the published data, I don't want to "leak" information he might want to publish himself later.
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I did an experiment on the degradation of MB using TiO2 thin film on a silicon substrate. How can I clean the TiO2 thin film from the adsorbed MB molecules? Can I wash the film with ethanol?
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I understand, we coat a film and then check the quality of the film using MB. after removal of MB, we didn't see any negative effect on the film. but of course, application and synthesis parameters may vary.
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Polymeric film such as latex rubber substrate or polymer
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Dear all, you can simply add a plasticizer to break the intrinsic cohesion of the polymer. However, this approach has a major shortcoming, i.e there is risk of migration or leaching of all additives contained in the polymer including the plasticizer itself. The best strategy is via grafting of short segments side groups to the main polymer chain backbone with good affinity to the swelling solvent. In this approach internal cohesion is reduced by the grafts as they act as chain spacers, with no tendency to migration upon swelling. My Regards
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We are fabricating a tandem structure where a ~50 nm thick WO3 film is deposited between two metal films using DC sputtering. We use a mixture of Ar and O2 gases at different flow rates while purging the chamber. However, the final resistance measured between the top and bottom electrodes is very low (1-10 ohms). When we replace the top electrode deposition with simple copper tape adhesion, the resistance becomes very high (Mohms). This suggests that the WO3 film is exhibiting a highly porous nature. What strategies can we employ to reduce the porosity of the WO3 film?
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Thanks for your answer w.s.l. Boyer.
  • In this context, I use the "tandem structure," which means Metal/WO3/Metal.
  • Yes, the explanation you provided is the same as what I believe.
  • Yes, I have tested the copper tape, which is conductive.
  • I am currently investigating the XRD of the deposited film.
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I might not reach mine but, for me, lucrative filmmaker. I would work in Hollywood. Requirements may or might not include a master of arts, experience at Stella Adler's Studio, etc. The job would pay $300,000 a year, plus royalties, etc. The job includes successfully executing a film. I aspire to be a polymath so, engineering, medicine and law(in case filming goes haywire).
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Lecturer in Film Studies
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Chadwick’s Hotdogs
“Hi ya doin scuutch”, I began, “You know my goddam name. My fucking name is Chadwick now get the fuck over it.” If you’re reading this then you probably don’t know who I am. Occasionally people call me quirky. The women call me so kinky that they sometimes want something besides a hotdog from me. “Why the fuck did you raise your hand then lower it to mock me. Are you done dashing piece of shit.” Then the streaky bloke opened his fat mouth, “I was the fucking substitute teacher and you were only 13. Cannot you feel my pain.” Talk about excuses. If I had a cent for every excuse this bloke and dipshit has made then I’d probably not have to be Hot Dog Man. I know what you’re fucking thinking. Originally I was going to be hyena man but, I resembled a werewolf too much and people don’t want to think of the bad guys from the Lion King. Tell you the fuck what. “See your ass later, you putz. You fucking McFuckWork . You’ve gotta be the biggest cocksucker I ever met in education and you aren’t even in the higher kind. Billionaires are shitty as it is. Rising to the top brings the worst out in everyone.”
Ch. 1: One Sonoma Bech Down, God Knows how many to go.
“Room. Room. You bastards listen to me”, I exclaimed like the mighty roaring lion I was and still the fuck am, “You may call me a smut peddler but, how the fuck else am I gonna live. How the fuck else am I gonna live.” “You sure have one fuck of an imagination”, Some prostitute dressed up as bun came up to me, “You’ll need to sail way before this siren will sing your way into a New Yorker’s trap.” “Look toots”, I responded levelly, “Ain’t no fucking way that I’m going cow tow to some real bitch like you. You are a real bitch if you begin a fucking sentence complimenting my imagination then end with my ass in a trap. That is a mother fucking backhanded compliment if I ever knew one.” I slapped the bitch in the face then like the silly bastard I am the fuck away. I started crying to because she was some bitch. A real sexy one that I could probably bulldoze.
Ch 2: Doing the fucking predictable
“They say the more accurate I can predict my day from beginning to end, the closer I am to the grave like a fat Tony. Fat Tony recently died of diabetes.” “Sorry for your goddam loss, Chadwick”, began my sidekick, “Catch Up is my fucking name and I rub myself all over you until we fight crime to the fullest and beat criminals down to the dullest.” For Christ’s sake, I fucking love Catch Up but I wouldn’t stick a wiener in him no matter how light my loafers got, or so I figured, “Look Catch Up, you’ve got some way of putting things. And by putting I mean wording. Don’t make a statement about you rubbing up against me.” Catch Up looked at the ground.
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Adapting a script to the big screen can be a complex process, and its success depends on several key factors
compelling and well-structured story is crucial. The script should have a clear, engaging plot with a strong beginning, middle, and end. It should also have well-paced scenes that keep the audience engaged throughout the film.
Characters need to be well-developed, relatable, and have clear motivations. Strong character arcs and transformations can significantly enhance the film's emotional impact and audience connection.
Scripts that include visually striking scenes and elements that can be enhanced by cinematic techniques (such as special effects, innovative cinematography, and sound design) are often more successful on the big screen.
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I need some help to solve this exercise, if possible.
we consider an n-doped amorphous silicon layer (silicon atomic density of 5e22/cm3) which displays a doping efficiency versus relative dopant concentration curve as displayed below. relative dopant concentration is given as the ratio of dopant atom density over silicon atomic density. the doping efficiency is the average number of charge carriers provided by one dopant atom at room temperature. this material has a dopant atom density of 5e19 /cm3, and an electron mobility of 0.5 cm2/vs.
what is the sheet resistance (rsheet, defined by resistivity divided by thickness) of a film of this material with a thickness of 100 nm?
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What is the point of posting an exam question that you may have go the answer to?
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I need an alternative of PEG solution dialysis to concentrate the solution. Can slik fibroin film dissolved in water?
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Hello, dear Alfaz Hossain.
One of the alternatives that can be adopted to increase the concentration of fibroin is by increasing the proportion of fibers in relation to the solution adopted in question.
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Is it a free, or is it pay to play?
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Cartoons, videos,TV Shows, Anthropology, Film and Critical Race theory.
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Why does the UV absorption spectrum of red quantum dot film not exhibit a significant absorption peak? As shown in the following Figure.
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Ricado's suggestion is correct. If the colour is red, the material absorbs at the blue end of the spectrum and you can see that beginning in your data
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  • I deposited a very thin(~2nm) TiO2 film on Si substrate by magnetron sputtering. After that i did XPS of this film at room temperature and got following spectra. Can anyone know why an extra peak comes (~449ev) ?
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  1. Generally, Konstantin I. Maslakov has a point about X-ray satellites, that would indeed be the hottest candidate here.
  2. Be careful with the C1s correction, you may create more errors than you fix. If you used conductive Si, not shifting your data for a properly grounded sample might actually be better, see works by Greczynski et al.:
or some of their older stuff.
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Who knows?
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Creating a successful film or television show is a monumental task that begins long before the cameras start rolling. A well-executed script breakdown can mean the difference between a production that runs smoothly and one that’s plagued by costly oversights and last-minute scrambles. In essence, a script breakdown is a blueprint for the shoot, detailing every element needed, from cast and props to locations and special effects.
Regards,
Shafagat
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I deposited a 50-nm-thick Pt film on a silicon substrate using magnetron sputtering method. TEM results showed the presence of SiO2 layer between Pt and Si-sub. Strangely, between SiO2 and Si-sub, a very thin Pt layer was also found, and furthermore, localized heating revealed that this Pt layer continues to diffuse towards Si-sub. How can I explain this phenomenon?
Thank you!
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Did you remove the native oxide of the silicon just before you started the sputter process? This oxide is usually 2-3 nm thick. Looking at the scale of the picture it might just be this native oxide you see, which is penetrated during sputtering by Pt atoms. Pt then easily diffuses into Si to form Pt silicide. You could check this by removing the native oxide first with a bufffered oxide etch (BOE) and then start the Pt deposition. You'll then probably see a slightly thicker Pt silicide but no oxide layer.
If you did remove the native oxide prior to deposition, I agree with Stefan that it can be post-sputter oxidation of the silicide. This very much depends on the wafer temperature which is reached during sputtering and the oxygen background of the sputtersystem.
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I'm currently engaged in research focused on the expansion of transition metal oxide thin films. Our approach involves depositing transition metal films on two distinct substrates using either electron beam or thermal evaporation techniques. Following deposition, we subject these films to thermal oxidation under identical conditions. This process leads to alterations in the morphology of the resulting metal oxide films. I'm curious about the reasons behind these morphological changes observed in both instances. Could you recommend a comprehensive paper or book that delves into this phenomenon?
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Thank You Fitsum Addis Hailu for you response. You are right but I want to know more the connection between nucleation growth and substrate which modify the grown surface morphology of metal oxide.
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Is it possible to get a proper TEM images of chitosan nanoparticles as a film of nanoparticles are formed on the cooper grid?
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Hey, you can follow this paper and I think it will be beneficial for you.
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The effect of film thickness on the optical properties of tin oxide films What are your opinions? I would like to obtain results and data on this subject, as well as the structural properties of this membrane, examined by FESEM, AFM, and XRD. Thank you very much.
📷
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Interesting...
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Sri Lanka comprises 25 districts, each with film halls; however, the overall audience and film hall attendance are notably low. In 2021, the Country's total number of film halls was around 50. With a Sri Lankan adult population of 21.9 million, the current ratio of film halls to the population is 1:438,400. Considering the adult population alone (14.4 million), the ratio of film halls to adults is 1:288,200. Despite these figures, even the limited number of film halls faces a shortage of spectators.
Film hall owners report significant challenges film producers face, emphasising the critical issue of a cinema without a substantial audience. Many filmmakers and industry professionals overlook Film's dual nature as an artistic expression and an industry product. The Industry's survival is contingent on having a robust audience base.
The failure to acknowledge this dual objective—balancing the artistic and business aspects—has led to the collapse of the Sri Lankan film industry. It is imperative to recognise the equal importance of culture and economics in sustaining the film industry for the future.
Why did Sri Lanka experience this decline while neighbouring Countries, such as India, achieved significant success in the Film Industry?
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In my opinion, the reason is the new media such as facebook, youtube and other platforms. This generation always use the technology to see the film. (Like YTS)
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Hello Researchers,
I'm making a composite using PEDOT:PSS as a conductive filler and PDMS as a stretch elastomer to make a conductive patch for healthcare monitoring.
The mixing of the two is very good using surfactants, etc., but make it into a film, bubbles continue to form in the film.
This is the same situation when I dry it in a vacuum oven or in a normal oven. Do you know how to solve this problem?
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The mix of filler and polymer in a container must be connected to a vacuum pump for some duration depending on the quantity of mix in order to remove the air bubbles. This operation is called 'degassing'. Then the mix can be transferred slowly for film production.
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I am looking for examples of twenty-first-century films, TV series, comics, and video games exploring the interplay between fiction and reality with an emphasis on worldbuilding and what loosely can be referred to as conspiracy theories. Any titles (including titles of relevant secondary sources) would be greatly appreciated!
Fryderyk
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Come to mind :
Movies :
- Len Wiseman's _Total Recall_ (2012), based on a P.K. Dick story
- Duncan Jone's _Source Code_ (2011)
- George Nolfi's _The Adjustment Bureau_ (2011), also based on a P.K. Dick story
- Christopher Nolan's _Inception_ (2010)
- The Wachowski's _Matrix_ (1999 - but the follow-up are clearly XXIst century)
TV series :
_Foundation_ (2021)
_Ascension_ (2014) - not much world building there, though.
And of course my own favorite; Robert Heinlein's "World as a Myth" series, although these are novels, and from the 1980s...
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i tried to make composites of pva and polyaniline to make selfstanding polyaniline films. But when it solidifies the resistance increases to MegaOhm range. How can i get a self-standing polyaniline film without losing the conductivity?
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Did you succeed in making a thin film without losing electrical conductivity?
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Hi Team,
We are evaporating Ti/Au 20nm/300nm film. The film is fine, post-evaporation. However, after annealing it in the furnace at 350c with N2, the film has black dots all over it. Please see pic attached.
What is the reason and how to fix it, any help will highly be appreciated. Thanks
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It appears that the black dots that appear on the film after annealing it in the oven at a temperature of 350 degrees Celsius may be the result of several factors, including:
1. Film contamination: There may be contamination in the annealing process, whether it is from the atmosphere or the materials used in the annealing process.
2. Chemical reaction: A chemical reaction may occur between the film components and the environment at the annealing temperature, leading to the formation of black dots.
3. Formation of a metallic layer: Film annealing may cause the formation of an unwanted metallic layer, which appears as black dots.
To fix this problem, you can try the following steps:
1. Clean the oven and equipment well before annealing to reduce contamination.
2. Check the annealing conditions such as temperature, pressure and gas used to ensure that they match the requirements of the annealing process.
3. Verify the quality of the materials used in preparing the film and ensure that there is no contamination in them.
4. Conduct experimental tests using different annealing conditions to determine the optimal conditions that limit the formation of black dots.
If the problem persists, you may need to consult industry experts for additional assistance.
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I am dissolving PLGA in chloroform and spin coating it on multiple substrates, including glass, silicon wafers, and PTFE. However, I can't get the film to come off of the substrate. I saw another post that suggested simply adding water and sonicating at low power, but this didn't work for me.
Does anyone have any other suggestions to get the films off without ripping them?
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To edit a PLQA solvent cast film, you can follow these steps:
1. Import clips: Use video editing software to import clips shot with the PLQA camera.
2. Cut and arrange clips: Cut and arrange clips in the correct sequence according to your desired scenario.
3. Adding visual and audio effects: Use the program to add visual effects such as special effects and transitions between clips, in addition to audio effects such as music and voiceover.
4. Color adjustments and adjustments: Adjust color, brightness and contrast to improve image quality and make it look better.
5. Audio processing: If there is an audio recording, edit and clean it to get excellent audio quality.
6. Export the movie: Once you're done editing, export the movie in high quality and in a format that suits your needs.
Video editing software such as Adobe Premiere Pro or Final Cut Pro can be used to perform these steps.
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Hi,
i am using electron beam evaporator to make 100 nm gold thin films. i am using 5 nm Ti as a adhesion layer on prime grade SiO2/Si substrate. Recently, I started to face the problem that evaporated gold film is full of black dots. We changed the gold crucible but it didn’t help. Anyone who faced suh a problem before or any suggestions to completely remove these black dots? The films are prepared at a pressure of 1.2e-6 mbar. Rates of evaporation for Ti and Au are 0.2 and 0.8 angstrom per second.
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Muhammad Junaid Was the issue fixed? What was the root cause? Thanks
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Is AI a useful tool for creative subjects such as performing arts and music or architecture? are there any useful application in courses such as film and television production?
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The first truth is the inevitable height/width/pictorial acreage of not just the visual field but all visual media, so starting from that platform, one has something to work with, as the pictorial rules that govern all visual production, share that same essential characteristics, all subject to the same geometric facts, be it painting, CGI, immersive installation, theatre film and TV etc.
Therefore I have written the pictorial matrix (after 40 years of thought) of that.
AI at some stage will be utilised to explore all that the pictorial matrix is, but first one has to write the pictorial matrix.
If one comes up against a problem in the creative industries, an interesting way of looking at AI is to imagine it can solve all things and then work out how it can and that's how it will evolve:
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The 5th International Conference on Language, Art and Cultural Exchange (ICLACE 2024) will be held on May 17-19,2024 in Bangkok, Thailand.
ICLACE 2024 is to bring together innovative academics and industrial experts in the field of Language, Art and Culture to a common forum. The primary goal of the conference is to promote research and developmental activities in Language, Art and Culture and another goal is to promote scientific information interchange between researchers, developers, engineers, students, and practitioners working all around the world.
The conference will be held every year to make it an ideal platform for people to share views and experiences in Language, Art and Culture and related areas. We warmly invite you to participate in ICLACE2024 and look forward to seeing you in Bangkok, Thailand!
Important Dates:
Full Paper Submission Date: March 10, 2024
Registration Deadline: April 1, 2024
Final Paper Submission Date: April 28, 2024
Conference Dates: May 17-19,2024
---Call For Papers---
The topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to:
◕Language
· Philosophy of Language and International Communication, Language and National Conditions
· Oral Teaching, Chinese Language and Literature, Philosophy in Language
· Body Language Communication, Language Research and Development, Language Expression
· Analysis and Research on Teachers' teaching Language and Network Language
◕ Art
· Materials and Technology, Environmental Sculpture Modeling, Murals and Reliefs, Decorative Foundation, Aesthetics
· Public Facilities Design, Architecture and Environment Design, Space Form Design, Public Governance Change
· Exhibition Design, Art design, Digital Media Technology, Landscape Planning and Design, Gem design, Industrial Design
· Art Theory, Music and Dance, Drama and Film and Television, Fine Arts, Chinese Calligraphy and Painting, Film and Film Production
◕ Cultural Exchange
· Campus and Corporate Culture Construction, Adult Education and Special Education, Creative Culture Industry and Construction, Educational Research
· Chinese Traditional Culture and Overseas Culture, Comparative Study of Chinese and Foreign Literature, Comparison of Chinese and Foreign Cultures and Cross-Cultural Exchanges
· Regional Culture and Cultural Differences, Intangible Cultural Heritage, Cultural Confidence and Connotation
· Red Inheritance and Cultural Heritage, Cultural Industry, Drama, Philosophy and History
For More Details please visit:
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Thanks for the response.
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I am a producer of multiple educational films but there doesn't appear to be a way to add them on Researchgate or to have citations noted in stats.
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the researcher/student should add the film as a reference using APA format by choosing the media type "film" in the dialog box of word 365
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I deposited Ga2O3 thin film on fused quartz substrate at 500oc in Ar ambient by RF sputtering and then annealed at 900oc (very slow heating and very slow cooling i.e 1oc/min) in air ambient for 1 hour . Then I can see cracks on the film by optical microscope. But there was no cracks after deposition. How can I get crack-free film?
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I hope you are doing well.
Ga2O3 has several crystalline modifications. You can observe a polymorphic transition in the temperature range from 650 to 900 degrees (from ε to β-phase). This transition accompanied by a change in volume (probable cause of cracks...).
I'm afraid that it will not be possible to avoid cracks in this design. But you can try to select appropriate intermediate layer between Ga2O3 and substrate.
I hope my thoughts will be useful!
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I casted a polymeric film on hot plate but unable to detach it without damage,can any one suggest a remedy for this
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It depends on various parameters, but the type of the polymer is the first think to consider.
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I am prepared a Graphene solution in DMSO with different concentrations. Then I deposit the solution on a simple glass substrate, but the issue is the film is very instable in term of sticking. It is very easy to remove from the glass.
So, what the possible way to improve the adhesive of the graphene solution with glass slides. thanks
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Alvena
Use Ethanol, the best solvent to adhere graphene on plate.
Dr. K
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I mixture carbon with silicon , then coat ( thin layer as a film) it onto copper with it to make anode for lithium ion battery
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This is nothing to do with the question, but I found it interesting to my lower level of understanding of this subject and thought that it might be of interest to other RG readers: