Field Studies - Science topic

Broadly speaking GLMMs are fine with imbalance and short of getting more data there's not much better as an option in most cases.

They are however not magic. The big concern is simply lack of information where you have small cell sizes in something like a factorial design or just sparse information because of the imbalance. This leads to imprecise estimates (as it should - less information implies noisier estimates). In other words just because it copes well with imbalance doesn't mean you don't have low statistical power in relation to some research Qs. As a rule of thumb power to detect a difference in means is maximised when there is balance and limited more by the smaller n for imbalanced samples.

A full Bayesian model with informative priors might help with this but in my view that depends on being able to justify the priors.

GLMMs also have shrinkage - which is one one reason why they work well with imbalance. All estimates are shrunk towards the estimates for typical observations - this dampens down some of the noise in estimating with imbalance. In a sense they trade off precision for bias - the estimates are arguably more biased within sample but more precise than in models without shrinkage. They should also generalise better out of sample.

some academic studies and resources that focus on the environmental effects of war and genocide, particularly in Gaza and Palestine:

Field studies in environmental science involve observing, measuring, and analyzing various components of natural ecosystems to understand environmental processes, assess human impact, and guide conservation efforts. These studies typically start with site selection based on ecological significance or research goals, followed by data collection using tools like sampling kits, sensors, and mapping equipment. Researchers gather soil, water, air, or biological samples, monitor environmental parameters (such as temperature, pH, pollution levels, and biodiversity), and document species presence and behavior. Field studies may also include long-term monitoring stations to track changes over time and evaluate ecosystem health. Data collected is analyzed in the lab or on-site, providing insights into natural processes, pollution sources, climate effects, and species interactions, ultimately supporting recommendations for sustainable resource management and environmental protection.

The most important biodiversity measures in field studies are species richness (the count of distinct species), species evenness (distribution uniformity of species), and species diversity indices like Shannon and Simpson indices. Mathematically, species richness is a simple count, while evenness ratios measure uniformity. Diversity indices, like Shannon's, are logarithmic calculations of proportional abundance, whereas Simpson’s index focuses on dominance, calculating the probability of two randomly selected individuals belonging to the same species.

Few steps:

1. Knowledge Sharing: Effective knowledge sharing is essential for innovation. Knowledge management practices encourage individuals and teams to share their expertise, experiences, and lessons learned. By facilitating the exchange of knowledge, organizations can create a collaborative environment that fuels innovation.

2. Learning Culture: Knowledge management promotes a learning culture within the organization. It emphasizes the value of continuous learning and encourages employees to seek new knowledge, acquire new skills, and explore innovative ideas. A learning culture supports experimentation, risk-taking, and the generation of new insights.

3. Access to Information: Knowledge management ensures that relevant information and knowledge resources are easily accessible to employees. By providing access to relevant data, research findings, market trends, and best practices, organizations empower employees to make informed decisions and generate innovative ideas.

4. Knowledge Creation and Innovation: Knowledge management processes, such as knowledge creation and codification, enable organizations to capture and preserve valuable knowledge. This knowledge can be a source of inspiration for innovation, as it provides a foundation for building upon existing ideas, identifying new opportunities, and developing novel solutions.

5. Collaboration and Networking: Knowledge management encourages collaboration and networking among employees. By connecting individuals with diverse expertise and facilitating cross-functional collaboration, organizations can leverage the collective intelligence and creativity of their workforce, leading to innovative solutions and breakthrough ideas.

6. Lessons Learned and Continuous Improvement: Knowledge management facilitates the capture and dissemination of lessons learned from past experiences, projects, and failures. By reflecting on lessons learned, organizations can identify improvement opportunities, avoid repeating mistakes, and foster a culture of continuous improvement and innovation.

7. Innovation Support Systems: Knowledge management can provide the infrastructure and tools to support innovation. This includes knowledge repositories, innovation management platforms, idea management systems, and collaborative workspaces. These systems help streamline the innovation process, capture and evaluate ideas, and facilitate effective knowledge sharing.

8. Knowledge Transfer: Knowledge management facilitates the transfer of knowledge between individuals and teams, including the transfer of tacit knowledge (personal expertise and insights). By enabling the transfer of knowledge, organizations can accelerate the learning curve, enhance problem-solving capabilities, and foster innovative thinking.

Hope it helps Mohamed Negm

Extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with an additional antecedent involves several steps:

1. **Literature Review:** Conduct a thorough literature review to identify relevant antecedents that have been studied in the context of technology acceptance. Choose an antecedent that aligns with your research objectives and theoretical framework.

2. **Theoretical Framework:** Clearly define your theoretical framework by integrating the selected antecedent with the TAM. Understand how the new antecedent interacts with the core TAM constructs (perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use).

3. **Hypothesis Formulation:** Develop hypotheses that articulate the relationships between the new antecedent, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and behavioral intentions to use the technology. These hypotheses will guide your research and provide a basis for testing your model.

4. **Data Collection:** Gather relevant data through surveys, interviews, or experiments. Ensure that your data collection methods align with your research design and allow you to measure the constructs accurately.

5. **Data Analysis:** Use appropriate statistical techniques, such as regression analysis or structural equation modeling (SEM), to analyze the collected data. Evaluate the relationships between the antecedent, TAM constructs, and behavioral intentions. Assess the significance and strength of these relationships.

6. **Interpretation:** Interpret the results of your analysis. Determine whether the new antecedent has a significant impact on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and behavioral intentions. Discuss the implications of your findings in the context of existing literature and theoretical frameworks.

7. **Discussion and Conclusion:** Summarize your findings, discussing their theoretical and practical implications. Address the limitations of your study and suggest directions for future research.

8. **Documentation:** Document your research methodology, data analysis procedures, results, and conclusions in a clear and concise manner. Consider publishing your work in academic journals or conferences to contribute to the existing body of knowledge.

Remember that each research study is unique, so adapt these steps according to your specific research context and objectives.

Not much there was no compensation in most insurance companies

Víctor Moreira-Coello

Dear Víctor,

Thank you for your reply, and good luck with your research!

Wenhui

Hello Saad; Andrew's advice is sound. In my own field (ant ecology), when someone contributes to the study by providing substantial resources (the data) to the study, they probably should be offered coauthor status. They should also be clearly acknowledged in the manuscript.

Best regards, Jim Des Lauriers

It‘s a theory. You can check by filtering a sample of pure water. I think your filter is made for protein seperation, so likely it isn’t designed for low TOC samples.

It is not uncommon for great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) larvae to display a black and yellow belly pattern in the final stages before leaving the water to undergo metamorphosis. This pattern is typically present for several weeks before the larvae emerge from the water and begin their terrestrial dispersal. However, the exact timing of this event can vary depending on a variety of factors, such as water temperature, food availability, and predation pressure.

As for the stability of the belly pattern for individualization, it is generally considered to be a reliable method for identifying individual newts. However, it is important to note that the pattern can change slightly over time, especially if the individual experiences any physical damage or trauma. In addition, the pattern may not be visible in all individuals, particularly if they are heavily pigmented or have a darker coloration. As such, it is always best to use multiple methods for identifying and tracking individuals, such as marking or tagging, whenever possible.

You can use a Chi Square test to compare the averages per visitor :)

Those are good recommendations and I would add foliar analysis to ascertain nutrient status.

Depends on whether you'd like to conduct such survey only in one religion or in various religions.

You may like to decide which religions will be included in your research, and ask both the leaders and the subjects on their methods and the psychological challenges that they tried to resolve.

The more detailed information you can provide for each of these leaders, the better. You may like to reach out to HWPL South Korean organization that conducts interreligious discussions in over 70 countries of the world. They may like to connect you with various religious leaders who could provide you all information in your survey.

Yes, the computer games should be used in the education systems.

In my opinion, in the past, economic colonialism usually consisted of an unfair distribution of revenues, profits, the implementation of economic ventures using new technologies and other positive effects of economic development, international trade, etc. Unfortunately, it happens that this type of economic colonialism continues, i.e. also today . Of course, in addition to typically economic colonialism, in the past there were also other forms of colonialism, which consisted in using colonies as a cheap source of raw materials, factors of production and even people treated as slaves, and then as markets for specific products produced using technologies previously unknown in the colony area. This kind of colonialism did much harm and harm to the indigenous community of the colony area. Colonialism in the past more than once initiated globalization processes, in which the negative aspects of these processes were particularly visible. Colonialism often caused excessive exploitation of raw materials, contributed to the degradation of the local culture in the colony area, i.e. the destruction of part of the cultural heritage of mankind. Colonialism was also often the source of all sorts of crises and social conflicts. Of course, a lot has changed in the last few decades. Currently there is no formal colonialism. However, informally, it occurs through political and economic dependencies between countries whose economies are strongly differentiated in terms of economic development, equipment with production factors, and individual categories of capital, including technology and money. Economic ties are developed through international economic cooperation, trade, investments in communication infrastructure, public institutions and new enterprises, including investments carried out by internationally operating corporations, industrial enterprises, financial institutions, etc. Such economic ties contribute to the present globalization processes. The currently conducted international economic cooperation should be implemented on the basis of partnerships, mutual benefits, respect for the diversity of other cultures, transfer of modern technologies, care for the well-being of citizens in all cooperating countries, care for the condition of the natural environment, development of nature protection systems, implementation of sustainable development goals e.t.c.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

University friends are often friends for life.

Thanks for responding, but I mean are there new ways to study karst?

Okay. thank you very much.

In my humble opinion a "methodological proposal" section should be the core of a methodological paper. A "case study" section should then apply the proposed methodology on a practical case to show that the methodology is useful. If a case study is not possible, an Analysis section could be used instead.

With that said, my basic structure of a methodological paper would be:

I - Introduction

II - Literature review:

It should conclude on the lack or limit of the current methodologies and justify why a new methodology is needed

III - Methodological Proposal (you can call it what name you gave to you knew methodology

It’s your new idea, the core contribution of the paper. Explain the essence of the new methodology, the steps, the expected results, the limitations...

A very simple running example can be used to better convey your points

IV - Case Study:

It applies your new methodology step by step by step and shows the results that you explain

V - Discussions:

Focuses on the evidence of what your new methodology brings compared to others and presents potential limitations if any

VI - Conclusion

You could add a Background section after the introduction if deemed necessary to help the reader better understand any background information. You could also add a “related work” section if necessary. And of course, you should be able to organize your structure in the best way that conveys your work.

Hoping that this helps

there a re some older papers of Dai et al 1994, where are a lots of parctical thing including hstochemistry

Following

I would like to collaborate; but would like to have more details, please

Thank you all!

I do like YSI, too.

Thank you Hannu for that advice, I will pass it on at our uni!

Hi Shahid Habib Khan,

you need to define a solution store in Study 1 from which you can take the infromation for the variables not solved for in Study 2, see attachment.

Best of luck!

Antoni Artinov

National Research Council; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Board on Earth Sciences and Resources; Sammantha L. Magsino, Rapporteur. Social Network Analysis (SNA) is the identification of the relationships and attributes of members, key actors, and groups that social networks comprise. The National Research Council, at the request of the Department of Homeland Security, held a two-day workshop on the use of SNA for the purpose of building community disaster resilience. The workshop, summarized in this volume, was designed to provide guidance to the DHS on a potential research agenda that would increase the effectiveness of SNA for improving community disaster resilience.

Conflict and Security Issues — Prevention, Security and Response

National Research Council. 2009. Applications of Social Network Analysis for Building Community Disaster Resilience: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/12706.

Dear Mohammadbaghar,

The OTR tires market (Off-the-Road) is projected to grow owing to key reasons such as increasing demand for agriculture tractors and construction & mining equipment due to mechanization and increased infrastructural development in developing countries. Increased automation in the industrial processes is also estimated to influence the OTR tires for industrial vehicles. Also, with the increase in average machine hours, the demand for tire replacements has increased, which, in turn, is projected to boost the demand for retreaded tires.

I think a continuation of coal business, as long as global regulation remains moderate and businesslike. The heavy metals and large-scale mining can be heavily dependent on the global economy. It looks like there has been some uptick in heavy metals and heavy mining activity. Oil is always a big consideration, particularly with the oil sands in Canada and some other countries, where a large mining area.

· Agriculture Tractors and Construction and Mining Equipment

(Considered regions are Asia Oceania, Europe, North America, and RoW)

• Pre-Cure and Mold Cure

(Construction & Mining Equipment and Agriculture Tractors)

Asia Oceania, Europe, North America

Canada, Mexico, US, France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, China. Japan, India, South korea

OTR tires for agriculture tractors segment is estimated to be the largest market during the forecast period due to the increasing demand from developing countries and Asia Oceania region. Increased industrial automation is also projected to influence market of OTR tires for industrial applications. North America is estimated to be the fastest growing market for OTR tires during the forecast period. North American economy has finally recovered from the setbacks of recession.

The OTR tires market was valued at USD 5.34 Billion in 2017 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.64% during the forecast period to reach to USD 7.68 Billion by 2025. Some other survey says, Global OTR tire market stood at over $ 19 billion in 2019 and is projected to cross $ 31 billion by 2025, on the back of a growing number of infrastructure development projects worldwide. The market for OTR tires is projected to grow due to the increasing demand for agriculture tractors, construction & mining equipment fueled by mechanization and high infrastructural development in developing countries.

Due to increased machine hours, the tire replacement time has seen a slight decline in recent times. Retreaded tires cost 1/3rd of the price of new tires and have good durability. Thus, the market for retreaded tires is projected to grow significantly in near future.

OTR tires manufacturers have adopted new product development and geographical expansion as major strategies to gain traction in the OTR Tires market. The key market players include Continental in Germany), Bridgestone in Japan, Michelin in France), Goodyear in US, and Pirelli in Italy. Due to the growing population and rising per capita income, countries such as China and India are shifting towards mechanization for farming activities, which is projected to boost the market for OTR tires in the region.

Hope it is helpful for you.

Ashish

Hi Dwaipayan Sinha and Priyadharshana .M,

Thanks for starting this thread.

I always advise people to begin within a theoretical framework to generate a great research question. Ethnobotany theory and social ecological theory are good places to start. Gaoue et al. (2017) and Albuquerque and Hurrell (2010) offer a good overview of ethnobotany theory. For social ecological theory maybe check out Albuquerque et al. (2019). These papers are also good sources of approaches in ethnobotany and can help in formulating useful research questions.

Albuquerque and Hurrell (2010)

Albuquerque et al. (2019)

Gaoue et al. (2017)

I put together an R package to calculate the most common indices used in quantitative ethnobotany. These basically follow the informant consensus methods from anthropology.

This is a work in progress and the latest version is always on github:

Dear Mr. Hanafi,

unless collecting rocks and minerals was one of the launch pads to study mineralogy creating a reference collection of both rock and mineral specimens is recommended. Do no start with the most exotic minerals and rocks but try find common rock types and minerals but different in their outward appearance.

In combination with this practical approach which helps you improve your visual inspection and the use of the classical tools from hardness to crystal morphology read textbooks where simplex chemical systems relevant for litho genesis and mineral formation are discussed.

Get acquainted with the chemical systems and the periodical chart of elements.

The best way to enter classical crystallography is in combination with optical mineralogy. It helps you train your imagination which is the key to successfully master the petrography microscope.

During this incipient stage you will realized where your interests are located in genetic mineralogy, petrology, crystallography or economic geology, applied geochemistry with material sciences which can be an outlet into one of the neighboring disciplines. Be very open-minded and try and get information of adjacent disciplines as much as possible to find your way. If you feel that space and time are more attractive than compositional changes and varying physical-chemical conditions you need not give up mineralogy as you decide to pass over into geology. I did it the other way round without cutting my geological roots.

There is more than one way to head for Rome.

I wish you much success

H.G.Dill

Salinity of the top soil increases the electrical conductance of the soil and allows the electric current to pass between electrodes at the surface itself. This prevents the deeper penetration of the electrical signals, reducing the strength of the signals received at the other end, thereby affecting the efficacy of ground water detection at depth.

Hi

This is not my Field of research

I believe that soil moisture, temperature, pH and rainfall can be measured remotely.

A key point is going to be what you mean by "near" mountains. The closer you are to high-elevation, surface, drainage divides, the less likely you are to have water with high total dissolved solids (TDS). This is especially true when speaking of groundwater that is emerging in springs and into streams' baseflow. But that isn't an issue of near, that is in the mountains.

In the arid western U.S. there is inter-basin flow. In deep ground water one can encounter very high TDS at the edges of mountain ranges, and under mountain ranges.

Another source of high TDS to keep in mind is hydrothermal phenomena. In areas where there is high heat-flow, or where faults allow for deep circulation of groundwater that then returns to the surface, the TDS of ground water can become very high.

There are also issues with sulfide minerals and the pH of groundwater.

The foregoing, along with what previous posters have mentioned, mean that the answer to the question you posed is "no". Groundwater near mountains is not always fresh, not even groundwater that comes to the surface.

The second part of your question might be rephrased as "why does groundwater near mountains tend to be fresh?" I think that the primary answer to that question relates to the residency times of groundwater. Mountains tend to be areas of higher precipitation due to orographic effects. Thus, they tend to be areas of higher groundwater recharge. Therefore, most groundwater coming to the surface has had a relatively short residency time in the ground and this equates to little time to dissolve solids. Just remember that these are all generalizations. There will always be exceptions.

"A solution to detect a malware at packet level and directing it to a honeypot in order to further analyze and find the attack vector or the attack source" would be a great use of machine learning and Cyber Security.

Please take a look at this useful link.

Please take a look at these discussions and sites

https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_much_area_is_required_to_set_up_10_MW_parabolic_trough_collector_solar_thermal_plant

https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/56290.pdf

Multidisciplinary knowledge is not required if the issue being solved is solvable by specialist knowledge. Some problems require multidisciplinary approaches, some do not. For example, there is no need for chemists to interfere with mathematicians solving mathematical problems, but while discussing complex issues such as climate change, knowledge from many different disciplines has to be included (biology, geology, economy, chemists, physics etc.). Field specialists are needed though to advance their specific field. Without field specialists, generally no advancement, and without advancement in one specialist field, how can there be advancement in a multidisciplinary field that include several specialist fields?

The saying goes 'Jack of all trades, Master of none, Though ofttimes better, Than master of one'. Meaning that being versed in several disciplines can sometimes be helpful.

Hello, you can write applied biology and add a little description that is it.

A very important scientific affair

Yes I would do an analysis on student-level and school level simulataouslu using a multilevel regression model that specifies fixed effects of treatment and a random effect of schools and students. This automatically gets better estimates of the standard errors (especially of the school intervention variables.

The models is the one described here

If you have a pre test on the individuals including this in the fixed effects will improve power to detect intervention effects; see

In my mind, 4.0 education should be matched with the development of soft skills. A constellation of these capabilities will make a difference to the challenges of AI, learning machine ..., especially from the perspective of the formation of new generations

The company sent me the letter typed in the local language - Tamil.. I shall ask the company for English version of the letter.

Dear Justina Givens Jonathan KIPLANGAT Kibet Manmohan J. Dobriyal Joshua O. Ighalo Thanks a lot for your valuable comments

The difference is almost entitely conceptual. Practically, the two should converge.

Hope this helps,

Matt

Excellent points and I would add the importance of connecting topics, rather than creating silos. With respect to climate change we aim to bring together multiple fields in the following publications:

(a) https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-02-2017-0043

(b) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-015-0046-5

(c) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-015-0038-5

(d) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2294-0

(e) https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Handbook-of-Disaster-Risk-Reduction-Including-Climate-Change/Kelman-Mercer-Gaillard/p/book/9781138924567

(f) http://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v4i4.729

Also of relevance is this chapter https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-94-017-8959-2_2.pdf regarding wider connections.

FGs are deliberative exercises so the key issue is what do you want them talking to each other about? If the overarching research question is decision making about maternal health care in general, then you can mix things up because A, B, A+B are just conversation starters, they are not the focus of the research question.

However, if your research question is focused on evaluating these specific interventions then I'd suggest you do at least 3, one for each adoption scenario. If you mix you may end up with people arguing for the superiority of their respective decisions rather than getting into detailed discussion about how they came to their decisions.

Another issue to consider is that people are likely to be inclined to discuss their actual experience with the programs rather than their decisions to participate. A challenge will be to separate out how much of what they say is based on current experience or on what they remember actually thinking or knowing at the time of making the decision. All the more reason to keep the groups uniform with regard to the three scenarios.

Both LCA and EIA have the same basic purpose of supporting decision making on the environmental aspects of a major project. Studies have shown that both LCA and EIA can compliment and add value to each other. You can follow below articles:

See also

https://gajimu.com/pekerjaan-yanglayak/keselamatan-dan-kesehatan-kerja/pertanyaan-mengenai-keselamatan-dan-kesehatan-kerja-di-indonesia-1

and

Subsequent postulation in a system comprised of multiple ideologies is argued by Hegel to bring an eventual conclusion between at least two competing parties (ideologies), where either one party provides sound proof of concept, or both parties lose their stance and conclude to a higher truth. In order to prove or disprove one's postulations in a system of discourse, warranted yet unforeseen information must be accommodated and consequently synthesized and evaluated to remain the superior ideology. This perpetual process of accommodation and synthesis/evaluation of new and unorthodox concepts theoretically breeds innovation. A peculiarity of this is when a member of a party has a revolutionary innovative concept that makes it fundamentally different from it's original party - which in itself fosters further discourse, and in essence further innovation.

I am a PhD in Philosophy and interested in Virtue Ethics and Education.

I will work with you to prepare for Questionnaire

It all depends on what you want to do, because each country has a particularity in its system of education and in its vision of technology.

I have published 57 papers in various fields including medical geology, ores, water pollution and petroleum geochemistry

Best Regards Ademolawa Michael Adedipe

Michael Uebel Thank you very much! Great contribution really!

Thanks for recommending and commenting here, but I believe the question was personal (when I plan to carry out my fieldwork) not general when one should conduct a study. So I instead communicated with Chaipheth Phommachanh vai personal message :)

Thank you for your suggestion, Hamed Ghiasi Rad.

Hello David,

You can try the software "Origin " for your graphs. Its quite manageable for most of basic graph plots.

Also for raw data analysis, I guess repeatability (can the same or similar data be obtained when verification experiment is to be carried out?), reliability (does it comply with available standards procedures?) and credibility of the of raw- data is key. For the results discussion, I think its always great explaining and discussing with the potential readers in mind. Simplicity and accurateness is also very important.

hope it helps

regards

Kwesi

Highest academic achievement.

This depends of the willing of policy makers. Engineers, scientists and academicians usually work for the progress of science or advancement of knowledge. They are not directly related to decision making since this is led by policy makers who are not always researchers or scientists. Lots is being accomplished in research and maybe in some countries they are considered and in some they are just piled in libraries and will hardly or not be considered. Though this, it is worthy to keep advancing the knowledge for the construction of a better world seeking for a positive peace

An additional problem is one of language. In order to engage a more general public, you have to be understood. And much of accademia tends to tie itself up in knots by using very field specif words, expressions or phrase. Worse, at times they will use words with a different meaning from that which is understood byt the general readr, thus creating confusions.

finally, it becomes necessary to find how cutting edge research blends into the genral cultural landscape. Using a blog or, more generic platforms and venues is very useful if it forces researchers outwards.

Hi Åshild,

You have raised some important and interesting issues! Yes, there are many challenges as well as possibilities associated with the use of ethnographic research methods to study humanitarianism. One of the challenging issues would be the state or global political power, which is often beyond an ethnographer's ability to observe, record and to analyze. Think about recent Rohingya refugee crisis in Myanmar and in Bangladesh. An ethnographer can observe, record and analyze all the visible violence and suffering of the minority groups of people. However, it can be very difficult for an ordinary ethnographer to get access to many other domains of research where actual power is being exercised, policies are made and implemented to annihilate humanity! Personal safety and security, political threat or many other local, regional or global issues can affect an ethnographer to conduct a comprehensive research on such an issue. Interdisciplinary and collaborative research approaches as well as supports from government and NGOs / research agencies may require facilitating multi-sited ethnographic research on such issues!

I wonder what Franz Boas might suggest? Perhaps going to your field site first to see how everyday life unfolds? After a period of immersion, you might see things happening that pique your curiosity. In asking why these things are happening in the manner that they do, your search for answers might lead you to multi-sited fieldwork or they might not. In other words, Boas would advise to first go to the field before even doing a literature review. Anything else is premature.

Hakan, do you plan to examine population genetics from the collected tissue samples? If so, there are a number of approaches that could potentially address some of your questions. First, you could quantify population structure and simply overlay that with your ENM map to get a visual of how distance and/or unsuitable areas may be contributing to differentiation among populations. There are a number of landscape genetic methods that essentially combine the genetic data with ENM (and other geospatial data) to quantify the relative contribution of different landscape features towards population differentiation (e.g., BEDASSLE; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/evo.12193#support-information-section )

Hi Uththara,

As a university EFL teacher and administrator interested in making data-driven decisions for our programs, I value any teacher who takes an interest in helping to establish best practices through various forms of primary and secondary research. There are many dominating practices that really have very little empirical support from research and many teachers who only care about the craft of material development. We need teachers who can both research and develop excellent materials who say, "While I am The Brain, I very much appreciate my colleague, The Hand," rather than those who say, "I am The Hand, and I certainly do not need The Brain," which, while sounding absurd, is an everyday reality in the EFL teaching industry.

In fact with industry 4.0 (and use of IoT), the professional has to have in his curriculum some knowledge of IoT. The Engineer has to be a multidisciplinary professional to apply concepts.

That is, what most modified were the necessary skills for the market. Industry Jobs are mostly the same as before.

There is no requirement to begin a quantitative study with a preliminary qualitative study. The common name for this approach is an "exploratory sequential" design, which points to the question of whether you need to do exploratory research in order to create your research instruments. So, the issue is whether you can satisfy your reviewers that existing measures are sufficient, and if not, then you face the issue of whether you can effectively create the measures yourself without any qualitative input.

As for sequential explanatory designs, the key issue there is using the qualitative data to understand the quantitative results. You can accomplish this with data that were collected concurrently, if you are careful to create one-ended items that can help you interpret the relationships between quantitative items. So, it is not such when the data are collected as it is how they are used.

Do a pilot study on some students aged 22-24 and try to see if there is a difference based on reports from younger persons. Check this out:

https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/12528/36318.pdf%3Bsequence=1

Dear Larbi Darif,

Look the link, maybe helpful.

Regards, Shafagat

What are the conditions to fulfill to attract research grants? How can a researcher, most especially upcoming researchers consistently access and utilise research grants?

What should be the focus of researchers in application or presentation of proposal for researcher grant! Can travel grants be classified as research grant?

How does research grant access or award affect the productivity, relevance and visibility of researchers?

How can individual researchers boost the research grant attraction in the research work?

Does collaboration help in grant access than individual application for grant?

Is there research grant for institution laboratory development and equipment supply?

Is internal and external auditing necessary for research grants (resources?)

Thank you

Dear, have a look this pdf attachment

Thank you for your feedback...

Andria, If you can photograph the gapes in a controlled and standardized setting in the field, methods using photo-editing software (e.g., Adobe PhotoShop) seem promising. For example, see Kilner and Davies (1998, Nestling mouth colour: ecological correlates of a begging signal, Animal Behaviour, 56:705-712), Saino et al. (2003, Gape coloration reliably reflects immunocompetence of barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) nestlings. Behavioral Ecology 14:16-22), or Dugas and Dillow (2013, Rictal flanges of nestling birds are most colorful near the gape, Wilson Journal of Ornithology 125:430-433).

all future nano robotics will help us in our daily life . i worked on cloud AI robot in my graduate project and work on google cloud . nano robotics will enter in many fields like dentist ,quad copter , clinical Surgery and smart things. i hope to work together on robot ... and i hope to scholarship to continue my master degree.

Thank you very much for the insights.

I absolutely agree with you, Peter. In particular with regard to the constantly accelerating pace of industrial and societal change, it makes sense to give teachers a sound basic education to take with them for their career, to empower them to be able to act independently on this basis. Thus, they can generate themselves a set of tools and are no longer dependent on well-trodden paths.

Dear Sanaullah,

You asked:

"[...] there could be a debate on the importance/non-importance of spatial context in a particular study, whether constructed/attributed or real? Please correct if I am wrong, that, if geographers succeed to explore or attribute a spatial context to the problem under study, only then it can be claimed as their domain. "

I hope I understand your problem as you raise it. However, I suggest a different approach. First, I try to provide an analogy.

Analogy: In physical geography vs. geology similar "authority"/"our domain" approach was typical for the second half of the 20th century. I would formulate what happened this way (please note this is strong simplification): (physical) geographers are responsible to study the landscape and what is on the top of the surface (say down to 1 m depth), what is below, belongs to geology. (Again, it is a simplification.)

What happened in the 1990s? A convergence took place, because many (real, interested) researchers realized the constraints of this division. Pedology, landslide research, erosion studies and a number of other fields needed urgently integrated data, because they could not solve their problems without this integrative approach. Many researchers coming from various fields (remote sensing specialists, engineering geologists, pedologist) invaded the field of geomorphology, coming up with valuable studies, quantifications, new models for surface processes. And now, if you look at the scientific programme of Geomorphology Division of the European Geosciences Union, you will find that a colourful variety characterizes this field, and many researchers of various disciplines present their relevant studies in this framework.

Returning back to your problem: Taking the aforementioned example into account, I suggest a different approach.

Consider that some researchers (not preferring spatial approach) simply leave out that context and carry out their study like this. Is their study complete?

If yes, there was no (known) spatial relevance to their study.

If no, that means someone can suggest a proper concept using geospatial approach.

This way the outcome verifies the applied tools and IMHO it does not matter who could provide a tool for that.

The statements like "You are not a geographer, therefore you cannot/are not allowed to study that problem" are simply outdated. ("Geographer" here can be replaced by "social scientist" or other.) This is because the fields of competences became wider; inter- and transdisciplinary approaches are proven to be successful in many cases.

I think the evolution of regional science is a good example for that. 50-60 years ago these studies would have been categorized either to economics or (human) geography or perhaps sociology. But the interactions of these research objects (cities, urban areas, rural zones, etc.) could not be studied properly anymore, if you insist to keep these categories. The discipline first gained attention then recognition. It was certainly not easy and not short, but Paul Krugman in 2008 in his Nobel Prize lecture referred to aspects of regional science, too . (Just around that time [surprise, surprise] a department of our university was renamed to Dept. of Regional Science.)

Summary: the battlefield of authority/competence over a certain research area or using certain tools will fade out as the belligerents get older/die out, or if a new approach dismantles the battlefield into unimportant, therefore negligible chunks.

I would be happy to read your comments on that and/or experience, case histories showing contrasting patterns.

Kind regards, Balázs

Thank you Mary, indeed all sciences are well connected and equally important for humanity. In years to come this may be the only way to move forward with research, innovation and development of new technologies that will not endanger human lives, pollute our planet, corrupt nor abuse in anyway.