Fertilizers - Science topic

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) with a humic acid-like composition is a very important component of biochar in agricultural production applications. DOC extraction from biochar derived from coffee husks at different pyrolysis temperatures using a KOH solution was performed. The investigated parameters of the DOC extraction process included biochar p...

The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) can be an indicator for plant growth response and ultimately yield to water and nitrogen (N) requirements in semi-arid environments. To assess the growth and development of maize through NDVI measurements under various N and irrigation water regimes, a field trial was conducted over two consecutive...

The present experiment was carried out to find out the influence of various levels of spacing and fertilizer on soil nutrient statusof okra at Vegetable Research Farm, Regional Horticultural Research Station, ASPEE College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India during the kharif seasons of 2023 and 2024. The trial...

1 ‫قسم‬ ‫المائية‬ ‫ارد‬ ‫المو‬ ‫و‬ ‫بة‬ ‫التر‬ ‫عموم‬-‫اعة‬ ‫الزر‬ ‫كمية‬-‫يت‬ ‫تكر‬ ‫جامعة‬ ‫الخالص‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫المفتاحية:‬ ‫الكممات‬ ، ‫المغنيسيوم‬ ، ‫الفسفور‬ ، ‫الحنطة‬ ، ‫الحبوب‬ ‫حاصل‬. ‫جبسية‬ ‫ترب‬ : ‫اسمة‬ ‫لممر‬ ‫حمادي‬ ‫تركي‬ ‫المجيد‬ ‫عبد‬ ‫ارد‬ ‫المو‬ ‫و‬ ‫بة‬ ‫التر‬ ‫عموم‬ ‫قسم‬ ‫المائية‬-‫اعة‬ ‫الزر‬ ‫كمية‬-‫يت‬ ‫تكر‬ ‫جامعة‬-‫اق.‬ ‫...

The statistician Fisher developed the statistical method of analysis of variance symbolised by (ANOVA) through the analysis of experimental data, and his first use was in agricultural experiments based on data representing different agricultural fertilisers as well as different seeds, while now the use of variance analysis has extended to include a...

Peanut is one of the cash crops in Chad. The impoverishment of agricultural soils in recent years has contributed to its decline in production. The objective of this study is to improve peanut production by introducing microbial biofertilizer (Rhizobium spp.). More specifically, it is to determine the optimal dose of Rhizobium spp. on peanut crops....

The rational application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer plays a crucial role in promoting crop growth and increasing yields. The application of slow-release fertilizer has emerged as an important agronomic measure to further increase yield and production efficiency. In this study, a field trial with the maize hybrid Jiangyu877 was conducted to investig...

Composting is a wide-spread technology that allows the stabilisation of many types of organic waste and the subsequent obtention of an organic amendment with valuable fertilising properties for agriculture. In parallel of large-scale composting plants, decentralised composting systems, including house and community composting, have gained interest...

Ecosystems are experiencing changing global patterns of mean annual precipitation (MAP) and enrichment with multiple nutrients that potentially colimit plant biomass production. In grasslands, mean aboveground plant biomass is closely related to MAP, but how this relationship changes after enrichment with multiple nutrients remains unclear. We hypo...

The experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape at the College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, during fall of 2022. The aim was to investigate the effects of three factors on growth and flowering attributes of Senna surattensis. The first factor represented three drip irrigation methods full irrigation (FI) 100% on b...

The Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI) is an innovative method of sugarcane cultivation that aims to minimize the use of seeds, water, fertilizers and land while maximizing yields. One of the SSI's key principles is the single bud chip technique, which helps produce uniform tillers, increases the number of tillers and results in more millable c...

Automatic fertilizer mixing is required to minimize fertilizer and water mixing time because manual liquid mixing takes a long time. The fertilizer used is liquid, often known as effective microorganisms 4 (EM4) solution. To perfect the stirrer, which is still rotated manually, the DC motor provides speed control for the automatic liquid fertilizer...

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance the uptake of water and nutrients by host plants. In this study, we examined the response of six rice varieties from two ecotypes (three irrigated and three rainfed upland varieties) to AMF inoculation at five fertilizer levels, under continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigati...

The use of organic fertilisers represents an effective and sustainable approach to enhancing soil quality. Purpose of this study is to determine the influence of several concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) made from leaf vegetable waste and liquid waste and to find out the concentration that has the best effect on chickpea yield. The...

Sustainable agriculture requires a shift from mineral to bio-based fertilizers (BBFs), but farmer adoption has not been sufficiently studied in Croatia. This study examines Croatian farmers’ preferences, practices and barriers to adopting BBFs using a nationwide survey and regression analysis, filling gaps in research on fertilizer use. The results...

This study investigates the application of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to design a semi-automatic corn sprayer that better meets the needs of modern farmers. Current standard sprayers often fall short in terms of user-friendliness and efficiency in applying fertilizers or pesticides. The goal of this research is to design a semi-automatic spr...

As climate variability increases across the globe, understanding factors that affect grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) yield stability is crucial. Limited information is available on the impact of soil management such as tillage and nitrogen rate interaction with weather on yield stability of grain sorghum. The objective of this study was t...

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar a relação entre os índices de vegetação e o rendimento da cultura do milho manejado com fertilizantes organominerais e minerais. O método empregado incluiu a coleta de dados por meio de sensores imageadores orbitais e a análise estatística dos resultados. Os resultados demonstraram que a adubação organomi...

At EU level wool production is a problem from both economic and ecological perspective, due to a large part of the wool sheared is not suitable for the textile industry, resulting in a large amount of wool defined as animal by-product (category 3 classified as low risk) that has to be sent to landfill as special waste. Reuse and recycling remain th...

This paper discusses approaches to the efficient use of raw materials, fuel, and energy in chemical industry worldwide. It presents key indicators of material and energy consumption and assesses the potential for improving the resource efficiency of mineral fertilizer producers using ammonia synthesis as a case study. The findings highlight that th...

Soil profile pits from 0 to 20 cm soil depth for eighteen (18) different soil pedons in the dryland and fadama areas of Kebbi State, Nigeria, were used to evaluate the soil structural quality and soil fertility indicators for soil management suggestions. Soil structural quality was assessed and classified according to the general guidelines for in...

A four-year study characterized how incorporating a high rate of woodchips (̴ 134 dry weight metric tons (Mg) per hectare (ha − 1) or 61.6 Mg carbon (C) ha − 1) impacts carbon dioxide (CO 2) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil C storage, and almond productivity in an orchard replanted after whole orchard recycling (WOR)....

En México, el estado de Morelos ocupa el primer lugar en el rendimiento agrícola de la caña de azúcar, pero es escasa la información del estado actual del manejo del cultivo y fue objeto de estudio. Para lo cual, se diseñó una encuesta y se aplicó a una muestra de 195 productores de caña de azúcar que pertenecen a los nueve municipios principales e...

Globally, the aquaculture industry produces approximately 29 million tons of waste, representing between 60% and 70% of the total [1]. Various studies highlight the importance of organic fertilizer and its growing acceptance in the market; one study reports that 82.2% of respondents expressed interest in purchasing organic products, while the remai...

Alternative agriculture should not be narrowly defined as a chemical-free farming system that simply excludes prohibited inputs. Rather, it represents a comprehensive philosophical and ideological framework incorporating political and social dimensions. Both alternative and conventional agriculture are rooted in ideological orientations that reflec...

Lancé en 2020 par l’Agence nationale pour la rénovation urbaine (ANRU), le dispositif Quartiers fertiles vise à revitaliser les quartiers prioritaires via l’agriculture urbaine. L’objectif de cet article est d’identifier une typologie de projets d’agriculture urbaine émergents via ce dispositif de politique publique. En combinant analyse factoriell...

The paper presents the results of a study of the comparative effectiveness of intensive and biologized technologies of barley cultivation. Intensive technology included the use of calculated doses of mineral fertilizers for programmable yields, pesticides, and chemical stubble destructors. In biologized technology, all chemicals have been replaced...

The paper considers solutions to environmental issues in the poultry sector of the agro-industrial complex for the disposal of production waste, with the exception of culling, sediment from flotation units and slaughter waste. The raw materials for disposal are poultry waste, which, according to the Federal Classification, belong to hazard class 3-...

The good management of organic wastes such as wool from livestock farms or private sheep breeders, requires a better valorization of their potential as organic raw material by using them to produce compounds with higher added value, including organic or organo-mineral fertilizers. Research in this field has shown that for the development of quality...

The application of A. nodosum based seaweed extract can enhance seed quality. However, the positive results regarding the use of this technology remain unclear. This study investigated the impact of different doses of organomineral seaweed-based fertilizer on the seed quality of chickpea and common bean. A completely randomized design was used with...

Le Département de la Likouala, une de douze subdivisions administratives situées au Nord de la République du Congo, regorge d’immenses potentialités naturelles (sols fertiles, climat, eau, flore, faune, mines, etc.). Mais, faute d’une mise en valeur de ses richesses pour assumer son développement, le Département reste pauvre et marginalisé, malgré...

Nitrogen (N) and zinc (Zn) are critical nutrients that often limit yield in flooded rice systems. To investigate the effects of varying N and Zn fertilizer rates on the growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Sinthuka) during both dry and wet seasons through pot experiments conducted at the Yezin Agricultural Univers...

The use of nanoparticles as an alternative to traditional fertilizers, aiming at a more efficient use of nutrients, is a recently developed concept that requires a thorough understanding of the processes occurring in the soil-plant system. A crucial aspect in this framework is to decipher the plant responses to the unique characteristics of these m...

This study evaluates the impact of the 'Lumbung Pangan' program by BAZNAS on the welfare of 56 zakat-receiving farmers in Barito Kuala, South Kalimantan. The program provided agricultural guidance and training on organic fertilizer production, aiming to increase rice productivity and shift to organic farming practices. Using the CIBEST approach, we...

It has been questioned whether the sufficient phosphorus (P)management approach could maximize potential grain yield in today's agricultural systems. The objective of this research was to establish six long‐term experiments across Minnesota to test phosphorus (P) management strategies on soils with a defined long‐term P history. Four soil test phos...

The experiment was carried out at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching and Research farm located at longitude 4'33o E and latitude 7'28° N, 224 meters above sea level, laid out in a split block design with three replicates including the organic, inorganic (NPK 20:10:10) and control plot. Crude fibre (5.92%) and Ether (3.79%) content of the organic f...

Cikarawang Village in Dramaga, Bogor, is a sweet potato production center with a marketing system involving various actors, such as farmers, middlemen, wholesalers, and retailers. This study aims to analyze the sweet potato value chain, factors that influence prices, and challenges faced by farmers. This study employs a qualitative approach, utiliz...

One of the factors that requires more attention for the success of an industry is a smooth production process. PT XYZ is a company engaged in urea fertiliser and other chemical components. In its production process, the company needs steam as a primary resource, which is used both as a raw material for production and as an energy source. The proble...

A two-year field study (kharif 2018 and 2019) was conducted at the agronomy research farm of IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh to access the effect of zinc and boron as soil application (SA) and foliar application (FA) on growth, yield and grain quality of maize (Zea mays L.). Ten treatments, T 1 , no fertilizer; T 2 , zinc @ 5 kg/ha (SA);...

Darstellung zu einer faktenbasierten Düngung von Reben. Sie folgt dem Prinzip eines relativ geschlossenen Nährstoffkreislaufs, der nurmehr geringen externen Input benötigt, da sowohl die Einträge der erforderlichen Humuswirtschaft berücksichtigt werden als auch notwendigen Ergänzungen mittels mineralischer Dünger.

O trabalho avaliou os efeitos de diferentes doses de Azospirillum brasilense na produtividade do milho safrinha (Zea mays). Esse microrganismo destaca-se por sua capacidade de promover a fixação biológica de nitrogênio, contribuindo significativamente para o desenvolvimento das plantas e representando uma alternativa ao uso de fertilizantes sintéti...

Nutrition is essential to optimize the quantitative and qualitative performance of medicinal plants, as well as prevent biotic and abiotic stresses. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of seaweed extract [Ascophyllum nodosum; non-application, soil application (SA), foliar application (FA) and SA + FA] and chemical fertilizers (application and n...

Drone remote sensing offers a powerful tool for monitoring vegetation and agricultural systems. However, its effectiveness in assessing the effect of soil mineral nitrogen (N min) on crop canopy traits remains inadequately explored. This study investigates the relationship between soil N min variability and canopy characteristics, grain yield, and...

Improving NPK fertilizer efficiency can be achieved by incorporating zeolite and humic acid to slow nutrient release. This experiment evaluated the effects of a granular NPK fertilizer (6:6:12) enriched with zeolite and humic acid compared to a standard commercial NPK fertilizer (15:15:15) on durian (Durio zibethinus) growth and determined optimal...

Urban trees provide numerous benefits, including improved air quality, reduced urban heat, and enhanced wellbeing for city dwellers. However, the distribution of these benefits is often uneven, with wealthy urban areas typically receiving greater advantages than poorer urban areas, highlighting a trend of green inequality in urban environments. The...

This study aims to determine the effect of dose and time of manure application on physical and chemical properties of soil, and yield of corn (Zea mays L.). This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors, namely the dose of manure (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t ha-1) and the time of manure application (1, 3, and 5 weeks before planting)....

To assess the potential of biochar-based fertilizers, this study applied 200 kg N hm–2, 180 kg P2O5 hm–2, and 180 kg K2O hm–2 for maize straw cultivation using either organic or chemical fertilizers. The resulting biochar from both treatments was analyzed. Findings indicated an increase in total carbon (C) content, pH, and mean residence time (MRT)...

Direct seeding of restorative plants is a difficult task in arid environments due, in part, to the low moisture levels inherent to these areas. This barrier to restoration has stimulated a number of methods to help combat this issue, including the burial of seeds just below the soil surface, the addition of fertiliser and the use of other suitable...

Vinasse is a liquid byproduct of ethanol production used as fertilizer for sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L). Although the nutrient concentration of vinasse is relatively low, it is considered a valuable source of nutrients. Currently, in Uruguay undiluted vinasse is applied in fields close to the ethanol industrial facilities (ALUR, Bella Union)...

Customized fertilizers are revolutionary in modern agriculture because they precisely delivery the exact nutrient solutions directly to specific crops. Advanced scientific modelling and systematic processes have been behind the development of customized fertilizers, ensuring a balanced fertilization process that will be sustainable in nature and en...

Due to sweet potato's nutritional qualities, this root crop has gained increasing popularity among consumers. However, sweet potato yield is well below the crop's potential due to the need for more use of technologies such as adequate fertilizer management. Although sweet potato demand nitrogen (N), caution is needed when applying nitrogen fertiliz...

research farm in Dhaka, Bangladesh to evaluate the effect of foliar application of Zn and B on wheat. The experiment utilized a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications, using BARI Gom-32 (wheat variety) as the test crop. Eight treatments were evaluated: T 0 =Control (No chemical fertilizers), T 1 =N 140 P 25 K 110 S 16 kg ha-1 (Rec...

This comprehensive review delves into the impact of pruning techniques and fertilizer application on both the yield and quality of tea (Camellia sinensis L. O’ Kuntz). The primary aim of this seminar paper is to evaluate the influence of these practices on tea production, providing invaluable insights for end-users seeking to enhance tea yield and...

Field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2013-14 to study the effect of water soluble fertilizers through fertigation on growth, yield component and yield of Bt cotton at research farm, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani. The experiment was carried out in random...

Plain Language Summary Fertilizers are necessary for crop growth. However, fertilizer application above what crops need to grow creates environmental problems. Excess fertilizer often gets washed away into rivers and lakes, increasing water pollution. While existing studies highlight that farmer attitudes and perceptions can affect their fertilizer...

Justification of the impact of complex melioration on the fertility of compacted sierozem soils of irrigated lands of the Zhambyl region Abstract. The aim of the study was to develop effective methods of improving physical, chemical and biological properties of soil to increase its productivity and resistance to degradation under conditions of int...

Dispersive soils are highly erodible and prone to segregation in water, posing significant risks to the soil and structural stability. Traditional stabilization methods using cement and lime are effective but raise sustainability concerns due to the high carbon emissions. This study explored the utilization of phosphogypsum (PG), a by-product of th...

Perennials can produce more biomass and partially replace annual crops. However, environmental benefits of perennials over annuals in terms of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions have rarely been compared in a long-term field experiment. By combining automatic and manual chamber methods, we aimed to develop reliable N 2 O estimates from annual and pere...

The inorganic fertilizer addition with a low amount promoted the elongation of some functional traits of Entomobrya proxima. The conditionally rare or abundant taxa were more susceptible to the disturbance of inorganic fertilizer than abundant taxa in the gut of Entomobrya proxima. Multiple dominant genera in the conditionally rare or abundant taxa...

Global change drivers alter multiple components of community composition, with cascading impacts on ecosystem stability. However, it remains largely unknown how interactions among global change drivers will alter community synchrony, especially across successional timescales. We analysed a 22‐year time series of grassland community data from Cedar...

Program pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk memberdayakan masyarakat dan staf PT. Siklus Mutiara Nusantara dalam mengolah limbah organik menjadi pupuk cair melalui pendekatan Participatory Action Research (PAR). Kegiatan ini meliputi pelatihan teknologi biofermentasi, strategi pemasaran digital, dan pemetaan jaringan distribusi, dengan dukungan aktif da...

We usually think of decarbonization in terms of new technologies or supply chain substitutions to address emission problems. However, recent transition engineering research on the decarbonization of nitrogen fertilizers has uncovered previously unexplored opportunities for the fertilizer industry to approach decarbonization as a systemic transition...

In strip intercropping, increasing bandwidth enhances light energy utilization and facilitates mechanized production, yet it constrains the realization of maize yield advantages. The impact of bandwidth on the ear differentiation and development and yield formation requires further investigation. In this study, different bandwidths (T1, 1.6 m, T2,...

Background: The experiment was, conducted during the 2019/2020 cropping season to investigate the yield and quality response of potatoes (variety Belete) to combined fertilization of farmyard manure and NPSB fertilizer in the Gewata district. Methods: Four levels of FYM (0, 5, 10, 15 t ha-1) NPSB (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha-1) blended fertilizer, was la...

Organic farming has been advocated as a more environmentally sound and ecologically balanced alternative to the dominant agricultural model. This study compared the decomposition of plant biomass in organically and non-organically managed soil properties. The treatments consisted of non-organic land (A) and organic land (B). Non-organic land used c...

This study was conducted in 2022-23 in Hisar and Karnal districts of Haryana to assess the awareness among farmers regarding the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) scheme. Data revealed that since the implementation of the PM Kisan scheme centrally, all the installments were released quarterly in all the states. Total funds transferred to...

This paper assessed the impact of the usage of financial services on agricultural productivity in Nigeria using annual time series data spanning the period of 41 years, from 1982 to 2022. Basically, agricultural credit guarantee scheme fund, deposits of rural bank branches, private sector credit to agricultural sector and loans of rural branches of...

The issue of cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils has garnered significant attention due to its implications for food safety and environmental health. However, research on its spatial and temporal distribution in tropical agricultural zones with high intensity cropping remains limited. This study conducts a meta-analysis of 38 studies p...

Введение. В статье приведены результаты по сравнительной оценке применения различных доз стимулятора роста при возделывании сои. Цель. Исследования проводили с целью определения эффективности применения многофункционального гуминового стимулятора роста Лигногумат калийный марки АМ с повышенным содержанием фульвокислот на урожайность сои в условиях...

This experiment was conducted at Jimma with the objective of evaluating the effect of spent coffee ground on growth, yield and yield component of two green bean varieties. The treatments consisted of two green bean varieties namely, BC4.4 and Plati with eight amendments, six levels of spent coffee ground (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% and 0%), recomme...

NPK fertilizer, in combination with bio-stimulants, is crucial in promoting the growth and development of chili. This study investigates the individual and combined effects of NPK fertilizers and a bio-stimulant (Hook) on the growth and morphological traits of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings. Seven treatments were applied, including NPK at thr...

A adubação verde é uma prática sustentável que promove a conservação do solo e o aumento da fertilidade, utilizando plantas de cobertura para a adição de matéria orgânica e nutrientes essenciais. O presente artigo, de caráter revisionista, aborda os benefícios da adubação verde, incluindo o aumento da matéria orgânica, a fixação biológica de nitrog...

The rising price of red chili is associated with the production availability at the farm level. Meanwhile, the price increase has not been sufficient to impact on farmers' income positively. Production problems can not only be explained through production factors but other factors also contribute. Technical efficiency is an analytical method that m...

NPK fertilizer, in combination with bio-stimulants, is crucial in promoting the growth and development of chili. This study investigates the individual and combined effects of NPK fertilizers and a bio-stimulant (Hook) on the growth and morphological traits of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings. Seven treatments were applied, including NPK at thr...

One solution to overcome the problem of household organic waste is to use technology to process it into liquid organic fertilizer (POC). POC is a solution that contains one or more essential nutrients that are easily absorbed by plants. The main ingredient for making quality POC comes from organic waste, especially wet organic material with high wa...

This study investigates whether farmers with and without credit access and those with and without adequate credit access behave differently in farm investments. We distinguish between chemical input investments (i.e. chemical fertilizers and pesticides) and environmentally friendly ones (i.e. green pest management and organic fertilizers). We utili...

Cilengkrang District is a sub-district in West Java recognized for its potential contribution to Indonesia’s coffee productivity. However, the overall productivity of coffee farming remains relatively low due to inefficiencies in farming practices. The coffee grown in Cilengkrang consists of two types: organic and inorganic. This research aims to a...

Chemical fertilizers have dramatically improved agricultural productivity, but the excessive use of nitrogen has escaped into the environment, causing severe nitrogen pollution. As nitrogen pollution from fertilizers becomes a growing global issue, there is an increasing demand to move away from agriculture that relies heavily on traditional nitrog...

A agricultura moderna depende fortemente de fertilizantes químicos solúveis, que, além de causarem impactos ambientais negativos, promovem a dependência dos agricultores por insumos externos. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar alternativas sustentáveis que complementem ou reduzam o uso de adubação sintética. A metodologia consistiu em uma re...

O impacto das pastagens na economia mundial é significativo, especialmente com o crescimento do rebanho bovino. A escolha do tipo de fertilização, seja via solo ou foliar, é crucial para manter a fertilidade do solo e a produção de forragem. Este estudo avaliou o uso isolado e combinado da fertilização com nitrogênio (N) e nitrogênio-fósforo-potáss...

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o cultivo da alface submetida a doses de NPK fornecidas por diferentes proporções de adubo orgânico e mineral. O experimento foi realizado em uma área localizada na Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), em Pombal, durante o período de maio a julho de 2018. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados com...

Promoting the dynamic balance between economic development and ecological environment is key to achieving the “dual carbon” goals and sustainable development. The Middle Yellow River Basin, characterized by severe soil erosion and intensive resource utilization, serve as a critical area for advancing ecological protection and high-quality developme...

A field investigation was conducted to study the effect of spacing and fertilizer on okra at Vegetable Research Farm, Regional Horticultural Research Station, ASPEE College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India during kharif-2023 and kharif-2024. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with factori...

Aquatic vegetation contributes to lake methane emissions, but changes in aquatic vegetation in northern (>40° N) lakes remain unknown, hindering evaluations of its importance in estimating lake emissions. Here we use Landsat imagery to monitor aquatic vegetation (mainly emergent and floating vegetation) in 2.7 million northern lakes from 1984 to 20...