Fertilizers - Science topic

Field experimental study on irrigation for 3 months is a too short period or one season study.Normally agronomic short term studies are conducted for 2-3 seasons or years depending on the crop.Medium duration studies may be conducted for 5-10 years to know the residual or cumulative effects of treatments.To know the long term effects, say salinity build up or alkalinity build up in soil over years due to salts present in irrigation water, the experiments have to be conducted beyond 10 years.At least 5- 10 years studies are needed know the effects of salts present in water on soil,their depth-wise distribution in soil profile,their effects on plant roots and consequently on crop performance.Even soil properties change with continuous irrigation depending on the quality of irrigation water.

Here are some NAAS-rated journals with ratings greater than 6 that offer free and relatively fast publishing options:

1. Acta Botanica Croatica (NAAS 6.94)

2. Acta Crystallographica Section C-Structural Chemistry (NAAS 7.17)

3. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (NAAS 6.74)

4. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum (NAAS 8.35)

5. Acta Tropica (NAAS 9.11)

6. Advances in Agronomy (NAAS 12.92)

7. African Journal of Range and Forage Science (NAAS 7.29)

These journals are recognized for their quality and relatively quick publishing timelines, depending on the nature of the manuscript and peer-review processes. For the most updated and accurate information, visit the or consult journal-specific details from platforms like PhDTalks【8】【9】.

In fertilized fish ponds, phytoplankton density is a more immediate indicator of fertilization program efficiency because it reflects the level of primary production, which directly supports fish growth. High phytoplankton density indicates effective nutrient utilization. However, phytoplankton biodiversity is also important for long-term pond health, ensuring ecosystem stability and preventing issues like algal blooms. While density is crucial for short-term productivity, biodiversity contributes to sustainability and resilience. Therefore, a successful fertilization program should aim to balance both density and biodiversity.

Noury Thank You for your Kind thoughts. I used a spreadsheet like this for rehabbing degraded grassland (greenhouse work first the moved on the the field.) The second worksheet is the field application.

Bob

Thank you.

How long should cow urine fermentation last to remove all the bad small? is there any other way removing the bad small?

email address is sstanciu@ugal.ro, and the journal's email is jards@ugal.ro.

Para estimar la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) al reemplazar fertilizantes químicos con biocompost en un sistema típico de cultivo de trigo y arroz, se deben considerar varios factores, incluyendo las emisiones asociadas con la producción y uso de fertilizantes químicos, así como las emisiones generadas por el uso de biocompost.

1. Emisiones de Fertilizantes Químicos

Los fertilizantes químicos, especialmente los nitrogenados, son responsables de emisiones significativas de óxido nitroso (N₂O), un potente gas de efecto invernadero. Según la literatura, se estima que por cada kilogramo de nitrógeno aplicado, se pueden emitir entre 1.0 y 1.5 kg de N₂O.

Ejemplo de Cálculo:

2. Emisiones de Biocompost

El uso de biocompost generalmente resulta en menores emisiones de N₂O en comparación con los fertilizantes químicos. Esto se debe a que el biocompost mejora la salud del suelo y su capacidad de retención de nutrientes, lo que puede reducir la necesidad de aplicaciones adicionales de nitrógeno.

Estimación de Emisiones:

3. Cálculo de la Reducción de Emisiones

La reducción de emisiones al reemplazar fertilizantes químicos con biocompost sería:

Reduccioˊn de Emisiones=Emisiones con fertilizantes quıˊmicos−Emisiones con biocompost Reduccioˊn de Emisiones=125kg N₂O/ha−75kg N₂O/ha=50kg N₂O/ha

4. Conversión a CO₂ Equivalente

Para tener una idea más clara del impacto, se puede convertir las emisiones de N₂O a CO₂ equivalente. El potencial de calentamiento global (PCG) del N₂O es aproximadamente 298 veces mayor que el del CO₂.

CO₂ Equivalente=50kg N₂O/ha×298kg CO₂e/kg N₂O=14,900kg CO₂e/ha

Dear Zhong

Thank you for your reply

As natter of fact what you say about scenarios-driven approaches, I just use that approach when in the sketched procedure that I mentioned in my comments, the DM can do precisely that using simulation, based on data from a former period and possibilities to reduce output in the power generation installation burning fossil fuels

This leads, as you say, to future scanerios that allow the experts to select the best t ransition strategy considering CO2 reduction

You can mix boric acid and zinc sulfate with reaction temperature 130 ℃ and stirred in reactor about 2-3 hrs. you can get Zinc and Boron Micronutrient Fertilizers.

Thanks a lot. It is really helpful

Raghad Mouhamad Thank you so much for the excellent answer

Can I have a reference?

The soil having some moisture and CO2 absorbed in Moisture the roots takes CO2 in The Form of carbonate and bicarbonates form and Organic Compound form.

Biogas slurry is a natural fertilizer that's rich in nutrients and can be used in agriculture to improve soil fertility and crop nutritional quality. Biogas slurry contains various nutrients, such as organic matter, N, P, K, Mg, and Ca, and can be considered a liquid organic fertilizerIt's a secondary product of anaerobic fermentation of bio-materials, such as livestock manure, and contains high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, trace elements, amino acids, growth hormones, and antibiotics Also, bio-slurry mixing can also be done in the middle of the growing season. This solid bio-slurry will come out of the outlet to the slurry pit or slurry shelter.

Thankyou Dr Prem Baboo, your detailed explanation says it all and thanks once again for sharing the insights and the JPG which itself is a self explanatory JPG.

Karuppiah Valliappan To estimate potassium sulfate (K2SO4) in organic fertilizers, you can use the following methods:

1. Spectrophotometry: Measure the absorbance of a sample solution at a specific wavelength (typically 420-440 nm) using a spectrophotometer.

2. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS): Measure the absorption of light by potassium atoms in the sample.

3. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES): Measure the emission spectra of potassium ions in the sample.

4. Titration: React the sample with a strong acid (e.g., HCl) and measure the volume of acid required to neutralize the potassium sulfate.

5. Gravimetry: Precipitate potassium sulfate as potassium tetraphenylborate and measure the weight of the precipitate.

6. Ion Chromatography (IC): Separate and measure the potassium and sulfate ions in the sample using an ion chromatograph.

7. Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS): Measure the reflectance of the sample at specific wavelengths to estimate potassium sulfate content.

These methods may require sample preparation, such as drying, grinding, or dissolving the organic fertilizer in a solvent. To ensure accurate results, it's essential to follow standardized protocols and calibration procedures.

Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan High-quality organic fertilizer production from biogas extracts involves several steps:

1. Separation: Separate the liquid (digestate) from the solid fractions of the biogas extract.

2. Dewatering: Remove excess water from the digestate through mechanical or thermal processes.

3. Pasteurization: Heat the digestate to eliminate pathogens and weed seeds.

4. Composting: Mix the digestate with carbon-rich materials and compost to stabilize the nutrients.

5. Granulation: Convert the composted material into a granular or pelletized form for easy handling and application.

6. Quality control: Test the final product for nutrient content, microbial populations, and contaminants to ensure high quality.

7. Fortification: Enhance the fertilizer with additional nutrients or microorganisms to improve its performance.

8. Packaging and storage: Store the fertilizer in a dry, cool place to maintain its quality until use.

This process produces a nutrient-rich, pathogen-free organic fertilizer suitable for various crops and soil types.

First you remove the old version then upload new version, on line you can edit only title, once you upload you cannot edit.

Qasim Ali You have very well summarized the details in pointwise and yes this would be helpful for my future research am working on as well as my next publication, thankyou

To accelerate the bioconversion of rice husk into organic fertilizer in less than two months, strategies include mechanical processing to increase surface area, microbial inoculation with lignocellulolytic fungi, nutrient additives to support microbial growth, vermicomposting to enhance decomposition, and maintaining optimal moisture, temperature, and aeration conditions during composting.

For AI technology input data are required for plant growth, With the help of AI, scientists can identify the best-performing plant varieties and crossbreed them to create even better hybrids. A start-up called Crop pIant Technology uses AI to predict weather conditions and soil moisture levels, which helps farmers plan their crops' planting and irrigation. AI can significantly improve productivity by optimizing the ratio of economic output to the inputs required in production. Also analyzing market demand, and related to managing risk, breeding of seeds, soil health analysis, protecting crops, observing crop maturity, Insect and plant disease detection and studies of genetic engineering food. The use of drones and satellite imagery in conjunction with AI and CV can provide farmers with valuable data on crop health and growth, allowing them to make more informed decisions about their farming operations.

Manure has a relatively low concentration of nutrients (N-P-K), so it makes it expensive to transport large amounts to use as fertilizer.

Its use is economically viable when 1) the livestock is in close proximity to where the manure will be applied. Or, 2) the consumer is willing to pay a higher price for nutrients for the other benefits of manure. (2) includes, for example, home gardeners and organic farmers.

Raghad Mouhamad Nutrient content details you shared are really good and shall look into the other details as well

Gábor Z. Szelényi yes would love to explain this and there are quite a few observations which I can list them here and few of them which came to my knowledge are : The environmental impact of an organic manure unit (such as a biogas plant or anaerobic digester) can vary depending on several factors, including: These are listed below:

1. Type of feedstock (e.g., food waste, agricultural waste, sewage sludge)

2. Scale of operation

3. Technology and design

4. Management and operation practices

Here are some potential environmental impacts of organic manure units:

Positive impacts:

1. Renewable energy production (biogas)

2. Reduced greenhouse gas emissions (by capturing methane)

3. Nutrient-rich fertilizer production (digestate)

4. Waste reduction and management

Negative impacts:

1. Odor and noise emissions

2. Pathogen and microplastic contamination (if not properly managed)

3. Water pollution (if effluents are not properly treated)

4. Land use and habitat disruption (if large areas are used for feedstock production)

Differences between mesophilic and thermophilic digestion:

1. Temperature: Mesophilic (30-38°C) vs. Thermophilic (50-55°C)

2. Microbial communities: Different species dominate at different temperatures

3. Pathogen destruction: Thermophilic digestion is more effective at killing pathogens

4. Biogas production: Thermophilic digestion can produce more biogas, but may require more energy input

Differences between small-scale and large-scale units:

1. Energy balance: Small-scale units may not generate enough energy to power themselves

2. Cost-effectiveness: Large-scale units can benefit from economies of scale

3. Management complexity: Large-scale units require more sophisticated management systems

4. Environmental impact: Large-scale units can have a larger environmental footprint

It's important to consider these factors when designing and operating organic manure units to minimize negative impacts and maximize benefits.

Gábor Z. Szelényi Thankyou for your expert comments and yes i do agree with the points you have mentioned and I am personally diving deep into to understand more about the question

Gideon Darko

Thank you so much sir for your comprehensive review and deep insights ...

Organic fertilizers are made from natural materials and are generally considered to have a lower carbon footprint than mineral fertilizers. To calculate the exact carbon footprint, the origin and production methods of each raw material should be known. Organic fertilizers can vary depending on their production method, transportation distance and the type of organic materials used. Also, animal manure and meals are known to have a higher carbon footprint compared to vegetal raw materials due to the release of greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide, which are more potent than carbon dioxide. Manure compost accounted for 5 % of the total CO2 emissions, while residual roots and root exudates contributed 2 % and 57 %, respectively, suggesting a higher labile carbon content in root exudates. The remaining 36 % of CO2 emissions was derived from the soil and other sources. CO2 emission factors are 6 % for manure compost, 12 % for roots, and 2 % for root exudates. By quantifying the direct emissions from manure compost, residual roots, root exudates, and soil, The calculated carbon footprints were 0.8 kgCO2,eq./kg for N

You can read following book

Jogendra Singh

Nano-fertilizers and Neem-coated urea are modern advancements in farming. Nano-fertilizers are tiny particles that deliver nutrients directly to plants, helping them grow better. Neem-coated urea is urea coated with neem oil, which slows down its release, making nutrients available to plants over a longer time.

The difference in how plants take up nutrients lies in their mechanisms: Nano-fertilizers are so small that plants can absorb them more easily through their roots, while Neem-coated urea gradually breaks down, allowing plants to absorb nutrients as needed.

Surface area is crucial because Nano-fertilizers have a large surface area per particle, enhancing nutrient release and uptake efficiency. Neem-coated urea's surface area affects how fast it breaks down, influencing nutrient availability. These innovations help farmers increase crop yield while using fertilizers more efficiently and sustainably.

Generally, a 0.5-1.5% fertilizer solution is recommended. A solution containing 4% N is quite concentrated and will probably burn leaves and may scorch or kill leaves early in the season. as 0.1 % sprays (100 g/100 L) in high volume sprays in horticultural crops. 19:19:19. A water-soluble fertilizer with an optimum combination of Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, and Sodium. It is readily soluble in water and is best for drip irrigation and foliar application of fertilizer.

Plants absorb nutrients through the roots and through the foliage. When soil conditions are unfavorable, when micronutrients are needed, or when spraying for insects and disease, it may be desirable to make foliar applications of the plant nutrients

1. Prior to foliar fertilizer application, field should not be heavily irrigated as this reduces absorption and translocation of the applied nutrient.

2. spray only on sunny days as this will boost response due to better photosynthesis.

3. droplet size of spray should be small to medium so that it adheres to leaf surface/membrane, else coarse or bigger droplets will fall on ground away from leaf leading to poor efficiency.

4. good quality canal or tube well water should be used (as poor quality Brackish underground tubewell water .

In your case, the FUE for 50% RDF (Recommended Dose of Fertilizer) was highest at 115 kg/kg NPK, and it decreased as the RDF increased. This suggests that at lower fertilizer levels, the plants were able to utilize a greater proportion of the applied nutrients, resulting in higher FUE. Conversely, at higher fertilizer levels, a larger proportion of the applied nutrients were likely lost or remained unabsorbed, resulting in lower FUE.

It’s important to note that while reducing fertilizer levels can increase FUE, it’s crucial to ensure that the plants are still receiving adequate nutrition for optimal growth. Balancing these factors is key to sustainable and efficient agricultural practices.

One way is to search for specialized fertilizers of potatoes in the local market, another way is to search for papers about potato plant nutrient in NCBI.

The carbon balance is calculated by carbon emissions (from fuels, materials, inputs, crops, livestock, waste) minus carbon lost in sequestration (by trees, hedgerows, non-cropped areas, soil carbon, plus offsets from recycling waste products or renewable energy).means The carbon balance is calculated by subtracting carbon emissions (from fuels, materials, inputs, crops, livestock, waste) plus the carbon lost in sequestering carbon (from trees, fences, non-cropped areas, soil carbon, as well as waste products or offset by recycling of renewable energy). Because fossil fuel-based fertilizers and most synthetic pesticides are prohibited in organic farming, it has a significantly lower carbon footprint. Soil organic C regulates critical ecosystem services such as nutrient provisioning, water-holding capacity and soil drainage, soil stability, and greenhouse gas emissions that can mitigate or accelerate climate change.The livestock sub-sector contributed to ~7.5% of total economy-wide emissions and ~63% of gross AFOLU emissions in 2018. Between 2005 and 2018, emissions grew at a nominal rate of 0.01% and have been projected (BAU scenario) to increase to 222.67 million tonnes CO2e by 2030.Their analysis found that manure and synthetic fertilisers emit the equivalent of 2.6 gigatonnes of carbon per year – more than global aviation and shipping combined. Carbon emissions from fertilisers urgently need to be reduced; however, this must be balanced against the need for global food security. In addition, producing fertilisers is an energy-intensive process, on its own responsible for almost 1.5% of total global CO2 emissions. Production and use of synthetic fertilizers results in 1.31 Gt CO2e a−1 (95% confidence interval: 1.15–1.56 Gt CO2e a−1). Unlike many other products, only approximately a third of whole life-cycle emissions are released during production

Wajira Jayasinghe

For rose cultivation in polytunnel conditions using coco peat as the growing medium and drip irrigation system, it's important to provide a balanced nutrient regime to support optimal growth and flowering. While the fertilizers you've mentioned (Ca(NO3)2, MgSO4, NPK, Fe EDTA, Cu, Mo, Mn, and Zn) cover essential macro and micronutrients, achieving the right balance and application rates is crucial for maximizing plant health and productivity. Here's a recommendation for optimizing your fertilizer regime:

1. Base Fertilizer:

- NPK Fertilizer: Use a balanced NPK fertilizer with a ratio suitable for flowering plants, such as 10-10-10 or 15-15-15. Apply this fertilizer to provide essential macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) to support overall plant growth, root development, and flower production.

2. Secondary Macronutrients:

- Calcium Nitrate (Ca(NO3)2): Calcium is essential for cell wall structure, root development, and overall plant vigor. Use calcium nitrate to provide a readily available source of calcium, especially in coco peat, which may have limited calcium availability.

- Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4): Magnesium is important for chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, and enzyme activation. Apply magnesium sulfate to ensure an adequate supply of magnesium, particularly in coco peat, which may be low in magnesium content.

3. Micronutrients:

- Iron (Fe EDTA): Iron is crucial for chlorophyll production and photosynthesis. Apply iron chelate (Fe EDTA) to prevent iron deficiency symptoms such as chlorosis (yellowing) of leaves.

- Copper (Cu), Molybdenum (Mo), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn): These micronutrients are essential for various physiological processes, enzyme activation, and plant metabolism. Apply them in balanced proportions to prevent micronutrient deficiencies and maintain overall plant health.

4. Application Rates and Timing:

- Calculate the appropriate application rates based on the nutrient requirements of roses, soil test results (if available), and crop stage (e.g., vegetative growth, flowering).

- Divide the total fertilizer requirement into regular applications throughout the growing season, adjusting the rates based on plant response, environmental conditions, and irrigation frequency.

- Apply fertilizers through the drip irrigation system to ensure uniform distribution and efficient nutrient uptake by plant roots. Monitor soil moisture and nutrient levels regularly to fine-tune the fertilization program as needed.

5. pH and EC Management:

- Monitor and adjust the pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution to maintain optimal nutrient availability and uptake by plants. Coco peat tends to have a slightly acidic pH, so periodic adjustments may be necessary to prevent nutrient imbalances or deficiencies.

By following these recommendations and fine-tuning your fertilizer regime based on plant response and environmental conditions, you can optimize nutrient management for rose cultivation in polytunnel conditions using coco peat and drip irrigation system. Additionally, consulting with a local agricultural extension service or horticulture expert may provide valuable insights and recommendations tailored to your specific growing conditions and objectives.

The most commonly used fertilisers in agriculture are nitrogenous fertilisers. Nitrogen (N) is a major element in plant nutrition, as it is the nutrient that makes up proteins, nucleic acids, amino acids and chlorophyll. NPK fertilizers are the most commonly used type in India, with urea being the most popular among them. The domestic consumption of urea was higher than the volume produced domestically. nitrogen is the main nutrient affecting soil pH, and soils can become more acidic or more alkaline. N, P,K and S) have the major effects on soil pH as they are added in much larger quantities to soil than micronutrients. The key molecules of N in terms of changes in soil pH are the uncharged urea molecule ([CO(NH₂)₂]0), the cation ammonium (NH₄+) and the anion nitrate (NO₃-). The conversion of N from one form to the other involves the generation or consumption of acidity, and the uptake of urea, ammonium or nitrate by plants will also affect acidity of soil attached figure.

Absolutely! Agricultural science has indeed reached an advanced stage, but there's a gap between the available knowledge and its practical implementation, particularly regarding precise nutrient management in farming. While it's encouraging that many farmers are conducting annual soil tests, it's crucial to translate these tests into actionable insights that are tailored to specific crops and locations.

The Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) equation is one such tool that can provide farmers with precise recommendations for fertilizer application based on soil test results, crop type, and environmental factors. These recommendations ensure that nutrients are applied in optimal quantities and at the right time, maximizing crop yield while minimizing waste and environmental impact.

By embracing crop-specific and location-specific nutrient management strategies like the STCR equation, farmers can achieve more sustainable and efficient agricultural practices. This not only benefits their bottom line by reducing input costs and increasing yields but also contributes to environmental conservation by minimizing nutrient runoff and pollution.

Therefore, there's a clear need to prioritize the adoption of precise fertilizer recommendations in agriculture to harness the full potential of advanced agricultural science and ensure the long-term sustainability of our food production systems.

Pedology is the study of soils in their natural environment. Pedology, in its broad sense includes soil survey, mapping, geomorphology, soil micromorphology, and soil and clay mineralogy with special reference to soil formation. Soil structure is an essential property of soil quality because it impacts the storage of carbon, inorganic phosphorus (Pi) availability, plant growth, and nutrient absorption. Soil aggregates, especially water-stable aggregate is a well-recognized part and an important index to evaluate soil structure . Fertilization has been proved to affect the formation of soil aggregates. Biofertilizers are now an effective way to increase crop yield and soil health in organic farming. The use of minerals that contain fertilizer nutrients in their native state is a very promising approach to reducing emissions associated with the processing chemical industries. Soil minerals serve as both sources and sinks of essential plant nutrients. Alteration in the pedological features by the plant community causes significant modification in the environment.

Ankit Kumar Bhasker

Thank you for your detailed answer.

Setya Dwi Rahmawati If you adjust the contrast and brightness of the image, you might notice some ring-like structures in the dark green areas, which are typical of virus infections.

To conduct a partial budget analysis for research on integrated fertilizer application (mineral with compost application), follow these steps:

Identify Inputs and Outputs: List all costs and benefits associated with the integrated fertilizer application compared to the conventional method. Inputs may include the cost of mineral fertilizer, compost, labor, and any additional equipment or materials needed. Outputs may include increased crop yield, improved soil fertility, and potential savings on fertilizer costs.

Quantify Inputs and Outputs: Assign monetary values to each input and output. Estimate the cost of purchasing mineral fertilizer and compost, as well as the labor required for application. Estimate the potential increase in crop yield and the value of any improvements in soil fertility resulting from the integrated fertilizer application.

Calculate Costs and Benefits: Calculate the total costs and benefits associated with the integrated fertilizer application and the conventional method. This involves adding up all the costs and benefits identified in steps 1 and 2.

Compare Costs and Benefits: Compare the total costs and benefits of the integrated fertilizer application to those of the conventional method. Determine whether the integrated approach results in a net benefit or cost savings compared to the conventional method.

Consider Uncertainties and Risks: Evaluate potential uncertainties and risks associated with the integrated fertilizer application, such as variability in crop yields, market prices for inputs and outputs, and environmental impacts. Consider conducting sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of these uncertainties on the results.

Make Informed Decisions: Use the results of the partial budget analysis to make informed decisions about the viability and potential adoption of the integrated fertilizer application for your research. Consider factors such as cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and practical feasibility.

By following these steps, you can conduct a partial budget analysis to evaluate the economic implications of integrated fertilizer application for your research effectively.

you have use the difference crops with different timing but around the crop use those crop which are taller than friendly crop. it reduce your community of global warming and enhanced the crop life.

Bijay Singh The implementation of fertilizer-related policies in rural communities in India and many other countries has yielded both positive and negative outcomes. On one hand, the enhanced availability and accessibility of fertilizers have significantly boosted agricultural productivity, resulting in increased crop yields and income for farmers. This has played a crucial role in uplifting rural communities by providing them with a sustainable source of income and elevating their overall socio-economic status.

However, the excessive use of chemical fertilizers has triggered environmental degradation, health concerns, and financial burdens for small-scale farmers, thereby worsening socio-economic disparities. Moreover, the escalating costs of fertilizers have presented financial obstacles for small-scale farmers, further widening the socio-economic gaps within rural communities.

yes, a number of sperm abnormalities do not interfere with the fertilization process, but could have a negative effect on embryonic development.

First we need to calculate for potassium and then for the rest!

# Because it is in the separate package @! And then diduct the amount of N and p which is in pack with k and then we can Add N and p separately

For exampl

Hello,

Increasing flux in a Fertilizer Driven Forward Osmosis (FDFO) system involves optimizing various factors to enhance the rate of water transport across the membrane. Here are several strategies to consider:

By implementing these strategies and optimizing various aspects of the FDFO system, it's possible to increase water flux and improve the efficiency of water treatment or desalination processes.

Total nitrogen can be determined through the oxidative digestion of all digestible nitrogen forms to nitrate, followed by quantitation of the nitrate. Kjeldahl method is the very old and conventional method but The enhanced Dumas method is an automated instrumental technique that is beginning to compete with the Kjeldahl method as the standard method of Nitrogen analysis due to its rapidness and ease of use. In Dumas process high cost initially but fast ,it requires 3/5 minutes for each sample analysis.

Dear Naqsh Zuhra ,

Chemically, urea is one of the simplest forms of organic nitrogen. However, you need to distinguish between chemical definition, origin, and legal status.

Urea is secreted by most terrestrial animals. Nonetheless, the urea used as fertilizer in agriculture is mostly synthetic because it is produced by fixation of atmospheric N2 through the Haber-Bosch–Meiser

process. "Synthetic" means synthesized industrially.

Organic can refer to being a molecule with a carbon skeleton (chemical definition), produced by a bio-process (origin), or produced according to Organic standards (legal). Urea is chemically organic, can be obtained by animal sources, and if the animals are reared according to organic standards, urea can be legally organic.

@ Suneel, to increase nutrient use efficiency, mobilize native nutrients, use organic and nanofertilizers, apply on foliar mode as much as possible for direct absorption.

If by "approval" you're asking how scientists compare different greenhouse gases for the amount of global warming they cause, then the answer is by global warming potentials. The global warming potential of a gas is defined as the amount of radiative forcing caused by that gas divided by the amount of radiative forcing caused by an equal mass of CO2 gas.

For example, methane has a global warming poetical of 28, meaning that releasing methane into the atmosphere causes 28 times as much global warming as releasing the same mass of CO2.

You can find the potentials for many chemicals in Table 7.SM.6 near the end of this free reference: C. Smith, et al., 2021: The Earth’s Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity Supplementary Material. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai et al. (eds.)]. It's available from https://www.ipcc.ch/.

The nitrogen (N) contribution rate refers to the amount of nitrogen that a fertilizer provides to the soil. Nitrogen is a crucial nutrient for plant growth, and it plays a vital role in various physiological processes such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and overall plant development.

When you apply a fertilizer, the N contribution rate indicates the quantity of nitrogen that becomes available to the plants. Different fertilizers contain varying percentages of nitrogen, which is typically represented as the first number in the N-P-K (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium) ratio on fertilizer labels.

The importance of nitrogen in crop uptake is significant. Nitrogen is an essential component of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins are crucial for the formation of enzymes, chlorophyll, and other essential plant structures. Adequate nitrogen supply promotes vigorous vegetative growth, leading to healthier plants and increased yields.

Crop uptake of nitrogen involves the plant absorbing nitrogen from the soil through its roots. The availability of nitrogen during different growth stages is critical. For example, during the early stages of plant growth, nitrogen is essential for establishing a robust root system and promoting leaf development. Later in the growth cycle, nitrogen supports the formation of grains, fruits, and seeds.

After harvest, the soil's available nutrients, including nitrogen, may be affected. Plants absorb nitrogen from the soil, and if the harvested crop removes a significant amount of nitrogen, it can lead to a decrease in soil nitrogen levels. This reduction may require replenishing through the application of fertilizers or other soil amendments to maintain soil fertility for subsequent crops.

Balancing the application of nitrogen fertilizers is essential to avoid over-application, which can lead to environmental issues such as water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, under-application may result in nutrient deficiencies and decreased crop yields.

In summary, understanding the nitrogen contribution rate of fertilizers is crucial for optimizing plant growth and crop yields. Proper management of nitrogen fertilization ensures that crops receive adequate nutrients for their development, and it helps maintain soil fertility for sustainable agricultural practices.

You have to temper the enthusiasm for 'sustainability' by knowing what crops/animals remove and replacing it. Otherwise the end is obvious. The replacement means are up for grabs.

Fertilizers are made of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrate, a common component of chemical fertilizers, is particularly problematic. High nitrate levels in drinking water have been linked to health issues, such as methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome), posing a significant risk to infants and pregnant women. Chemical fertilizers provide minerals which dissolve in water and are immediately available to plants. But they may escape from the soil and pollute the groundwater, rivers and lakes, Chemical fertilizers can also kill bacteria and other microorganisms in the soil. One of the problems with chemical fertilizers is they seep through the soil into the groundwater and other water sources, leading to contamination

Tarun Tomar , "Chemical fertilizers can contribute to soil erosion and compaction". Citation needed. Or at least some kind of explanation.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) captured from the atmosphere could be used to restore degraded soils, save water and boost crop yields, Please find attached herewith related articles-

Based on soil testing results fertilizer recommendations in crops are more effective in increasing yield and quality crop production. Plants' nutrient deficiency and toxicity are not balanced in the growth and development of plants. Therefore regular soil tests and plant-tissue tests are needed to ensure improved high-yield crop productivity and high-quality crop production. Yes, analyze the components of the approach and discuss its effectiveness in optimizing nutrient management for different crops. We should study soil health and smart crop production with soil fertility management.

The effects would depend on whether the stimulant is increasing efficiency of internal nutrient use or uptake. One would need to consider whether you were simply driving the system more rapidly to exhaustion.

Organic fertilisers are not manufactured by man, but come from natural sources.The important concentrated organic manures are oilcakes, blood meal, fish manure etc. These are also known as organic nitrogen fertilizer, guano, compost and kelp products Before their organic nitrogen is used by the crops, it is converted through bacterial action into readily usable ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen.

A broadcast seeder, alternately called a broadcaster, broadcast spreader or centrifugal fertilizer spreader is a farm implement commonly used for spreading seed where no row planting is Fertilizer Making Machine — Cow Dung, Chicken Manure, Straws, Organic Fertilizer Production Line. Types of machinery

1. Compost machinery

2. Fertilizers Crusher

3. Disc type organic mixture

4. Blending fertilizers making machine

5. Fertilizers screeners

6. Organic Granulator machine

7. Groove type compost turbine machine

Based on Wiesmeier et al. 2020,an increase of SOM by 1.7% requires 3 t of dry biomass 213 kg N/ha, 21 kg P/ha and 9 kg S/ha. If the grower omits the application of nutrients, i.e. through mineral sources as requested in organic farming schemes, the primary effect ist that he forgoes about 70% of the biomass production (average yield loss when converting conventional to organic production), producing only 2.1 t of dry matter. So in the first place omission of nutrient supply leads to a net loss in CO2 fixed in the biomass as source for the built-up of SOM. Secondly, plant biomass remaining on the field, e.g. cereal straw, have a wide C : N ratio, unsuitable to form stable humus complexes with narrow C : N ratios during the sequestration process. This is why increased sequestration requires in additon to the nutrients for high biomass production nutrients for the sequestration. From which source these nutrients originate, whether organic or mineral sources, does not matter for the process of carbon sequestration. In case mineral fertilizers are used, CO2 emitted during production of these sources and transport can be easily assessed from respective publications related to the subject and can be deducted from the total C sequestration to calculate the net amount. If organic nutrient sources (from plant or animal production) are used, the life cycle of these products and the CO2 emissions during production and transport need also to be taken into account. Important for an effective, climate relevant sequestration is that the addition of these products do not constitute a migration, e.g. soybean/fodder is imported from other countries or other fields, fed to animals of which the manures are taken to feed the crops meant for carbon sequestration. Another important feature in that respect is that both high supply of mineral and organic nitrogen may lead to gaseous N-losses, especially N2O with a high GHG-potential. Planting cover crops between main crops or planting trees between the main crops is regarded as a possibility to reduce humus loss or even increase humus accumulation without external (organic or mineral) inputs. The principle effect is that these crops are able to make use of nutrients and moisture from soil compartments not used by the main crops, their biomass and the nutrients are not harvested and generally fully returned to the field. Employing such systems, however, need to be checked regarding their competing effect, restricting the production of the main crops, with the effect that food production migrates to new areas (non-cultivated natural, ecologically often sensitive areas) with a potential to increasing instead of decreasing emissions.

Compost, Manure and Synthetic Fertilizer Influences Crop Yields, Soil Properties, Nitrate Leaching and Crop Nutrient Content

Paul Hepperly

,

Don Lotter

,

Christine Ziegler Ulsh

,

Rita Seidel

&

Carolyn Reider

Pages 117-126 | Published online: 23 Jul 2013

Abstract From 1993 to 2001, a maize-vegetable-wheat rotation was compared using either 1) composts, 2) manure, or 3) synthetic fertilizer for nitrogen nutrient input. From 1993 to 1998, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were used as an annual winter legume cover crop prior to maize production. From 1999 to 2001, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) served as the legume green manure nitrogen (N) source for maize. In this rotation, wheat depended entirely on residual N that remained in the soil after maize and vegetable (pepper and potato) production. Vegetables received either compost, manure, or fertilizer N inputs. Raw dairy manure stimulated the highest overall maize yields of 7,395 kg/ha (approximately 140 bushels per acre). This exceeded the Berks County mean yield of about 107 bushels per acre from 1994 to 2001. When hairy vetch replaced clover as the winter green manure cover crop, maize yields rose in three of the four treatments (approximately 500-1,300 kg/ha, or 10-24 bu/a). Hairy vetch cover cropping also resulted in a 9-25 % increase in wheat yields in the compost treatments compared to clover cover cropping. Hairy vetch cover crops increased both maize and wheat grain protein contents about 16 to 20% compared to the clover cover crop. Compost was superior to conventional synthetic fertilizer and raw dairy manure in 1) building soil nutrient levels, 2) providing residual nutrient support to wheat production, and 3) reducing nutrient losses to ground and surface waters. After 9 years, soil carbon (C) and soil N remained unchanged or declined slightly in the synthetic fertilizer treatment, but increased with use of compost amendments by 16-27% for C and by 13-16% for N. However, with hairy vetch cover crops, N leaching increased 4 times when compared to clover cover crops. September was the highest month for nitrate leaching, combining high rainfall with a lack of active cash crop or cover crop growth to use residual N. Broiler litter leaf compost (BLLC) showed the lowest nitrate leaching of all the nutrient amendments tested (P= 0.05).Previous articleView issue table of contentsNext article

Synthetic chemical fertilizer is focused mostly on Nitrogen Phosphorus and Potassium content. Nitrogen is mostly provided by the Haber Bosch chemical reation which gives Ammonia.

Ammoniated Fertilizer is the biggest fertilizer in overall use and consists well over half of all fertilizer application. On much area where ammoniated fertilizer is used the application has long term effect of acidifying the soil medium which can lower long term soil health. In addition the long term use ammoniated fertilzer can increase the soil nitrates which can lead to contaimination of water and aquatic ecosystems.

Excess nutrients from agricultural fertilizer can and does lead dead zones where the environmmt in marine areas become lacking in oxygen to favor fisheries.

When legumes are grown they can provide all their own nitrogen needs and sufficient Nitrogen for crops in rotations. In North America rotating maize with previous soybean eliminates the use of Nitrogen on the soybean crop and can provide a reductionof Nitrogen need on the maize crop.

When a wheat hay corn rye soybean rotation is employed the soil organic matter can increase without any Nitrogen application. This rotation is demonstrated with over 40 years of success compared to conventional chemical based system and the bottomline is that when the biological approach is used the increase of soil organic matter makes the products produced higher in nutiient and healthier.

The long term use of regenerative agricuture approach also improves the crop performance in drought years and under pests of disease and insects.

Symbiosis of the living soil employs the use of legumes but also results in improved network of mycorrhizal fungi which hold the soil surface and also improves the effective plant root systems critical of stable agriculture.

The combination of animals and plants are particularly regenerative and the manures and composts are highly effective as organic means of weaning from chemical dependencyl

The philosophy related to management precedes the changes found with are incrementabe and short in short term but huge over a longer term use.

Yvonne,

I came across this paper discussing biogenic silica in marine macroalgae. It ranges from 0.13% to 39% silica content. So it is possible that some species could be used as a sourceof silicon

High quality silica could potentially be extracted from high content macroalgae using chemical and electrochemical methods

Regards

Rajiv

I used effective micro organism in field and laboratory tests in Hawaii with US Department of Agriculture Research Center on the ginger root crop. It was able to give high quality and yield of ginger root as a supplement. Our studies showed a key practice beside the use of supplementation was the use of stimulants to break the dormancy displaed in the rihizome seed pieces. The use of hot water and ethylene triggering was highly effective for making the growth early and uniform for commerical production purposes. The elimination of pathogenic root knot nematodes is able to be achieved by hot water temperature which makes it my preferred methodology. In a crop like tomato the colonization of the transplant with mycorrhizae and Trichoderma should be tested out under your conditions. EM can be used as a drench and as a foliar application. EM is a useful treatment but does not cover all the tomato issues and problems it can be a good tool as a biological input.

Yes, implementing the best or good agricultural practices can help reduce the use of chemical fertilizers by farmers. These practices often include techniques such as crop rotation, cover cropping, organic matter incorporation and precision farming, which enhance soil fertility and nutrient management. By optimizing nutrient utilization and soil health, farmers can minimize their reliance on chemical fertilizers, leading to more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural systems while maintaining or even improving crop yields.

Please quiz the authors. They owe it to other researchers to respond

Bonsoir/ good evening Dr. Sunita Gaind

Thank you for your answer.

"Impact Investing in Agro-Ecological Practices: Evaluating Financial Returns and Environmental Sustainability.

This topic combines the growing interest in impact investing with the imperative for sustainable agricultural practices. It allows for an in-depth examination of financial models that support agro-ecological initiatives, considering both the economic viability and the environmental benefits. The research could involve assessing the performance of impact investment portfolios in sustainable agriculture, exploring the role of financial institutions, and analyzing the broader implications for environmental conservation and resilience. It bridges the gap between financial interests and sustainable environmental practices, attracting attention from investors, policymakers, and agricultural stakeholders. It provides an opportunity to contribute to the discourse on aligning financial goals with ecological sustainability, which is increasingly crucial in the face of climate change and resource depletion.

All the best Obinna Dominic Uke

Directly adding 6N HCl is probably going to kill your plants. Adjust the pH to 6.8-7.2 or so (use KOH as NaOH will add lots of Na, which most plants don't tolerate well). I would suggest using a concentration dilution series. Use 0 (the buffered HCl solution) as your control, your solution straight up at the current concentration as the high end experimental, then diluted 10X, 100X, and 1000X. It will give you a place to start.

At least 98% of our food supply comes from the soil. Soil sequestration of Carbon and Nitrogen from the air to the soil is a way of combatting Anthropogenic Global Warming.

The history of cultivation has led to a loss of well over half of soil organic matter and in many cases up to 90% loss. This loss depletes the water and air capacity of the soil.

Systematic focus on soil organic matter can not only address AGW but can work to improve the quality and quantity of food stuff avaiable.

Soil organic matter can adsorb several times its weight in water and it opens space in soils so roots are healthier and can better thrive in the soil environment. The well provided organic soil improves soil percolation, soil water retention and its delivery to the plant.

In terms of carbon sequestration composting reduces the volume and stabilizes the product to enhance it retention in the soil over alonger periods. Stubble wastes can be combined with animal waste to improve the process and give useful by products.

The inclusion of straw waste for mushroon culture can marked increase profit potential which serve as win win resolution to issues which are confronted.

Excessive fertilizer application aggravates the decline of soil organic matter and fertility and accelerates soil acidification. The diversity of microorganism species decreases. The excessive fertilizers reduced aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi etc.