Feminism - Science topic

Thanks Jirachai for your support! Please look at the information I provide via nosper.com and my other websites. I have also published many articles on ResearchGate. Please let me know your specific questions here or via messaging! Jane

Thanks to @muna and @Nisa

Cartoons, videos,TV Shows, Anthropology, Film and Critical Race theory.

Overall, the negative correlation between fertility and socioeconomic status can be attributed to a combination of economic, educational, cultural, and structural factors that shape individuals' reproductive choices and opportunities. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for policymakers, healthcare providers, and social scientists seeking to address disparities in reproductive health outcomes and promote equitable access to family planning resources.

I can only address this question with mathematical structures. The individual self is multi-dimensional manifold embedded with an much, much larger manifold of infinite dimensions. One may think of it as a vector space of tremendous size. As vast as it is, a human existence is but a small subspace of the infinite dimensional manifold. When released from physical existence, the aspects of individual self convolve with the larger space. In some sense, you may refer to that as the commonality.

I agree, if only there will be a man and a woman as parents.

Computer says 'no'. Computers are programmed by humans. Societies are composed of humans and therefore ideas are from humans.

There are several factors not only single factor responsible for women empowerment. Firstly, we can conceptualize women empowerment in which domain mean political, household, educational, economic oriented, sale and purchase, familial, etc. Yes, off course it vary from class to class, caste to caste, race to race, and also have variabilities based on territorialisation.

A first offhand very general remark: Market rules and habits infiltrated into sciences tend to deform scientific explorations and divert individual efforts to some sort of racing competitions...

Grateful, Joseph. I will surely read and revert.

Thanks

MASL LA PLATAFORMAS NO ME PERMITE ESCRIBIR, SINCERAMENTE, LAAMENTO MUCHO EST

moc.oohay@sneoirbGWERMAN VEGA BRIONES; gvega, TAES, IONACNUF NO PA gnittrw mia lepmaxe orf ,esruos, de cye SORRY THIS

I fully agree and to rephrase the question to encompass Russia is perfectly fine. So you think the issue of which structure we are born into matters more than the individual him or her self? Do you believe our reality is socially constructed? Interesting. You touched on the issue of strata and stratification, Perhaps being born into the right family can compensate for the lack of cognitive ability and conscientiousness .

As for feminist approach to language, I always refer to Jennifer Coates: Language and Gender: A Reader & Women, Men and Language: A Sociolinguistic Account of Gender Differences in Language. I also refer to the brilliant Sara Mills:

Language and sexism

Language, Gender and Feminism: Theory, Methodology and Practice

Gender Matters: Feminist Linguistic Analysis

Feminist Stylistics

Wishing you the best!

Feminist Research Ethics, Informed Consent, and Potential Harms by Melinda McCormick

All of us who earned it are entitled to use it. That's our previlige. As opposed to the 45th Presidency the Biden administration is populated with highly qualified individuals. The first lady will have a significant impact like Michelle Obama did.

Dear Emily Gerbrandt ,

Intersectionality is a theoretical framework for understanding how aspects of a person's social and political identities (e.g., gender, race, class, sexuality, ability, physical appearance, height, etc.) might combine to create unique modes of discrimination and privilege.

Posthumanism or post-humanism (meaning "after humanism" or "beyond humanism") is a term with at least seven definitions according to philosopher Francesca Ferrando: Antihumanism: any theory that is critical of traditional humanism and traditional ideas about humanity and the human condition.

Justice is a concept of due, containing the requirement of conformity of the act and retribution: in particular, the conformity of rights and duties, labor and remuneration, merit and their recognition, crime and punishment, the correspondence of the role of various social layers, groups and individuals in society and their social status in it. In economic science - the requirement of equality of citizens in the distribution of a limited resource. Lack of proper correspondence between these entities is assessed as injustice.

Regards,

Shafagat

You`re welcome!

pq

Hola,

No puedo decir que soy experta en el campo, pero me llamo la atención tu pregunta. Creo que si lo ves desde un punto de vista de creencias e ideologías, quizá sea difícil que vallan de la mano, pero considero que probablemente, factores ajenos al feminismo están guiando a estas personas a votar por determinados partidos políticos. Seria interesante indagar en cuales son estos factores que están siendo mas importantes que el feminismo. No se.. ¿Que piensas?

Quizá estos partidos políticos priorizan en la creación de empleos por decir un ejemplo.

Yes..indeed a good point for us to examine both paid and paid work particularly among women with regard to diseases. However, I do think culture also plays a role in this aspect- as a lot of studies have pointed out that different risk factors might trigger different consequences for both men and women in relation to occupational diseases.

Thank you very much Michael. Two of these were not yet included in my bibliography and I suspect they will be of significant value to me.

"All roads lead to Rome," they used to say "All roads lead to the US" would be more like it today.

There were a political values before the establishment of the state support these practices .

Not really that I have a linear evolutionary conception of the development of thought (I rather believe in the spiral nature of time and space and I'm working on a spiral theory of everything [STOE] as my contribution to the search for the elusive theory of everything [TOE] in physics). On the contrary, why I phrased the question in that linear form was in reference to the fact that feminism emerged into the public space of debates and activism only at a point in history with each new "wave" emerging from the previous notwithstanding the fact that feminist consciousness has always existed in parts of the world from ancient times all the while that patriarchy held a firm grip on sociocultural attitudes and conceptions of sex (biological functions) and gender (cultural roles). In this regard, earlier, there was patriarchy and today there is feminism and then the question: can there be something else after feminism?

"Something else after feminism" is not totally reducible to "postfeminism" because postfeminism still retains fingerprints of feminism and cannot be totally cut off from feminism. In addition, there are strong arguments highlighting the fact that feminism is multiple and also not homogenous, which explains why feminists do not even agree among themselves on a whole range of topical issues as can be clearly seen for instance between many feminists of African descent ("Third Wave" feminism) and many of their white counterparts ("Second Wave" feminism).

Will there ever be a time when feminism (with all its many faces and internal conflicts) will be displaced by a new theoretical framework of gender discourse or have we already arrived at the peak with feminism? Maybe, this is a better re-phrasing of the question.

I follow answers

best regards

I would like just to react towards one of the worries listed above. After the extensive bibliographical review you doubt, as I understood, "the "contemporary novelty" of the feminist movement when it has already been disseminated and theorised that the feminist movement is "as old as the labor and union movement". Well I think it is not very important how old the feminist movement is - it is rather important, towards which social problems/discriminations/exclusions directs its focus. As you probably know there is no one 'school' of feminist thinking and the whole development of feminist epistemology, proofs the maturity of theoretical standpoint. So feminist movement, fuelled by feminist thought, reacts towards new challenges and actually (eg in Poland) blends & act together often with other social movements (marxist, anti eviction movement defending tenants or lately KOD - committee of democracy defence). Additionally intersectional approach within feminist thought helps to built new 'sub - movements' which have major impact on social reality (another Polish example: feminist movement & organisations helping disabled people have merged in long political battle in 2017/18 to support carers - mainly mothers - of disable people). So I think the new social problems, forces old way of thinking and acting within (feminist) social movements into new way of acting and thinking. New (social and political) challenges combined with innovative methodological approaches (intersectionality) prevents feminist social movement from become a dated, old story/ies.

First, it would appear from CPOST data (above) that there is no necessary proportional increase in female suicide bombers, although there may a general increase in suicide terrorism. Second, why assume women do it for any different reason from men? Is there really a specific problem to be addressed?

Use the help option below your profile page. Type your concerns and it will be rectified before 24 hours. Best regards

Ilavenil Meena Kandasamy is a poet, fiction writer, activist and currently one of India’s boldest and most badass young voices. Most of her works are centered on feminism and the Caste Annihilation Movement of the contemporary Indian milieu. She holds a PhD in Socio linguistics and has published two anthology of poems, “Touch” and “Ms Militancy”, and a novel “The Gypsy Goddess”. Her most recent work -“When I Hit You Or A Portrait Of The Writer As A Young Wife” is a dazzling and provocative novel of an abusive marriage.

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In the problem of feminism there are semantic foundations that should dominate over secondary postulates. Fundamentals of feminism are mutual love, repentance, respect, tolerance, caring for the offspring. The same basis should be the core of the life of men. Only a woman gives birth to children, which is the basis for the continuation of life. This manifestation of virtue is a priority for women. The family and society must create all conditions to ensure the procreation, upbringing and education of children. I repeat. In the problem of feminism there are semantic foundations that should dominate over secondary postulates, which are constantly the subject of pseudo-discussions, disputes, lawsuits, demonstrations, revolutions ... There are exceptions to this problem, when individual women refuse to follow the basic postulates and spiritual values ​​of feminism. Let it be. Life is diverse. But such exceptions only emphasize the semantic basis of feminism.

 dear respected researchers, 

Reproductive freedom is often confused with the right to engage in the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. other issues related to this include the right to use of Contraceptive methods such as Hormonal methods,  Barrier methods,  IUDs, contraceptive implants, and abstinence. the right not to engage in Reproduction is an important function of a health society. 

"The superior power of population cannot be checked without producing misery or vice." Thomas Robert Malthus. 

Antinatalism, or anti-natalism, is a philosophical stance that assigns a negative value to birth.

the practice of Islam assigns a positive value to birth.

"And certainly did We create man from an extract of clay. Then We placed him as a sperm-drop in a firm lodging. Then We made the sperm-drop into a clinging clot, and We made the clot into a lump [of flesh], and We made [from] the lump, bones, and We covered the bones with flesh; then We developed him into another creation. So blessed is Allah, the best of creators." SAHIH INTERNATIONAL translation Qur'an

it is not beneficial to force a woman to engage in reproduction, nor would it be appropriate to bar a man from seeking to engage in reproduction.

The Conceptual Practices of Power and the Black Feminist Epistemology

Image showing black women, in their own words and stories of life, matches that presented Joyce Ladner: One of the main features that define the black woman is [realistic approach] their [own] resources. Rather than resign himself to his fate, this has always sought creative solutions to their problems. The ability to use the resources at your fingertips and still maintain the determination to combat racist society, overtly or subtly as needed, is one of its main attributes.1 In these pages, I have highlighted in a special way those strategies that women can use to increase their degree of independence, to acquire and maintain domestic authority to limit (positively) the role of husband and father as well as to strengthen ties with relatives. The latter strategy (make the most Relations home network) helps explain patterns of black family life among the urban poor, more appropriate than the concept of nuclear family or matrifocal form. When economic resources are limited, people need the help of as many people as possible. This requires expanding family networks and thus increase the number of people you have.

On the one hand, women in a network can break a relationship that has become a bottomless pit for resources. On the other, a man is expected to contribute to their own network of relatives and do not waste their working ability and resources on other marital relationship. At the same time, a woman will try to get help from the man who has fathered his sons, thus building its own network of resources. It also expects support from his relatives, especially his mother and sisters. Women continuously activate these bonds to attract relatives and friends to exchange network and obligations.

Typically, the biological father female relatives are also poor and try to also expand its network and increase the number of people you have. Clearly, the economic pressures on family networks in a black community make men and women do not leave them (through marriage or other long-term relationship).

The cooperative network based on kinship represents a collective adaptation to poverty by men, women, and children of black communities. Loyalties and dependencies to compensate relatives the ordeal of unemployment and racism.

To cope with the everyday demands of life in the ghetto, these networks have developed patterns of coexistence: households with very flexible frameworks; bonds that last a lifetime and although intermittent, make homes for up to three generations; own social obligations as husband / father within the domestic group of the mother; as well as the domestic authority of women.

1 Ladner, Tomorrow's Tomorrow ..., op. cit., 1971, pp. 276-277. Black feminisms allowed copy © 206

Bibliography.

TABARD, M (2012). Black feminisms. An anthology. Ed. Traffickers dreams. Madrid Spain).

Best regards

Rafa.

do you mean Black feminism & intersectionality? or is this feminism with a geographic focus? 

Braidotti!

Women's movement continues to grow, thankfully. This is because women's liberation  is still a meaningful agenda,  Economic growth has not brought about equitable outcomes.  The women's movement has deepened through looking at the intersection of identities - gender, race, caste, class, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability etc.  However, it has got fragmented as well.  Further, not all women's movements are based on a socialist feminist perspective like before. Liberal feminism prevails, than liberating  feminism 

A helpful resource to support prior comments may be:

McCall, L. (2005). The complexity of intersectionality. Signs, 30(3), 1771-1800. doi:

10.1086/426800

I am currently working on a manuscript focused on lesbian Muslims' experiences and we heavily reference intersectionality and feminist theory. If you would like, I would be happy to send on a copy once the article is In Press.

Thank you for asking !

Classics - with a range of perspectives (chronological order):

--Simone de Beauvoir.  The Second Sex (1953).

--Kate Millett.  Sexual Politics (1970).

--Nancy Chowdorow.  The Reproduction of Mothering (1978).

--Evelyn Fox Keller.  Reflections on Gender and Science (1985).

--Sandra Harding.  The Science Question in Feminism (1986).

--R. Connell.  Gender and Power (1987).

--Sandra Bem.  The Lenses of Gender (1993).

--Judith Lorber.  Paradoxes of Gender (1994).

In asking about the role of feminist critics it does not appear you are asking about the role itself of women in the post war years.  The critics wish women would stay out of what was men's world and stay in the kitchen. But they know it can't be so most of their work is sub rosa and attacking things like birth control and abortion. 

One of the best ways I have seen in history for women's rights to be won is in the Iroquois League, the federation of American Indian tribes in the New York, Pennsylvania region that began some 300 years prior to the colonization of America. The writers of the US Constitution knew of the League and copied from it, but they either did not see, or ignored the part of it that made it so long lasting: the chiefs could be impeached by a quorum of grandmothers. I cannot think of a better way to convey women's values into  what is still mostly a male dominant arena. 

Hi Reuben!

Long time indeed… I hope all is well with you. Many thanks for the links (I knew already about the ones from Open.edu, but not the other ones).  Check these: “Theory in Action” series, including short videos with summaries of key IR theories (e.g. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnKEFSVAiNQ); videos on IR concepts by UBC (e.g: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjr5NuZv2e4); series “Conversations with History” including interviews with IR authors: http://conversations.berkeley.edu/

Best wishes!

I found these three papers extremely interesting. I hope this helps!

I guess that you have searched the journal Gender and Education?

Best regards

Dear Christopher,

Your question and last comment with the Ovid excerpt show a fine chain of artistic or genre transport or a circulus viciosus :  Semiramide d’Appiano as Flora in Boticelli’s Primavera - Ovid’s Corinna who was as beautiful as Semiramis and Lais.  Semiramide can be derived from Semiramis. The Medici’s and Boticelli must have well known Ovid  Amores and Semiramide-Flora as a lady-in-waiting of Venus was as charming as Semiramis. Regarding this sequence of artistic passage the original question – what happened to Semiramide d’Appiano – must be indifferent.  Models are mortal but art is eternal.

Kaufmann did some interesting research on this. looking on creativity, academic achievments and gender, Ai might be helpful, too.

also, look at Pearsall et al.

The Gender Equitable Men (GEM) scale has been used/validated in about seven different countries: https://www.c-changeprogram.org/content/gender-scales-compendium/gem.html

Hello Maira

I expect that you have read the papers by Judith Butler, but ResearchGate member Angela McRobbie has written about extensively about feminism; in the paper below, she has not specified any keywords but has included the topics you mentioned:

McRobbie, A. (2004). Post‐feminism and popular culture. Feminist media studies, 4(3), 255-264.

But there may be other papers that she has written that may be relevant.

Good luck with your PhD

Mary

Dear Mahelia

here is the information :

Dear Mona

Randa Jarrar

Last year, Palestinian-American author, translator and professor Randa Jarrar gained a mixture of fame and notoriety after her Salon.com article titled "Why I can’t Stand White Belly Dancers" went viral. But the young writer had been exploring themes of identity and belonging — central to most Arab-Americans — long before her divisive op-ed caught the Internet’s attention. Her well-received 2009 novel "A Map of Home" is a coming-of-age story about a young girl shaped by a migratory childhood spent between Boston, Kuwait, Egypt and Texas. Based in California, Jarrar dedicates the bulk of her time to teaching creative writing at California State University, Fresno, to a cohort of minorities, children of migrant workers and first-generation college students. She is also an active member of Radius of Arab American Writers Inc.

Read more: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/women-writers-top-middle-east-literary-novels.html##ixzz3Vwk15XLQ

I believe the fundamental premise behind gender studies (and anything that flows from there) is recognition of the differentiated burdens and benefits placed on different genders. While one could argue who suffers greater burdens but I think men suffer in different ways from patriarchy and enjoy a different set of benefits as opposed to women/girls; and unless this fact is acknowledged I suppose problem resolution and/or transitioning towards equity is difficult (whether we choose to refer to it as gender equity/feminism/substantive equality and so on). Even in respect to the specific burdens women shoulder, integration of men into the dialogue is imperative (for the flows take place men and women) and along with it a dialogue on the burdens men shoulder is also imperative (such as, the great burden of being masculine at all times/ repression of display of emotions, inherent expectations to be the bread winner and so on). Also, so many issues affect both men and women, say CSA, and in some ways the burden on boys is greater for in many cultures it is unacceptable for boys/men to talk about sexual abuse. I think it is only ethical to do so, I believe this shall also make both groups more sensitive and open to examining how gender plays out in their lives/community.

Dear Satya,

try the following articles / literature for your research project:

Sharline Nagy Hesse-Biber (Ed.) (2014): Feminist research practice. A Primer. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, California, SAGE Publications. (see link below)

Sharlene Nagy Hesse-Biber (Ed.) (2012): Handbook of Feminist Research. Theory and Praxis. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, California, SAGE Publications. (see link and file below)

Andrea Doucet, Natasha Mauthner (2006): Feminist methodology and epistemology. In: Clifton Bryant, Dennis Peck (Ed.) (2006): 21st Century Sociology. A Reference Handbook, Volume 2, speciality and interdisciplinary studies, part 1, chapter 5, pp. 36 - 42. (see files below)

Jane Wambui (2013): An introduction to feminist research. (see file below)

Katharine Sarikakis, Ramona R. Rush, Autumn Grubb-Swetnam and Christina Lane (2009): Feminist Theory and research. In: Don W. Stacks, Michael B. Salwen (Ed.) (2009): An Integrated Approach To Communication Theory and Research, second edition, Routledge, pp 504 - 522.

Gwendolyn Beetham & Justina Demetriades (2007): Feminist research methodo-logies and development. Overview and practical application. In: Gender & Development, Volume 15, Issue 2, 2007, special issue: Gender Research Methods, pp. 199 - 216.

Sandra Harding and Kathryn Norberg (2005): New Feminist Approaches to Social Science Methodologies. An Introduction. In: Signs, Vol. 30, No. 4, Summer 2005, pp. 2009 - 2015.

Mary Margaret Fonow and Judith A. Cook (2005): Feminist Methodology. New Applications in the Academy and Public Policy. In: Signs, Vol. 30, No. 4, Summer 2005, pp. 2211 - 2236.

Leslie McCall (2005): The Complexity of Intersectionality. In: Signs, Vol. 30, No. 3, Spring 2005, pp. 1771 - 1800.

Barbara Pini (2002): Focus groups, feminist research and farm women. Opportunities for empowerment in rural social research. In: Journal of Rural Studies, Volume 18, Issue 3, July 2002, pp. 339 - 351.

Caroline Ramazanoğlu and Janet Holland (2002): Feminist methodology. Challenges and choices.Thousand Oaks, SAGE publications.

Myfanwy Franks (2002): Feminisms and Cross-ideological Feminist Social Research: Standpoint, Situatedness and Positionality. Developing Cross-ideological Feminist Research. In: Journal of International Women's Studies, 3(2), 38-50. Download: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol3/iss2/3

Mary Ssonko Nabacwa (2009): A Critical Reflection on the Feminist Research Methodology. (see link below)

Fatuma Chege (2011): Doing Gender and Feminist Research in Developing Countries.

The African Context. (see: http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/3213)

Women's Studies and Development Centre (Ed.) (2006): Developing Indian perspectives on feminist theory and methodology. Final report. (see link below)

Good luck with your research project and kind regards, Detlef

I refer you to Joseph Rouse (2009), whom I read with great interest.  Rouse's discussion of epistemic warrants, and differences between them as "arising from different interactions with relevant aspects of the world" (p. 202) is a tenable position to include the use of the theory in its varied iterations for a variety of perceptual knowables.  What would prevent an inquiry into the interaction of men in the world from a feminist perspective?  Thus, the perspectives arising within the variety of positions assumed by standpoint theorists also provide a variety of ways to approach phenomena.

ROUSE, J. (2009). Standpoint Theories Reconsidered. Hypatia, 24(4), 200-209. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2009.01068.x

Signs. 

Do politicians count as celebrities? I know an interesting study from the US comparing perceptions on Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin. Sarah Palin takes on a leadership role (contradicting the female gender role), but on the other hand presents herself as a typical "hockey mum" (confirming her gernder role) and conservative voters seem to like that she's acting in congruency with her gender role.

Also the study draws on the theory of ambivalent sexism. The theory states that women can be rewarded for acting gender role congruently (as a mother, housewife, sexy girl) or they can be punished for acting against it (career women, feminists, athletes).

Does that help?

Gervais, S. J., & Hillard, A. L. (2011). A role congruity perspective on prejudice toward Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy (ASAP), 11(1), 221-240.

Dear Amir,

There are several grammar mistakes in the questions, so please correct them. Then it will be easier to understand. I send back the framework. I put in red; the things that need explanation, so that the reader can understand your thesis in future.

The part I am familiar with is Social Learning Theory, but I'm not familiar with several things; it doesn't mean that it's not appropriate.

Hi Jennifer, The phenomenon of 'internalised stigma' or 'felt stigma' has been witnessed over many years in the psychiatric disability field; while some individuals increasingly self-isolate others act as you describe - they distance themselves from what they perceive as their own (disempowered) group affiliation and try to join a/the more powerful group. This leads to (sometimes unintended or insightless) perpetuating or furthering of stigma towards one's own disability group.

A resource that might be useful:

Mason, M. (1992) ‘Internalised Oppression’ in Rieser, R. and Mason, M. (eds.)

Disability Equality in the Classroom: A Human Rights Issue, London: Alliance for

Inclusive Education.

(Available at http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/archframe.htm)

Good luck - interesting topic!

As an independent woman, I see the legalization of prostitution as an opportunity to increase my financial means and my social standing. It may even be a means to feed my child who would , otherwise go hungry. In cases of survival, I believe that a woman should be able to sell her only asset without legal reprisal. However,i believe that women suffer emotionally, and perhaps spiritually when the women are DEPENDANT on giving their most sacred parts to people who dont care about them, for financial gain. Morality cannot be effectively legislated, and the law rarely works on a case by case basis. For this reason, i would support the legalization of sex sales between consenting adults in any country.

Dear Tiffany Bohm,

Feministic Geography has been explored by many researchers in USA. Here are a few examples. Follow the links:

1) http://faculty.washington.edu/england/PolGeog03.pdf

2) http://phg.sagepub.com/content/34/1/56.short Melissa W. Wright : Gender and geography II: bridging the gap — feminist, queer, and the geographical imaginary, Progress in Human Geography February 2010 34: 56-66, first published on May 21, 2009.

3) http://phg.sagepub.com/content/23/3/429.extract

4) Janice Monk. College of Social and Behavioral Science, School of Geography and Development, The University of Arizona, USA.

5) http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09663699408721207?journalCode=cgpc20: Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, Volume 1, Issue 2, 1994

6) Richa Nagar in Department of Geography, Environment and Society, University of Minnesota, USA.

7) http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/wis/feministGIS2.pdf

8) http://geography.uoregon.edu/amarcus/geog620/Readings/DoHG-feminist%20geographies.pdf

9) http://www.soc-geogr.net/1/37/2005/sg-1-37-2005.pdf

10) Mona Domosh-Department of Geography, Hanover, NH, USA: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~geog/facstaff/domosh.html

11) http://www.geog.psu.edu/people/wright-melissa-w: Melissa W. Wright- Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA.

Hope this will satisfy your doubt.

Disclaimer: I'm not an expert either.

Couldn't agree more with Lina. But (in my humble opinion) the study of african feminism should also (not only - but also) include the analysis of the consequences of Africa's long colonial past (a very "recent" past in what concerns some countries) and, in general, the huge development and social issues Africa is (has been) facing.