Feed Formulation - Science topic

Haifa Juma Common protein sources used in feed formulation for broilers include:

1. Soybean meal: high-quality protein source, widely available, and cost-effective

2. Fish meal: high-protein, high-energy ingredient, rich in essential amino acids

3. Meat and bone meal: rendered protein source, rich in minerals and energy

4. Corn gluten meal: by-product of corn processing, high in protein and energy

5. Wheat gluten meal: high-protein ingredient, often used in combination with other sources

6. Peas and other legumes: novel protein sources, gaining popularity due to sustainability

7. Insect meal (e.g., mealworms): emerging protein source, rich in amino acids and micronutrients

8. Blood meal: high-protein ingredient, often used in starter diets

9. Feather meal: rendered protein source, rich in sulfur amino acids

10. Canola meal: plant-based protein source, used in some broiler feed formulations.

The choice of protein source depends on factors like availability, cost, nutritional requirements, and sustainability considerations. A combination of protein sources is often used to achieve optimal amino acid profiles and performance in broilers.

Hello, in my opinion, the method of execution depends on the amount of sample and the efficiency of the mixer. Usually, one of the measurement indicators of mixers in the animal husbandry industry is the measurement of substances such as vitamins, enzymes and antibiotics in the sample extracted from the mixer, which must be accurately estimated, otherwise the work has not been done correctly. You can first add the required amount with one kilo and mix well, and then gradually increase the size of the samples to reach the desired level of the amount of food you need and continue the mixing stage. In addition, the method of spraying these particles on the feed sample may not be accurate enough. Thanks

Home-made diets are not recommended. It is very difficult to provide a suitable diet containing all trace elements. There is a large amount of literature regarding canine nutrition and various diets.

Feeding for clinical problems should always be done in conjunction with a vet and again, there are commercial diets available to support clinical treatments. Cauliflower is low in calories and high in fibre and can be fed cooked or raw in moderation. However it may promote flatulence.

perhaps Table 3 might help https://www.fao.org/3/x5738e/x5738e0n.htm#TopOfPage

because "... The determination of amino acid content is a lengthy and complicated process requiring highly specialized, and expensive, equipment..." according to "2.1.4 Other tests" in https://www.fao.org/3/x5738e/x5738e0r.htm#2.1%20raw%20materials

after all "... Quantitative requirements of essential amino acids ... generally agree with values derived for other species ..." - from first link here.

Good luck

This number is suitable for cattle comfortable temperature (generally 15 to 18℃), house feeding, light activity, no stress environment. When the temperature is below 12℃, the maintenance energy needs to increase by 1% for every 1℃ decrease. Net energy for weight gain (kj) of growing-finishing cattle = (2090+25.1W)X daily gain /1- (0.3x daily gain) [where W is body weight (kg)

Check https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342329730_USING_MICROSOFT_EXCEL_IN_FORMULATING_POULTRY_RATIONS_BY_LINEAR_PROGRAMMING

There is a paper which is published in 2019 which have good information about the nutrient requirements of camels.

Do you mean something known as the optimal diet problem i.e. the problem in which the total cost of some food products is minimized subject to the constraints describing real consumption of nutrients included in the food products being at least/at most at some predefined levels?

check this i think

Also check https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002203021930863X

Also check https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(13)00626-7/pdf

Dear Dr. Vivi Koletsi,

Do you need the mycotoxin in feed anymore?Pribolab is specialized mycotoxin standard and reference material in different matrix(such as corn ,feed wheat) , customized different concentration range. If you need, please send mail to me: gracetan@pribolab.com

NRC is mostly followed centrally. And each nation m have their own. India has ICAR recommend ed allowences or standards

You can try this android application to calculate ME value.

The converted enzymes of D methionine to L methionine in the liver and kidneys in small chicks are low on conversion due to the lack of enzymes available to them, and since the productivity performance of the first week old broiler has an effect on the overall performance

Phytase does not use energy to release Phosphorus as it is an enzyme, and enzyme action typically does not cost energy in the metabolism.

The use of Phytase does contribute to the energy value of the diet in which the phytase is added, simply because it degrades phytate which normally, when completely intact, can bind to certain nutrients (Ca, Zn, K but also starch, Amino acids and proteins) which become when bound unavailable for absorbtion.

So what Phytase does is increase the energy value but also the Amino acid digestibility of the diet due to higher availability for the digestive system of nutrients which would otherwise be bound by phytate.

I think the much difficulty involved in making silage using animal offals would be putrefaction and rancidity owing to the fact that they contain high quantities of protein and fat. To achieve good results, a high carbohydrate source must be added to achieve fermentation and reduce the pH to preserve the silage . If this is not done, then we will rather end up with large quantities of lysosomal enzymes in the product which could rather be toxic both to man and livestock.

Alternative protein sources should be safe, good amino acid pattern, good digestibility, and competetively priced.

Thank you dear Alrubaee

Yes .we fed diets that is concentrated.

Regards

Hi

I agree with  Mr. James B Clapp

Hi

I agree with Dr.MRajamohamed

 It is a high value protein source for monogastric animals and much too valuable to be referred to as 'spent'.

It depends on you balanced n-3/n-6 or EFAs or not, If these fatty acids are balanced and there are some left of dietary lipid that you want to fulfill to reach the lipid level aimed. Any source of lipid can be used. In the same way, if you want to replace marine oil by plant oil, maximum replacement level should not impact balance of n-3/n-6 ratio or EFAs. Importantly, please check that how you fish or shrimp that you aimed to study utilize lipid well or not, if bad please control lipid level in diet in which provided optimum EFAs and the rest may be a little bit increase of protein or carbohydrate 

Many local and unconventional fish feed ingredients were tested in Iraq but none of it give good results as fish meal replacer. However, some researchers are focusing now on slaughterhouse wastes by applying some biotechnology to improve its nutritional value for fish. Moringa is one of the suggested plant alternative but it didn't studied in Iraq yet.

Regards

1% of the diet

It must be noted that, rumen bacteria thrived well when the rumen ecosystem is favourable. The multiplication of rumen bacteria is not only the function of the quantity and quality of feed they consume. However, there are threshold for each nutrient intake below which the fumen bacteria activities are hindered.

Hello!

We can advise you to study the activities of pancreatic enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteases) in the duodenal digesta since it was established that the pancreas can effectively adapt itself to the feed quality; supplementation of a diet with an additive will affect secretory function of the pancreas and corresponding intestinal enzyme activities.

Sincerely,

Dr. V. Vertiprakhov e-mail: Vertiprakhov63@mail.ru

You may want to check Valorex, French company using extruded linseed

First you have enough oil in your diet in order that these products can effect in it. And you be able to reduce fat equal to matrix value.

Second I doulbt about that figures they say. Third  matrix values  depends on dietary components   bird health and other  rearing management and condition.

You should also consider the cost.

Methionine is necessary  for growth without it  low performance , but it should be redeuced or completly ommited from the diet a weak before slaugther.

Dear researcher

you can treatment of wheat straw using tannase and white-rot fungus

You can see the link:

Regards

You could try with some local native bitter plants. An example is Solanum Ligustrinun  Lood , plant relatted to potato family.

My experimental observations with both monogastrics and ruminants indicate that access to water is very important, but this varies with the dry matter content of the food or feed consumed. Dry foods/feeds must be accompanied by access to water; otherwise, food/feed intake declines quickly. High moisture diets do not require access to water immediately, but may stimulate need for water afterward, depending on their composition. Cattle grazing lush, spring pastures do not need much water, but cattle grazing dry pastures or consuming hay need much more. Similarly, monogastrics will reduce food/feed intake if their water is restricted. If one looks at the GI tract, it is "wet" and absorbs and recycles excess water. In ruminants, digestibility of the feed is increased with slow passage and decreased with fast passage. Passage is affected more by % of fiber in the diet and especially by % of undigestible fiber than it is with water. Nevertheless, if the total feed intake has a moisture level of less than 40% or so, then water becomes critical. I believe the best approach is to allow voluntary water intake whenever the animal (including humans) senses that they need more water. Drink up!

I think you will find what you are looking at these sites. You can contact these sites. Good work.

Thanks a lot...

You can find an answer here:

Homemade Feed for Nile Tilapia in Madagascar

The idea is that free amino acids should be 100 % available and bound amino acids have to be liberated form their protein/peptide bond first, resulting is less availability.

However also peptide bound amino acids can be well absorbed in the intestine. (see article).

Furthermore, in feed formulation you usually work with either table or average data which may not be accurate for the feedstuffs available. Thus you have to use a certain margin of error to prevent undersupply. Thus in practice it may not be of (large) relevance to use free or bound amino acids in your formulation

Look at this

 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ufaw/aw/2007/00000016/.../art00002

I do not  know which journals would have that information.  Check Auburn or University of Georgia special reports or the journals from the late 1970's or early 1980's.  

As I understand it, the procedure is not that difficult.  Make a shallow pit with ramps to a higher elevation (6 = 8?).  Put manure (we were going to use caged table egg layer manure in the area under the cages) in a shallow pit, add flies,  Collect the larva when it crawls up the ramp, perhaps off the edge into a container.

It should be a fairly straight-forward process.

Assuming that oxycholesterol is adequately fat soluble, you can first mix it with an appropriate oil and than add this oil to the other ingredients of your shrimp feed.

A.J. I agree with you. I think agricultural subsidies or incentives will help. Even though the EU has reduced Cu and Zn levels, i don't think they are the only trace elements. Therefore if your idea is taken up, it will really do some good; provided there's no interference from the people who started the project in the first place.

Dear Joline,

There are some general recommendations that you can find in the feeding systems: http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/management_and_nutrition/nutrition_pigs/feeding_levels_and_practices_in_pigs.html

Apart from that, depending on the fatty acid profile you want to obtain in carcass and meat, you can modify the diet.

Regards,

Alfredo J. Escribano.

Be care with feeding pigs with fish oils rich in EPA and DHA, unfortunately results in pork with a distinct fish flavor and after-taste.

Hi Hijaz,

for sure the replacement of antibiotic is an interesting issue, however you have correctly stated "some potential".

I think that the future will be a complementary use of these additive with the antibiotics, following a strategy to reduce antibiotic resistance.

Checking for the presence of noxious compounds in feedstuffs is not a very effective way of ensuring good quality feeds (being organic or not), Prevention, although not always easy, is much better (see attachments)

You can achieve a good Ca:P ratio by adding 7,5 units of ground limestone with every 100 units of Brewers grain.  And when feeding 100 units Brewers grai plus 120 units of Copra meal, add 10 units of limestone. This shold give a Ca: P ratio in the vicinity of 2,28:1

In general, is unlikely that milk lactose increase or decrease in response to forage/concentrate ratio, mostly because lactose is a component closely related to water compound of milk. So, even if forage/concentrate ratio allow bacteria to produce more propionic acid, it will affect the amout of milk, far more than milk lactose.

I would be interested what the normal growing period of these fish under these circumstances would be. If your experimental period is at least 1/2 to 2/3 of that period than you have in my opinion a strong argument in favour of validity of your results. If less than 1/2 of the normal growing period, one might argue that any effect might be gone at normal catching/slaughter age.

what kind of live feed are you using?

There are some authors that have handled the problem including a penalty in the objective funtion for the deviation in feasibility (not meeting the constraints). In this way the infeasible solutions will be discarded eventually by the fitness function. However if you have a tight constrained problem, you will need to generate a very large initial population to meet the probability of finding some feasible solutions.

Thank you all for the anwears :)

The use of seaweed or extract is restricted to be a source of complex carbohydrates and minerals of high quality. These nutrients can be used by several aquatic species of herbivorous and omnivorous habits, bred in captivity. The key to its possible use in diets produced artificially, is the drying process. These plants must be dried without allowing the Maillard reaction occurs as this reaction avoids, that the nutrients are bioavailable

At our laboratory, we generally suspended the material using suspending agent (e.g. CMC-Na)  if the material was not soluble in water, but if it is soluble I think you can dissolve it in water (if it is stable), so it is nice if you check first the stability of your material in water.

Well... what is early stage?

Once they are big enough to eat it, actually cat Food is a very good and economic Option. But be careful withnthe applied quantity as left overs should never rotten in the water. Check the link.

I made very good experience with similar Synbranchus marmoratus.

Cheers

Stefan

Nice work,

I agree with d-r Vieira, best wishes

Also I downloaded for you these two articles .......I know some formulating of ratio in our local Pelagonia farms, but this is for Holstein -Friesian cows, I do not know nothing for bufalloes if it is the same............ good luck

The nutrients could be used for maintenance, growth or lactation and the requirements differ for these three, so you will need to specify specific performance traits that are of interest. Also, it would be useful to know more about how you might control feed intake. Will it be offered ad libitum or restricted? A simple emperical method would be to calculate the crude protein and total digestible nutrients using feed composition tables and then average these for various combinations of the poor quality forage and the fodder. You will need to adjust for dry matter content and convert all values to a 100% dry matter basis for direct comparisons.

Just as an illustration a attach a chart of predicted vs measured starch content in maize bran (Uganda). Prediction following the equation given above. You notice a bias (about 5%) due to the fact that NDF doesn't represent tatal fibre (some soluble fibre are not included in NDF). However the R² is good (>0.95).

On the same data you can estimate starch more simply (2 parameters) by:

Starch (%DM) = 75.68 - 3.29*ASH - 3.42*C Fibre  (R²=0.86)

Another example on a worldwide database of rice bran (342 samples)

Starch (%DM) = 75.86 - 1.07*ASH - 1.65*C Fat - 1.03* C Fibre (R²=0.91)

So, depending on the parameters you know or have access to (ash, protein etc.) you can establish prediction equations for starch on a particular material.

Coating with sweetening agent.

Would 13C not be a better option as you do not have to comply with regulations on use of radioactive materials? 

Thanks the question and for this great contributions. I also think  that another precise way to quantify this will be to evaluate P digestibility, myo-inositol, and the IP esters (IP1 to IP6) levels in the ilea digesta content and in possibly in fecal material following feeding a diet with known level of phytase.

Thank you very much Natalia!

Dear Akhir,

You mean to use whole seed not extract from Milk thistle. In this case especially for cows dose at a rate of 0.3 kg per head/day seed meal.

YES IT CAN BE USED FOR BOTH , BUT BE CAREDFUL ABOUT FIBER CONTENT.

The LD50 value is 140 mg/kg in rabbits after i.v. and after oral administration tolerance is even higher 10 g/kg.

Agricultural materials used in feed production contain a lot of polymers which ordinarily cannot be digested by enzymes in the intestine. By the process of fermentation the complex polymers will be broken down by enzymes produced by the fermenting organisms ,to simpler unit that can be digested. This increases the bioavailability of the components. Therefore I believe that fermentation increases the biological availability.

Insects are used in making animals feed but  with caution on how they are obtained to prevent transfer of disease causing organisms to the animals. some insects also contain a lot of ash as a result of the exoskeleton which makes digestibility of the feed difficult.

hello Ioannis Anastasiou 

I do not exactly know what this plant is?

If it's more than the percentage of nutrients and nutrient Send me e-mail it to me..

best regard for you

i hope to can answer your question.

thanks

my email:m.khayyam@khuisf.ac.ir

.

according to its age and diet composition

Indeed there is. Degradation rates increase fairly dramatically as particle size decreases. If you will provide an email address I would be happy to send a graph illustrating this relationship.

But... Are there some quantified requirements? E.g. 25%CP, 4 mg O/dl minimum...

Yes poultry needs cobalt & the requirements are often met by the available cobalt in the B complex. supplementation therefore lead to excess cobalt, in the system of the birds.. In addition,it could l

Thank-you. I have tried simliar methods without sucess but this gives me more information to work out the method.

The feed cost on a dry matter basis is 5x that of livestock feed.

Here's a nice article: J Dairy Sci. 2000 Oct;83(10):2289-94. The classic in vitro digestibility method is the old Tilley and Terry method J. Brit. Grassland Soc. 18:104-11, 1963. One caveat of terminology typically is that nutritive value refers to the chemical composition of the ingredient. So measuring nutritive value typically involves wet chemistry proximate analysis, NIRS, etc. An in vitro procedure won't give you information about the chemical composition, just the digestibility.

I have this book , you can determining "antinutritional factors " and any phytochemical (such Tannins , saponin . EO) in feed

Harinder P. S. Makkar, S. Siddhuraju, Klaus Becker. Plant Secondary Metabolites (Series: Methods in Molecular Biology - 393). Humana Press, 2007

It is worth reading this - http://www.ajas.info/Editor/manuscript/upload/9-34.pdf, and other sources of comment, although this paper is now 20 years old.

Replacement of protein by urea in poultry diets seems an unlikely posibility, although urea is essentially non-toxic to mono-gastric animals. It is toxic to ruminants in excess as their digestive process readily produces ammonia from urea, and ammonia is toxic, but in small amounts is converted by gut bacteria to amino-acids.

The "problem" with poultry digestive tracts is that they do not provide a sufficiently large habitat for bacteria that would have long enough to produce significant amounts of ammonia, and then convert it to amino-acids.

What ingredient, what enzyme?

Your question could be answered either way.

If the ingredient in unusual for poultry diets, refer to the producer's claims regarding the substrate...

good option is to measure digesta viscosity like in poultry, even though viscosity has less impact on nutrient absorption in pigs, still it changes due to carbohydrate composition, particle size, polymerization etc. Moreover it is also easy to show post mortem changes just placing digesta in scaled cylinder measuring water and solid fraction.

http://www.brcorte.com.br/en/. this is from Brazil.There is a link for the complete book, eight chapters, close to the information link.

some papers on the topic

Svihus B, Sacranie A, Denstadli V, Choct M Nutrient utilization and functionality of the anterior digestive tract caused by intermittent feeding and inclusion of whole wheat in diets for broiler chickens. Poultry Science 89: 2617-2625.

2. Gabriel I, Mallet S, Leconte M, Fort G, Naciri M (2003) Effects of whole wheat feeding on the development of coccidial infection in broiler chickens. Poultry science. pp. 1668.

3. Engberg R, Hedemann M, Steenfeldt S, Jensen B (2004) Influence of whole wheat and xylanase on broiler performance and microbial composition and activity in the digestive tract. Poultry Science 83: 925.

4. Engberg RM, Hedemann MS, Steenfeldt S, Jensen BB (2004) Influence of whole wheat and xylanase on broiler performance and microbial composition and activity in the digestive tract. Poult Sci 83: 925-938.

5. Wu Y, Ravindran V, Thomas D, Birtles M, Hendriks W (2004) Influence of method of whole wheat inclusion and xylanase supplementation on the performance, apparent metabolisable energy, digestive tract measurements and gut morphology of broilers. British Poultry Science. pp. 385-394.

6. Svihus B, Juvik E, Hetland H, Krogdahl A (2004) Causes for improvement in nutritive value of broiler chicken diets with whole wheat instead of ground wheat. British Poultry Science. pp. 55-60.

7. Gabriel I, Mallet S, Leconte M (2003) Differences in the digestive tract characteristics of broiler chickens fed on complete pelleted diet or on whole wheat added to pelleted protein concentrate. British Poultry Science. pp. 283.

8. Delezie E, Zoons J, Buyse J, Decuypere E (2006) Influence of whole wheat inclusion on optimal feed withdrawal duration. British Poultry Science. pp. 572-575.

9. Banfield M, Ten Doeschate R, Forbes J (1998) Effect of whole wheat and heat stress on a coccidial infection in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science. pp. S25.

10. Wu Y, Ravindran V (2004) Influence of whole wheat inclusion and xylanase supplementation on the performance, digestive tract measurements and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology. pp. 129-139.

Dear Ahmed

The preparation is not as simple as just hydrolysing the proteins and the analysing it with LC-MS. You will also need to derivatise the amino acids in order to improve bot the the separation on a column and/or to aid in visualisation of the amino acid. Have a look at the following book:

Two derivatization methods from Waters, Pico-Tag method and the Accu-Tag method, are generally used in the LC-MS analysis of amino acids. Have a look at these links to some of the application notes: