Feed Evaluation - Science topic

Haifa Juma Common protein sources used in feed formulation for broilers include:

1. Soybean meal: high-quality protein source, widely available, and cost-effective

2. Fish meal: high-protein, high-energy ingredient, rich in essential amino acids

3. Meat and bone meal: rendered protein source, rich in minerals and energy

4. Corn gluten meal: by-product of corn processing, high in protein and energy

5. Wheat gluten meal: high-protein ingredient, often used in combination with other sources

6. Peas and other legumes: novel protein sources, gaining popularity due to sustainability

7. Insect meal (e.g., mealworms): emerging protein source, rich in amino acids and micronutrients

8. Blood meal: high-protein ingredient, often used in starter diets

9. Feather meal: rendered protein source, rich in sulfur amino acids

10. Canola meal: plant-based protein source, used in some broiler feed formulations.

The choice of protein source depends on factors like availability, cost, nutritional requirements, and sustainability considerations. A combination of protein sources is often used to achieve optimal amino acid profiles and performance in broilers.

Home-made diets are not recommended. It is very difficult to provide a suitable diet containing all trace elements. There is a large amount of literature regarding canine nutrition and various diets.

Feeding for clinical problems should always be done in conjunction with a vet and again, there are commercial diets available to support clinical treatments. Cauliflower is low in calories and high in fibre and can be fed cooked or raw in moderation. However it may promote flatulence.

Dear Md. Rahat Ahmad Redoy

Did you find this program? I am also looking for a Naway Computer Program. Unfortunately, the file from Redimio Manuel Pedraza Oliver is not working.

Maybe any company sells this software??

NRC is mostly followed centrally. And each nation m have their own. India has ICAR recommend ed allowences or standards

see this may help you

Please have a look at the following link and PDF attachments.

I think the much difficulty involved in making silage using animal offals would be putrefaction and rancidity owing to the fact that they contain high quantities of protein and fat. To achieve good results, a high carbohydrate source must be added to achieve fermentation and reduce the pH to preserve the silage . If this is not done, then we will rather end up with large quantities of lysosomal enzymes in the product which could rather be toxic both to man and livestock.

Thank you dear Alrubaee

it is a good method for measurement of PH

If biosolids doesn;t coatain any heavy metal and/or other harmful elements and if it is prepared through anaerobic fermentation after separation from waste water then it may use as organic manure for forage production.  

Dear Ravi

Please go through the reference cited by Zahira. It is very helpful. I have read it before and found it to guide me very precisely.

First you have enough oil in your diet in order that these products can effect in it. And you be able to reduce fat equal to matrix value.

Second I doulbt about that figures they say. Third  matrix values  depends on dietary components   bird health and other  rearing management and condition.

You should also consider the cost.

Dear Ihilesen

Listed below a number of sites that wish can benefit of them

Best regards

Amjed K. Resen

M Lauff, R Hofer - Aquaculture, 1984‏ - Elsevier‏

L Ribeiro, JL Zambonino-Infante, C Cahu, MT Dinis - Aquaculture, 1999‏ - Elsevier‏

G Rosenlund, J Stoss, C Talbot - Aquaculture, 1997‏ - Elsevier‏

J Walford, TJ Lam - Aquaculture, 1993‏ - Elsevier‏

My experimental observations with both monogastrics and ruminants indicate that access to water is very important, but this varies with the dry matter content of the food or feed consumed. Dry foods/feeds must be accompanied by access to water; otherwise, food/feed intake declines quickly. High moisture diets do not require access to water immediately, but may stimulate need for water afterward, depending on their composition. Cattle grazing lush, spring pastures do not need much water, but cattle grazing dry pastures or consuming hay need much more. Similarly, monogastrics will reduce food/feed intake if their water is restricted. If one looks at the GI tract, it is "wet" and absorbs and recycles excess water. In ruminants, digestibility of the feed is increased with slow passage and decreased with fast passage. Passage is affected more by % of fiber in the diet and especially by % of undigestible fiber than it is with water. Nevertheless, if the total feed intake has a moisture level of less than 40% or so, then water becomes critical. I believe the best approach is to allow voluntary water intake whenever the animal (including humans) senses that they need more water. Drink up!

Dear Megh

There is current trend to replace the antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) by using probiotic additives and organic acids ( for example formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, lactic, and citric acids ), these acids have antimicrobial activity, which results in modification of the gut microflora profile, and modifications to the gastrointestinal microflora which reduce pathogen attachment may have a profound effect on the structure of the intestinal wall.

For more information please, use the link:

Good Luck

I will like to add that all these effects will be more pronounced in high yielders who are at risk of acidosis and feeding less starch grains like bajra sorghum could be helpful in these which can decrease risk of acidosis as well as may help to maintain normal rumen fermentation  process

Did you find out what happened? I believe I'm facing related problems.

I had the same problems when analyzing the citrus pulp and soybeans

hulls. The levels of NDF were lower than those of ADF. Seeking an

explanation for the results, the use of alpha-amylase and a sequential

analysis were suggested. In my case, the problem was the pectin, too

high in the soybean hulls and in the citrus pulp.

One common mistake in diet studies is the failure to insure that dietary treatments have the same caloric density (isocaloric) or the same protein level (isonitrogenous) when they should.Thus, simply exchanging ingredients will change the energy level of the diet as well as the protein level and confound the experiment with an extra variable. Energy must be added to some of the diets to make them isocaloric.

The same principle can be applied to experiments that include diets with different protein sources as dietary treatments. In this case, care must be taken to make sure that the growth effects being measured are due to protein source rather than protein level. The diets are made isonitrogenous by varying the level of the protein sources according to the protein content of each

Look at this

 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ufaw/aw/2007/00000016/.../art00002

Be care with feeding pigs with fish oils rich in EPA and DHA, unfortunately results in pork with a distinct fish flavor and after-taste.

Thanks Susantha ! Do you have any suggested literature for me? please share if you have.

Hi Hijaz,

for sure the replacement of antibiotic is an interesting issue, however you have correctly stated "some potential".

I think that the future will be a complementary use of these additive with the antibiotics, following a strategy to reduce antibiotic resistance.

You can achieve a good Ca:P ratio by adding 7,5 units of ground limestone with every 100 units of Brewers grain.  And when feeding 100 units Brewers grai plus 120 units of Copra meal, add 10 units of limestone. This shold give a Ca: P ratio in the vicinity of 2,28:1

My colleague Michael Dom did his research on Sweet Potato silage. You can follow him if your question relates to sweet potato silage. thanks.

It would be easier using the alkanes technique if the slow release device was available. Otherwise you need to dose twice daily alkanes (or other compounds, such as TiO2) in gelatine capsules. Cattle in temperate environments are usually offered high quality herbages, which have a rapid rate of passage so dosing a marker for faecal output has to be twice a day. We can probably bring back the slow release capsules if there was enough researchers wanting to use it. 

Hello Mr Garipoglu (or Mr Vaiz, I don't Know, sorry!!!)

Values of 13,56 and 17,6 were reported in tomato leaves  by Osama et al (2013) and Ventura et al (2009), respectively.  Analyzing tems, Ventura et al (2009) reported 18,4%. In whole tomato plant (stems+leaves), Lofti (nd) indicated a value of 19% and Ventura et al (2009) 18.1%.

I think that values between 20-25% can be possible in certain agricultural conditions, dependind on the soil type, maturity of the plant, fertilization levels.  Also, if your samples are soil-contaminated, it can be expected higher ash levels.

Also, as a part of the silage process, you could use some additives that hightened your crude ash levels.

I hope this answer can be useful for you. If it isn't, please say it to me.

I attached the publications cited. I'm very sad, but I cannot give you any Costarican info, beacause I didn't received yet analysis results of my sample.

Just as an illustration a attach a chart of predicted vs measured starch content in maize bran (Uganda). Prediction following the equation given above. You notice a bias (about 5%) due to the fact that NDF doesn't represent tatal fibre (some soluble fibre are not included in NDF). However the R² is good (>0.95).

On the same data you can estimate starch more simply (2 parameters) by:

Starch (%DM) = 75.68 - 3.29*ASH - 3.42*C Fibre  (R²=0.86)

Another example on a worldwide database of rice bran (342 samples)

Starch (%DM) = 75.86 - 1.07*ASH - 1.65*C Fat - 1.03* C Fibre (R²=0.91)

So, depending on the parameters you know or have access to (ash, protein etc.) you can establish prediction equations for starch on a particular material.

Would 13C not be a better option as you do not have to comply with regulations on use of radioactive materials? 

Thank you Dr.Kumar & AleJandro Saborio-Montero.

Best,

Dill

You can find recipes and procedures here: 

DEar Scientist, I am afraid that I think the answer is very easy, when  you are looking for damage there is no need to go for such problematic measures , you can easily weigh the twigs before and after the application and compare different tries with a control if it is a vital experiment. Otherwise, please let me know what is your aim of that experiment. thank you for your further explanation to me.

Dr. Abdigoudarzi, Iran

Agricultural materials used in feed production contain a lot of polymers which ordinarily cannot be digested by enzymes in the intestine. By the process of fermentation the complex polymers will be broken down by enzymes produced by the fermenting organisms ,to simpler unit that can be digested. This increases the bioavailability of the components. Therefore I believe that fermentation increases the biological availability.

hello Ioannis Anastasiou 

I do not exactly know what this plant is?

If it's more than the percentage of nutrients and nutrient Send me e-mail it to me..

best regard for you

i hope to can answer your question.

thanks

my email:m.khayyam@khuisf.ac.ir

.

Here is a simple explanation for your question: Rumen microbiota (bacteria 80%) accomplish ruminal digestion thru fermentation prcesses. The in sacco method depends on multiple factors but mainly on the activity of these microorganisms. Changes on the ruminal enviroment are going to affect this ferementation processes. So, the rate of the ruminal digestion of any component in the diet, is an indirect measurement of these microorganisms activity.

according to its age and diet composition

Fecal nitrogen determination:-

The fecal nitrogen was determined following the procedures outlined by Jakobsen et al. (1960).

Principle:

Trichloro-acetic acid will dissolve the non-protein nitrogenous compounds, the protein is then filtered and the residue is subjected to Kjeldahl determination.

Reagents:-

1- sodium borate (dissolve 50 g boric acid + 100 g sodium hydroxide in 385 ml distilled water).

2- Potassium permanganate (dissolve 3.16 g potassium permanganate in 97 ml distilled water).

3- 10% Trichloro-acetic acid.

4- 2% Trichloro-acetic acid.

Apparatus:-

1- Hot air oven. 2- Kjeldahl apparatus.

3- Filtering funnels. 4- Beakers, 300 ml, with glass stirring rods.

5- Ashless filter paper. 6- Water bath.

7- Analytical balance.

Procedure:

1- Add 70 ml distilled water to 2 g of the dried-excreta in 300 ml capacity beaker.

2- Then add 20 ml sodium borate and 6 ml potassium permanganate.

3-The beaker is placed in water bath at a temperature of 50 0C and is stirred for an hour.

4-It's left to settle for one hour at least at room temperature.

5-Add 30 ml 10% trichloro-acetic acid solution and stir with a glass rod.

6-The beaker is left again for one hour at room temperature.

7-Filter through 15 cm ashless filter paper, wash 4 times with 25-30 ml 2% trichloro-acetic acid and for each, in order that the precipitate is free from solution by pressing on it with glass rod covered with plastic.

8-The filter paper containing the sample (on the glass funnel) is dried in an oven at 90 0C.

9-The sample along with the filter paper is digested following the Kjeldahl method for determining the nitrogen.

Thank you for your interest 

Wheat byproducts are a wide range of products, from corse bran to fine middlings. The position of what you call "grau" in this continuum is not clear. You will find valuable information on wheat bran - including starch content - in FEEDIPEDIA online animal feed encyclopedia :

The starch content of bran is from 13.0%DM to 38.7%DM, but in whet middlings it can be much higher.

The feed cost on a dry matter basis is 5x that of livestock feed.

Here's a nice article: J Dairy Sci. 2000 Oct;83(10):2289-94. The classic in vitro digestibility method is the old Tilley and Terry method J. Brit. Grassland Soc. 18:104-11, 1963. One caveat of terminology typically is that nutritive value refers to the chemical composition of the ingredient. So measuring nutritive value typically involves wet chemistry proximate analysis, NIRS, etc. An in vitro procedure won't give you information about the chemical composition, just the digestibility.

Title: Large scale patterns of forage yield and quality across Chinese grasslands

Author(s): Shi Yue; Ma YinLei; Ma WenHong; et al.

Source: Chinese Science Bulletin Volume: 58 Issue: 10 Pages: 1187-1199 Published: APR 2013

good option is to measure digesta viscosity like in poultry, even though viscosity has less impact on nutrient absorption in pigs, still it changes due to carbohydrate composition, particle size, polymerization etc. Moreover it is also easy to show post mortem changes just placing digesta in scaled cylinder measuring water and solid fraction.

you can see more aboth in book:leo m.l.nollet,2000:food analysis by HPLC.marcel.dekker.inc.new york

Dear Ghadir

Tannin-binding assay is a very effective mean to quantify tannin in direct relationship to their biological activities: see my publication in J Agr. Chem. Food sci for the method and my review in Animal Feed Sci Technol. These publication can be downloaded from this site, or from my publication site (see link in the data set).

Nissim

http://www.brcorte.com.br/en/. this is from Brazil.There is a link for the complete book, eight chapters, close to the information link.

Black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) maybe a good candidate for your research. They are quite common, easy to grow and easy to harvest. Best of luck! http://www.blacksoldierflyfarming.com/

If for short time (3-4 days) you should not have lost of nutrients in refrigeration, if for longer time is preferable to freeze, in that case you should add some food grade criopreservative solutions to avoid ice formation, i mean cristalization of the water content, because cristalization destroy wall cells and then you will have lost of nutrients.