Fate - Science topic

In the context of the long-term fate of injected CO2, especially in geological sequestration scenarios such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), most of the injected CO2 tends to remain within a lateral radius of about 3 km from the injection point primarily due to the interplay of several geological and physical factors:

1. The geological formations selected for CO2 storage typically have specific characteristics in terms of permeability and porosity that are conducive to containing fluids within a confined space. These properties influence how the CO2 moves through the rock matrix and help to limit its lateral spread.

2. This occurs when CO2, injected as a supercritical fluid, moves through the pore spaces of the rock and gets trapped by capillary forces within those pores. This process effectively immobilizes the CO2, preventing it from migrating far from the injection site.

3. Supercritical CO2 is less dense than the brine commonly found in deep geological formations, giving it a tendency to rise towards the surface. However, the relatively high viscosity and the confining pressure at depth also serve to slow down its lateral movement, confining it largely to the area near the injection well.

4. Structural features such as faults, folds, or impermeable rock layers (cap rocks) can act as barriers that restrict the lateral and vertical migration of CO2. These geological barriers are critical in defining the extent of the area where CO2 can reside.

5. The presence of groundwater flow can influence the movement of CO2. In some cases, the natural flow of groundwater can help to contain the CO2 within a certain radius by creating a dynamic equilibrium that limits its spread.

6. Continuous injection of CO2 leads to an increase in pressure within the formation. This pressure build-up can reduce the mobility of CO2 by decreasing its effective permeability, thereby confining it to the vicinity of the injection zone.

These factors collectively contribute to the phenomenon where injected CO2 predominantly remains within a limited lateral distance from its point of injection, enhancing the predictability and safety of CO2 sequestration projects.

Dear Tilahun,

Even if you could find such a model or equation I would strongly recommend you do not use it. Pesticide breakdown, or usually, the breakdown of the active substance/component of a given pesticide differs strongly between temperatures, organic matter amount, oxic/anoxic conditions and microbiome complexity. In addition, active substances of pesticides can belong to many different groups of chemicals, and of course this influences the speed at which they break down or disperse in the environment.

In flowing water they will likely follow the stream, in non-flowing water they will eventually settle in the muck at the bottom. If you lack the proper (analysis) equipment (for example liquid chromatography) and sampling opportunity even your best effort will be no more than a guess.

Sorry I cannot help you further.

Educational placement for children with disabilities varies based on their needs, abilities, and the educational philosophy of the institution. Here’s a breakdown of three primary placement types:

Quartz tubes are ideal but expensive. Consider UV-transparent alternatives like PTFE, FEP, or PVDF, which are more affordable and suitable for photochemical studies. Run a small comparison test with quartz to validate results before scaling up.

Auto correct change tanner to turner --'

Historically, radioisotopic methods were used where each intermediate was isolated and quantified. Stable isotopic methods, using MS and MS/MS have displaced this (see attached MetaSIRMS brochure). Isotopic vector angle analysis is the best method to do this for which there are papers by myself and Price at BYU that describe the method. This will only work for intermediates that are ionizable. There are similar C-NMR methods by a researcher in France (sorry can't remember the name) which can be used for non-ionizable compound analysis. Isotopic ratio methods work best because compound recovery can be assumed to be the same for both isotopic versions. However, you always have to be aware of enzymatic isotopic preferences, even for 13C, in metabolism. Therefore, its best to use low ratios of stable isotopes, rather than pure isotopic labels, otherwise growth rates are low, or the organism can fail to grow, even bacteria.

There are similar discussions about printed books vs. e-books. See these discussions:

@ Tal, the attached file may be useful to you.

Many schools are in the phase of transition. Technology is embedded into the system and many teachers are struggling to keep up with the pace.

Only abstract available: https://atcmeetingabstracts.com/abstract/impact-and-consequences-of-recipient-gastroduodenal-artery-gda-ligation-prior-to-hepatic-artery-ha-anastomosis-during-orthotopic-liver-transplantation-olt/

I would ask this specific question on Twitter involving the transplant community

Sudha Sahu

Members of the genera Bacillus Pseudomonas and Micrococcus are identified as has ability to solubilize insoluble phosphorus in the soil.

Bacillus is notable in having an endospore that can be resistant to soil environments.

In addition the endospore is excellent for making a stable commercial inoculatnt.

Finally and must importantly these bacteria can be rhizosphere inhabitants or even endophytic.

Inoculents of Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria provide 30 kg/ha Phosphate which is about one half of a optimized P need.

Using legumes Rhizobium BNF modest rock phosphate and Phosphorus soluilzing Bacter plus mycorrhizal inoculation very high N and P availability can be promoted without high P inputs.

To succeed every event pushing the money then things will move.

You can't predict what will happen in the Developing Countries because things are implemented according to the interest of the bureaucracy.

Bureaucracy is the delaying mechanisms to have an apparent or disguise corruption in many offices.

Ignorance is the fate of the poor people, inability to give the money for every issue is the fate of the middle income people in the developing countries.

Inappropriate policies will affect the citizens abruptly and abnormally in many occasions.

Believing trust worthy leaders could be another problems of the people in the developing countries.

Irregular operations, not adhere to rules and regulations, everybody is a king in the developing countries.

Gold open access journals offer APC waivers & discounts to the authors belonging to Low- Income & Mid- income economies also Automatic waivers are given based on the eligible country to which the author belongs. If the article is rejected you may not be fulfilling the criteria, you can read the Journal guidelines before submitting your manuscript to such Journals.

Waivers or discounts to reduce article publishing charges (APCs) for open access articles are available to:

For authors publishing in Wiley's fully Gold open access journals, Wiley offers waivers and discounts to corresponding authors based in low- and middle-income countries.

based in the following countries are eligible to receive an automatic waiver for APCs* when publishing in a Wiley open access journal:

Through plowing,irrigation and drying some of it could be absorbed by plants, other structures could face changes due to microorganisms and other factors, or leached down via deep water infiltration.Regards

Dear Sarthak

As the other researchers said, those options are available. BUT if you are looking for a more scientific option, I would suggest you look at one of my papers-

"Vermiremediation of metal (loid) s via Eichornia crassipes phytomass extraction: a sustainable technique for plant amelioration"

The theory behind this approach is- to transform the phytoremediated plants by decomposing and then feed those decomposed phytoremediated plants to earth warms to produce vermicompost and thus a high amount of organic matter-rich and phytochelatins-rich compost will be generated. This organic matter chelates down and makes a confined lattice complex of the pollutants coming out from the plants. This process restricts the mobility of the pollutants to get released after phytoremediation.

I hope this will help

Takele Taye Desta

Rural India has a unique challenge in that it has a low population concentration as well as a very low income and spending power. Infrastructure such as telecommunications, power, and connection is too expensive for rapid returns.

The horse family, often known as equids, includes six living wild species of asses and zebras in addition to domestic horses and donkeys.

The US has the National Mercury Laboratory that might help. In one of our reports on Researchgate, I uploaded about monitoring on the Francis Marion National Forest. Many black water streams with headwaters in wetlands have high methyl mercury. The accumulation of methyl mercury is most notable in carnivorous fish, but I have also seen reports that mosquito fish also accumulate to high levels. The fatty part of the fish we sampled was the common approach to test for mercury accumulation. As I remember, we found much less in sediment and water samples. I would not expect sea grass to be an efficient accumulator, but since growing in wetlands conditions, maybe worth a test or discuss with the US National Mercury Lab or active mercury scientists. I don’t know if David Krabbinhoff (spelling?) is still the Director, but he has published heavily on the subject. Waterbirds or other animals that feed heavily on carnivorous fish may also be worth testing. I was told that the mercury tends to accumulate in the fatty tissues, but you might want to confirm that.

Excreted out of it's body as waste

I think the major car manufacturers already have at least one or two electric car models (I cannot actually name each of them for I don't know that much.) But I understand the strategy is that "good amounts of net profits from market IC cars is going into R&D, innovation side of the electric vehicles which is definitely a good sign that they are getting ready for the shift." The rise in jobs for power electronics and electrical machines within electric vehicle sector also signifies this fact. Personally, I was getting many calls from automotive sector as an electrical engineer.

But I think we need to see the numbers of new refineries or extensions that are happening all over the world too in terms of new projects. This shows us how much is going into investing under petroleum refineries. but that can be again for textiles or chemical manufacturing.

The shift from IC to EV will take longer in developing countries as everyone knows, that way, the major car manufacturers know that they still need to innovate in IC vehicles as well.

I want to know if anyone gives statistics for some of my answers. I can evaluate my approach towards it then!

Thank you Thomas W Kelsey for your kind information.

Interesting question! we are waiting for the answers of the experts.

However, excess nonpoint source pollution impacts the overall quality of life, and subsequently can drive property values down. If nonpoint source pollution continues to plague the waters surrounding coastal communities, their economies and social conditions may rapidly deteriorate. See the link: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_pollution/04nonpointsource.html

Thanks for your interesting question: The fate of pollutants in the environment depends upon the ‘compartment’ in which they occur: air, water, soil, sediment. The transport and fate of pollutants in soils are manged by different biotic or abiotic processes and depend on several factors.....

Due to what you mentioned environmentally solutions; now microbial interactions with both organic and inorganic pollutants, as well as the effects that environmental parameters and pollutant structure have on the extent and rate of these biological reactions!.

Brendan,

I would suggest the world (etc) is complex and made up of several trails. In the above, the question, in the end, is one of responsibility.

It depends on type of pollutant and absorbent used.

Binod, I think there are a couple issues with your question. First, what do you mean by "long run"? As it has been said, in the long run we are all dead so I think you need to address why we might be concerned with ethical behavior in the "long run". Second, I think your statement that "history shows that firms with unethical affairs have a poor fate" is prone to "failure bias". Is it possible that there are unethical businesses that are successful but we aren't aware of them because they have not failed?

Thank all

I am hopeful that coronavirus disease (COVID-19) will be controlled soon like other infectious diseases.

اي محاولة التغاضي و الأبعاد عن دور الفضاء أو الفراغ في أو عند وضع القوانين الفيزيائية، الكيميائية، و البيولوجية سيبيئ بالنقصان اذا لم يكن بالفشل و قلة الفهم؟

The discussion and very interesting paper onppi initiated by Alejandro Martin at

will interest you

Dear Šarović,

I agree with you. The international standard, ISO 31000:2018, Risk management – Guidelines, explains that the purpose of risk management is „the creation and protection of value“, and that means it continually improves the performance of the organization, encourages innovation and supports the achievement of objectives. According to this standard, Risk Management is based on eight guiding principles: Integrated, Structured and Comprehensive, Customized, Inclusive, Dynamic, Best Available Information, Human and Cultural Factors, and Continual Improvement. These principles are fundamental for effective and efficient risk management. Risk Management Principles enable an organization to manage the effects of uncertainty on its objectives, which is of particular importance in preventing crisis.

Best Regards,

Radoica

There is an international consensus that deep geological disposal on land is the most appropriate means for isolating permanently the high-level waste and spent fuel from man's environment.

Additional options include: disposal in geological formations under the deep ocean floor, disposal on the ocean floor, disposal in glaciated areas, extraterrestrial disposal, and destruction by nuclear transmutation.

The extended storage, at production sites or in a centralized store, may be considered in principle an acceptable waste management strategy, provided it is not supposed to be perpetuated for longer than feasible and safe and is to be replaced by a more permanent solution at a later date.

Dr. Pablo posed a very important and interesting question, indeed. Thank you. Most of us, especially from the low-income countries face the same problem. But if the countries where we work impose to us to work other jobs to survive (and that's our everyday reality), then how we can fulfill our everyday academic duties - teaching, scientific research, etc. It could do harm not only to the educational system, but also to the academic staff itself. No wonder that so many (not only young, but also middle-aged) highly-competent and skilled people from various professions, including academic one, leave this country.

Yes, Alexa488 would not work very well with such long wavelength channels. You would want to have the excitation and emission spectra of the fluorophores matching that of the system.

One brief look at the CLx manual ( https://www.licor.com/documents/8prh6ps2abjbemx68412 ) reveals that the 700 nm (emission) channel uses a 685nm laser, and the 800nm (emission) channel uses a 785 nm laser. These would match very well with AlexaFluor 680 for 700 channel and AlexaFluor 790 for 800nm channel. Maybe there are other fluorophores that works best with this machine. You may want to ask others who have done experiment with CLx.

For a new imaging experiment, I always go to the Fluorescence SpectraViewer to look up what are the best hardware/fluorophore combinations:

https://www.thermofisher.com/nl/en/home/life-science/cell-analysis/labeling-chemistry/fluorescence-spectraviewer.html

The pollutant present in the adsorbents may be extracted with some appropriate extractants and the released pollutant may be treated separately if possible or may be reused or recycled for other use or may be deeply buried under soil.

Everything happens for a reason...

Generally there are two ways to extract only a part of non extractable residue. Either through acidification of the extract or by means of an enzymatic reaction. Yet conjugates are very difficult to extract only to a minimal extent.

Interesting question.

Dear Satish Narula

I think you need to review the basic concepts of the electromagnetism in reference books. This question is the result of miss understanding of real-world interaction of electrical and magnetic field. The precedent answers is complete but sufficient. I think it is better to start form the scratch.

Best Regards

Ahmad

A very good question but hard one to answer! Most of the papers published lately have referred to the studies that you mentioned! I couldn't find a 2019 reference for it! I follow your question and I'm sure it'll be answered soon!@Seyed Ali Johari

The current runs from the positive terminal of the battery (or generator) through the gap in the spark plug, to the negative terminal of the battery. The loss of electrons in the circuit is compensated by the discharge of the battery (or generator). The outside air is not needed as part of the circuit.

Hi Kim,

Thanks a lot for the valuable information. I have read some of the brillent refereences. Do you think that kerogen with high maturity can react to form large amount of CO2 at deeply burial depth with high temperature?

Zainab Abdul Kadhim Hasan , according to the Iraqi constitution, it is permissible for a person with two different nationalities to to be in the office on the condition that he renunciates his acquired nationality. We have many cases like the Iraqi president Barham Salih who has recently relinquished his British nationality and kept his Iraqi one.

Best regards,

Philosophy is classically known as the mother of all sciences, in fact, human reasoning drives research in any area, and theology, which is the study of God, does not escape from it either, even the same has relation with human reasoning and vice versa. The question, besides interesting, is very particularized. This is about a God who determines the destiny of people, then here are other questions: What is God about? What is the definition of destination? One of many answers could be related to the God of Jews and Christians, which is the same, but for one and the same God does not act in the same way. For example, in the book of Job (Bible), this character showed anger in front of the events of his life, and it was considered blasphemy by some and not by others. Another example: The Catholic Church determined as a heresy the Calvinist position of the predestination of people to be saved.

The subject is very broad

Regards

normally, 2 to 6 months

Methane and hydrogen can be used as energy sources, while CO2 can be fed to photosynthetic algae

Respected sir / madam,

Is there any studies or defined procedures available for the quantification of plastic compounds (Functional groups / elements) found in fish gut and the same as assimilated % over muscle or fish tissues in India???

Degree of the exam is mandatory but not sufficient to determine the fate and future of the student.

WE must work together to do that

Muhammad Farhan Ali Khan ,

To use glycerol monostereate(lipid) with statins to formulate Solid Lipid Nanoparticles you must conduct the solubility study and based on the solubility of ststins into glycerol monostereate.

Mention the particular statins as different statins has different lipophilicity and log P value.

statins with higher log P value would be suitable condidate for NLC.

agree with @Aleš Kralj

regards

Thanks Andrey Massarsky for your insight, your response is highly appreciated. This is indeed very educative.

It is interesting question. I follow its answers.

Kind regards

This article mentions necrosis as a result of PDT.

Interesting question . If you are using biofertilizers , crop response needs to be validated in field after screening them in-vitro, both the studies should go in tandem . But , most important of all is to screen out the most potent microbial strains of different species in terms of biopesticidal effects and growth promoting ability as well. First treat soil as a comprehensive environment to deal with agriculture production system as take off point...

this link is useful

regards

Currently, one of the usages of DH is on the tropical maize. See this report from CIMMYT (May 2017):

"......Aimed at improving the adoption of DH technology in tropical maize breeding programs by developing improved haploid inducers for tropical maize breeding programs, developing novel methods of haploid identification and efficient protocols for chromosomal doubling, and optimizing the agronomic management for deriving doubled haploids......."

Dear Researcher

All models are accurate to a certain degree based on numerical analysis of dispersion- convection theory in subsurface media. But each mathematical model focuses on some things more than others.

LAMMPS is a good MD code for materials research.

Sources of fluoride in groundwater - The occurrence of fluoride (F–) in groundwater is primarily ascribed to geogenic processes. The sources are usually related to the dissolution of various minerals present in rocks and soils, such as fluorite (or fluorspar), cryolite, fluoroapatite, topaz, villaumite, amphiboles such as hornblende, micas namely muscovite and biotite and also rock phosphate. Clay minerals for instance vermiculite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite, chlorite and spectite are also the sources of fluoride in groundwater. Among the above stated minerals, fluorite and fluorapatite have generally been considered as the foremost geogenic sources of F– in groundwater.

The anthropogenic activities like the application of phosphatic fertilizers and pesticides, processing of phosphatic raw materials, use of clays in ceramic industries, electroplating, aluminum smelting operations, and mining & burning of coal  may also have role in the  elevated concentration of F– in  groundwater.

Fluoride enrichment - The concentration of fluoride in groundwater depends on the amount of F- in the host rock, the residence time of water, pH, presence or absence of ion complexes and colloids, temperature, solubility of F--bearing minerals, anion exchange capacity of the aquifer material (OH for F), and the presence or absence of Ca and HCO3

- ions in the water.

You can read my two recently published articles.

Regards

Indian farming community is in great need to have access to weather information to plan and manage their crops and their livelihoods. Considering the growing acceptance of farmers for the internet and mobile based services, ICAR made an attempt to provide valuable agromet information to the users through a common platform - 'Crop Weather Outlook'. This website provides Agrometeorological  information  highlights.

Nanoparticles with adsorbed organics can be ultracentrifuged, dried, removed during thermolysis of organics , and used as a pigment.

It means water used in fracking - the majority of fluid used in fracking operations is water with some additives.

Don't know if anyone has studied this, but the classic methods are isotopic labeling experiments (stable or radio).  By injecting a bolus of isotopically-labeled benzotriazole, you can track it's conversion into other compounds and/or it's UV-irradiation fate.

Thanks Raju. All of them are useful, especially the second link. Thanks again :). 

Titus, thank you. Quite complex indeed! I have made some progress, but i can still use some input. The compound i am dealing with is linear both in its hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties,, so that makes it a bit easier, but the double nature of it is still something most models have trouble dealing with.