FARMS - Science topic

1. High cos installation and technology

2. Limited technology and facilities

3. High energy demand and residual wast related environmental problems

The question may need to be rephrased to determine whether we want to focus on financial or community sustainability. However, my answer is yes for both. Universities can leverage funding through access to land or grants to operate, while farmers can benefit from innovative technologies and improved farm management to improve their productivity and competitiveness.

For general clarity, I will ask, “To support financial sustainability, are universities leveraging farms for agricultural production and demonstrations to benefit both their funding and surrounding communities?”

Dear Doctor

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[2.1. Forms of Uterine Disease of Dairy Cows

2.1.1. Metritis: First 21 Days after Calving Metritis is defined as the inflammation of the uterine wall, including the endometrium, the muscular layers and the serosa, which occurs until the first 21 days after calving—primarily within 7–10 days—and can affect up to 40% of dairy cows. Clinical signs include a watery, red-brown uterine discharge, usually with a fetid odour. The uterus of a metritic cow is enlarged and flaccid and does not have the longitudinal folds that typically characterize involution. Metritis is classified into three grades based on the accompanying systemic symptoms. In Grade 1 metritis, there is no sign of systemic signs of illness or fever. In Grade 2, or acute puerperal metritis, clinical signs include fever (>39.5 °C), reduced appetite, decreased milk production and prolonged resting periods (lethargy). In Grade 3, or toxic metritis, the cow is recumbent and shows toxaemic signs .

2.1.2. Endometritis: From 21 Days after Calving Endometritis is defined as inflammation of the endometrium only that does not extend beyond the stratum spongiosum. Endometritis occurs from 21 days after calving onwards and is classified as clinical or subclinical . The disease can affect about 20% of dairy cows .Clinical endometritis is characterized by visible mucopurulent (50% mucus; 50% pus) or purulent discharge at the vulva or in the vagina. The severity of clinical endometritis is usually graded by evaluating the vaginal discharge. In Grade 0, or normal (without endometritis), the discharge is clear or translucent. In Grade 1, the mucoid discharge contains flecks of white or off-white pus. In Grade 2, the discharge contains less than 50% white or off-white mucopurulent material. In Grade 3, it is purulent, usually with a white or yellow colour, but sometimes it can contain blood too . In subclinical endometritis, the infection and inflammation of the endometrium do not result in discharge.

2.1.3. Pyometra: Between 42 and 60 Days after Calving Pyometra is sometimes also considered a type of endometritis; however, usually, it is discussed separately . It is characterized by the accumulation of pus in the distended uterus with a closed cervix and a persistent corpus luteum in an ovary. Some pus my leak into the vagina too. Bacterial infection of the oviducts and salpingitis can occur and influence fertility as well. Pyometra occurs between 42 and 60 days after calving, with a relatively low prevalence rate of less than 2% .]

First of people travel for different purpose such as Mountainering, Business, Hiking, Jungle saffari and heritage explorations.

Heritage farming preserve the farming culture and people will be attracted to the farming area.The farm will provide services of their products so that the people will have exchange ideas in production and enjoy the products those were priduced long before. It also provide opportunity for cultural exchange and develops tolerable society one another. Therefore heritage farming adds value to culture and history.

Adam Ethan, Kusum Ahluwalia

Artificial intelligence (AI) models for predicting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural land represent a very promising tool for understanding, forecasting, and managing the environmental impact of agriculture. With the advancement of machine learning technologies, sensors, and big data processing, such models are becoming increasingly feasible and useful for practical applications.

Feasibility of AI Models

Yes, it is feasible! Artificial intelligence can play a key role in predicting GHG emissions from agricultural land. Machine learning models, such as neural networks, regression, and deep learning, can process large amounts of data and consider complex factors influencing emissions, such as:

By applying machine learning, models can "learn" from historical data about agricultural practices and climate conditions, and based on this, predict how certain agricultural activities will affect GHG emissions.

Key Considerations When Establishing AI Models

Yes, there are databases that provide detailed information on onshore wind production for wind farms in Portugal. One notable resource is The Wind Power database, which offers comprehensive data on wind farms, turbines, manufacturers, developers, operators, and owners. This database includes detailed statistics and is regularly updated.

Dear Doctor

[Efficient irrigation management can improve yields, grain quality, conserve water and energy, and reduce nutrient leaching. One of the easiest and most effective ways to improve irrigation efficiency is to implement soil sensor technology in irrigation scheduling.

Soil moisture sensors are divided into two categories depending on the technology they use: 1) Sensors that measure volumetric water content and 2) Sensors that measure soil tension when placed in the soil profile.

Soil moisture sensors measure or estimate the amount of water in the soil. These sensors can be stationary or portables such as handheld probes. Stationary sensors are placed at the predetermined locations and depths in the field, whereas portable soil moisture probes can measure soil moisture at several locations.]

Can estimate depends on soil C-organic, crops and type of soil

Hydrochar production at farm scale by farmers refers to the process of producing hydrochar, a carbon-rich material similar to charcoal, on a farm or agricultural property. Hydrochar is created through the process of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), which involves heating organic biomass, such as agricultural waste or crop residues, in the presence of water at moderate temperatures and pressures. This process converts the biomass into a solid carbon-rich material. The idea of producing hydrochar at a farm scale is gaining interest for several reasons: 1. Waste Management: Farmers often generate large quantities of agricultural residues and organic waste. HTC provides an opportunity to convert these waste materials into a valuable product, reducing waste and promoting sustainable waste management practices. 2. Soil Amendment: Hydrochar can be used as a soil amendment to improve soil fertility and structure. When applied to the soil, it can enhance water retention, nutrient availability, and overall soil health, leading to better crop growth. 3. Carbon Sequestration: Hydrochar is a stable form of carbon that can be stored in the soil for an extended period, effectively sequestering carbon and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. 4. Energy Production: The process of hydrothermal carbonization also produces a liquid byproduct called hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) oil, which can be further processed to generate renewable energy. The production of hydrochar at a farm scale involves the following steps: 1. Feedstock Collection: Farmers need to collect suitable feedstock for the HTC process. This can include agricultural residues, crop waste, cover crops, or other organic materials available on the farm. 2. Hydrothermal Carbonization: The collected feedstock is loaded into a hydrothermal reactor. The reactor is then heated to moderate temperatures (typically between 180 to 250 degrees Celsius) and pressurized with water. The hydrochar production process takes a few hours to complete. 3. Post-Processing: After the hydrothermal carbonization process, the hydrochar is removed from the reactor and dried to reduce its moisture content. It is then ready for use as a soil amendment. 4. Application: The produced hydrochar can be applied to the farm's soil to enhance its fertility and structure. It can be incorporated into the soil during land preparation or applied as a top dressing. It is important to note that hydrochar production at a farm scale requires appropriate equipment, knowledge of the HTC process, and considerations for safety and environmental impact. Farmers interested in implementing this technology should seek guidance from experts, agricultural extension services, or research institutions to ensure successful and responsible hydrochar production on their farms.

All the mentioned cases, dear researchers, have a logical solution. The stronger the researcher's knowledge in the field of statistical information, the more statistical data analysis will cost less. The type of system selection is very important in reducing the cost.

Before selecting site for establishing an orchard there should be a proper irrigation facilities, the orchard should be nearer to the local market so that the ripened commodities should be easily supply to the market within the given time and soil should be well drained having good water holding capacity, sunny areas plus orchard should be located in the north-south direction

Vertical farms are changing the way we grow crops by using innovative technologies and methods to produce food in urban environments, where space and resources are limited. Vertical farms involve growing crops in vertically stacked layers, using controlled environmental conditions, artificial lightings, and soilless media, such as hydroponics or aeroponics. Some of the benefits of vertical farming are:

It would help if you were clearer with your research question here, but if you are just looking for an exploratory analysis of how the grass species differ between sites you could visualise the communities using NMDS/DCA/CA, test for differences using PERMANOVA or ANOSIM, look at which species are most responsible for differences found using SIMPER, or try indicator species analysis to see which species best characterise your sites (e.g. INDVAL). All of the above can be done in R using the Vegan package: https://vegandevs.github.io/vegan/articles/FAQ-vegan.html

There's a nice intro tutorial to ordination methods here https://ourcodingclub.github.io/tutorials/ordination/

Finally you can also answer questions about multivariate abundance data like yours using model based ordinations e.g. the Mvabund package https://fontikar.github.io/mvabund/index.html

The Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) is a species of fish found in the northwest Atlantic Ocean, including the waters off the coast of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Cunner are a small, reef-associated species that are typically found in shallow, rocky areas along the coast. They are primarily carnivorous, feeding on small crustaceans, mollusks, and other invertebrates.

While Cunner are an important food fish in the northwest Atlantic region, they are also commonly used as cleaner fish on salmon farms. Cleaner fish are small species that are introduced to salmon farms to help control parasites and other diseases by feeding on the parasites and damaged skin of the farmed salmon.

To find information on the Cunner fishery in the northwest Atlantic, you may want to consult the following sources:

I hope this information is helpful! Let me know if you have any further questions.

There are 159 wind datasets available on data.world.

One of them is: wind data on data.world | 159 datasets available

Another is: Wind energy database (thewindpower.net).

What are the variables you have recorded and the traits, only on that basis model is decided.

Objectives of the study, only than, one can decide the model

Dear Majid,

You may use Landsat satellites to cover these years. You may also increase the spatial resolution to 15 meters using pan sharping technique. About the classes, many methods can be applied whether supervised or non. It depends in the analysis and purposes. Envi and Erdas are good choices to apply that.

Best wishes,

Jasem

Suggestion: I do recommend to pay attention to the observations of zoos, where there is a search for food in their exhibitions (of presented birds, or other farmed species) by not only wild birds but also other wild animal species. I assume some experience and knowledge about interesting interactions in this area. - Pozdravujem, Miroslav

We have had trials on apple orchards(Georgia, M9, Golden delicious, (4 *1.25 m) Spindel, tree height 2.50 - 2.70 m) of the use of DJI Agras T20 for spraying. According to our trials at least 60 liters are needed for proper spraying per ha. We try several amounts of solutions to identify minimum needed solutions.

The crucial importance is to set up the proper fly height of the drone mission. We identify - that it should be set up sprayer nozzles level (not drone itself) around 10 - 30 cm upper of end of central lider shoot. more height fly does not apply properly for down surface, more down - not good coverage of upper shoots. limitation of drone use is that there are needed make 25 -30 back and force flying per ha, which needed more time for turning in each row.

Still, AgriDrone use of orchard spraying is more focused for small scale orchards, However DJI is improving the capacity of drones - actually, T30 liters already available, as well nozzles and pump efficiencies improving

Anyway, We think this is very important and we are continuing trials and will share our experiences.

Firstly you will have to fumigate the environment with either DD force or Snipper and after then make sure proper disinfectant method is been carried out once per week

Hi Sara,

It's likely that wind regimes will be impacted in different ways across different regions by climate change. That will probably take a few years of data collection at wind farms to become noticeable though, and will likely be difficult to predict with just numerical models.

It's not much, but hope that helps!