Exoplanets - Science topic

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I am very interested in learning more about astrobiology, specifically how the composition of aquatic moons and exoplanets is measured.

How can scientists predict if a moon is salty or has a high concentration of a specific molecule (arsenic, for example)?

I've set up an emcee EnsembleSampler() with 50 walkers, 500 iterations. However, looking at the resulting traces, I don't think my walkers are fully exploring the parameter space. The walkers don't converge around what the true value of the parameter is.

The prior I'm giving to whole parameters is uniform and the p0 distribution is a random uniform distribution. The reason I believe this is wrong is because it appears that these walkers are exploring all of the parameter space and for the majority of their iterations without converging to the parameter

Graphs below:

It is possible that we are being watched by an extraterrestrial civilization that may have much more advanced technology than we do. We humans have been conducting radio listening for several decades to the sounds coming from various corners of the Universe, mainly the closest constellations to our solar system containing other suns and various planetary systems. However, to date, we have not been able to make any contact or receive messages, signals, sounds from our side, which would confirm the existence of another civilization beyond our earthly one. Perhaps more perfect photographs taken with the James Webb Space Telescope will make it possible to diagnose the chemical composition (elements and organic chemical compounds or analogs) that would suggest the existence of other life forms on exoplanets located in other planetary systems, in other constellations, in other galaxies. However, it cannot be ruled out that the first in this regard will be representatives of other technologically advanced extraterrestrial civilizations created by other intelligent life forms. Perhaps we are being watched by spacecraft or courts sent from distant exoplanets by other intelligent life forms that have built more technologically advanced extraterrestrial civilizations, i.e. having much more advanced space technology, artificial intelligence technology, autonomous robots equipped with artificial intelligence. Specific risks of threats from this to our civilization are not excluded. Some of these risks have been depicted in various science fiction films.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Space supertelescopes, including one of the most modern and powerful space telescopes, which is the James Webb supertelescope, take many images of galaxies, suns, nebulae, etc., millions of light years distant. In distant galaxies, of which there are millions if not more in the Universe, there are many constellations numbering in the billions, planetary systems that contain many exoplanets. Many of these billions of exoplanets orbiting other suns in other planetary systems are similar in many ways to our plaenta Earth. For many thousands or millions of these exoplanets, the similarity of chemical element composition, physico-chemical conditions, temperature levels, chemical composition of inorganic compounds, atmospheric processes, surface formation, possible presence of water or highly alternative chemical-physical structures, etc. with what is found on Earth may be so great that it is highly likely that life is or has been found on many of these exoplanets. Most likely, these are different life forms to those we know. The dissimilarity of these life forms is determined by different conditions of physical and chemical processes, different composition of chemical elements, different chemical compounds, different atmospheric processes, different temperature ranges, different calendar of rotation around other suns, etc. Perhaps on some of these exoplanets where other life forms arose other intelligent beings also arose. Perhaps on some of these exoplanets where evolved life created other intelligent beings are also present advanced civilizations created by said other intelligent beings. Humanity has been searching for many years for answers to questions about the possible existence of other forms of life, other intelligent beings, other civilizations on distant exoplanets.For years, space supertelescopes have been involved for this purpose, which successively over time as space exploration technology advances, take more and more perfect photographs of more and more distant celestial bodies, galaxies, constellations, planetary systems, exoplanets. This produces a huge amount of data contained in the thousands or millions of photographs taken in this way. It would take many years for a human to analyze such a large amount of data contained in these photographs. Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies, including Big Data Analytics and generative artificial intelligence, can help analyze these large data sets contained in the aforementioned many photographs.

I described the applications of Big Data technologies in sentiment analysis, business analytics and risk management in an article of my co-authorship:

APPLICATION OF DATA BASE SYSTEMS BIG DATA AND BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SOFTWARE IN INTEGRATED RISK MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATION

I described the key issues of opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology in my article below:

OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Here I present my findings that the solar system mirrors atomic systems and has a quantum mechanical solution to the Schrödinger wave equation based on a base unit of 1 second. I further suggest that this solution for our spectral class G2V star the Sun, may indicate that life is a uniform cosmic unfolding throughout the Universe. In order to test whether this works for many G2V star like our Sun we would need to detect Earth sized planets around such other such stars, to see if my Planck constant works for other planetary systems, which I show is connected to the my theory for the radius of a proton in terms the Natural constants such as the gravitational constant for gravity and the Planck constant for atoms. However the first Earth-sized planets have been detected in the habitable zones of stars, and interestingly there are 4 planets in a red dwarf spectral class M star in the habitable zone of a star designated TOI 700 with complete data and fairly small margins of error. Two of them are Earth-sized, but the star is not spectral class G2V like our Sun. However, before that we detected an Earth-like planet in the habitable zone of a G2V star like our Sun, but it was not Earth-sized, but rather a super-Earth, which is to say it was much more massive than the Earth, estimated 5 times more massive. And this figure for the mass was an estimate, where for our Earth-sized planets around an M star are well determined. The star for the super-Earth is called Kepler-452 and the planet is called Kepler-452b. We will not work with this one in the paper, as the data is not accurate enough for the size and mass of the planet because the system is so far away. Lightly suggested in this study is the progression from cool red M stars to warm yellow G stars to hot blue A stars in association with a progression from one type of life to another.

How are the strange worlds of this world and other lands?

For thousands of years, people believed that the Earth was fixed at the center of the universe and that every other celestial body revolved around our planet. But over time it became clear that the earth did not occupy such a special position. People realized that maybe the earth is not as unique as they thought. Some even wondered if there might be planets around other stars. To date, astronomers have found more than 5,000 exoplanets. While astronomers initially expected to find systems similar to our planet, most of the first exoplanets they discovered were wild and strange compared to our own solar system. Hubble's exoplanet studies continue to expand our view of planetary systems by revealing even stranger orbs, often by probing their atmospheric chemistry through spectroscopy—the study of information encoded in light. Hubble's spectroscopic observations have revealed faded worlds shrinking into space as they lose their atmospheres, and planets in odd orbits. But the observatory has also revealed worlds that are more like ours.

How is the weather and star relationships?

Earth exhibits a wide range of weather, from rolling thunderstorms to sunny skies and blizzards. Thanks to Hubble, astronomers have learned about the weather some exoplanets experience, including molten iron showers, amber skies, and even sunscreen-like snow flurries. Future observations could reveal more about the factors that drive the climates of exoplanets, including their relationships with their host stars. If our own host star, the Sun, were just a little warmer or cooler, or if it were much older or younger, Earth might not be habitable. While Sun-like stars may be the most obvious targets for the search for habitable planets, these stars are not too hot, too cold, or too violent to host life-friendly planets over large stretches of cosmic time. Hubble's upcoming observations will help us focus our search for habitable worlds and bring us ever closer to the possibility of finding life on other planets. New stars in the Milky Way form from swirling clouds of gas and dust scattered throughout our galaxy. The remnants of those clouds remain and surround each star in a disk that becomes more diffuse as the debris clumps together to form objects like planets. Hubble's studies of exoplanets have focused mainly on the planets themselves, but sometimes surprises turn up in the disks in which these planets are embedded.

Would the knowledge of other forms of life on distant exoplanets make it easier to answer the question of the possible purposefulness or randomness of the origin/emergence of life in the Universe and its development in evolutionary processes lasting millions or billions of years?

Man has been searching for years for a clear answer to the questions concerning the nature and possible purposefulness or randomness of the origin/emergence of life in the Universe and its development in evolutionary processes lasting millions or billions of years. On the other hand, one of the highly debatable issues is the possibility of the existence of other life forms, including other intelligent life forms on exoplanets many millions of light years distant, located in other planetary systems, other constellations, other stellar constellations, in other galaxies. At present, the most perfect instrument for photographing cosmic objects millions or even billions of light years away that man has built so far is the James Webb Space Telescope. Perhaps with the help of this telescope it will be possible to take photographs of distant exoplanets similar to our planet Earth, which exist in other planetary systems at distances from suns that allow life to originate and develop in the form of evolution on them. If man ever manages in this way to unambiguously confirm the existence of other forms of life on distant exoplanets, then, taking into account the number of galaxies in the known Universe numbering in the billions, the potential number of exoplanets with other forms of life on them can then also be estimated in relatively large numbers. If this is the case, then the question of resolving the possible intentionality or randomness of the emergence, or in fact the multiple and independent emergence of life on many exoplanets many millions of light years distant from each other in the known Universe will also significantly change its interpretative character. In view of the above, an affirmative and unambiguous answer to the question regarding the possible intentionality or randomness of the multiple and independent from each other origin of life on various exoplanets that are many millions of light years distant from each other, i.e. in a situation of unambiguous confirmation of the existence of other forms of life on distant exoplanets, the question of the possible expediency or randomness of the multiple emergence of life in the Universe and its development in processes of evolution of various forms of life lasting millions or billions of years repeatedly, and perhaps also the independent, multiple emergence of intelligent forms of life and of the more or less technologically advanced civilisations built by these various intelligent forms of life should be greatly facilitated. Perhaps with the finest telescope yet built, i.e. the James Webb Space Telescope, it will be possible to photograph exoplanets millions of light years away and obtain evidence of the existence of other life forms on these distant exoplanets similar to our planet Earth. And when this has been achieved, then perhaps the answer to the other questions above will already be facilitated.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What is your opinion on the subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Warm regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Just as centuries ago, the change from a geocentric to a heliocentric system of planetary and solar bodies in the system now known as the solar system was fundamental to the understanding of the role of man in the Universe, etc.? Yes in the future, when it is scientifically confirmed that in the Universe there are thousands of other exoplanets similar to our planet Earth, many millions of light years distant, on which there are other forms of life, including intelligent life forms this will also probably prove to be a breakthrough in the understanding of the essence of humanity and the role, importance of man in the Universe, the purposefulness of his existence, the possible purposefulness of the process of evolution of life, etc.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion on this subject?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

How do you think very different forms of life might exist on distant exoplanets relative to the life forms we know?

Given what we know and what we don't know about the cosmos, how different do you think life forms might be on distant exoplanets relative to the known life forms found on planet Earth?

Considering how different environmental, climatic, geological conditions, the composition of elements and inorganic and possibly also organic compounds, etc. on distant exoplanets may be under many or even all of the categories known to us, how different life forms may exist on these other planets located many millions of light years from our solar system?

According to some astrophysicists, what we do not know about the cosmos is estimated to be 96 per cent. Included in this is, for example, the essence of dark matter beyond the Universe as we know it and dark matter causing the expansion of the Universe as we know it. Life in its essence is defined in an ambiguous way. Depending on whether the definition refers only to life forms found on planet Earth or to possible other life forms that may exist on distant exoplanets, the definition of life is not necessarily the same.

Depending on what role the billions-of-years-long process of evolution of life forms on planet Earth has played in the development of life forms and the resolution of the question of the randomness of the emergence of life on different exoplanets or the intentionality of the evolutionary process aimed, for example, at the to the creation of more and more complex forms of life, forms of life increasingly adaptable to specific, changing environmental conditions of a specific exoplanet, increasingly better adapted to different environments, and to the possibly intentional or accidental bringing about of intelligent beings, including beings forming organised civilisations, changing the environment of the planet and aiming at space exploration, colonisation of other exoplanets similar to their home planet. These eventualities to be resolved that have not been resolved are many. Consequently, defining the essence of life in the context of possibly other extraterrestrial life forms on many exoplanets is not uniform. In the context of potential completely other, unknown forms of extraterrestrial life that probably occur on many distant exoplanets, life can be defined as a process of spontaneous, self-contained, independent, organised processing of matter based on energy acquired from the environment and forming, through this process, more complex structures of specific chemical compounds, elements of matter available on a specific planet and adapting to the more or less variable environment of the planet, etc. It is likely that many questions will be answered when the first evidence of the existence of other forms of extraterrestrial life occurring on many distant exoplanets emerges. There are already more than 5 500 confirmed existing exoplanets, and there is already fragmentary information about another 9 000, also suggesting their existence. This knowledge has been building up very rapidly over the past decade or so. On some of Jupiter's moons, there are deep water oceans many kilometres deep beneath the icy crust, in which specific but as yet unknown chemical compounds and perhaps certain other forms of life exist. For example, there are planets in our Solar System with largely different environments to planet Earth. For example, the atmosphere of Venus contains mainly sulphuric acid. But does this rule out the existence of some firm, less organised, procariot-type life forms. Not necessarily.

In view of the above, I address the following questions to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Counting on your opinions, on getting to know your personal opinion, on an honest approach to the discussion of scientific issues and not the ready-made answers generated in ChatGPT, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.

The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.

I have not used other sources or automatic text generation systems such as ChatGPT in writing this text.

Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In Planetary systems like the solar system existing in the Universe, planets are running around its star repeatedly without changing its orbit. What are the scientific facts behind the phenomena.

On the other hand, over a much longer period of time, what could the continuation of the evolution of the homo sapiens species look like over the next thousands and millions of years on colonised exoplanets millions of light years away?

In your opinion, how could the evolution of homo sapiens continue over the next thousands and millions of years if the Earth's civilisation survived for at least another 100 years and man succeeded in colonising exoplanets? What do you think the evolution of homo sapiens would have looked like over the next thousands and millions of years if Earth's civilisation had survived for at least another 100 years and man had managed to build spaceships that would have enabled the colonisation of many exoplanets similar to Planet Earth, millions of light years away?

For example, if man succeeded in building spaceships which would allow the colonisation of many exoplanets similar to the Earth, distant by millions of light years, and after colonising at least several hundred exoplanets, after a period of at least several thousand years man would survive on some of these exoplanets and build certain civilisations which would be significantly different from the one we know. After a period of at least several thousand years, it would turn out that only on every hundredth or every thousandth exoplanet would a new civilisation be built and a new human race already evolved, which would survive specific natural cataclysms and/or climatic and other catastrophes resulting from human activity. A large number of colonised exoplanets similar to the Earth, but nevertheless significantly different from each other, e.g. in terms of the composition of elements on the equivalent Mendeleyev tables, the structure of key organic compounds, the composition of the biosphere, the climate, etc., would correspond, for example, to different islands on the planet Earth, on which different species of flora and fauna arose in a process of Darwinian evolution lasting millions of years. In the context of such considerations, the following question arises: What qualities could a human being have, whose civilisation would survive for many thousands of years to come on a small number of colonised exoplanets similar to the planet Earth, distant by millions of light years? What qualities could a human being have, whose civilisation would survive many thousands of consecutive years, i.e. would develop in a fully balanced way with the surrounding nature functioning on a specific exoplanet similar to the planet Earth and would avoid the negative scenario that awaits the planet Earth in the 21st century, namely would avoid degradation of the biosphere occurring on the exoplanet, would avoid global warming and climate catastrophe? In my opinion, it would probably have been human beings who would have built a civilisation on the basis of sustainability with the surrounding nature, and intelligent people, as a result of the evolutionary process operating in a slightly different than earthly environment on distant exoplanets, would not have developed negative characteristics such as e.g. Greed, egoism, thoughtless exploitation of the planet's resources within the framework of a selfish robbery economy, ignorance of the relationship between man and the natural environment surrounding man, ignorance of the negative development of civilisation causing great damage to the surrounding biosphere and climate, i.e. features which have decided that the development of civilisation and the technological progress which has taken place on planet Earth in the 21st century has not protected man, the biosphere and the planet's climate from destruction.

For example, if man succeeded in building spaceships which would allow the colonisation of many exoplanets similar to the Earth, distant by millions of light years, and after colonising at least several hundred exoplanets, after a period of at least several thousand years man would survive on some of these exoplanets and build certain civilisations which would be significantly different from the one we know. After a period of at least several thousand years, it would turn out that only on every hundredth or every thousandth exoplanet would a new civilisation be built and a new human race already evolved, which would survive specific natural cataclysms and/or climatic and other catastrophes resulting from human activity. A large number of colonised exoplanets similar to the Earth, but nevertheless significantly different from each other, e.g. in terms of the composition of elements on the equivalent Mendeleyev tables, the structure of key organic compounds, the composition of the biosphere, the climate, etc., would correspond, for example, to different islands on the planet Earth, on which different species of flora and fauna arose in a process of Darwinian evolution lasting millions of years. In the context of such considerations, the following question arises: What qualities could a human being have, whose civilisation would survive for many thousands of years to come on a small number of colonised exoplanets similar to the planet Earth, distant by millions of light years? What qualities could a human being have, whose civilisation would survive many thousands of consecutive years, i.e. would develop in a fully balanced way with the surrounding nature functioning on a specific exoplanet similar to the planet Earth and would avoid the negative scenario that awaits the planet Earth in the 21st century, namely would avoid degradation of the biosphere occurring on the exoplanet, would avoid global warming and climate catastrophe? In my opinion, it would probably have been human beings who would have built a civilisation on the basis of sustainability with the surrounding nature, and intelligent people, as a result of the evolutionary process operating in a slightly different than earthly environment on distant exoplanets, would not have developed negative characteristics such as e.g. Greed, egoism, thoughtless exploitation of the planet's resources within the framework of a selfish robbery economy, ignorance of the relationship between man and the natural environment surrounding man, ignorance of the negative development of civilisation causing great damage to the surrounding biosphere and climate, i.e. features which have decided that the development of civilisation and the technological progress which has taken place on planet Earth in the 21st century has not protected man, the biosphere and the planet's climate from destruction. Of course, in this issue, considerations around the following further question arise: On these other, distant but also similar to the planet Earth, would man develop civilisation in a similar way as it has done on the planet Earth and also a process of global warming and climate catastrophe would occur, i.e. on these other exoplanets the appearance of man could be compared to the appearance of a virus in a certain balanced environment, which would seriously disrupt this state of sustainability and lead to a catastrophe of the exoplanet's biosphere? Such comparisons have been used more than once in popular science literature and in films of the science fiction genre, including, for example, part 1 of the 'Matrix' trilogy directed by the Wachowski brothers. However, we are not able to answer the latter question fully unequivocally, because we do not know the geological, climatic, natural environments, the biochemical composition and organic compounds forming the biosphere of the exoplanet, the composition and structure of the elements forming the dominant minerals on the planet, etc. of those other many hundreds, thousands or perhaps more exoplanets similar to the planet Earth. Thus, we do not know these presumably different in many respects biotic and abiotic environments of exoplanets and therefore do not know how these other environments would have shaped the development of other civilisations that may have been man-made on distant exoplanets. Alternatively, we can describe a hypothetical situation that could exist on some human-colonised exoplanets by defining the aforementioned conditions existing on an exoplanet of other animate and inanimate nature that could determine the development of human civilisation taking place in harmony with the surrounding nature and climate, i.e. within the framework of full sustainability, i.e. also in a way that we currently define on planet Earth as fully pursuing the goals of sustainable development and conducted within the framework of a sustainable, pro-environmental, green circular economy. Until we know more about these other abiotic and biotic environments found on many exoplanets and whether other, different forms of life exist on many other exoplanets, the answer to the above questions can only end at the stage of conjecture and theoretical considerations.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Counting on your opinions, on getting to know your personal opinion, on an honest approach to the discussion of scientific issues and not the ready-made answers generated in ChatGPT, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.

The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.

I have not used other sources or automatic text generation systems such as ChatGPT in writing this text.

Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz

Warm regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

For centuries, man has been searching for an answer to the question of whether life originated and developed only on planet Earth, or whether it originated beyond Earth and came to Earth, e.g. whether life originated and developed only on planet Earth, whether it originated beyond Earth and came to Earth, e.g. in the form of simple microorganisms in the rocks of meteorites falling to Earth, whether it also developed in many other places in the Universe, whether life also developed, used to function and/or still functions, whether other forms of life developed, whether other intelligent life forms developed, whether these other intelligent life forms have created other civilisations on other exoplanets many millions of light years distant, located in other planetary systems, in other constellations, other star constellations, located in other galaxies, galactic nebulae, etc.? ? For several decades now, as man has been building ever more perfect space telescopes and listening for sounds from distant corners of the Universe, the possibilities of answering these questions have been gradually increasing. On the one hand, cosmologists, astronomers, researchers into astrophysics, the biosphere of the cosmos, etc., are trying to estimate the number of exoplanets which are at a similar distance from their suns as the planet Earth, have a sufficiently abundant amount of various elements and chemical compounds, and have the potential for the emergence of at least simple forms of life. On the other hand, it has still not been possible to hear a sound from space that would be evidence of the existence of another civilisation. It has still not been possible to photograph exoplanets millions of light years away in such a way, with sufficiently close-ups in the photographs, that traces of other life forms can be seen. But technological advances in the possibilities of space exploration and research are continuing relentlessly. Recently, the most advanced space telescope to date, called the James Webb telescope, was placed in Earth's orbit. The James Webb Telescope is currently the most perfect device ever created by man to photograph distant cosmic objects, distant galaxies, constellations, planetary systems and also exoplanets, millions and billions of light years away. This telescope is superior to the previously used Hubble Telescope for infrared observations. The James Webb Space Telescope was built between 2007 and 2021 a space telescope for observing and taking pictures of distant space objects mainly in the infrared. In a sense (observing the Cosmos only in the infrared range), the James Webb Space Telescope is intended to be the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. Overseen and largely funded by NASA, the project was developed in collaboration with ESA and the CSA. With the James Webb Telescope, it is possible to photograph and study exoplanets located in other planetary systems, in other constellations and to photograph distant galaxies up to 13 billion light years away from Earth. As a result, the James Webb Telescope is already being described as a kind of cosmic time machine, as it takes pictures of galaxies billions of light years away, the photographed image of which shows these galaxies as they looked those billions of years ago. The James Webb Space Telescope was placed into Earth's orbit at the end of 2021, and to date has photographed many cosmic objects that were previously virtually invisible to humans in any way. The date for the launch of this telescope has been postponed several times since 2007, because due to the global financial crisis of 2008 and other economic issues, there was not enough money to complete the project in the previous years before 2021. The cost of building the James Webb Space Telescope was estimated to be around USD 10 billion. In view of the above, the James Webb Space Telescope is the most powerful telescope ever built by man to be placed in Earth's orbit and the most perfect device for taking photographs of space objects billions of light years away. Perhaps, thanks to the James Webb telescope, man will finally get an answer to the above questions.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

LINK: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2023/nasa-s-webb-spots-swirling-gritty-clouds-on-remote-planet

The Webb telescope is gathering data, including presence of water, methane, carbon monoxide, and possibly carbon dioxide; orbital path of 10,000 years around two stars; temperature predicted to cool from current 1400 degrees Fahrenheit; and distance from the two stars estimated at approximately 4 times the distance of the dwarf planet Pluto from our Sun. My RG question pertains to the Webb telescope's focus on this exoplanet's storm, which may appear to be somewhat similar to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. The LINK article states that the wind velocity is observed to have increased in a very short time span (since about 2009) on the circumference of the circular storm area, while the wind in the central core of the storm is decreasing; moreover, the area covered by this circular storm area appears to be getting smaller. Can you apply either Newton's laws of motion or Einstein's relativity theories to add to this discussion? Furthermore, can the research being accomplished by scientists observing exoplanet VHS 1256 b be applied to scientific research about the worsening rainstorms, hurricanes, tornadic activities, and lightning and thunderstorms right here on planet Earth?

Will the manned space mission to Mars planned for the 2030s be mainly a technological race between superpowers, like the manned mission to the Moon in the 1970s, or will it rather be an international research mission to explore the possibility of establishing a permanent exploration base and possibly also the future colonisation of Mars?

Apart from this, one key research question that is not and probably still may remain unanswered for many years to come is the following:

Did rivers and seas exist on Mars millions of years ago and in them and perhaps next to them perhaps various forms of life existed?

Perhaps getting a clear answer to this question will require a manned space mission and the establishment of a permanent research base on Mars.

What is your opinion on this?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please reply,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Thank you,

Warm regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In mid-July 2022, NASA published the first images taken with the help of the James Webb Space Telescope. The James Webb Space Telescope programme, which has been underway for many years, is now complete and operational in 2022. The images taken with the help of the James Webb Space Telescope are much more accurate compared to the images previously taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. The image presented by NASA shows the result of a study of the composition of the atmosphere of exoplanet WASP-96b. It is one of the first images published on 12.7.2022 and taken thanks to the state-of-the-art James Webb Space Super Telescope located in Earth's orbit. The image shows a graphic depiction of the results of the WASP-96b NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI measurement of the composition of the exoplanet's atmosphere. Through this image, NASA has shown the result of the extremely sensitive instruments found on the James Webb Telescope. The image shows the most accurate measurements to date of the composition of the atmosphere of an exoplanet, or planet, located outside the Solar System. The exoplanet whose atmosphere the telescope has studied is WASP-96 b, a gas giant located just beyond the edge of the Solar System, at a distance of about 1,100 light years from Earth. It is particularly interesting that the telescope detected, among other things, noticeable traces of water in the studied composition of the exoplanet's atmosphere! The collected data also suggest that the atmosphere of this celestial body contains water vapour and clouds. Thus, we are probably gradually approaching research results which will confirm that, with a high level of probability, there is water, Earth-like environmental and climatic conditions and some form of life on many exoplanets located many thousands and millions of light years from our Solar System. In view of this, the technology of space exploration, including the study of what is found on other exoplanets thanks to the James Webb Space Telescope, has made great strides.

Will the James Webb Space Telescope provide answers to the long-standing human question:

Are there other forms of life beyond planet Earth on distant exoplanets, in other planetary systems, in other constellations, other galaxies?

Are there other forms of life, including intelligent other forms of life, somewhere in the Universe beyond planet Earth?

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please reply,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz

In Exofop website, not for every tess object of interest (TOIs) mass is given but parameters like radius, insolation orbital period is given? Is there any model or relation to get the mass

Is there a way to avoid starlight to find planets?

For this, let us first consider the earth and the sun. The world revolving around the sun star follows a method (rotation) just like the exoplanets. However, these turnaround times are different. If the value in the planet finding chart is first constant then decreasing then increasing when the planet is accelerating. So if it turns out to be a planet. What else can we say? So, when we accelerate the orbit of a planet, it means that we will be exposed to much less starlight because it will pass quickly from the sun, that is, the star. Orbit means gravity. If the gravity increases, the orbit, that is, the gravitational relationship of the two objects to each other (here the sun and the earth), the orbital speed will increase and the light scattering from the opposite star will decrease. So let's use SIR ISAAC NEWTON's formula G.m1.m2 /r'2 and derive something new.

The formula for going to exoplanets might be this: g. c(luminous intensity of star) /v(rotation rate of earth or exoplanet)

Gezegenleri bulmak için yıldız ışığından sakınmanın bir yolu var mıdır?

Bunun için öncelikle dünya ve güneşi düşünelim. Güneş yıldızı etrafında dönen dünya tıpki ötegezegenler gibi bir metod (dönüş) izler. Ancak bu dönüş süreleri farklıdır. Eğer gezegen hızlandığı vakit gezegen bulma tablosunda değer dalgalı fonksiyon once sabit sonra azalan daha sonra artan ise. Böylece gezegen olduğu ortaya çıkıyorsa. Başka ne söyleriz? O halde bir gezegenin yörüngesini hızlandırdığımız vakit güneşten yani yıldızdan hızlıca geçeceği için yıldız ışığına çok daha az maruz kalacağız demektir. Yörünge kütleçekimi demektir. Eğer kütle çekimi artarsa , yörünge ;yani iki cismin birbirlerine olan kütleçekimsel bağıntısı.(burada güneş ve dünya olur) yörünge hızı artacaktır ve karşıdaki yıldızdan ışık koparma azalacaktır. O halde SIR ISAAC NEWTON’un G.m1.m2 /r’2 formulünü kullanalım ve yeni bir şey türetelim.

Ötegezegenlere gidebilme formülü bu olabilir: g. c(yıldızın ışık şiddeti) /v(dünya veya ötegezegen dönüş hızı)

Will man, thanks to technological progress, colonize the orbit of outer space in the 21st century?

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all rows are not visible due to large no. of rows, is there any method to view entire rows? I am using pandas to read the file

What migration has to do with it?

Life in space is very likely but millions of light years outside our solar system. On Mars, it may have existed once when there was water on Mars. However, currently, according to current data, life on Mars does not occur. Perhaps life exists in the oceans under the ice on one of the moons of Jupiter, i.e. called Europe (Jupiter II). Jupiter's natural satellite - Europe is the fourth largest moon of Jupiter in the Galilean moons group and the sixth largest satellite in the Solar System. The moon Europa has not yet been thoroughly researched in this matter, so science fiction movies have already appeared, suggesting that there are mysterious forms of life in the oceans of Europe.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

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Will as a result of the continuation of technological progress in the twenty-first century more perfect telescopes or other astronomical instruments that will allow to know what is on the surface of the nearest exoplanets, and above all the guilty star systems similar to the Earth exoplanets located in other planetary systems circulating around other suns?

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Do you think that there is life beyond our Solar System?

Please, answer, comments.

I invite you to the discussion.

Best wishes

Will the new generation of astronomical instruments ever reach the farthest corners of the Universe, reach the edge of the universe and explain the essence of the boundlessness of what is possibly beyond the known Universe?

Perhaps someday in the future, thanks to the huge telescopes, we will discover the details of the distant planets in other planetary systems in other galaxies, i.e. exoplanets.

According to astronomers' forecasts, it will be technically possible to build such large telescopes in a few dozen years.

Astronomers have so far discovered a small part of the planets in our Andromeda Galaxy.

Billions of exoplanets existing in other constellations are still unknown.

However, even these known exoplanets are studied to a very limited extent.

In the case of the majority of exoplanets learned, apart from the knowledge of size and mass, little is known about them.

More and more perfect astronomical tools are being built, more and more telescopes provide new knowledge.

Thanks to more perfect astronomical instruments, we know more and more about the cosmos, but on the other hand we know that we still do not know more and more about the vastness of the Universe.

Will we ever know the answer to the question: Are there other forms of life somewhere in the Universe and how does life look like?

Will the new generation of astronomical instruments ever reach the farthest corners of the universe, reach the edge of the Universe and explain the essence of the boundlessness of what is possibly beyond the known Universe?

In view of the above, the current question is: Will the new generation of astronomical instruments ever reach the farthest corners of the Universe, reach the edge of the Universe and explain the essence of the boundlessness of what is possibly beyond the known Universe?

Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.

Our group believes it has discovered an important correlation between the ionization potential of elements and their abundance in planets and other Solar System objects. This correlation can be explained with a simple thermochemical equation and the predictions made with this equation correlate impressively well with the observed surface chemical compositions of planets.

Details of our work are described in the following document: https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.2909v2

Since the time of this preprint, our model has been experimentally tested by an independent team of researchers using geoneutrino measurements and the Earth’s heat flux. Their conclusions are at favor of our model. Also, it has been shown that our anoxic Earth model matches geophysical PREM data very well.

Now we are looking for an astrophysicist or astronomer with a good understanding of protoplanetary disks to collaborate with our group of geochemists, geologists and chemists to improve our theoretical model with observations of protoplanetary disks.

UPD Oct 12: we are still interested, please contact us.

In many cosmological theories, astronomers try to explain the essence of the unlimitedness of the Universe. But how can this unlimitedness be presented and defined in the most concise and clear way possible?

What can be compared to the unlimitedness of the Universe? Or maybe the essence of the problem goes beyond the scientific definition of the concept of the unlimitedness of the Universe?

The problem may be the understanding of this unlimitedness of the Universe by man, because everything that surrounds man in everyday life on Earth is limited.

Do you agree with my opinion on this matter?

In view of the above, I am asking you the following question:

How is the unlimitedness of the Universe explained now?

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Best wishes

When are the first manned trips to Mars planned?

Considering technological development, when will it be possible to establish the first permanent research bases and residential colonies on Mars?

Please reply

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Kepler-186f is the first earth-sized planet located in the habitable zone of another star that has been discovered. With this discovery, the search for life on other planets has entered into a new zone of discovery.

Do we have any archives that provide the chemical composition exoplanet atmospheres.?

-The 'big thinking': since our age is that of 'deep space exploration' and colonization of the habitable exoplanets.

-According to Bunge (one of the grand systemtheorist): the universe is a system. But it does not have an environment.

-Well, this is against the argument of Herb Simon (the Nobel laureate and systemtheorist; see my previous question!).

-What is your answer? or argument(s)? Thanks, Marc

The Copernican Principle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_principle

How can anyone absolute determine by inconclusive accepting "that since we observe so many stars and planets WE AND EARTH are nothing SPECIAL". I submit, this is a false pseudo philosophical and pseudo science childish assumption and ill based axiom, made 500 years ago and surprisingly adapted by modern science although all scientific evidence today proves otherwise.

We are not SPECIAL?! Really?...How any serious scientist can say that today. If we are not special what is then the scientific evidence of other life existing in the universe?

Our location in the universe is nothing SPECIAL!...Really?.... so why then it is verified by two separate satellite launches science experiments so far that the "axes of evil" are true in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) image of the universe? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_evil_(cosmology)

The tidal energy due to Moon is 1.8x10^17 J. I found the tidal energy of the earth due to the Sun to be 5.2x10^25 J. Can any one help me (to confirm) find such energies?

Two questions:

1.  Can life at hydrothermal vents on the dark side of Trappist-1C survive solar flares?  This recent 29 March 2016 paper suggests that solar flares might make the entire Trappist-1 system uninhabitable, but that seems to assume that life exists on the sunny side of the planets and is based on photosynthesis.  But if it is underwater on the dark side and is based on heat from hydrothermal vents powered by the tidal forces of other planets passing nearby, it seems like they would be shielded from the flares.

2.  In this paper, I predict that there are two planets past Trappist-1G with orbital periods of 14.89859 and 18.76576 Earth days.  At the time of this writing, NASA knows only of a planet with an orbital period of between 14 and 35 Earth days, which is quite a wide spread.  Is my prediction reasonable or do you have reason to think it is otherwise?

The orbital period of a  recently discovered exoplanet, XO-6b, published in Astronomical Journal  Feb.3, 2017,  (https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/153/3/94)  contradicts the Kepler third law. According to Kepler law its period is 7 days while the published value is 3.765 days.  Can this happen, and Kepler's third law becomes invalid?

The primary data of the exoplanet XO-6b is available at 

The integral is in the attachment. The independent variable is r and the dependent variable is t. All other literals are constants.

Is there any relationship exists between longitudinal magnetic field of stars with their chromospheric emmission.?

How we define life? Does it determine what are we going to seek in other worlds? The life on Earth is, for now, our only benchmark, but is there something universally common to the phenomena which we label as life (real or hypothetical) to be considered as a universal definition for life?

Tell me please who is researching the atmospheres of exoplanets, and the most of circulation?

For who conducted this research?

Does the existence of a developed theory of atmospheres on exoplanets depending on different astronomical conditions?

What organizations are engaged?

Where can I read about it?

Dolia Vadym.

There was an article posted here about two years ago, with about 50 authors, confirming two earthlike planets from the Kepler mission. Does anyone know the title of that article? I can no longer find it.

Examples can be molecular dynamics, chemical reactions, particle physics, astronomy, even weather patterns. It's the data in flat-form, e.g. spreadsheets that I need.Attached is an example for exoplanet data from a book and the clusters my algo identified. The data can be multi-dimensional. I will take care of that.Thank you in advance.

I am working with a small group of students at Hamline University on observing an exoplanet using transit photometry.

Right now, our group is working on buying equipment. The school already has Celestron C-8 telescopes with motorized mounts available for us to use, but we don't have a camera. We need a camera that we can use to take a long-exposure photograph of a single star, and it needs to be able to measure the brightness of the star very accurately.

Our budget is about $1,000, but the cheaper the better. So far, the only camera under $1,000 I have found that might work is the Atik Titan.  One person I asked about this camera said that the anti-blooming technology might cause problems, and that the chip in the Atik Titan is too small.  This person proposed the ST-402ME as a better model, but it costs $1,500.

Does anyone know either of these cameras would be sufficient for our project?  Is it worth the extra money to buy the ST-402? Or do you have any other recommendations?

Many thanks in advance for any help!

Could anyone of you answer me please: Do any set of exoplanets arround any star follow the Titius-Bode law as far as we know?

Thank you in advance.

Solivagant (nomadic) planets are roaming the interstellar space. Depending on the steepness of the mass ditribution law, There may be significantly more substellar objects in the vicinity of the Sun than there are normal stars. A few nearby extremely cool object of super-Jupiter mass have been discovered (e.g., one with WISE). Despite the absence of light, such systems of planetary mass may be teeming with life. According to M. Eubanks, more solivagant planets will be observed in the future with JWST, ALMA and SPICA. My calculations show that the tidal heating of Earth generated by the Moon may presently come up to ~5 TW. A heat source of this order can sustain a massive subsurface ocean on a lonely exoearth for gigayears. The question is, how to observationally verify that nearby solivagant planets rapidly rotate? The spin rate of some stars has been determined photometrically from the modulations caused by persistent features (dark or hot spots) on the photospheres. Would that be the best way to observe the spin of very cold planets? Are there other possibilities?

What are the dominant controlling mechanisms on the surface geomorphology of icy satellites within our solar system? I am curious about the dominant large scale controls, for instance, the importance of orbital resonance, tidal, and gravitational constraints, as well as the dominant small scale controls such as temperature fluctuations, rafting, fracturing, and denudation. Can the surface topography, structures, and geomorphology seen on Europa and Enceladus be applied to a theoretical model of landscape and surface evolution of exoplanetary and exosatellite systems that we have yet to encounter?

To date, I have not found the involvement of biologists in these areas and related topics, in all the papers I've revised. As far as I know, only scientists with physical background, have participated in these topcis that are largely Biological. I would really know which biologists, or at least, multidisciplinary teams have papers about those topics.

Far as we know (which is very little), Titan doesn't harbor life (the life we know), but has two strong (Earth Life) biosignatures N2 98% and CH4 2%. As far as we know, abiotic processes occurred on Titan Atmosphere formation. On Earth, the only planet that has life, we have N2 78%, O2 21% and CH4 ~1.9 ppm. Both the N2 and mainly CH4, are out of geochemical equilibrium by the biological production.

What should we know about "Life" in our Solar System? What could know about "Life" in the nearest stars?

If a hypothetical spectrometer was placed in Alpha Centauri and headed toward Titan transit, What would be our conclusions?

10 amino acids were synthesized in the 1953 Miller-Urey experiments. Those 10 amino acids have also been found in meteorites and can create simple prebiotic life. Those 10 amino acids tend to arise at relatively low temperatures and pressures in 2009 Higgs-Pudritz work, and are chemically simple, so, it seems that they are thermodynamically destined to occur wherever they can.

Is it physically possible for a huge Jupiter-like exoplanet to harbor this kind of moon? Could have been formed in the protoplanetary disk or could be Neptune-like planets that have been trapped during migration towards to, or away from, the central star?

The answer for me is: No, due that current Earth atmosphere was made and has been maintained because of life, and there isn't at the moment, any abiotic process known able to produce or maintain current oxygen levels. But, how likely could be that very similar Earth-Life could arise on another planet, or that the Panspermia process could give us a surprise?

Similar in size, energy received from its host star and star type etc.