Exercise Physiology - Science topic

Dear Dovin Kiernan,

I sincerely appreciate your insights and assistance in my query about selecting the most suitable accelerometer for measuring physical activity intensities. Your questions have prompted me to explain more about the specific aspects of measurement I am focusing on.

When I refer to "accurately measuring intensities," I am primarily interested in exploring accelerometers with pre-existing algorithms that can identify specific activities or categorize acceleration patterns into different intensity levels.

Thank you for sharing the list of accelerometers you compiled during your project selection. I will look it over thoroughly as it could provide valuable insights for my current endeavor. Once again, thank you.

Dear respected Hamidreza Khalounejad,

Perhaps you could consider the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) as a NAFLD novel inflammatory biomarker.

Best wishes from Germany,

Martin

You can observe the acute and chronic effect of high intensity interval training or a varied intensity workout for a period of time on the following physiological parameters: HR, RHR, BP, VO2 max, lactate, etc.

Having taught both an Exercise Physiology and an Exercise Tests and Assessments course, I’ll share how I differentiate them.

I view Exercise Physiology as a Junior-level course to build upon concepts from A&P courses with the application of exercise. So the labs are designed to examine these different physiological responses. Generally this includes laboratory-based testing (Graded Exercise Testing, ”sophisticated“ body comp, Wingates, etc.). The main focus is understanding the physiology they are observing.

I have taught Tests and Assessments as a Sophomore or Junior level course. Either way the focus is the same, conducting valid and reliable assessments to collect data that we can interpret and/or use for program design. You just have to adjust your expected level of previous knowledge. I find these labs focus a lot less on the physiology and more on conducting practical field tests. Rather than a GXT, I may do 12-min run or Yo-Yo to determine aerobic fitness. I usually incorporate more emerging tech in this course as well.

Hope this provides some insight for you.

Evidence:

Resistant exercises can tire MS disease quickly. This is an undesirable situation in patients with MS.

I recommend more ROM exercises and short-term isometric exercises.

The best MS exercises are aerobic exercises, stretching, and progressive strength training. Aerobic exercise is any activity that increases your heart rate, like walking, jogging, or swimming. You just don't want to overdo it—it should be done at a moderate level. https://www.pennmedicine.org/updates/blogs/neuroscience-blog/2017/may/multiple-sclerosis-and-exercise

I recommend that you identify a topic that both you and your advisor are interested in. If your advisor is interested in your topic, he/she can provide more insightful advice and he/she will be more motivated to help you. I recommend setting up a meeting with your advisor to see if he/she has some research questions that might be of interest to you. Showing interest in your advisor's research is never a bad thing.

Yes, the search strategy for writing an EGM article might be due to shortage of articles in that field

Hi Hadi Nobari, well done for the information on ESSA.

Have a look at the following RG links.

HI:

This is Leslie David Montgomery from San Jose, CA, USA.

I recently read your Research Gate profile and your interest in MS/cooling.

I worked at NASA Ames Research Center, CA for a number of years. One of our larger projects regarded body cooling for astronauts and the application of body cooling for MS patients.

You can find articles about our work on Research Gate Leslie David Montgomery. There are several papers there that might be of interest to you.

I have also worked in the field of biothermal modelling of divers and other types of sports participants.

Please let me know of your current work in this area.

I can best be reached at email: pmontgomery@telis.org.

Looking forward to possibly hearing from you.

les montgomery

I also sent this note to your hotmail account.

Я считаю, что такие исследования очень необходимы именно в журналах по спортивной медицине

It is reported that there are many "RR type" players in measurement items that require instantaneous power such as back muscle strength and long jump.

Please take a look at these useful RG links.

Sal Mangiafico Yes.

Merry TL, Ristow M. Mitohormesis in exercise training. Free Radic Biol Med 2016;98:123-130. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285392332_Mitohormesis_in_exercise_training

eccentric -> mostly in force there is contribution of passive elements, and less of active elements (cross-bridges). Because of lengthening the "damage", which is more in reality sensing of receptors leads to, generallly, addition of sarcomeres in series. So lengthwise the muscle cell will grow, and in parallel some addition can be done because there is some activity of myosin-actin.

In case of drop set, there is more fatigue, and you keep training with lower intensity or load, but because of higher fatigue, you keep on getting more higher or highest threshold groups. Also there is both eccentric and concentric work done, so more addition of parallel sarcomeres (at least in theory).

With the eccentric training the question remains how soon or how many highest threshold groups are involved as the passive elements can contribute a lot towards the force production. It might be that less high(er/est) threshold groups are activated. Eccentric training can be done with overload, as in very heavy weights only eccentric, with less voluntary control. Or with for instance a bit more load which can still be controlled.

Eccentric has more muscle damage related to intensity, because of higher loads, while drop sets have less high loads and more fatigue, so there would be in the first, hypothetical more mechanical damage, and in the second more metabolic damage. However, the question is open if muscle damage contributes to HT in the first place.

So drop set with controlled eccentric movement in the exercise might be better for overall hypertrophy as you train both eccentric and concentric.

Dear Seyyed,

Maybe the following papers will help you:

Qian S, Li M, Li G, Liu K, Li B, Jiang Q, Li L, Yang Z, Sun G. Environmental heat stress enhances mental fatigue during sustained attention task performing: evidence from an ASL perfusion study. Behav Brain Res 2015;280:6-15. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432814007724?via%3Dihub

Otani H, Kaya M, Tamaki A, Watson P. Separate and combined effects of exposure to heat stress and mental fatigue on endurance exercise capacity in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017;117(1):119-129. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00421-016-3504-x

Robertson CV, Marino FE. Cerebral responses to exercise and the influence of heat stress in human fatigue. J Therm Biol 2017;63:10-15. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306456516301668?via%3Dihub

Best wishes from Germany,

Martin

this link is useful

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/.../S009286741401049.

regards

I wonder if any of these methods can be used to obtain DNA from the sweat? best regards.

Hi Derya, sorry only replying now -

I have never needed to coat my wells or flasks for HAECs or HASMCs which I get from Promocell!

Best wishes,

Sophie

Caro Giuseppe,

La perdita di tono è legata alla perdita di massa muscolare, ma non è sempre così. Nella mia esperienza, dopo un esercizio molto eccentrico, la rigidità delle mucose diminuisce molto, il che può essere inteso come una condizione delle proprietà contrattili del muscolo (mancanza di ritorno dell'energia elastica)

I think there are lots of caveats to consider. First, what type of 'exercise' do you mean---resistance training vs cardio and at what intensity for either? All are likely to exhibit different effects as different hormones are stimulated and different muscle fiber types recruited. I think it has been established that certain areas are more fat-loss resistant--mainly the gluteal/hip/thigh region has less mobile fat stores than do the abdominal/trunk area--and this is do to different levels of enzymes, different amounts of circulation to the area and perhaps different properties of fat stored in the areas. I saw, anecdotally, in a study I did that there were significant changes in fat mass in the waist area and subjects reported less 'cellulite' in their thighs. The regimen including no real 'core' work in terms of ab exercises, just very difficult upper and lower body strength training moves with machines (only 8 exercises). Our DEXA measurement did not reflect any significant changes but I think that if we had had MRI measurements we would have seen captured spot-reduction. On the other hand, the famous Jack Wilmore situp study found no different in fat mass measures in the belly from doing up to 600 sit-ups per day for one month. Other studies have shown with waking and other cardio exercise including Dr. Bell's above sign. reductions in visceral fat mass after 6m of training aerobically with no 'ab' exercise included.

Thank you so much 

Thank you for your response Anson Blanks. I don't think there is a doubt that cultured cells can not be directly compared with freshly isolated muscle cells. My question was about the detection of an exercise stimulus on cultured skeletal muscle cells.

I am not sure that a culture with post-exercise serum or whole blood would be a more close approach to in vivo situation, since both the blood composition and supply to skeletal muscle change after exercise, depending to individual characteristics (such as maximal heart rate, blood volume, VO2max, etc..). For example, after a very intensive/maximum exercise stimulus blood lactate could rise to a 20-fold increase two minutes after the end of the exercise with a half-life of 10 to 20 minutes. So, if we expose the culture to an immediate (1st to 2nd minute) post-exercise serum the serum would have at least a 10-fold difference in lactate concentration than post-exercise serum after 15 to 20 minutes.

How can you improove your top speed? What is the most efficient method to be faster?

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No experience

I imagine isometric is the goo method

you can perform time limit test

nice 

dear friend

the fil  in the attachment can be a good help of you. If more help needed, let me know.

regards

Saul,

I worked with a physical therapist and an osteopathic physician to investigate the change in stiffness following a muscle energy treatment (i.e. an osteopathic manual medicine treatment used for tissues and joints that are restricted in their motions).  We investigated the straight leg raising test before and after treatment and found a significant reduction in the "passive stiffness" in this motion.  The results are in "Quantification of the Passive Resistance to Motion in the Straight Leg Raising Test on Asymptomatic Subjects" (J. A. O. A., September 22, 1992).

From a personal perspective, I do not understand how increasing muscle tissue stiffness would contribute to injury -resistance.  Passive muscle stiffness reflects primarily health of the connective tissue surrounding muscle and possibly the neurological response of muscle.  In my view of passive motions, neither the connective tissue or neurological response should affect the passive response until reaching the end of the range of motion. Am I missing something in the logic of your research?

have not done. in the near future I will try. thank you!

One litre of oxygen used to burn fat provides less (8-15%) ATP than when used to burn sugar. Let's not forget that the glycogen stores in the muscles are limited. Thus, the use of fat as a substrate is essential.

Not a simple answer. Recovery programmes require an individualised approach focussed on the goals of the athlete, their training/competition schedule and the

environment they are in.

CWI temperature and duration should follow such guidelines. However most research is conducted ~10-15 deg C for ~10-15 mins

Great thank you!

This is an interesting question and at first glance one would argue 'why bother', as muscle function, and in particular force and power, are (primarily) determined by mass. However, the force and power generating capacity per unit muscle mass has been reported to be reduced in old age. When one really wants to assess the 'muscle quality' of a human muscle one quickly runs into a series of problems, as the force or power the muscle can generate is the outcome of many factors acting simultaneously, such as the extent of recruitment of the muscle, muscle architecture,  ultrastructure (is there more fat or connective tissue) and maybe there are even denervated fibres and a shift in fibre type composition.

To make matters even more complicated one may even ask if muscle contractile properties really determine the ability to perform tasks of daily life. As a mentor of mine says 'Old men become like young ladies' with which he means that the muscle size, and power and force generating capacity in older men look like those of younger women. It is clear that young women have no problem with balance or daily life activities, while they are somewhat  problematic in older man.

To make a long story short; in the end for daily life you are more interested in what the muscle can do, than how it gets it done. Though as a scientist I am curious to know how the muscle does what it does, and what might cause the impaired function in old age!

It is likely that there is a threshold below which further loss of muscle function does cause problems with daily life.

The best should be the hs-CRP which brings more information 

Careful training depending on patient status, and symptoms such as spasticity and fatigue will help them.

Adding interventions such as cognitive and respiratory training may be more beneficial.  

Mcardle, katch and katch - Exercise physiology : nutrition, energy and human performance. 

Marieb and hoehn - human anatomy and physiology. 

The book by Marieb is rather basic and covers both anatomy and physiology. I would recommend it at the undergrad level. it's easy to read and not to "dry". In my experience, students may fall asleep reading and may not be able to grasp a concept completely. This book is modern and contain periodic questions to help you with learning. 

For mcardle's book, it is well recognised by many institutions and often are used both in grad and undergrad. I will say it is more technical and a tougher read. But then students are expected to progress right?  It has some chapters at the latter half that are indeed quite demanding, and i would leave that only for the grad students. 

Hope that helps. 

There may be a Chinese formulation - but you would need to have a competent Chinese specialist evaluate the patient's exact condition.  Failing that....

Has there been history of food poisoning?  In the case of many intestinal problems the micro biome is disturbed and the resulting disease causing biota may be releasing a by product that would result in the inflammation.  Inflammation should not be discounted as it may interfere with the nerve process for peristalsis.

It has been theorized that the appendix functions to retain the micro biome in the case of food poisoning ( re-seeding the intestine ).  This sounds correct to me, but begs the question - does this in fact  constantly re-seed the intestine with the disease causing mix in some conditions?  

My approach would attempt to re-seed with a acidophilus of active and of by-product.  When considering this approach you would be striving to dilute the entire digestive tract by utilizing enough volume on a regular dosage schedule to imitate the 'filtration of water'.  

First pass removes 97% of contaminates, then next filter removes 97% of the contaminates in that same sample....  This would require an estimation of the 'each' daily dosage volume to counteract the amount of disease causing quorum bacteria coating the digestive system.  Fecal transplants indicate a certain volume is required for greater chance at efficacy.  

As to duration it may require a week - or a month of daily application.

I would suggest considering the product ' American Health Probiotic Acidopholus '

Vitacost seems a best value supplier.

Best regards

Hi Bryan,

We now use FirstBeat for our Team stuff. They have been excellent (much better than Polar). May be worth checking out their website for individual monitoring solutions.

I have been measuring lactate for 20 years and have used the YSI (1500 and 2300 models) which has been the gold standard. Dr. Lange and Diaglobal are great small photometers but time consuming. In the past 5 years I have moved to Lactate Plus and Lactate Pro. Have run many comparisons with YSI and photometers and both Lactate Plus and Lactate Pro are very reliable (r=0.99). They give you results in 12 seconds which is really fast. 

Professor Julien Baker at the University of the West of Scotland in Scotland UK has published a lot of work in this area and I am sure he has worked with non athletes have a chat with him he would be delighted to help if he can

Regards Bruce

I'd love to see human data as well. I only know of animal studies e.g.

I thiks that its depends of Growth Hormone's levels.

The articles in question are -

Bleicher A, Mader A, Mester J - title and I think journal - Zur Interpretation von Laktatleistungskurven-experimentelle Ergebnisse mit computergestützten Nachberechnungen. Spectrum der Sportwissenschaft - 1998;1:92–104

Also - Mader A, Heck H. Energiestoffwechselregulation, Erweiterungen des theoretischen Konzepts und seiner Begründungen. Nachweis der praktischen Nützlichkeit der Simulation des Energiestoffwechsels. In: Mader A, editor. Brennpunktthema Computersimulation: Möglichkeiten zur Theoriebildung und Ergebnisinterpretation. Sankt Augustin: Academia Verlag Richarz; 1996. p. 124–162.

Even in German they will be fine as like you say I could convert them - my wife speaks german so should be able to work. The most important one is the bleicher article.

thanks for anything you can do.

alan

I suggest you use 2 amplifiers one for upper trunk and secound for lower extrimity then sink this 2 data. Thoght technology devices may be good. 

First of all, epileptics fail fitness for diving in most cases including freediving or apnea diving. Only when for long time free of seizures without anticonvulsants, normal EEG and without cerebral MRT-lesions, fitness for diving can be achieved.

Secondly, regardless of CO2-content, apnea/breathhold diving can lead to hypoxia what can be followed by sudden acute symptomatic loss of consciousness and motor controll also known as "Samba", which is self-limited in length.

For this kind of hypoxia, two mechanisms are responsible:

a) In deep diving, returning to surface is alsways associated with reduction of environmental pressure, what is followed by a reduction of oxygen-partial pressure in the lungs, what leads to redistribution of oxygen from bloodstream to alveoli and cerebral hypoxia - ascent black out.

b) In pool diving for distance, hyperventilation is performed for postponing inspiratory reflexes. If stimulus to breathe in again comes too late, hypoxia ocurrs and leads to sudden shallow water black out.

It's clear that with low SHBG a low total Testosterone can be associated with a normal free Testosterone level.  It's also clear that reliable free Testosterone assays are not always available, some are very poor.  I strongly recommend, instead of the flawed if easy FAI approach - with outlying SHBG values it's very misleading, instead using a well validated algorithm such as that of Vermeulen & Kaufman which are readily accessible on line. 

Hi Ethan,

A well defined variation of HIIT for healthy, active individuals is the repeated wingate tests which include 4-6 x 30 seconds all-out cycling against resistance equivalent to 7.5% body weight, with 4 minutes of recovery between sprints. Usually 3 times per week.; This is more appropriately termed sprint interval training (SIT). I have attached Burgomaster et al. who have used this protocol.

This is very demanding for patients, therefore HIIT for clinical populations generally adopts longer, submaximal intervals (usually ∼70-90% HRmax).  

1)For adults with Type 2 diabetes, Gibala and colleagues developed a practical HIIT model consisting of 10x60 second intervals, interspersed with 60 seconds of recovery, 3 times per week.

2)Alternatively, Wisloff and collegues have frequently used in cardiac patients, a HIIT protocol consisting of 4 x 4minute walking intervals, interspersed with 3 minute breaks.

3) Our group used 5 x 2min intervals, with 3min recovery breaks, 3 times per week for NAFLD and Type 2 diabetes patients.

I have attached papers for these different protocols. For the clinical setting, I would go with one of the 3 above. However, we know that there are greater muscular adaptations with higher intensity so if you are training healthy individuals I would stick to the wingate protocol.

Hope this helps.

Sophie

If the pyruvate production exceed the oxidative phosphorylation capacity, lactate production occurs even if there is oxygen.

The limiting enzyme activities are different for glycolisys (LDH = 121 micromole/min/g @25°C) and oxydative phosphorylation (ceto-glutarate deshydrogenase = 1.2 micromole/min/g @ 25°C). You can see Jorfeld at al. 1978 and Poortmans 1988

The following references maybe help you.

Brasil-Neto, J. P., Pascual-Leone, A., Valls-Solé, J., Cammarota, A., Cohen, L. G., & Hallett, M. (1993). Postexercise depression of motor evoked potentials: a measure of central nervous system fatigue. Experimental Brain Research, 93(1), 181–184. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00227794

Budiman, G. (2009). Somatic nervous system. Basic Neuroanatomical Pathway, 3–20. http://doi.org/10.4135/9781412972024.n2387

Chrousos, G. P., & Kino, T. (2009). Glucocorticoid signaling in the cell: Expanding clinical implications to complex human behavioral and somatic disorders. In Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (Vol. 1179, pp. 153–166). http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04988.x

Davis, J. M., Alderson, N. L., & Welsh, R. S. (2000). Serotonin and central nervous system fatigue: Nutritional considerations. In American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (Vol. 72). http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301624

Davis, J. M., & Bailey, S. P. (1997). Possible mechanisms of central nervous system fatigue during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(1), 45–57. http://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199701000-00008

Davis, J. M., Zhao, Z., Stock, H. S., Mehl, K. a, Buggy, J., & Hand, G. a. (2003). Central nervous system effects of caffeine and adenosine on fatigue. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 284(2), 399–404. http://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00386.2002

Enoka, R. M., & Stuart, D. G. (1992). Neurobiology of muscle fatigue. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 72(5), 1631–1648. http://doi.org/0161-7567/92

Gandevia, S. C. (2001). Spinal and Supraspinal Factors in Human Muscle Fatigue. Physiol. Rev.,

Glass, J. M., Lyden, A. K., Petzke, F., Stein, P., Whalen, G., Ambrose, K., … Clauw, D. J. (2004). The effect of brief exercise cessation on pain, fatigue, and mood symptom development in healthy, fit individuals. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57(4), 391–398. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.04.002

Irwin, M. R. (2011). Inflammation at the intersection of behavior and somatic symptoms. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.05.005

Kop, W. J. (2012). Somatic Depressive Symptoms, Vital Exhaustion, and Fatigue. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74(5), 442–445. http://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31825f30c7

Noakes, T. D. (2012). Fatigue is a brain-derived emotion that regulates the exercise behavior to ensure the protection of whole body homeostasis. Frontiers in Physiology. http://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00082

Noakes, T. D., St Clair Gibson, A., & Lambert, E. V. (2005). From catastrophe to complexity: a novel model of integrative central neural regulation of effort and fatigue during exercise in humans: summary and conclusions. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(2), 120–4. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2003.010330

Pagani, M., & Lucini, D. (1999). Chronic fatigue syndrome: a hypothesis focusing on the autonomic nervous system. Clinical Science (London, England : 1979), 96, 117–125. http://doi.org/10.1042/CS19980139

Qiang, L., Inoue, K., & Abeliovich, A. (2014). Instant neurons: Directed somatic cell reprogramming models of central nervous system disorders. Biological Psychiatry. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.027

Schon, E. A., DiMauro, S., & Hirano, M. (2012). Human mitochondrial DNA: roles of inherited and somatic mutations. Nat Rev Genet, 13(12), 878–890. http://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3275

Tanaka, M., Mizuno, K., Tajima, S., Sasabe, T., & Watanabe, Y. (2009). Central nervous system fatigue alters autonomic nerve activity. Life Sciences, 84(7-8), 235–239. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2008.12.004

Tanaka, M., Shigihara, Y., Ishii, A., Funakura, M., Kanai, E., & Watanabe, Y. (2012). Effect of mental fatigue on the central nervous system: an electroencephalography study. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 8(1), 48. http://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-8-48

Zwarts, M. J., Bleijenberg, G., & van Engelen, B. G. M. (2008). Clinical neurophysiology of fatigue. Clinical Neurophysiology. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.09.126

Dear Preetam Nath,

Assuming you are interested in the intensity of continuous aerobic exercise, accurately measuring intensity in the laboratory is best done by first conducting a graded maximal exercise test using heart rate monitoring and spiroergometry. If the test does not need to be stopped prematurely, e.g. due to the appearance of cardiac symptoms, you will have data on VO2peak (usually not VO2max in clinical populations), and maximum heart rate (HRmax), as well as maximum work rate (WRpeak) if using a cycle ergometer for example. You then have a few ways to track intensity during exercise: 1) gas exchange measurement if available; 2) heart rate; and 3) work rate depending on the type of exercise. I.e. you can calculate %VO2peak, %HRmax, and/or %WRmax. HR is in many ways the best measure as HRmax does not change with fitness whereas VO2peak and WRmax will go up with increasing fitness. Further, HR monitors are relatively inexpensive.

Please note that HR monitoring does not work well for high-intensity intermittent training or other intermittent exercise scenarios as it takes time for HR to catch up to effort. Although more subjective, I would recommend a 6-20 Rating of Perceived Exertion 'Borg' scale to set goal intensity in this scenario. However, average HR per session could still be used as an objective measure.

For assessing intensity for resistance training, convention is to establish a one repetition maximum for each exercise and calculate intensity from their. I would argue that this isn't the safest or even most accurate option for clinical and/or untrained populations who are unaccustomed to maximal efforts. You can always use a 5 repetition maximum, or even a higher number of repetitions. The problem is that you will need to retest as strength increases if this measure is very important to you.

The gas exchange data from spiroergometry can used to assess energy expenditure. It seems unlikely that you would be able to use the required equipment for multiple exercise sessions, so you may need to derive estimates of energy expenditure from HR, or use and accelerometer. The latter however is not a good option for relatively stationary activities such as stationary cycle or resistance exercise.

Accelerometers, like the GeneActiv can be useful to track overall activity. The accuracy is improved by analysing the data with an algorithm validated in your sample population.

The reference standard for real-world tracking of energy expenditure (total not just exercise related) is doubly labelled water. This is an expensive option, so it depends on your budget and sample size, as well as how important this measure is.

Good luck,

Christian

Jay Hertel has a couple of papers that have examined the range of COP.  We have also reported such data building upon the analysis that Jay developed.  I hope this helps.  Erik

VAS scale is considered valid and reliable in research books. However, your question asks about physilogical measures. I think in case of blood analysis (CK) it is better to take the lab results because it is more accurate.

Hi Xuan,

Look these papers, inside them you should find your response. Indeed, the two possibilities are applied, but I think that  a transition part bending from deep layer to superficial layer is the technique most developed (or more adapted) in this case.  

Best regards.

In my opinion this depends on which cardiomyopathy and its severity in each individual (i.e. there is a lot of phenotypic variation). Although, for a number of patients with cardiomyopathy the risks of sudden death are increased, in most cases, exercise is deemed to be a good thing as it reduces the risks of secondary health conditions in the medium to long term. There is no such thing as a risk-free life and so I believe we should attempt to optimise quality of life by engaging in exercise. For children this means being encouraged to play, and engage in daily physical activity and exercise. These are important aspects of their lives that should be encouraged, not only for maintaining and improving function and limiting the generation of secondary health concerns but also, importantly, because it improves socialisation and well-being, but also, very importantly, because it is fun!

So, accepting that physical activity of some form SHOULD be encouraged, the risks of engaging in exercise have to assessed against the known risks associated with the individual's specific circumstances and the presentation (/severity) of their condition, i.e. an attempt to take a view on 'acceptable risk', including the views of the family and child if possible and appropriate. For some this will involve no more than low intensity exercise but, at the other end of the spectrum, some patients could benefit from and enjoy high intensity interval exercise (although, for most, a range of intensities and durations; i.e. a range of stimuli, would be best). Exercise prescription should be left to well-qualified, knowledgeable and experienced health care professionals (who also have excellent knowledge and training in sport and exercise science). They too will be able to judge if an individual is safe to exercise alone or under supervision.

As a final point, for health benefits, everybody on the planet should be engaging in physical activity. If you have pathology, then you should exercise within the limits imposed by your condition. If you are without pathology people should be seeking to do more.  In the 21st Century there are very few conditions where absolutely no physical activity can be justified on the basis of health!

 So, are externally movements a part of circuits of caudate nucleus?

Thanks !

 X equals the last half-stage of the Shuttle Run completed.

Women have the most to gain from strength training, but due to societal and sociological biases they are the last to know. Strength is the answer to a myriad of problems related to activities of daily living observed in women, especially as they age. Because of societal and sociological biases against strength training for girls and young women the average young woman begins her adult life at high risk of osteoporosis because the amount of bone and her bone mineral density are at their peak in the early twenties, but the average 20 year old woman's level of strength is below the 50th percentile. Female athletes are less likely to be influenced by the societal and sociological biases against strength training due to their participation in sports and the requirement for strength training in most sports.

Women are human beings and while the influence of hormonal activity on the body is significant, the basics of training remain largely unchanged. Loads of 1 - 4 repetition maximum (RM) produce strength, loads of 4 - 8 RM produce strength with some hypertrophy, and loads of 8 - 12 RM produce muscular hypertrophy. Exercises should be performed with proper technique and a loss of proper technique means the maximum number of repetitions has been reached. Movements should be purposeful and brisk, faster velocities of movement improve the ability to generate muscular power (an increasingly important factor in maintaining independent living status for older women). Exercises should be performed in sets, with 3 to 6 sets of an exercise being performed in each workout. Each workout should contain 10 - 12 exercises for the various joint systems and the whole body, so that an exercise session would involve between 30 - 36 sets of 10 - 12 exercises and 60 - 72 sets of 10 - 12 exercises.

The American College of Sports Medicine and the National Strength and Conditioning Association (ACSM, NSCA) are the foremost sources of information about these topics in the world, and can be accessed through the web at ACSM.org and NSCA-Lift.org. They have position papers that are generally available to the public, but someone in your position would be strongly advised to join both to obtain access to the wealth of information in the form of peer reviewed scientific papers related to you area of interest.  

Perhaps this article from our research group can help.

We compared the ventilatory threshold with the maximum lactate steady state in temperate and hot environments.

Best regards

Thiago

The water needs are important and often overlooked, of about 3.5 liters per day 1.75 liter of beverage, the remainder being included in the diet.

However, sweat losses may be higher (the above 4 in a few hours) in hot environments. During the year, the water intake should be supplemented with minerals to avoid hemodilution, especially during long-term exercise

In team sports (during the half-time) or in individual sports (in the rest) contributed approximately 200 ml of water containing 20 g of glucose, 1 g of sodium chloride and 1 g potassium gluconate seems desirable.

Hi Mr. Sabatino,

It's a interesting research subject, which began to be better exploited will from the 90's. However the literature isn't  entirely clear about this. Actually, there are different studies, so, we can observe a strong evidence to show that dynamic/ballistic stretching can reduce the incidence of sport and recreational injuries and improve athletic performance. I send to you some papers that I will can help you.

Best regards.

Nitric Oxide is another pathway involved in chronic exercise mediated cardio-protection. There was a paper from Dr. Calvert: 

Physiology (Bethesda). 2013 Jul;28(4):216-24. 

Role of β-adrenergic receptors and nitric oxide signaling in exercise-mediated cardioprotection.

This is a very interesting question. Melatonin has anti-inflammatory effects in different situations (see our review Mauriz et al, 2013). In aging, melatonin has anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects in liver (see our papers Mauriz et al 2007, and Molpeceres et al 2007). Moreover, in exercised aging animals changes in AMK and GLUT have been described by Mendes et al (2013).

Dear Dr. Lamy

there are many benefits of intermittent hypoxic training on well-trained endurance athletes , and you can find this benefits in the next articles :

1- Influence of intermittent hypoxic training on muscle energetics and exercise tolerance

2- Eight weeks of intermittent hypoxic training improves submaximal physiological variables in highly trained runners

3- Effect of intermittent hypoxic training followed by intermittent hypoxic exposure on aerobic capacity of long distance runners.

4- The effects of intermittent hypoxic training on aerobic capacity and endurance performance in cyclists.

5- Effects of intermittent hypoxic training on cycling performance in well-trained athletes.

6- Benefits and Risks of Different Regimen of Intermittent Hypoxic Training ( Chapter on book )

7- Popularity of hypoxic training methods for endurance-based professional and amateur athletes

8- Intermittent hypoxic training: fact and fancy

9- Effect of intermittent hypoxic training on 20 km time trial and 30 s anaerobic performance

10- Intermittent hypoxic training in endurance athletes

i hope the best for you .

best regards

moustafa

I have the impression that in varus knee deformity the tibia is rotating externally so the defect is mainly on the posteromedial aspect of the tibial plateaux. This can be demonstrated as extreme varus angle in AP views. Usually the femora condyle is OK. Literature supporting this

Takashi Tsujimoto and  Yoshinori Kadoya (2013). Rotational Deformity After Total Knee Arthroplasty for Varus Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Bone Joint Journal . 95-B  SUPP 34,  562

Shuichi Matsuda , Hiromasa Miura, Ryuji Nagamine, Taro Mawatari, Masami Tokunaga, Ryotaro Nabeyama, Yukihide Iwamoto (2004). Anatomical analysis of the femoral condyle in normal and osteoarthritic knees. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 22, 104-109.

I can advise the article in Russian. Верлов Н. А. Информативность показателя скорости распространения пульсовой волны, определенного посредством анализа синхронной записи электрокардиограммы и волны давления /Н. А. Верлов, И. А. Леонова, М. М. Хомич, С. В. Ремизов, С. Б. Ланда // Вестник восстановительной медицины, 2010.—№4. —С. 22-23

Hi guys!! In all of the Balkan Peninsula countries we have the problems. For example in Slovenia there is only regulated profession as physical education teacher. Other field of sport sciences, such as kinesiologist or kinesiotherapist  are not currently regulated by the law. But currently there is a new proposal of the law in preparation, which will also include a work of kinesiologist in national health services. We are slowly establishing job positions for other sport sciences specialits, but we have still long path before us. Best regards, Tim.