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That's the title of an essay I have to write in qualitative methods For my PHD. As I love to include individual perspectives like an ethnographic perspective into the academic field to it, I want to ask you for your advice. What are things to do, what to avoid. And what was your moment to remember doing literature reviews?
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A brilliant literary review is marked by several key elements:
  1. Insightful Analysis: It goes beyond summarizing the plot or themes of a work and delves into its deeper meanings, symbols, and literary techniques.
  2. Clarity and Coherence: It communicates ideas clearly, using language that is accessible to its intended audience.
  3. Critical Engagement: It offers a thoughtful evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the work, supported by evidence from the text.
  4. Contextualization: It places the work within its historical, cultural, and literary context, providing readers with a broader understanding of its significance.
  5. Originality: It offers fresh perspectives and original insights, contributing to the ongoing conversation about the work and its place in the literary canon.
  6. Engagement with Readers: It invites readers to think critically about the work and encourages discussion and further exploration.
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I wish to conduct my research into the influence and evaluation of microfinance programs in Bangladesh on financial literacy rates (or other metrics of female empowerment). I am also looking for ethnographic accounts/vignettes.
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Maria Cristina Bautista, thank you very much!
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I am looking for some for articles or authors who may have addressed Founders (or TMT) Sociocultural Alignment with their customer base, preferably in the startup/entrepreneurship context but willing to broaden this out to established firms or brands. I have not had a lot of success in digging for this. Thanks
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This is something new for me, thanks, I'm looking into this issue! Very grateful for the idea!
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At present, my doctoral is a purely ethnographic study. In criminology, many such studies have been published as books (e.g. the works of Elijah Anderson, Dick Hobbs, Coretta Phillips). However, as regards academic papers/theses, even ethnographic studies seem to all have a component of stand-alone analysis: e.g. content analysis, discourse analyis, using NVivo or other such programs. In short, I'm trying to ask the following: if a thesis aims to purely be an ethnographic study,  what explicit modes of analysis must be used (if at all)? And does this have to include computer-programs for data analysis? 
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Etnografia, é olhar, ouvir, observar e anotar em detalhes. Se me exigem um método teórico, cito meu capítulo no Gate: "Método de pesquisa qualitativa na obra antropológica de Cãmara Cascudo"
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How to prepare interview questions for an ethnographic interview?
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Considering, ethnography demands immersion and embeddedness from the researcher, the first step is to visit the field-site couple of times try to have an understanding of the field, its actors and the gatekeepers. Semi-structured to unstructured interview works best for ethnography. Outline a set of questions that are simple to follow, devoid of repetition, leading questions or double-ended. Prepare an interview guide in conjunction that enables you to wade through the field and tailor your questions in accordance with the actors you stumble upon! In ethnographic interviews, the personality, reliability and approachability of the researcher will propel the interviews. At the same time, there may emerge untoward circumstances that may turn the respondent hostile or reticent. Therefore, although you must have an interview schedule and questionnaire prepared, it is advisable not to scoop it out in the field; instead rely on the flow of the conversation and punctuate the important questions in between. This will make the interviewing cohesive and allow the respondent to be herself (in terms of control over conversation). Remember each respondent is different with her own quirks and personality traits that said, the site, setting, time or other co-actors in the field have bearing on the trajectory of the interview. Hope that helps. In addition you may refer to 'Research Methods in Anthropology' by H. Russell Bernard.
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I have collected data for my qualitative case study 3 years back (through classroom observations, ethnographic notes, artifacts, interviews, etc.) related to the use of pupils' first language in learning English. All these data have been transcribed and initially analyzed. However, due to global pandemic and series of lockdowns I was not able finish my study (final/full paper report). When I resumed graduate school study recently, the issue on the validity of my research data was raised. I am anxious that I might be advised to re-do it again. As I study the circumstances and issues under study, (use of first language in learning the English language), nothing has changed with the practices in pre-pandemic and post-pandemic educational classroom setting. Similar language practices and features can be observed. Please help me on this. I hope you can cite authorities to back up my justification.Thank you and God bless.
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I believe that three years is not a long time in this situation. I would say it would be good if data could be collected again, at least partially, but it is not strictly necessary. I agree with Deborah J Hilton that, at this point, it is too much work to redo.
Best regards.
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Data collection for qualitative research (Ethnography)
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No, it would not be an ethnographic study.
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Hi everyone, please consider contributing to my research by taking my short survey, on the supernormal properties of designs, where you will be shown some images and asked about emotions elicited. Thank you for the support
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Hi Paulo sorry we have closed this survey now and submitted the paper! But thank you for the interest Rachel
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I am doing a language and discourse-focused project on the construction of young female identities in digital storytelling practices. My primary data will be social media posts by a selected number of beauty and fashion bloggers, which I will do close analysis (narrative analysis) on. I hope to conduct semi-structured interviews with the bloggers as well, as supplementary data, possibly to triangulate with the language analysis (supporting or adding nuances to the interpretations made in the narrative analysis).
However, I am really confused about what might be considered as the appropriate "method of data analysis" for the ethnographic interview data, in the sense that it can work together with the social media post data?
I think there are discussions about methods such as content analysis, but I guess my confusion is about how such method of analysis for the interviews can work together with discourse/narrative analysis of the posts? How to make clear and explicit their relationships? Or if the project is quite discourse-centered, will the project be not quite considered as "ethnography" per se?
Any suggestions on the method to use? Or closely relevant readings? Thank you!
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Hi Wei Wei... My answer may make you more confused than before, but I see a lot of disconnection that need to be addressed before you proceed with selecting your analysis approach.
I think you need to be clear of your epistemological & ontological position to make your research design more cohesive. I sense a mixture of a lot of positions just by looking at the terms that you use. Terms like ethnography, construction, triangulation, narrative, discourse need epistemological grounding since they can have different meaning or may even be inappropriate for certain positions. Researchers within these fields are very particular and even finicky, so you have to be very careful.
Your view on discourse is also unclear. Do you say discourse because you are analysing 'texts' or discourse as an ideological practice?
Without having a clear position, you will be questioned on your choice of data sources and collection strategy even before going into the analysis. E.g., why do you need to have multiple sources of data? Why ethnographic interview and not other interview methods or qualitative methods?
If you need further guidance/ explanation/ reading materials, please feel free to drop me a message.
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This Summer, I'm enrolled in a doctoral research course on ethnographic methods. My team chose non-participant observation of a popular location in a large city we can observe via Webcam.
Our research questions relate to how people interact in the location now that mandated CoVid restrictions have been lifted.
I am trying to locate literature that is on-point (CoVid-related) or strongly related (post-pandemic or catastrophe) and can support our findings.
We realize the nature of ethnography means there may not have been time for publication of relevant studies. However, there could be conference presentations or scholarship under review for publication.
If anyone can provide recommendations of material for me to search out, I'd be grateful.
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This research was developed by Brazilian researchers in the university context of the Covid 19 pandemic. Follow the link:
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I am considering using Ethnographic Content Analysis for data analysis. Does anyone have any experience of using this method of data analysis? I would be grateful if you could direct me to some useful studies or resources or even better be happy to meet with me directly to discuss this.
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Thanks Peter, this is really helpful.
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I'm planning to read some ethnographic papers next vacancies. could you tell me your suggestions for your favorite ethnographic paper you have read or written?
Appreciated.
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Victor Turner's Study of the Endembu and Clifford Geertz's for study on cock fighting.
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I'm interested in doing a religious ethnographic study of a Hindu religious movement?
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Please have look on our(Eminent Biosciences (EMBS)) collaborations.. and let me know if interested to associate with us
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Considering that I am in the middle of transcribing/translating audio files, can I make use of ATLAS.ti or NVivo (or any other) to organize my data? I used unstructured interviews and some of them were deep, lengthy conversations. Which is a better software for managing ethnographic data and analyzing narratives? Thanks
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Dear Medhavi Gulati,
NVivo is a good package for coding and organizing the narrative data, especially if you have a medium- or large-sized sample.
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there are a lot of obvious negatives of undertaking a netnographic research in social sciences as compared to an ethnographic data collection, but in this pandemic, what other non obvious issues need to be pondered upon and taken care of during the data collection?
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indeed Ms Mahashweta. very well said.
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I have moved away from asking students in a variety of classes (ethnographic methods, introductions to anthropology as well as advanced courses) to develop unique projects. I have a few reasons for these changes and am interested in learning what others think.
In place of unique projects, I give students short "experiments" where they can apply effort to specific work. For example, in methods, I give students a subject and ask them to develop questions, analyze responses, think about ethics and about what does and does not work. My goal is to teach the conduct of inquiry and it is my belief that regardless of the project, there are some basic skills that will define success. Additionally, anthropological research does not take place in the span of a few weeks--and teaching students they can successfully complete a project in a semester is problematic to say the least. So, my question is how do you manage classes where students are learning methods or applying anthropological concepts? Do you give students free reign to develop a project they are interested in? Do you give students an assigned series of exercises? Or is there an alternative that works for you that I and others can learn from?
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Ethnography can help investigate very complicated or critical design challenges. A ... Ethnography was popularised by anthropology, but is used across a wide ... The aim of an ethnographic study within a usability project is to get 'under the ... As discussed above, ethnographic studies do not always require a long
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Hi there,
I have been looking for some ethnographic (qualitative) methods that could be used in COVID times. I have collected some data through survey and conducting interviews through whatsapp and mobile phone.
Any recommendation would highly be appreciated!
Best,
ARC
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Dear Br. Abdul Razaque,
Salam. Please find the "Guide on how to use Zoom in Qualitative Data Collection" also a related article. Hope these will help you to some extent.
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Anthropology is regarded as scientific study of ‘man and his work’. it studies the network of social relationship. Then the two important questions which come to our mind: (1) Are children NOT human beings? (2) Are children NOT part of network of social relationships or social structure?
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Thank you very much for your insightful and analytical reply.
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Good morning all,
I am in the first year of my PhD looking at entrepreneurial opportunity and collective identity construction processes in socially-orientated start-ups.
I had planned to start data collection this coming September using traditional ethnographic methods, such as non-participant observations, interviews, story-boarding and content analysis. Given the current climate and the uncertainty regarding 'normal' working practices going forward, I may not be able to secure ethical clearance to be able to undertake such research due to the high level of risk for participants and the degree of uncertainty as to how such risks can be mitigated at this stage. Of course, I need to secure ethical clearance before I undertake any research and so in order to start collecting data in September as desired, I need to look to potential alternative methods.
Does anyone have any experience of conducting an ethnography of organisational studies utilising remote technologies or able to point me in the direction of useful papers on netography/ alternative ethnographic methods when face to face is not possible? Or, if you are in a similar situation, are you able to share your approach towards your ethnography research design and ethical clearance during the current climate?
I would be grateful for any ideas and suggestions.
Best regards,
Katherine
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Teacher evaluation plan against the norm-referenced one is a standard concept followed everywhere. Yet, how should it be adapted to meet the unique needs considering the problem that relates to the diverse and multilevel of teacher competencies? Sometimes teacher evaluation plan is missing in a single teacher school or where high teacher absenteeism is a frequent phenomenon particularly in remote rural locations of third world countries or in marginalised institutions or unaided private underfed institutions. Let me give you an example of marginalised institutions of Islamic seminaries or Madarsas typically falling under the private unaided unrecognised category where developing a plan, reporting goals or teacher portfolios or peer observations certainly doesn't operate with the same level of anticipated dynamics of a norm-referenced set-up. At times, there is no scope of enquiry or action research or even video or audio recordings. there is no opportunity for anyone to get the feel of any lesson plan or learning outcomes. I think this alternate teacher evaluation will definitely explore the possibilities of looking into such uncharted territories of having a conversation first with the authorities or administrators to evolve an ethnographic -oriented alternate plan that works in a 'degree of fit' framework.
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Dear Raashid Nehal,
Just because Madrasa or remote schools do not have teacher evaluation doesn't necessarily mean that we should begin looking for alternate evaluation systems. This said, I strongly believe the the widely-used norm-based evaluation system needs a complete overhauling since the way schools function these days is vastly different from olden days when the teacher evaluation systems would have worked well. The current evaluation system is still very much same as it was in the time of 'factory-model' school system, a couple of centuries ago. A good teacher was considered to be the one with the right kind of voice, appearance, accuracy, enthusiasm, and warmth, making certain that the children moved through the curriculum.
Teacher evaluation needs to evolve (and is already evolving in some places) from end of the year normative checklists to a more comprehensive, sophisticated, continuous processes wherein it purpose should be more of a developmental process rather than a punitive/reward exercise. the process should be used to enhance teaching and learning practices, improve skills and effectiveness which will, as a result, improve learning and student achievement.
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I am a doctoral student and I am looking to do a qualitative research study that looks at the potential influence of teachers on the way minority students view their leadership capabilities.
Originally, I had chosen a grounded theory approach, but my committee thinks that an approach that looks at the intersectionality of the various factors may be more appropriate.
I am thinking of doing a narrative inquiry approach with phenomenological methods or maybe even a narrative inquiry approach with ethnographic methods.
Any pointers?
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I don't think that it is necessary to move to full-scale ethnography, which is going to be especially difficult in these socially distanced times. Instead, I believe that a combination of in-depth, semi-structured interviewing and thematic analysis would be a good way to study this topic.
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I have completed, and thematically coded over 300 survey responses. These have been screened to provide 15 interview candidates who were interviewed in their homes (semi-structured with accompanying field notes) as a second source of data. Interviews were reflective of survey responses given. Area of research is a social attitude towards a particular everyday practice.
Thank you
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eclectic approach is new to me and i personally would love to read about it too. thanks Dr El Sayed. however, what you do does fall under the purview of what an ethnographic research is. you may want to read my chapter on ethnography given below. here i explain ethnographic research from a non-western perspective. hope it helps you with your research journey. Dewan M. (2018) Understanding Ethnography: An ‘Exotic’ Ethnographer’s Perspective. In: Mura P., Khoo-Lattimore C. (eds) Asian Qualitative Research in Tourism. Perspectives on Asian Tourism. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7491-2_10
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Within an Ohio urban prison that strongly discouraged the doing of qualitative research, pre-pandemic times saw me employing 'arm-chair' ethnography through documentary films in face-to-face sociology classes. With that past experience behind bars and now pandemic stopping face-to-face fieldwork for regular university classes, I am struggling to employ something similar for undergraduate online classes. What might I do to encourage 'ethnographic seeing' and develop a sociological imagination in my virtual courses lacking face-to-face interaction? 
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I am struggling with the same constraints, although Macao doesn't have new COVID cases for months, and we only had up now 45; no deaths, all cured. Nonetheless, all fieldwork that my students were doing related to heritage research has stopped. I have asked for the cooperation of my colleagues from drama and video-cinema. They have created a kind of live theater that combined with videos tried to mobilize students to simulate their fieldwork. It helps training some observation metholodogies, taking notes, selecting ideas for discussion, but cannot naturally substitite the fieldwork "surprises".
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I need to have a brief statement indicating the research topic to the Title: Normative Ethnographic Leadership Enterprise to create the background study, data to be collected and solutions to recommend.
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The below link will give you an answer of your question
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The Ethnographic study goes with peer observation and also class room observation of a particular region and the influence of teacher and text on it also studied. at this juncture, I am getting some ambiguity how to start the thesis on it and how to continue it? Is there any research on Ethnographic study on ELT reference to flipped class room?
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In general, Ethnography is a qualitative research study focused on cultural identity, norms and behavior, food habits, dance, and singing of the people in the particular community. The Ethnography study in English Language Learning has different ideas that should be analyzed before starting the research because it needs to be checked the groups which are Focus Group Discussion or Key Informants Interview who are Teachers or students, Community elders, retired military ex-servicemen, and church priest, etc.
It is a purely qualitative research study in nature. You have to think about more on qualitative aspects of the study according to your research title.
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Anthropology is regarded as scientific study of ‘man and his work’. it studies the network of social relationship. Then the two important questions which come to our mind: (1) Are children NOT human beings? (2) Are children NOT part of network of social relationships or social structure?
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Abdelkader Mohamed Elsayed many thanks for providing the link. This will certainly help us to further our understanding on ethnographies and ethnographers.
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I am involving in an ethnographic study related to my own community, dealing mainly with cultural aspects. Is it possible for me to include myself as an interviewee and fill in the research questionnaire from an emic perspective?
Briefly, can an ethnographer be allowed to explain the answer to the research question from both emic and etic perspectives?
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Yes. Nothing prevents the ethnographic researcher to raise some questions and answer those from an “emic” perspective. The important point here is to maintain objectivity. S/he may try to cover up some unpleasant facts relating to her/his community. This is part of the ethnocentric tendency of the researcher. S/he may not report those out of fear of social boycott. If the researcher is bold enough, s/he may face a top situation when her/his research findings (unpleasant ones) are known to the community members. I am one of such victims. So, the researcher must deal the situation carefully. S/he should try to maintain objectivity all through her/his research. All unintended consequences are to be carefully examined by the researcher doing ethnographic research on her/his community.
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I intend to perform an ethnographic study on Indian or Sri Lankan traditional practices (mostly in Hindus methodology) in treating chickenpox, focusing on using "Neem", "Turmeric" in particular. Culturally many practices are highly irrelevant to modern science and superstitious, some practices seem to be effective.
Please assist me by offering your viewpoints on this
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Why not? Chicken pox is a serious, debilitating disease that may ravage such large populations as are found in India and Sri Lanka. Therefore, any recommendations, including naturopathic treatment with treatment efficacies is a welcome relief
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Coming from critical animal studies to environmental education research I wonder whether and how we can conceptualize the subjectivity, agency and integrity of water.
I'd be interested in doing an ethnographic study on human-water relations, but posthuman and new materialist approaches to natureculture often seem to loose the voice of nature. How can I make sure that such a study makes the voice of water audible rather than only celebrating human projections and practices? In my earlier work on human-horse relations I found cognitive ethology a helpful ally for developing a critical stance, but with respect to water I am still looking for an appropriate paradigm.
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I wonder what your reference point for appropriateness would be? Does it relate back to human-water relations in terms of how water appears to humans? How would we be able to rethink this relational combination by for example taking into consideration the relationship between water and other things, eradicating the intermediary of the human? I am considering reading Hodder´s "Entangled", maybe in his Archeological take, there are some interesting aspects of thinking about water-human relations?
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Is there software that has been produced to analyse the resuts of a netnography?
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I guess it depends on your proposed methodology. I used Dedoose to conduct a thematic analysis on the contents (social media posts) collected from the site. Its strength lies its in ability to be used by multiple users to improve coding reliability.
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I am looking for an author to write a chapter for a book I am editing. The chapter is about ethnographic research into critical care. Are you interested in writing this chapter or do you know someone who may be interested?
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Revered Professor Paul M.W.Hackett,
I am happy to have known that you are writing a Book on Ethnography. I am teaching Ethnography Field Research for Rural Development more than a decade in the Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia, East Africa. I will be grateful to you Prof if I will have an opportunity to help you. I would like to know information from you Prof. I went along with my M.Sc. students to have Ethnography Field Survey on Australia funded Carbon Project near to my WSU university.
Regards
M.Senapathy
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A student of cross-cultural hunter gatherer cosmology, I am tempted to apply certain themes that appear to be repeated and may ulluminate our understanding the meaning and function of prehistoric rock paintings and drawings. However, the time depth and frame of reference my preclude any valid inferences. Do you have thoughts on these issues?
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This book can be useful for your research: Blundell, G., Chippindale, C. & Smith, B.W. (eds). 2010. Seeing and knowing: understanding rock art with and without ethnography.
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The main study will be mixed method (Explanatory Sequential Design). I would like to do a small ethnographical study prior to the main study ('embedded' within a target group) in order to 'take notes,' observe and so on ... the idea is that this would probably help me to better define the structure and scope of my (quantitative) survey and (qualitative) semi-structured interviews. Does this sound okay to you research people out there? Much appreciate your ideas / guidance.
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I think it perfectly makes sense to explore the field ethnographically before conducting a survey and interview study. It will give you a deeper understanding of the field as well as ideas of what matters to participants and what questions to ask. You can also use your ethnographic findings to inductively generate hypotheses for your subsequent research.
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So I'm an NP and I'm writing a paper about the toxic discourse used to attack NP's and in return attack physicians, essentially my point is can we all stop being mean to each other and just look after patients please?!
I'm starting with a sort of thematic analysis and finding all the opinions on all sides and grouping them together. This is stuff from the media, from academic journals, and from government and professional body publications.
Then I want to explore the wording on all sides and call out anything that's not based on any evidence and then explore how these inaccurate statements can have a negative impact on the NP profession and more importantly on patient care.
Can I call this critical ethnography even though I've not done any interviews, but I'm discussing peoples opinions?
Is it critical discourse analysis? (I think this might fit best???)
If not what is it? Just a critical analysis? Just me being grumpy about everyone being mean?!
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Ethnography does not require you to conduct interviews, but you must base your conclusions on the analysis of documents that represent the dominant discourse of the epoch. Your research has as its object a "civilized" society this can easily be obtained from historical documents produced by this society. I suggest you make a scientific cut in your research base and use official documents that represent these toxic speeches: they can be complaints from ordinary people to some body that regulates their profession or even court sentences in difficult cases (favorable and unfavorable). The important thing is to define your object and analyze with this perspective.
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1. as compared to collecting ethnographic data, what are the challenges while collecting/ observing autoethnographic data?
2. should the autoethnographic data collection happen during the actual events or after the events (through memory recollection)?
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Thank you to all academics and researchers for your answers. I really appreciate your insight and advice
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Dear all,
I am doing research for a company in finding the best cross-selling promotion for a certain FMCG product. I will do this partially by doing ethnographically informed research, in which I will observe the consumers within the store and afterward approach them for a semi-structured interview about their store journey and purchase decision.
How big should the sample size be?
Furthermore, if anyone knows useful articles on promotion, advertising and/or cross-selling especially for FMCG products, I will be more than grateful if you would share them with me.
Thank you in advance!
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There are three factors that determine the size of the confidence interval for a given confidence level:
  • Sample size
  • Percentage
  • Population size but doubling the sample size does not halve the confidence intervals so if the FMCG products around 100000 so the sample size is 500 and that depend on the percentage of population that suitable for these products
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one of my scholars wanted to know the influence of ethnographic studies on the enhancing of oral skills. actually, all the students has taken to the target group are from technical background. can any one suggest any books, articles or others
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May be:
Creation of an ambience of speaking English or pracing english in working or study situations
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It is believed that children may not lend necessary cooperation to an “adult childhood researcher” for various reasons. One obvious reason is that s/he belongs to a different generation and therefore is not part of the children’s culture. Such a situation may prompt the “adult childhood researcher” to engage a “child researcher“ for his/her ethnographic writings. In case of such an engagement of a “child researcher” by the “adult researcher” for gathering quality field data for writing a child-centered ethnography, what are the preparatory steps that s/he needs to complete as part of research methodology and ethics?
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I think yes but without violating the ethical consideration of exploiting children.
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I am designing a doctoral seminar on doing data analysis of ethnographic, social science research. As part of the course, I want to introduce students to a specific software program for aiding in their data analysis.
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Thanks for your input Kathleen M. Adams Samir G Pandya
Celia Emmelhainz
, Maral Babapour
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How can we analyze the qualitative data from a semi structured interview? and how much the sample size needed for ethnographic qualitative research?
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Take a look at Russell Bernard's book on research methods in cultural anthropology. There are a number of ways to think about this and the approach will be related to how you want to present your data. If you want to find patterns, there is some good software that can help with this, such as NUDIST. If you want to present case studies, then simply carefully reading your interviews and looking for important themes in how people construct meaning can be just fine. As Heather noted sample size is not easy to specify. A sample of five may be just fine, or even fewer, if you are presenting case studies and not attempting to generalize from the data. And, as she noted, ethnography is much more complex than simply qualitative interviews--it also tends to take months to conduct an ethnographic study properly.
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How can we analyze the qualitative data from a semi structured interview? and how much the sample size needed for ethnographic qualitative research?
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I would also agree with David. I have used the approach to thematic analysis proposed by Braun and Clarke (2006) and find it helpful and straight forward:
Phase 1: familiarising yourself with your data
Phase 2: generating initial codes
Phase 3: searching for themes
Phase 4: reviewing themes
Phase 5: defining and naming themes
Phase 6: producing the report
Link to the paper where each phase is explained in detail:
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I am going to conduct a study of 6 members of one WhatsApp group chat. I was thinking to do a qualitative single case study. Single, because the 6 participants are from the same group chat. Eventually I may have access to the content of the group chat content, that will help me to triangulate the info from the interviews.
It is difficult for me to find the bounded system for the case study, so that, I am thinking to change the choice. Maybe holistic single case study..... ??? why or why not it could be phenomenology, ethnographic, appreciative inquiry (i do not want to be limited to only speak about positive effects of the group chat)...
Thank you for your help in order to decide the what type of study could be done.
C.
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please review this article, I hope you will find it useful.
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In the research methods classes I teach students may ask why bother with the small sample size ethnographic type of study that produces data that is prone to error and subjectivity when there is big data that can be accessed and SurveyMonkey, Twitter, etc., which can yield more robust data from enormous samples? What would your answer be?
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I think of "big data" as wide but very typically very thin -- in this case, "scraping" is a good metaphor, as in "scraping the surface.' In contrast, qualitative methods, and especially enthnography, may be narrow but they go deep.
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What is your understanding of ethnography? What approaches to research does ethnography encompass? How would you define or describe ethnography?
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Yes, ethnography is a systematic, comprehensive and topic oriented approach using observation and participation or particularly participant observation. I think the concept of ethnography as "thick description" as coined by Clifford Geertz is relevant here. Ethnographers can also study their own societies or communities, which might be more challenging than studying other foreign societies.
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Whats is the minimum duration for an Ethnographer to collect data?
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Esther, I agree overall with your point, but I would not really view 3.5 weeks of fieldwork as ethnography, unless you had significant prior fieldwork experience at the same site. It is certainly fieldwork, and it could be excellent research, but I would not see such a short stay by itself as representing ethnography. The length of time really does matter, because it generates trust and what is called an "experience near" understanding of a context. I don't think you can really get that understanding in only three weeks. This gets back to my earlier post arguing that there is a tendency in many fields to (incorrectly) conflate fieldwork or any form of qualitative research with ethnography. For something to be ethnography it needs to, of course, involve use of ethnographic methods, such as participant observation (as one element), and also time. I see a minimum of 6 months as being necessary for good ethnographic research and it is much better if one spends at least a year at one's field site. Again, that doesn't mean there are not other forms of fieldwork that can be done in shorter time periods and produce very good results--but they are not ethnography.
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Hi, I have used a rapid (quick, short-term) ethnographic approach to answer my research question which is based on small community development NGO processes. My question here is multifaceted...please answer one or more!
1. Is ethnography (outsider's observations and interpretations) antithetical to community development values of bottom-up, participant driven, indigenous research methods?
2. How short is too short for observation to be worthwhile and valid?
3. Can an observer justify their interpretations of the small slice of interactions that they see over the course of a few days as valid?
4. What do you think are some problems and benefits of rapid ethnography?
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Hi Leanne,
Sorry for the late reply. I believe Uchendu's contribution can help clarify what you are doing, or better, frame your research with more supporting resources. I'd also recommend this article as it might address some of your concerns. I still believe that your research project may be grounded in an adapted ethnography; or you can call it case study as well, based on participatory fieldwork. Anyway, qualitative methods evolve as per demands and needs of our contemporary society, just take the example of digital ethnography.
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Dear All in the net
I am looking for advice on use friendly qualitative/Ethnographic data analysis software, would suggest me pleas?
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Hand coding, NVivo, MAXQDA, CAT (this is free) Atlas.ti.
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Our anthropology department runs three different field schools during the summer - archaeology, biological/forensic and ethnographic. We've decided to require instructors to include a safety plan in their field school proposal. The conditions in the field are relatively similar for archaeology and biological (which often takes place in cemeteries). Safety plans are fairly well developed for working at such sites. However, I haven't seen or heard of a safety plan for an ethnographic field school. Can anyone direct me to some examples or provide some suggestions for things it should cover? Thanks!
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This is an interesting question. I agree with Ben's comments and would add that when I teach ethnographic methods, we spend a fair amount of time discussing the importance of knowing one's own identity and one's own limitations and how those things might influence safety while collecting data. I do my fieldwork in Japan, where the main safety issues are to look both ways before crossing the street, since they drive on the left (as opposed to Americans on the right), or knowing what to do when the inevitable earthquake happens.
But more seriously, I've been in a couple of situations when I thought my safety might be at risk, but each of those was fairly unusual. There are some general things one can suggest, such as not being alone in someone's house if you don't know them well, so doing interviews or having conversations in public places, but unlike the other two field schools you describe, because ethnographic research involves living people "safety" will look somewhat different depending on the project being pursued. Perhaps you could come up with a list of best practices that help students think about how to be observant and cognizant of potential safety issues. This, of course, also helps them in the practice of becoming more observant in general.
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In parallel to the expansion of the global humanitarian system, there has been a general rise of humanitarianism as field of study. Anthropology is arguably the most established discipline with a focus on humanitarianism, though the discipline has predominantly concerned itself with how people - recipients, practitioners, decision makers and donors - interact with the discourses, narratives, structures, institutions and rules of humanitarianism. A major challenge is the discipline's strong focus on participant observation, which needs to be multi-sited to enable the study of a global phenomenon. The use of ethnographic methodologies creates challenges as well as possibilities, but what are they and how do they impact on the findings of the research?
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Hi Åshild,
You have raised some important and interesting issues! Yes, there are many challenges as well as possibilities associated with the use of ethnographic research methods to study humanitarianism. One of the challenging issues would be the state or global political power, which is often beyond an ethnographer's ability to observe, record and to analyze. Think about recent Rohingya refugee crisis in Myanmar and in Bangladesh. An ethnographer can observe, record and analyze all the visible violence and suffering of the minority groups of people. However, it can be very difficult for an ordinary ethnographer to get access to many other domains of research where actual power is being exercised, policies are made and implemented to annihilate humanity! Personal safety and security, political threat or many other local, regional or global issues can affect an ethnographer to conduct a comprehensive research on such an issue. Interdisciplinary and collaborative research approaches as well as supports from government and NGOs / research agencies may require facilitating multi-sited ethnographic research on such issues!
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I recently had an article published for which if researched two Kazakh proverbs using ethnographic as well as corpus linguistic methods. As I consider expanding this project, I am interested in reading about comparable projects.
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Hi Judit,
Thanks so much for your feedback. This was a conference paper that I worked on a bit and had published. Now, I am looking to do a larger project along the same lines.
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I am going to carry out a multilevel ethnographic study on health governance in the Southern part of Nepal. Health service users, service providers at the local health facility and concerned officials at the District Health Office (DHO) are the potential research participants for this study.
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Who makes decisions? What do they decide? How do they decide?
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Dear all,
I am currently working on an ethnographic interview that can help to investigate teaching experience in multicultural classes. what questions do you think I should ask, in order to bring out emotions and thoughts about that kind of teaching experience.
Thanks in advance to those who will help!
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Dear Soumia Erraji,
Here are some possible questions for your interviews.
-How do you approach culturally-sensitive topics in your class/lecture?
-In which ways do you aim to diversify the readings and literature so as to represent the ethnic backgrounds of your students?
-How do you encourage class participation from students who come from 'passive' learning educational backgrounds?
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i have done semi structured interviews and memoing along with the field notes. how do i analyse the fieldnotes along with my interviews and observations?
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Field Notes are a data type, so you can analyse it with any Method suited to that kind of data and your research question ... just as you can analyse Interviews with different methods (hermeneutics, grounded theory etc.). It depends on your focus, but you can analyse interviews and observation protocolls/field notes using the grounded theory method (e.g. in the version of Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin).
As further reading on your question I would recommend:
Emerson/Fretz/Shaw (2011): Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes.
but maybe this specialized chapters help too:
Corwin/Clemens (2011): Analysing Fieldnotes. In: Delamont, Sara (Ed.): Handbook of Qualitative Research in Education.
DeWalt/DeWalt (2011): Analysing Fieldnotes. In: DeWalt/DeWalt: Participant Observation.
and more general helpful ressources:
Atkinson et al. (2007): Handbook of Ethnography.
Miles/Huberman/Saladana (2014): Qualitative Data Analysis.
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Hi there.
Currently writing up my PhD thesis.
I've conducted an ethnography of a particular cultural phenomenon and am struggling to pose a specific research question.
I've treated my role as an ethnographer to find out as much as I can about those how fit into the 'sub-culture'. My investigations have led to a large data set that covers a broad range of themes. I've never looked to answer a specific question or solve a specific problem just to learn as much as I can about them, thier thoughts and thier way of life.
So now I'm struggling to narrow it down.
Are there any ethnographers out there that can help - or links to some good examples from Ethnography literature?
All help received with gratitude.
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Hi Kerry,
You may want to look at a slim but helpful volume; a golden oldie:
Georges, Robert A. and Michael O. Jones, 1980. People Studying People: The Human Element in Fieldwork. Berkeley, L.A., London: University of California Press.
Good luck with your project.
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I've heard a lot about NVivo and Ethnograph. I'm looking into Maxqda also- I prefer a program with tech capabilities such as audio, transcription, apps etc...
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1. NVivo
2. ATLAS.ti
3. QDA Miner
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I am trying to find a document/web-page for information on the amount or quantity of MSW received and processed by each landfills in the United States of America.
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MSW landfills now report annual tonnage to the EPA via the GHG Reporting Program:
Scroll down to MSW landfills. You can search for the facilities and the file will give you tonnages for each facility.
Alternatively, estimates are provided by the EPA here:
and older reports here:
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In particular, I'm trying to work out if there was a brief hiatus in profiling activities between the end of CAPPS II and the beginning of Secure Flight. All the sources I can find seem rather vague and seem to imply there was a break between around 2005 and 2009.
Thanks in advance
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Many thanks for that suggestion, Carol - RG doesn't seem to let you know when replies have been placed so only just seen.  Cheers,  Andrew
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Could you please speak a little more about the volume on the subaltern? I am currently researching on this very topic, both on its theoretical and fictional representations.
Regards.
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I am currently doing an ethnographic study on interracial relationships of specifically indian (asian) women and their experiences of that. Therefore looking for any literature on these topics or anything relating would be useful. If you know of any research, please direct my way. 
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Thank you for your contribution Mary 
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the title of the topic is North African patients’ views surrounding cancer pain in the United Kingdom (UK)
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Dear Mr. Salim,
I do not think one can give any straight answer to the question  that you asked. I would add that framework for analysis of ethnographic data depends on several factors which are as follows:
1. What are the objectives as well as the topic of your research?
2. How have you collected the ethnographic data? Have you written this in narrative form or the way ethnographers write their field notes?
3. Classification of ethnographic data is possible so that these can be linked with the objectives? and,
4. What purpose your research is going to serve? Is this an academic or applied research.
Finally,  Are you an anthropologist? This is because collection of ethnographic data requires good deal of understanding of methods of collection of ethnographic data as well engagement in the field and the respondents.
I am sorry if i have raised many questions then answering your question but I think these are some essential issues before I can answer your query.
All the best.
SM Alam
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It has been written that Franz Boas -the father of modern anthropology- was critical of Edward Curtis' photographic and ethnographic project for being weak on methodological rigor. Among Boas' vast bibliography and unpublished archives, is there any record of his views on Curtis?
Attaching link to Franz Boas archives at The American Philosophical Society.
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Thank you for your answer Ms. Destro!
You are getting to the heart of the issue. These notions of cultural authenticity and objectivity of a photograph permeated the visual arts and cultural theories through the mid-20th century. Today, in our image-saturated social media reality it is more relevant than ever. I have read accounts of Boas' curmudgeonly attitude towards Curtis, but I have yet to see any primary or even secondary sources that researchers have based this on. David, above, identified the members of Roosevelt's committee to review the case, so we should expect there to be some trace in the presidential archives - I'm in touch with them but might need to make a trip to Washington to see this through. 
What words did Boas use to make his case? How did he talk about objectivity, authenticity, and the problems he saw with including a natural setting in a photograph? How did Boas critique the famously doctored images where Curtis removed modern artifacts (e.g. clock) to further his romanticized portrayal of the American Indians? It is one of the earliest and more significant examples of a modern debate over cultural authenticity, fetishization, appropriation, etc.
I'll continue searching for these sources.
Sincerely, Mr. Ted Strauss (I am not a professor :)
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Dear all, since a few months I am working in a public institution and as a social/cultural anthropologist I am wondering if some of you can suggest me interesting ethnographic works in this field. Thanks.
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Pilar;
Organizational culture and social culture of public institution are not the same but correlated as shown in the attached study.
Best regards,
Debra
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should it be:
- The Western Canon?
- Ethnic art?
- New Art History and the Ethnographic turn?
- Gender art studies?
- Global art studies?
 - or which alternative ?
Art school meaning : art college training
 
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Willy,
Art history education should touch upon all types of art from all over the world. More in-depth studies of specific art styles and regions can be offered later, but Art 101 should introduce the student to art in all its forms.
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What does ethnographic data tell us about migration? how is it different from economics studies? why is ethnographic data on migration more important?
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Maybe you should contact Matthias Weinreich, author of We Are Here to Stay” – Pashtun Migrants in the Northern Areas of Pakistan’ (Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2010). I've written a couple of book reviews on his work (see my Academia profile for the publications).  Perhaps he knows colleagues who've done kindred ethnographic migration research on and in India.
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Hi all,
In the framework of my PhD research, I am looking for ethnographic studies focused on family life (in both the ancient times and the present days) among the inhabitants of Hiva Oa, Tahuata, Fatu Hiva, Nuku Hiva, Ua Pou and Ua Huka.
I am not interested in general ethnographic works, but only in studies covering the field of domestic dynamics. I will be grateful to whose able to share with me their knowledge on this topic.
Thank you very much
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Merci Patrice
Je viens de terminer ma thèse et je confirme ce que tu m'écrit: il n'y a vraiment rien sur l'argument.
J'espère que ma thèse puisse stimuler plus d'études sur l'argument, dans le futur (mais je n'en suis pas trop sûr!).
Bonne journée et, une fois de plus, merci d'avoir contribué à ce forum.
mao
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I co-translate oral al Nabati poetry but my Arabic is weak.Therefore, I rely heavily on a co-translator and validators of my work. What responses I get are mostly favourable. Does anyone else know ethnographic translators using this method?    
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Reza,
I did have a fill in the gaps approach yes and validations refreshed over time.I have some references supporting this and was wondering if there were more possibilities to add.
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I am looking for any (ethnographical, political, cultural, anthropological,...) information about this community in Switzerland, Liechenstein, Italy or Austria. 
If I could find answers to my questions there, it would be perfect. My questions are:
  1. Are Walsers more like a separate ethnic group, or more just like an ethnic subgroup?
  2. How and to what extent did Walsers integrate into mainstream society?
  3. What are the main Walsers' traditions and what assists (or avoids) in their maintenance?
  4. What is the impact of government interventions in Switzerland, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein to maintain (or loss) walsers' traditions?
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Hi,
you can look at the ethnographic work on Walser of  P.P Viazzo, 1989, Upland Communities, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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I am looking for ethnographic and/or ethnohistoric references, as well as archaeological studies.
Thanks in advance!
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Bonjour Pierre et Irène,
Effectivement, les prélèvements organiques recueillis sur les vases (parois int./ext.) donnent souvent d'excellents résultats et permettent de livrer non seulement des informations sur les contenus transportés mais également sur les techniques d'étanchéification dont parle l'auteur ancien Collumelle.
Bien à vous
Catherine
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Hello. I have found in literature that in some past and modern settlements habitation rooms were often coupled by one or more rooms that are smaller in size (i.e., floor area) and are used for various "utilitarian" tasks (e.g., storing, processing, tools maintenance). During my review of archaeological and ethnographic literature, I have found for instance that this type of activities organization occurs in ancient US pueblos (e.g., Broken K, Turkey Creek Pueblo) as well as in some modern groups such as the Fulani in Africa.
I was wondering if anyone wants to provide feedback on the above, widening the scenario of possible parallels. Indication of case studies and bibliographical references are welcome.
Thanks
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Dear Gianmarco,
In the United States, the most common primitive house-type constructed on the ever-westward-moving frontier (of the European settlement), was built of two log "pens" (rooms) interconnected with a open "breezeway" (all under a single roof-plan), which was often later enclosed (as a wide hallway or third-room) as the pioneer settlers became more established or gained enough wealth to upgrade their early dwellings. This style of house was called the "dog-trot" style (because the settlers' dogs were frequently using this intervening open-space as a place to lounge and shelter themselves). However, it was utilized by the human inhabitants as the common place where many/most domestic chores were usually performed.
There are many books published that deal with history and architecture of the American "dog-trot" [one of the best entitled Texas Log Buildings: a folk architecture, by Professor Terry G. Jordan) ... if you have an intense interest, I may be able to find a PDF of this or one-or-two other good ones I can provide for you from my digital library.
The book is available online, here:
From the original publisher (The University of Texas Press), here:
and, also, very reasonably priced used copies can usually be found on Amazon.
Regards,
Bob
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Hello,
I have found an interesting study in which the author elaborates on the relation between millstones (also termed metate) and handstones (also termed manos) size and their efficiency in food processing. Among other things, the study stresses that an increase in those tools size implies an increase in efficiency, i.e. a reduction of the time spent processing a given amount of material. The study is the following:
Mauldin R. The Relationship between Ground Stone and Agricultural Intensification in Western New Mexico. Kiva. 1993;58: 317–330.
Now, I was wondering if there is any  (ethnographic, archaeological) study on the relation between the size of millstones and/or handstones and the size of the household in which they were used.
Thank you.
Gm
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Gianmarco,
Correction: a mortar being concave like a bowl allows the larger grain particles to stay in the center.
 Huckell (A Ground Stone Implement Quarry on the Lower Colorado River, Northwestern Arizona. 1986:9) notes that there were 331 metate preforms found at a quarry site in Arizona. Except for a 3 that were smaller than 31x36 cm and 2 that were larger than 90x100 cm, all fell within a range of 40 to 100 cm long and 25 to 60 cm wide. As you can see by his Figure 4 length vs. width chart, most lengths clustered between about 44 and 70 cm, while widths clustered from about 30 to 50 cm. He says on Page 49 that Mohave informants "suggested that it was not unusual for there to be more than one metate in a given household." Thus they divided the work.
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For instance, in a research study following up on interviews with participants throughout the world, what studies are available that discuss using such online technology as Facebook, messenger, blogs, etc to maintain contact and provide continued interaction?
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Please refer some articles on virtual communities and you may find answer.
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We have attempted to do this and are recently now aware of such interpretation relating to the Altai.  Are there others?  I thought it possible in the American Southwest rock art and saw reference to a discussion there as well.  Any other areas?  How did you make this connection?  On what have you based your arguments?
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Some time ago I tried to argue that the figures of the kind might mark some border/transitional point where different modes of behaviour switch from one to another. Thus, say, symmetry in the figure of Animal Mistress in Scythian (as well as Greek etc) art with her hands spread apart and holding two minor figures. And - the scenes of the same symmetrical (frontal) figure as giving birth or with the accent at her privates
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Of course I already have some literature, for example
Zwischen Isolation und Sprachkontakt: Der romanische Wortschatz der Vorarlberger Walser: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40503977
Alessio Boattini, Clio Griso & Davide Pettener. Are ethnic minorities synonymous for genetic isolates? Journal of Anthropological Sciences. Vol. 89 (2011), pp. 161-173. 
Mathieu Petite. A new perspective on the Walser community.
But I can not find an article with the results of the research.
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About Walser in Italy, there are may books edited by Enrico Rizzi, Proceedings of Walser Annual Meetings
Several essays by Pier Paolo Viazzo on Alagna Valsesia
Mantenimento, variazione e morte della lingua nel Walser di Formazza by Silvia Dal Negro
Pomatt : una storia, una comunità, una lingua (formazza) by Angela Bacher
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I am especially interested in studies on the Ladin community in the Italian Dolomites but also on the Raeto-Romance community in Switzerland. Thank you.
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If you mean Ladins, for example:
POTENTIAL FOR CONFLICTS IN AREAS OF ETHNO-LINGUISTIC MINORITIES OF THE EASTERN ALPS (pdf)
The Effects of Amenity Migration on Ethnic Minorities in the Alps Case Study: the Italian Alps (pdf)
CONTACT MODELS AND INTERGROUP RELATIONS IN AN ITALIAN AREA BORDERING ON AUSTRIA (pdf)
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I would be grateful for references to ethnographic studies looking at issues concerning the EP in general, and specific dirty-projects in particular
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Not sure this will be sufficiently critical to your taste you - good luck with your talk!
Cheers,
JP
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In viewing group behavior, researchers sometimes attach meanings to their categories of data interpretation that are unjustified and are not acceptable to the members of the group. At the same time, what the emic or  insider view of events provides may not create a true picture of the phenomenon under investigation, and therefore, not acceptable to the researcher. Can you suggest a way out of this dilemma???
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One obvious possibility is to include both an insider account, and in a separate section, an outsider account.  Some journal reviewers will insist on both insider and outsider views being included in a paper. When I am able, I send my participants a copy of the case summaries for them to review.  These should reflect their viewpoint in their words.  They can offer additions, alterations and deletions at that time.  It is certainly possible to be studying multiple groups in the same setting who do not look at things in the same way.  Some fieldworkers have argued you have to develop a close relationship with a group over a considerable period of time before the researcher really understands where the group is coming from.  Your question leaves the impression you found things you were ill at ease with.  When the views of a group are described from a sympathetic point of view, some people will criticize certain views are "ethical relativism."  These critics obviously want to impose outside standards.  At the same time, there is the problem of "ethnocentrism," where people view their own cultural views as superior, and look down at those of others.  If you plan to report insider views, and critical outsider views, you have to consider what is and is not fair to your participants. Field researchers generally must guard against doing harm to their participants. You could show them the case summaries first to get their feedback in terms of the accuracy of the summaries.  Later, you could show them the other section you evidently have in mind to see what their reaction is.  You never know, you may learn something from their reaction.  You might consider including this reaction.  Without knowing more of the specifics, it is hard for me to say much more.  Good luck with your fieldwork.
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I am currently making my phd on ethnographic approximations to the production and circulation of documents. I am interesting in similar approaches  of Annelise Riles work on documents as artifacts of modern knoweldge (2006). I am flowing in STS's sensibilities and, in general, works which takes materiality as a main feature of social production (Deleuze studies, ANT descriptions and so on). Thanks in advance. 
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You may be interested in an article from my own Phd research http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/pap/2012/00000040/00000003/art00007
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Gifts could be of anthropological objects too and I am also interested if anyone knows something about gifts made by John Jacob Astor's son in-law, the german diplomat Vincent Rumpff (1789-1867). Thank you!
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Depending upon how one defines 'ethnographical gifts' - the New-York Historical Society has some material pertaining to the dominant classes of American society gifted by Astor. And the Museum of the City of New York holds mainly documentary evidence of the same, including images of the old man himself, but they may have more than that.
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I am looking for quantitative studies using the "care-giving timing" protocol, describing how much time every adult member of the family (the care-givers) spends to educational activities with the younger members of the family. Please, I am not interested in general studies or qualitative approaches: I am ONLY interested in quantitative studies based on the observation of the care-giving time.
Actually, I am working on a PhD thesis and my goal is to demonstrate the impact of compulsory schooling on native communities domestic dynamics. I observed care-giving time within the two communities I am working (the Wayana-Apalaï people, in the Amazon sector of French Guiana, and the people of Hiva Oa, a remote island in French Polynesia) and I would like to compare my observations with the results reported in other ethnographic studies.
Thank you very much for your help.
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Are these publications helpful?
You might also contact Dr De Klerk, The Netherlands Institute of Social Research
(http://www.scp.nl/Organisatie/Alle_medewerkers/Klerk_de_Mirjam. Sent an e-mail via "Stuur een bericht")
Harold.
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I am pretty much interested in settlement information from this area (including both native and mestizo populations). In particular from an anthropological perspective and particularly from recent times. The same goes for any information on oil drilling and the upcoming establishment of oil infrastructure (Plan B in the Yasuni ITT).
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Thank you for your answer Philipp, and thanks also for enhancing the question.
FLACSO is definitely the starting point, I just find it curious that there is so little information on this process when the attention given to ITT has been enormous. Regarding anthropology on Ecuadorian Amazon, thanks for the two names (they were unfamiliar to me), there is quite a lot (Descola, Rival etc.) to hang on to including the Whittens, but little from the Yasuni area which is currently very interesting. I asked the question because I was and still is to some degree considering the possibility of developing a project for a master thesis on this. However, as there has been quite some scholarly attention towards Yasuni ITT there are a lot of publications of different qualities. Still, the debate appears complex, extremely polarized / politicized and somewhat more fit for a ph.d project which would be a more feasible option. So I will see and figure it out. My last idea which links to the question above was the possibility of doing participant observation with PetroEcuador as they establish themselves on the new camps in Yasuni. I think that could have some fruitful possibilities, and that was the reason I asked about the current progress of the oil extraction in the national park.
Anyway, thank you very much once again, Philipp. We stay in touch.
Regards, 
Gard
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I plan to do a close reading of past debates on social media about a certain public case, as a part of an ethnographic study. This will include note-taking and description about the nature of the content, the general atmosphere of the debate and any other notes (timing, activity, popularity..etc.).
I feel confused about the appropriate academic name for such method. could it be considered observation even if it depends on saved data from the past that is still available on social media-  sort of archival observation.
Or is it enough just to call it ethnographic reading?
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I wouldn't call it observation, because you have a static set of text-based data that will not change. So it is the same as analysing historical documents, sets of emails, websites, books or letters. I'd call it document analysis. This is a separate question to what sort of analysis you might choose to use with this data, although you would obviously want to choose a methodology that is suitable for text-based data and related to your research question, such as discourse analysis, content analysis, or narrative analysis.
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I'm working on self-employed professionals and social security in Germany. I'm interested in how self-employed entrepreneurs make a living and how they think about social security (unemployment insurance, pension insurance, health insurance). Do you know any literature or research on self-employed professionals and social security in Europe (especially qualitative, ethnographic or biographical research)? Thanks in advance!
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sorry! I am of no help! all the best
silvia
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My interest is in communication about cancer medications and I would like to use an ethnographic approach and collect a large data set of  naturally occurring data from consultations about medications and apply qualitative and quantitative data analyses techniques. Has anyone used quantitative data analysis in an ethnographic approach?  
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I believe that quantitative data analysis is not inconsistent with the qualitative analysis, either in sociological studies and anthropological work. In fact, statistics allows us to appreciate a level of reality of the phenomena (objective) - as the frequency and severity of the effects of a medication-which exists only on the level of social aggregates, that is quoting R . Castro (2010), "which is not visible when examining individual cases of the problem under study”.
However, ethnographic or sociological study that seeks to deepen into the specifics of a small number of cases, you should also be interested in the interpretive analysis that seeks to look interiority of individuals (subjective) that part of reality, especially in the area of health, where there is pain, anguish, frustration, the search for meaning and suffering.
In short, if you are in the area of health, it is highly advisable to do a joint study where statistical regularities associating variables are sought,  through ethnographic and seek to identify patterns of interaction that characterize the set of observed actors.
Good luck.