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Objectives: While cognitive and social resources are two commonly studied correlates of Internet use, their directionality with Internet use remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the potential reciprocal associations of cognitive and social resources with Internet use frequency in late adulthood. Method: We analyzed three waves of longitudinal d...
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Objectives Self-concept is underresearched in adults with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), as is the role of diagnosis. Self-concept is linked to wellbeing, which has been shown in previous research to be reduced in DCD. This research aimed to examine the relationships between diagnosis, self-concept, and wellbeing and to explore for the...
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How is it that psychedelics so profoundly impact brain and mind? According to the model of “Relaxed Beliefs Under Psychedelics” (REBUS), 5-HT2a agonism is thought to help relax prior expectations, thus making room for new perspectives and patterns. Here, we introduce an alternative (but largely compatible) perspective, proposing that REBUS effects...
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The worrying increase in the incidence of cases of dementia such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD) has led society to a growing interest in non-pharmacological interventions in the management of these pathologies that allow promoting the maintenance and optimization of mental capacities that are are diminished or appeased by the evolution of the disease....
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Cognitive impairment (CI) is a common complication in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but its relationship with long-term glycemic control remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the associations between mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, HbA1c control status, HbA1c fluctuations, and CI in Chinese adults aged 45 years and o...
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Background: The association between essential tremor (ET) and mortality risk remains uncertain. This study investigated the impact of episodic memory performance, measured through a word recall task, on mortality risk in ET within the Neurological Disorders in Central Spain (NEDICES) cohort, a population-based study of older adults. Methods: Partic...
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Introduction New Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatments have created an urgent need for accurate early diagnosis of high‐risk adults with Down syndrome (DS), distinguishing prodromal DS‐AD symptoms from lifelong cognitive impairments. Often, clinicians will need to evaluate dementia status during a single assessment, and here we describe empirically s...
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Introduction The hippocampus plays a crucial role in episodic memory. Given its complexity, the hippocampus participates in multiple aspects of higher cognitive functions, among which are semantics-based encoding and retrieval. However, the “where,” “when” and “how” of distinct aspects of memory processing in the hippocampus are still under debate....
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We investigate in-context temporal biases in attention heads and transformer outputs. Using cognitive science methodologies, we analyze attention scores and outputs of the GPT-2 models of varying sizes. Across attention heads, we observe effects characteristic of human episodic memory, including temporal contiguity, primacy and recency. Transformer...
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Background The Three‐Objects‐Three‐Places (3O3P) test is a 5‐min screen for episodic memory impairment due to Alzheimer's disease, known for its briefness and easy administration, culture‐ and language‐free nature, and the absence of specific equipment. However, no studies have validated its potential in memory clinic cohorts. The aim of this study...
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A major question in cognitive neuroscience is understanding the neural basis of mental imagery, particularly in cases of its absence, known as aphantasia. While research in this field has focused on the role of sensory domains, we propose that the key to understanding imagery lies in the intertwining of sensory processing and autonomic responses. I...
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Background: Selenium (Se), a vital trace element, plays a neuroprotective role by mitigating oxidative stress through selenoproteins and regulating metal balance. The apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4), a significant genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has been linked to reduced Se levels and weakened antioxidant capacity. This resear...
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Pattern separation is considered a crucial process that allows us to distinguish among the highly similar and overlapping experiences that constitute our episodic memory. Not only do different episodes share common features, but it is often the case that they share the context in which they occurred. While there have been a great number of studies...
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Objectives There is variation in the level of engagement among individuals during any sensory experience, including listening to music. This current randomised controlled triple-blind study employed Indian music to understand electroencephalogram (EEG) based inter-brain synchronisation. Materials and Methods Four groups (three music interventions:...
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There is growing interest in studying vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) and developing biomarkers to identify at-risk individuals. A combination of biofluid and neuroimaging markers may better profile early stage VCID than individual measures. Here, we tested this possibility focusing on plasma levels of S100 calciu...
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Prediction errors drive learning by signalling a mismatch between our expectations and reality. The hippocampus plays a key role in mismatch detection, but it is not known what information the hippocampus uses to form expectations. Here we show that the human hippocampus bases its expectations on episodic memories and not generalised schematic know...
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Background Insulin resistance (IR) is recognized as a potential modifiable risk factor for cognitive decline, but findings within Asian populations have been inconsistent. Given the high prevalence of dementia and its substantial economic burden in China, large-scale longitudinal studies are essential to elucidate the complex relationship between I...
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Background Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) impacts hippocampal structure and function, contributing to deficits in memory and decision-making in affected individuals. Here, we evaluate hippocampal anomalies in children with PAE and an unexposed comparison group using advanced MRI methods that characterize hippocampal curvature and thickness. Metho...
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Repetitive head trauma in sports, particularly concussions, has been strongly associated with neurocognitive impairments, including depression, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and altered brain function. These injuries can have significant consequences on major cognitive processes, such as learning and memory. This review synthesizes resear...
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INTRODUCTION Identifying the link between early Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathological changes and neurodegeneration in asymptomatic individuals may lead to the discovery of preventive strategies. We assessed longitudinal brain atrophy and cognitive decline as a function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers in two independent cohorts of cognit...
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Background Existing studies have indicated the potential role of non-invasive physical health indicators as an early detector of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older adults. However, evidence is lacking in determining the appropriate physical health indicators for early screening of cognitive decline in each domain. Therefore, the current study...
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Background: Retrogenesis is the process by which the degenerative and vascular mechanisms of dementia reverse the order of acquisition in the normal development. Objective. The development of memory/knowledge after birth may help to know the biopsychosocial and functional characteristics (biosphere) of the retrogenesis. Methods. A literature review...
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Background Existing metrics of patient-reported cognitive difficulties in multiple sclerosis (MS) are lengthy, lack psychometric rigor, and/or fail to query prevalent expressive language deficits. Objective Develop a brief psychometrically robust metric of patient-reported cognitive deficits that includes language items; the Multiple Sclerosis Cog...
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Objective: Among the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-based measures of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, the ratiometric measure of p-tau/Aβ42 shows the best diagnostic accuracy. However, few studies have linked the p-tau/Aβ42 ratio to cognition directly. The goal of this study was to examine whether a CSF-based p-tau/Aβ42 ratio predicts changes in gl...
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Background Episodic memory decline is a common complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D). To comprehensively explore the neural mechanisms underlying it, we aimed to explore the sequence that episodic memory-related behavioral and brain-imaging biomarkers appear abnormal in the progression of T2D. Methods We enrolled 62 healthy controls and 110 patien...
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Background Early Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis is crucial for preventive therapy development. Standard neuropsychological evaluation does not identify clinically normal individuals with brain amyloidosis, the first stage of the pathology, defined as preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Spatial navigation assessment, in particular path integration, appe...
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Introduction: The effects of cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) in adults with mental health disorders have been widely documented, but its effects in adolescents with mental health disorders remain poorly understood. This review aims to (1) determine the effects of CRT on cognition, symptoms and functioning for adolescents with mental health diso...
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An integral part of episodic retrieval is the reinstatement of neural activity that was present in the medial temporal lobe during encoding. However, neural memory representations do not remain static. Consolidation promotes the transformation of representations that are specific to individual episodes towards more generalized representations that...
Preprint
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Why education is linked to higher cognitive function in aging is fiercely debated. Leading theories propose that education reduces brain decline in aging, enhances tolerance to brain pathology, or that it does not affect cognitive decline but rather reflects higher early-life cognitive function. To test these theories, we analyzed 407.356 episodic...
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Background Studies on technology engagement among the elderly have shown that cognitive function is associated with technology engagement. However, the impact of technology engagement on elderly memory functionality has yet to be determined. The current study investigates the impact of technology engagement on memory functionality among elderly car...
Preprint
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Why education is linked to higher cognitive function in aging is fiercely debated. Leading theories propose that education reduces brain decline in aging, enhances tolerance to brain pathology, or that it does not affect cognitive decline but rather reflects higher early-life cognitive function. To test these theories, we analyzed 407.356 episodic...
Preprint
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Episodic memories are segmented. This study explores the dual role of prior knowledge in event segmentation, hypothesizing that knowledge leads to coarser segmentation when experiences align with it, and finer segmentation when they do not. Participants underwent a training phase to learn sequences of images, followed by a segmentation phase where...
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We investigated the context-dependent memory effect outside of the laboratory in order to examine whether the effect impacts everyday memory retrieval. We also examined various factors that may interact with the context-dependent memory effect such as frequency and context dwell time. In the experiment, we used a smartphone app to track participant...
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Given the increasing aging population, investigating the cognitive functioning of older adults is crucial. Various factors are associated with both cognitive decline and preservation. High Performance Older Adults (HPOAs) are a subset of older individuals demonstrating exceptional cognitive abilities, often exhibiting phenotypic characteristics suc...
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INTRODUCTION We compared the relationship between offspring education and cognitive health outcomes among Hispanic and White adults. METHODS We used data from Hispanic and White (1998–2018) United States (US) Health and Retirement Study (HRS) participants (n = 17,484). We assessed cognitive function and decline using episodic memory scores in line...
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Research links a progressive decrement in episodic memory to deficits in judgment and decision making in aging. In social decision making, decrements in episodic memory contribute to suboptimal decisions among older adults. As artificial agents – such as humanoid robots, artificial intelligence (AI)-powered deepfakes, and chatbots – become increasi...
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While prediction errors (PEs) have long been recognized as critical in associative learning, emerging evidence indicates their significant role in episodic memory formation. This series of four experiments sought to elucidate the cognitive mechanisms underlying the enhancing effects of PEs related to aversive events on memory for surrounding neutra...
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Introduction Researchers have shown that music-evoked autobiographical memories (MEAMs) can stimulate long-term memory mechanisms while requiring little retrieval effort and may therefore be used in promising non-pharmacological interventions to mitigate memory deficits. Despite an increasing number of studies on MEAMs, few researchers have explore...
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Anxiety, pain and poor well-being are major issues in older people. Complementary interventions, such as music and hypnosis, are increasingly used to address these issues. The objectives of this study were to assess immediate changes in anxiety, pain and well-being during personalized pre-recorded music and hypnosis interventions compared to contro...
Preprint
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Episodic memory, a type of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events and experiences, plays a crucial role in human cognition. However, when translated into artificial intelligence (AI) systems, episodic memory introduces unique challenges, such as biases, overfitting, and model instability. In this paper, we explore the im...
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Ongoing feedback following training helps support child forensic interviewers’ adherence to best practice techniques in the field. Given the challenges in employing experts to deliver this feedback, having trained interviewers provide peer feedback may be more feasible. Across two studies, we examined the accuracy and quality of trained child inter...
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In April 2003, twenty-two of the sixty-one FMLN ex-combatants who participated in the Master’s Thesis in Community Psychology carried out by Patricia Silva met in Suchitoto (El Salvador) aiming to remember their experiences during the war and how they feel and what they are doing at the present time. The meeting was recorded, and in the meantime fo...
Preprint
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Spatial navigation is critical for daily functioning but is rarely assessed in clinical settings despite robust evidence for its utility in many neurological disorders. Numerous existing experimental paradigms leverage virtual environments but often lack reported psychometric properties and norm data. Additionally, most paradigms focus on active na...
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Individuals who possess a Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM) can remember their own lives in exceptional detail, retrieving specific autobiographical events in response to dates (e.g., 15th April 1995). The phenomenon remains extremely rare, and little is known about why these individuals can remember substantially more than the general...
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Episodic memory -- the ability to recall specific events grounded in time and space -- is a cornerstone of human cognition, enabling not only coherent storytelling, but also planning and decision-making. Despite their remarkable capabilities, Large Language Models (LLMs) lack a robust mechanism for episodic memory: we argue that integrating episodi...
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Introduction Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) demonstrate episodic memory deficits, which may be hippocampal‐dependent and may be attenuated in lithium responders. Induced pluripotent stem cell–derived CA3 pyramidal cell–like neurons show significant hyperexcitability in lithium‐responsive BD patients, while lithium nonresponders show marked var...
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Studies investigating the effects of bilingualism on cognitive function have often yielded conflicting results, which may stem in part from the use of arbitrary criteria to categorize participants into groups based on language experience. The present study addresses this limitation by using a machine learning algorithm, known as cluster analysis, t...
Thesis
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Contemporary artificial intelligence systems have made remarkable progress in processing and analyzing data, yet they have limitations in maintaining and effectively utilizing long-term memory. While current architectures excel at immediate task completion, they often struggle with preserving and leveraging historical knowledge in ways that mirror...
Thesis
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Contemporary artificial intelligence systems have made remarkable progress in processing and analyzing data, yet they have limitations in maintaining and effectively utilizing long-term memory. While current architectures excel at immediate task completion, they often struggle with preserving and leveraging historical knowledge in ways that mirror...
Article
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A major question in cognitive neuroscience is understanding the neural basis of mental imagery, particularly in cases of its absence, known as aphantasia. While research in this field has focused on the role of sensory domains, we propose that the key to understanding imagery lies in the intertwining of sensory processing and autonomic responses. I...
Article
Full-text available
The information transfer necessary for successful memory retrieval is believed to be mediated by theta and gamma oscillations. These oscillations have been linked to memory processes in electrophysiological studies, which were correlational in nature. In the current study, we used transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to externally mo...
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"Background Biofield therapies can be administered in person (hands-on treatment) or remotely, and this study focuses on the latter. A literature review did not find any reports on the effectiveness of remote biofield energy /blessing therapy in enhancing cognition and motor function performance in adults. Objective The aim of this study was to ex...
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In subjects implanted with intracranial electrodes, we use two different stories involving the same person (or place) to evaluate whether and to what extent context modulates human single-neuron responses. Nearly all neurons (97% during encoding and 100% during recall) initially responding to a person/place do not modulate their response with conte...
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Hippocampal circuits in the brain enable two distinct cognitive functions: the construction of spatial maps for navigation, and the storage of sequential episodic memories1, 2, 3, 4–5. Although there have been advances in modelling spatial representations in the hippocampus6, 7, 8, 9–10, we lack good models of its role in episodic memory. Here we p...
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Childhood cognitively stimulating activities have been associated with higher cognitive function in late life. Whether activities in early or late childhood are more salient, and whether activities are associated with specific cognitive domains is unknown. Participants retrospectively reported cognitively stimulating activities at ages 6, 12, and 1...
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The decline in noradrenergic (NE) locus coeruleus (LC) function in aging is thought to be implicated in episodic memory decline. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), which supports LC function, might serve to preserve or improve memory function in aging. However, taVNS effects are generally very heterogeneous, and it is current...
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Approximately 40% of individuals undergoing anterior temporal lobe resection for temporal lobe epilepsy experience episodic memory decline. There has been a focus on early memory network changes; longer-term plasticity and its impact on memory function are unclear. Our study investigates neural mechanisms of memory recovery and network plasticity o...
Preprint
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Introduction Menopause and menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) can influence cognition in postmenopausal women, but previous literature remains equivocal about their effects. MHT varies based on formulation and route of administration, both of which influence dose of estradiol (E2), the estrogen with the greatest affinity to the estrogen receptor. Tra...
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INTRODUCTION This study aimed to identify cognitive tests that optimally relate to tau positron emission tomography (PET) signal in the inferior temporal cortex (ITC), a neocortical region associated with early tau accumulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We analyzed cross‐sectional data from the harvard aging brain study (HABS) (n = 128)...
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INTRODUCTION Successful cognitive aging is related to both maintaining brain structure and avoiding Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, but how these factors interplay is unclear. METHODS A total of 109 cognitively normal older adults (70+ years old) underwent amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, structural magneti...
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Background Episodic memory impairment is the core clinical feature of patients with typical Alzheimer's disease (AD) at an early stage. Since sleep plays a very important role in memory consolidation, the relationship between memory impairment and sleep disorders in AD patients is worthy of investigation. Objective To investigate sleep disturbance...
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The pretesting effect refers to the finding that guessing the answers to test questions before learning the correct answers improves memory relative to studying (or reading) without prior guessing. Although the pretesting effect is robust and has been demonstrated across multiple studies, its magnitude varies across individuals. Two studies investi...
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Background Recent advancements in molecular positron emission tomography (PET) enable precise tracking of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau pathology typically begins focally in the medial temporal lobe, rapidly expanding due to amyloid‐β (Aβ) influence. This expansion may lead to neurodegeneration along connected pathways to the tau e...
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Background Older African Americans bear a disproportionate burden of both sleep problems and cognitive dysfunction. Alarmingly, poorer sleep health may put an individual at higher risk of cognitive dysfunction. However, the relationship between sleep and cognition in older African Americans continues to be understudied. This study aimed to examine...
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Background Previous research has focused on early‐life education to reduce dementia risk, yet there is great potential for enhancing cognitive reserve in later‐life through educational interventions, even for people with low early‐life educational attainment. In 2019, we launched ISLAND (Island Study Linking Ageing and Neurodegenerative Disease) Ca...
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Background Community engaged research (CER) has been critical for increasing diversity in Alzheimer’s studies. However, the effectiveness of CER for engaging a diverse population of ‘SuperAgers,’ has been largely unstudied. SuperAgers are individuals age 80+ with superior episodic memory. The multi‐site SuperAging Research Initiative (SRI) seeks to...
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Background Gender differences are often associated with specific cognitive domains. Additionally, gender may be associated with BMI through biological and social differences. We evaluated if mid‐life BMI mediated the effect of gender on domain specific cognition in an ethnoracially diverse population of individuals 80+. Method Data from three ongo...
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Background Marital status is an important but often overlooked sociodemographic factor that could shape cognitive health in late adulthood. Being married is shown to be linked to lower risk of dementia, but less is understood about underlying mechanisms contributing to this relationship, such as brain reserve (BR) and cognitive reserve (CR). Furthe...
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Background Although it has been estimated that modifiable risk factors account for around 40% of population variability in dementia risk, understanding how risk factors are related to one another and to brain pathology and cognition has been challenging. We used a clustering approach to examine patterns of risk factor interrelationships and to inve...