Environmental Health - Science topic

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Welcome

Bárbara Santos

Nolberto Munier

Stephen Jordan

Dipak Raj Pant

Yes, companies should be economically responsible for the negative environmental and health impacts of their activities. For instance, pollution from factories can cause health problems and environmental damage. Making companies pay for these externalities incentivizes them to reduce harm and adopt cleaner practices. In the US, pollution costs an estimated $2.9 trillion annually in health-related expenses.

Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways meeting society's present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs.“A sustainable agriculture is one that over the long-term, enhances environmental quality and the resource base on which agriculture depends; provides for basic human food and fiber needs, is economically viable; and enhances the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole”.Government has been promoting organic farming in the country since 2015-16 through the schemes of Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) and Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region (MOVCDNER). Hindrise Social welfare foundation is one of the most prestigious Agriculture NGO in India.Sustainable development in the agriculture sector aims to increase the productivity, efficiency and level of employment and further aims to protect and preserve the natural resources by the over utilization.Eco friendly or sustainable agriculture is essential for human health, food safety, environmental protection, long term food security, protecting soil health, empowering farmers through economic stability, conserving water resources, biodiversity protection and climate change.

Da, pot fi disponibila pentru o colaborare.

Few common academic departments for occupational health and safety programs:

1. Department of Environmental Health or Environmental Sciences: Occupational health and safety programs often focus on identifying and mitigating workplace hazards that can affect the health and well-being of employees. This includes factors such as chemical exposures, air quality, ergonomic issues, and occupational diseases. Aspects of environmental health and sciences are closely related to occupational health and safety, hence programs in this department can provide a comprehensive understanding of the field.

2. Department of Public Health or Community Health: Occupational health and safety programs also address the broader public health implications of workplace health and safety. They may cover topics such as epidemiology, health policy, health promotion, and risk assessment. Public health and community health departments often have a focus on population health and can provide a broader context for understanding occupational health and safety issues.

3. Department of Industrial Engineering or Industrial Hygiene: These departments may host occupational health and safety programs that have a strong emphasis on the technical aspects of workplace safety. Industrial engineers and industrial hygienists are responsible for designing and implementing systems to prevent workplace accidents, optimize work processes, and control exposures to hazards. Programs in this department may have a more engineering-focused curriculum.

The justifications for these departmental placements are based on the multidisciplinary nature of occupational health and safety. The field draws knowledge from various disciplines, including environmental health, public health, engineering, and social sciences. Placing the program in an appropriate department ensures that students receive a well-rounded education that covers technical aspects, public health considerations, and the broader social and environmental factors influencing occupational health and safety. Ultimately, the specific department chosen may depend on the university's organizational structure and the breadth of the program's curriculum.

Hope it helps:credit AI

Thanks for sharing. I wish you every success in your task.

Svetlana M. Stanišić .-. Are you offering to publish a free open access paper? This would mean no APC charges? Please respond if this is correct.

I would encourage a good course in Environmental Health as a way to go, if you feel comfortable with the infectious disease aspects. The text 'Essentials of Environmental Health' by Robert Friis is a decent textbook for undergraduates, but using that as background and then assigning readings (research papers, reviews) could work well for a graduate course. A good review article is worthwhile to use in these classes.

As in regression analysis, paths in path analysis (which are regression coefficients) can become smaller, insignificant and even change signs when you add additional predictors/paths to the model. This is often due to effects of redundancy (overlap/correlation/collinearity between independent variables). As you note, sulphur dioxide emissions and GDP are related and therefore partially redundant. Differences in sulphur dioxide emissions may not account for any variation in mortality above and beyond what can be explained by differences in GDP.

An alternative (or additional) explanation could be differences in the sample size when adding GDP due to missing data. A reduction in sample size may reduce your statistical power for showing that a coefficient is different from zero.

Samuel Adegoke We have several projects open , relating to environmental and public health. Please contact me

Hello Prof. Nadasan,

Try this device from China

Prof. Charles Anukwonke: Before answering your valuable question, let us ask ourselves the following crucial question:

If COVID-19 is one of nature's secretions, we are part of "Nature" and we should realize that we have to always be in harmony with it. Anyhow, we must know how we know how to live with this pandemic while it lasts, indisputably. I hope that it was not fabricated inside the labs and it was not spread by a mistake. However, the coming days will prove if it is a nature-created or a man-made virus!

Now, let us ask another question:

If the COVID-19 pandemic is one of nature's secretions, do you think that the pandemic has its "cyclical apparition"?

Human biomonitoring allows us to measure our exposure to chemicals by measuring either the substances themselves, their metabolites or markers of subsequent health effects in body fluids or tissues. Information on human exposure can then be linked to data on sources and epidemiological surveys, in order to inform research on the exposure-response relationships in humans.

Good question Teymur Zulfugarzade

Very interesting topic.

Just take a look at World Tourism data; exponentiality is never stable and ends up in stability.

Max Roser (2017) - "Tourism". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/tourism' [Online Resource]

Dear @Sumathi Malairajan, @karim omar, and @Zinah A. Alshefy,

Thank you for your valuable discussion.

This question is very logical. In one way, we have to struggle for our existence from the outbreak of the virus, whereas in the say way disinfectant as the mitigating measure. Bleach containing 5.25–8.25% sodium hypochlorite, alcohol-based wipes or sprays containing at least 70% alcohol. Therefore, different chemicals, disinfectants used for human safety can degrade the environment too. Thus, we have to find out the eco-friendly and sustainable measures for every cure which should not hamper anyone in any measure.

Dear Yolette Jerome, I appreciate your support.

Artificial intelligence.

It boosts economy

1. Clear and effective oral and written communications skills focused on translating science into policy and programming-relevant insights. 2. Management skills (people, projects, finances, deliverables) - without these you'll find it hard to secure the funding to continue research. 3. Humility - build on what you know, but accept that there is so much that you don't know. 4. Dedication to the cause of rigorous and honest science in whatever kind of research job or career you pursue after graduation. 5. Commitment to mentoring peers and the subsequent generation - you know a lot that few others do so share it.

/Marina Goumenou

Thank you.

Это старая работа. Проблемы Public Health. там есть много и по климату и его переменам. Может быть, любопытна и форма подачи материала. Например, для подготовки магистров.

Raising animals for meat adds lot of green house gases such as methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere. Meat consumption increases the risk of cancer. Please go through the following links.

Parasites have been used as bioindicators for habitat types or areas, for years and for species hots using the indicator value methods , I have attached this files

Dear Mohammed O.A. Mohammed,

It is not possible to quantify without calibration stranded. but internal standard is not compulsory if you have individual standard compound. sometime library machine is not useful. So that you have to find standards compound

Dear Zainab,

Hope you are doing well.

EAGE gives funds for students but it has focused on sedimentary processes.

Regards,

Rahim

Prem Baboo, Bachir Achour thankyou fro your great contributions and the materials. they have really been helpful. God bless

Great contributions from you my lovely intellectuals. You have gotten my work have done. Your answers are really informative and with them I now have a leverage. Am encouraged

Is important to show to the mineral industries that to protect the environment is a question of survival for them. Each accident is a disaster for all, i.e, the owners, the population and the environment lose. While the owners do not open their eyes to this problem there will be many catastrophic accidents with their consequences. Technology can help but this never will be enough.

Hi Sam Allen. I'd be interested in hearing/reading more about this. I am conducting mixed methods research into household energy decisions. This includes using qualitative methods, such as interviews and focus groups, to inform the development of context-specific models of household decision making - the model will differ depending on the specific decision households are facing. I will then test the predictive power of the models using experimental methods.

Vit Mateju , Nafees Mohammad, Mahmood M. Barbooti , Omar Ali Al-Khashman Mala Babagana Gutti and @ thanks very much for your reply, thinking on your countries of origen, would you agree with William McMinn that :

?

On the other hand, regarding about what to measure?, the remediation work would be to safeguard the ecosystem and therefore it would be important to measure Bioavailability and model the possible flow in the system, otherwise the toxicity and risk assestment wont be realistic. Moreover, even when toxic substances are on the natural level for a region, that does not mean they are not a danger.

Thank you for your contributions.

quality of comet test required experience because most of test is hand work. is give a good result if combine with other cytogenetic tests

Hi Tadesse,

Here are some reference papers:

Nutritional quality of organic foods: a systematic review - Cited by 438

https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/90/3/680/4597089

The case of biodiversity conservation from Nepal can be considered as a triple win outcomes - ecological, economic and social outcomes. It is achieved through buffer zone approach and conservation area management approach. There are a number of published information available on this.

Hi Arideep - thank you for the article. It's related but my question has a slightly more specific focus. It''s already well documented that being in / near green space (especially wild green spaces) promotes psychological and physical health -- the question is WHY...

The backstory for my question is inspired by research in a parallel discipline, social and affective neuroscience -- specifically work on Social Baseline Theory by Jim Coan (U of Virginia) and colleagues. Coan's research on SBT has found that the resting activation state of research subjects is actually _lower_ when they have a trusted friend/partner nearby (e.g. holding their hand while they're in an fMRI machine) than when subjects are alone. This and related studies has led to the hypothesis that humans have evolved to rely on the close proximity of "social resources" -- i.e. trusted others -- and our anticipation of risk and effort are biologically scaled depending on the proximity of such resources (for more info see Coan and Sbarra, 2015: ).

I am curious to find out whether the health benefits of interaction with / proximity to natural spaces might have something to do with a similar _Ecological_ Basline Theory -- i.e. that when we are in/near green spaces (i.e. "ecological resources"), our subconscious scanning senses perceive this proximity as an affordance (cf. Gibson) and as a result the anticipation of risk/effort might be lower than when we are not in proximity of ecological resources -- this might be one reason why studies have found that being in wild nature is more relaxing than being in urban settings -- including urban green spaces (see Wyles et. al. 2017: ).

A 2017 article by Knez et al. ( ) suggests one possible paradigm that could be used to test such a hypothesis: in their article they found that residents felt less emotional connection to a nearby place following a forest fire as compared to before the fire. Emotional connection is a different measure than perceived restorativeness, however it's possible that they're related. (Perceived restorativeness was not a focus of the paper).

In sum... I posted this question to inquire whether there were any studies specifically looking at before/after natural disaster situations, as it seems this would present a very useful and specific context in which to evaluate the whether healthy places are perceived as promoting well-being more than unhealthy places, and if yes, why.

Thanks again for replying. Your additional thoughts would be very welcome!

Catherine

Although CO₂ certainly has some effect on concrete, I do not consider this to be relevant - compared to the negative effects of all the other polluants stemming from the combustion process (NOx, SO₂, HCs, particles etc.)

But I agree with Prof. Zekry: air pollution from traffic (and evtl. heating) might be a much larger contribution to air pollution than the generators' fraction.

The assessment tool only works when take the final long-term impact on the patient's health can be counted. Otherwise, only cover the symptoms are a self-cheer and a cheating to the general public.

You may check out my profile on RG to see if my work on "Food Tourism in Local Economic Development and National Branding... " would be of help.

Best regards.

Eddy.

The way the initial question is posed makes me wonder if you thought that social determinants of health are supposed to explain all vulnerability to disease or all the factors needed for being healthy. The first three responses to the question all indicate that developing disease or staying healthy has multiple types of determinants. And, indeed, these can interact. Take a very simple disease such as influenza which right now is occurring in many parts of the world. The immediate cause of the disease is infection by the influenza virus. The virus potentially can infect anyone who does not have sufficient antibody to the particular strain of the virus that is "in circulation." But, the likelihood of exposure to the virus depends on the likelihood of contact with someone who is infectious. That, in turn, can be affected by the local population density - such as the number of persons who share a household. The severity of the disease can be affected by other factors such as poor nutritional status. So, even in this simple example there are multiple types of determinants of health and disease and severity, or impact, of disease.

It is also worth remembering that disease and health are not just physical states but also emotional states. There are factors that affect mental health. Furthermore, mental health and physical health can interact.

All this is well-known; and yet, I do not believe that anyone can state that we know exhaustively all the factors or possibly even the types of factors that can affect health and disease.

A while back, my colleagues and I looked at trace metals using both flame absorption spectroscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence. We got very different results from both techniques - the reason was that we measured leachable trace metals from soil prior to FAS, but measured total bulk trace metals by XRF. Combining the two led to an interesting result - we could identify the signature of metallurgy in an old Roman camp.

The answer to your question depends on a) whether or not you need to get leachable metals and b) the level of accuracy. Portable XRF will get you down to the 2-5 ppm range, depending on the calibrations of the device. ICP-MS or neutron activation analysis can get you down to the part-per-billion range. The former would require (preferably) a full digestion using 4 separate acids.

If you use EDXRF or NAA, you may not need to do any preparation of the sample (e.g. no acids). If you use portable XRF for metals, you will need to consider safe operation to avoid exposure to radiation, per the manufacturers guidelines.

Dear Prof. Westenhöfer,

Thank you for your reply and the offer of meeting with you for depth discussion on the issue.

I suggest a day of the week from 11.12 till 15.12.17 for our meeting.

Please share with me according to your time table your day and the time

Best Regards

Hubert Fudjumdjum

BSc.MPH

Nanotechnology is expected to have a significant impact on wastewater treatment, air purification and energy storage tools. However, some scientific bodies have expressed concern about the toxic environmental effects of nanoparticles for both their risks and their spread. Some studies have recommended the need for a thorough testing and examination of environmental toxins as well as independent testing of fuel additives. Noting the lack of sufficient and accurate information to date, we can ascertain whether nanoparticles have undesirable negative effects on the environment.

You will find your answer by reading a published paper by Guo et al, "Risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in different indoor environments, Environmental Research 94 (2004) 57–66". The article is attached.

In environmental epidemiology, for example, estimates of effect typically refer to the relative or absolute risks of a given exposure in an observed population (e.g. the specific subjects for whom data were collected/observations made). An estimate of impact might be made when extrapolating results from a given epidemiological study onto a target population i.e. a population for which health outcomes (or associations with environmental variables) have not been specifically measured, but which can be considered similar enough to another observed population for those effects to be extrapolated.

For example, you may do a study of birth outcomes in a population of 5,000 mothers in Tehran, and measure their exposure to some air pollutant. You estimate the effect of air pollution on the birth outcome i.e. how much risk of the birth outcome is associated with a given level of air pollution. You may then calculate the impact of air pollution in other Iranian cities, by measuring air pollution in those cities and extrapolating your estimate of effect (from your smaller study) onto all mothers living in them.

Dear Remi,

Sorry, possibly you couldn't perceived the thread of discussion.  The physicochemical parameters are oft-used but not holistic indicators of ecosystem health. A better and complimentary idea is to apply exergy and emergy aspects of the ecosystem reflective of useful enerygy and quality energy what can be better indicators of ecosystem health and performance.

Exergy and emergy concepts have very recently successfully applied in ecosystem performance and health assessment  by  renowned  scientists like SE Jorgensen, Fu-Lie Xu, M.T. Brown and others. We can cite the following in this context:

1.Application of ecological and thermodynamic  indicators for the assessment of lake ecosystem health .........................F.-L. Xu (2005)

2.The joint use of exergy and emergy as indicators of ecosystems performances ............Bastianoni et al. (2005)

3. Emergy, transformity, and ecosystem health.......... Brown & Ulgiati

Inviting insightful, interesting and productive discussion supplemented with relevant papers.

Sincerely,

Jayanta

Global warming allow MQTS to move up??

Thanks

May be using particulate emission factor (PEF)?

Reference:

US EPA ,United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2002. Supplemental guidance for devoloping soil screening levels for superfund sites. OSWER 9355.4-24, Washington, DC: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response.

Interesting insights concerning the regulatory framework are summarized in the book "The law of energy underground - Understanding new development in subsurface production, transmission, and storage" edited by Zillman, McHarg, Barrera-Hernandez and Bradbrook (Oxford 2014).

There you can find a chapter dealing with the regulatory framework in the United States.

Yes there is a good deal of information for colonial India from 1800 on wards right up to independence. My own work on Indian medical history covers late 19th and early/mid 20th centuries.

I understand that you are doctoral student but unaware at what stage of work. Before planning visits to archives you may want to consult some of the secondary literature which provides information on some of the archival and other relevant sources.

Some books you could refer to:

Mark Harrison – Climates and Constitutions. Health, Race, Environment and British Imperialism in India.1600-1850, OUP,1999

Sumit Guha- Health and Population in South Asia from earliest times to the present, Permanent Black 2001

Deepak Kumar (ed) Disease and Medicine in India. A Historical Overview. Tulika Books, 2001 - the section on Pre-Modern India 

Indian editions are available but I am doubtful if any library in Pune would have these though you could try the Gokhale Institute library

A more recent publication is: Anna Winterbottom and Facil Tesfaye (Ed) Histories of Medicine and Healing in the Indian Ocean World, Volume 1 -The Medieval and Early Modern Period . Palgrave Macmillan, 2016

This has some chapters on South India.

The Sarasvati Mahal Library archives in Thanjavur(TN) has documents in Tamil and Modi Marathi but these pertain mostly  to medicine/ medical practice.

You may want to give the Maharashtra State Archives in Mumbai a try for the East India Company 18th century  records - to begin with and then the National Archives of India.

The US/EPA uses percentile forms for its PM10 (99th percentile) and PM2.5 standards (98th percentile).  I agree with Richard's view that EPA does not offer any substantial reasons for choosing these forms.  The 8-hour ozone standard is effectively a 99th percentile form (4th high in each year = 353/365 = 99.2%).

The upper tails of PM distributions can be highly skewed (a few very high values compared to the rest of the distribution).  That is probably why a few values are not considered (about 7 each year for a 98th percentile form).

This leads to some public confusion, because the level set by the standard (such as 35ug/m3) is not explicitly the "safe" level.  The level of the standard and the form of the standard work together as evaluated by the "health experts" to provide a protective standard.  So, in a three year period, there could be 20 days on which the level is exceeded, and that would be safe. 

Among the physical determinants do not forget the sound environment of children in the school, at home and in the community, where the child lives

doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66660-3

doi: 10.1093/aje/kwj001

doi:10.1136/oem.59.6.380

doi: 10.1177/0013916503256260

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.08.003

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.017

doi:10.1136/oem.2006.026831

Some fly groups are known to contain species that are environmental indicators, especially in aquatic environments, like Simuliidae and Chironomidae. You could focus on the species or groups already known to be indicators and then design an experiment (with proper control) in which you focus on those dipterans. A literature search will return papers that should guide you.

Here is a link to my recent review of the topic.

Dear colleagues ,we got three responses which  provide the backdrop for the topic often discussed ,relevant  in the present context and which may provide leads to future agriculture.The dominant features of current intensive agriculture are mono culture,continuous cropping, new seed varieties,conventional tillage, cultivation even on sloppy lands,intensive stock systems,often away from agricultural fields,use of imbalanced fertilizers from low to very high amounts,pesticides use, moderate to heavy irrigation and processing the produce generates waste.Mono culture with high yielding varieties of limited number of crops not only reduce biodiversity of crops but also insects and other beneficial organisms necessitating use more pesticides.Continuous cropping without break or fallow may exhaust soil nutrients as all nutrients can not be replaced through fertilizer or manure.Conventional tillage may accelerate decomposition of soil organic matter and contributes to CO2 in the environment .Cultivation on sloppy lands leads to loss of soil,  water and nutrients.Livestock enterprises contribute to methane emissions and the dung produced may lead to nitrate leaching or N2O emission .Fertilizers use is an essential component in intensive agriculture Excess use of N may lead to NO3 leaching and ground water pollution and N2O emission may contribute to global warming Excess P fertilizer use may accumulate P in soil and subjected to erosion losses and contamination of nearby ware body.Pesticide residues in soil and water will affect animal and human health,Excess irrigation may deplete under ground water resources and also cause waterlogging and salinization. Crop produce processing  requires energy and also generates waste which needs to be used  for economic benefits and reduce pollution.I tried to put in perspective many of the issues .I request colleagues to deal aspects of their interest and give valuable views with focus on best practices to follow and corrections needed.

THE OVERALL RESPONSIBILITY GOES TO THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PEOPLE ARE ALSO RESPONSIBLE BECAUSE THEY HAVE NOT MADE AN ISSUE OF IT

like with any correlation, there can be multiple reasons for the behavior you observe - first of all, did you try to vary the lag? I mean, if one takes a weekly averaged concentration of pollutants (A) vs number of admitted patients (B) and builds a linear correlation coefficient for A and B series, moving B forward in 1 week increments, one can detect a 2-3 week lag between the cause and the consequence. If you prove that the k_corr is maximal for, let's say, 3 week lag (and k_corr is large) and shows the same behavior each year then at least there will be a subject for the discussion.

Dear Setegn,

There are several consequences of rising sea level on the environment . Among them :

1. Marine Submersion

The worsening of coastal flooding is the most immediate consequence of rising sea levels, while other local factors, such as waves, can intervene.

The synthesis report of the IPCC (2014) indicates that a sea level rise of 0.5 m rise by 10-100 times the frequency of flooding in the absence of adaptation. From 2050, the consequences of sea level rise will be such as will require the adaptation of coastal defenses in many coastal towns.

2. Coastal erosion

A significant part of the coast, including sandy beaches, is declining in the world. The effects of rising sea levels on the coastline are now difficult to quantify, but they are potentially very large.

In metropolitan France, the decline in the Aquitaine sandy coast takes place at a rate of 1 to 3 meters / year on average, but has reached 20 m at many sites after the succession of winter storms 2013/2014 . When the only storm Xynthia, setbacks coastline up to 20 m were observed on the beaches of Vendee and Charente-Maritime.

But it is also true for cliff coasts as evidenced by the decline in chalk cliffs of Seine Maritime is in the order of 20 cm / year, but collapses can back up more steep 10-15 m a few seconds.

3. saline intrusion

The rise in sea level could increase the spread of saline intrusion in coastal groundwater. Many uncertainties remain, however, due to the complexity of the processes involved and the local specificity of these coastal aquifers.

Best regards

Prof. Bachir ACHOUR

Yes Francesco,

I received it. Thank you very much!

Felicita

Thank you Matilde, I was thinking of measuring soil nitrate levels.

Hi!

This questionnaire is, partly, developed on the basis of the QPS-Nordic, and is a highly comparable questionnaire on psychosocial factors at work. For your information I attached the QPS-Nordic, which is also validated in more studies.

What do you mean by "interfere with dosage"? Do you mean chemical interactions in water, or do you mean influences on the eventual health outcomes?

Hello,

Proposition 65 is specific to California. This is sometimes considered a "right to know" regulation and is separate from OSHA or other occupational regulations, and is independent from the federal government.

Proposition 65 requires that a clear and reasonable warning be provided on a product that contains a chemical known to the State of California to cause cancer or birth defects (ethylene oxide is listed as both) IF the exposure from using the product would be above what is called a "Safe Harbor Level (SHL)."  It is complicated because the SHL is in units of micrograms/day instead of as a concentration.  For ethylene oxide there is a cancer endpoint SHL of 2 microgram/day and a developmental toxicity endpoint SHL of 20 microgram/day. http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/pdf/safeharbor081513.pdf

For a volatile substance, you could calculate workplace exposure by determining how much might be released into the breathing space of the worker (convert to a unit of microgram/cubic meter and then multiply that by the amount of air that someone would breath in during an 8 hour work day (m3/hr x 8 hr/day) using the product.  If the result you get (microgram/day) using reasonable conservative assumptions (e.g., high activity job) is greater than the SHL then a prop 65 warning would be required.  If there is potential for skin contact and hand to mouth indirect ingestion that would also need to added to the exposure amount.  Often you can find proposition 65 warnings on section 15 (other regulatory information) of an MSDS.  However, note that OEHHA which is responsible for Proposition 65 is currently working on updating the requirements for what constitutes a "clear and reasonable warning".  Any changes should be posted to their website

Best Regards

Lois Haighton

Agree.

Obviously this response may easily be questioned. I do not know if any research are available in Colombia, but you can try to ask doctors if they have to follow cases of asthma, and if so try to correlate these cases with possible exposures at home or in host locations (schools, kindergartens, hospitals, ...) and work.

Otherwise, important research work was carried out by people who are on ResearchGate and may answer to you. You can search for the excellent publications of Cedric Cheong or Ulla-Haverinen Shaughnessy, for example, and some others.

Best regards

I can answer you in a broader context of treatment effects, since I am not familiar with the literature specific to air pollution (I evaluate health programs). The counterfactual framework would answer the question "what would the population's outcome look like if they were not exposed to the air-pollution (or conversely, what would the population not exposed to air pollution look like if they were exposed to air-pollution). Given that the population is exposed to only one of the conditions, the opposing condition represents the counterfactual. We use the actual data for the exposed population to estimate the potential outcome for exposure, and we use data from an unexposed population to represent the potential outcome for the unexposed. HOWEVER, given that this is observational data, we have to adjust the unexposed population's data to ensure that the unexposed population is comparable on a large array of observed covariates. This is the only way we can argue that the outcome is unbiased (or unconfounded).

A predictive model is entirely different beast. It is essentially a model that estimates the probability of having the outcome based on the covariates in the model. This is not an evaluation approach, but is typically used for identification and assignment.

I hope this helps clarify the two

Ariel

Thank you Dear Unnikrishnan Narath Nandakumar  for your additions.

Cemeteries planning must incorporate environmental criteria against the pollution of groundwater. The environmental control techniques used in landfills can be useful in cemeteries. Some authors raised cemeteries as a special kind of landfill. Nevertheless, ethical aspects of applying the vairous technics must be considered. A communication from EC indicates that, for ethic reasons, human corpses cannot be defined as waste. In accordance, EU waste legislation doesn´t apply to cemeteries.

Hi Pablo, I would suggest the latest edition from WHO on air Quality guidelines: WHO guidelines for indoor air quality:selected pollutants (http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/128169/e94535.pdf). The Introduction sections explains the process that we followed setting the indor air quality guidelines.

The other book recommended is the Air Quality Guidelines for Europe World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Copenhagen. WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 91 Second Edition (http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/74732/E71922.pdf). In Part 1 of that document is also described the process of setting the air quality guidelines.

Best regards, Juana Mari

We cannot say it as paradigm shift in environmental management. In India, traditional management is 'collective action' where local people have to management the resources through local laws. but, there was a huge gap and government took the responsibility to some extent and failed. Now India once again promotes and encourages the people to come forward to manage the environmental resources. In India, it is not paradigm shift, it is paradigm reverse. 

Download these materials using these links. They would go a long way in answering your question.

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To Farhanullah Khan, my query is to remove the the metal after harvest.

To Xianpeng Gao

Thanks for your reply.