Environmental Engineering - Science topic

you are right , the below are some relevant work

The future of deep-sea mining presents a dichotomy of potentialities and risks that demand careful consideration. On the one hand, it holds the promise of accessing valuable mineral resources critical for modern technologies, potentially reducing the environmental impact associated with terrestrial mining, and fostering economic opportunities for resource-rich countries. Moreover, the development of deep-sea mining technologies could fuel innovation and drive progress in marine engineering and robotics. However, these potentialities must be weighed against substantial environmental and ethical risks. Deep-sea mining operations have the potential to disrupt fragile and poorly understood ecosystems, release toxic substances into the ocean, and trigger long-term consequences that are difficult to predict. Regulatory challenges, resource depletion, economic viability concerns, and ethical and social issues further complicate the path forward. Striking a balance between harnessing these resources and protecting the deep-sea environment will require robust scientific research, stringent environmental impact assessments, and comprehensive regulatory frameworks to ensure that the benefits of deep-sea mining are realized without compromising the health of our oceans and the well-being of local communities.

Uma pergunta muito provocadora, a principio poderia responder que um caminho possível, seria uma ideia baseada em um problema local identificado ou demandado pela comunidade, um outro caminho que poderia ser pensado seria identificar lacunas teóricas existentes sobre conceitos, frameworks ou abordagens ainda não consolidadas na literatura, mas, seja qual for o caminho a ser percorrida isso deverá com certeza depender do que se quer compreender e como se quer colaborar para a identificação e proposição de solução para aquilo que se deseja pesquisar seja de forma teórica prática, colaboro que o caminho deva levar em consideração as duas ações supracitadas e suas forma de relação que podem ser integradas para aquilo que se deseja pesquisar.

Why are so many methods and no answers the same? Other papers also mention the different results. What is actually the correct answer?

Soy egresado de la Ingeniería en recursos naturales renovables con un gran intereses actualmente en la implementación de las inteligencias artificiales en la currícula académica. Actualmente y como aportación ya he echo una tesis respecto al uso de las IA en educación ambiental en secundarias rurales y urbanas de México.

In the case of struvite, the N and P refer exclusively to NH4 and PO4. So Mg:P == Mg:PO4 and N:P == NH4:PO4. The molar ratio is the amount of moles per liter. For struvite precipitatione the molar ratio of all 3 components is simply 1:1:1.

Do you think that there should be international collaboration for joint research? Yes, I think so.

You can download the ecoinvent database for openLCA for free from the openLCA website. With permission of the ecoinvent centre, the LCIA methods of the ecoinvent database. LCIA methods packs for the ecoinvent databases 2.2, 3.01, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6 are available for download in openLCA Nexus

Aspen Plus enables us to forecast the behavior of a process that involves the separation of different phases. This is done by employing fundamental engineering principles such as phase and chemical equilibrium, as well as reaction kinetics. A deep eutectic solvent (DES) consists of a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD). The properties of DESs are essential for their application in separation processes within ASPEN PLUS. These properties rely on thermo-physical and kinetic characteristics like viscosity, solubility, average normal boiling point, density, and molecular weight. DESs are not listed as pure components in the ASPEN Plus database. Instead, they are defined as pseudo-pure components within the simulation environment. All temperature-dependent properties and parameters (such as molecular weight, vapor pressure, density, and specific gravity) specific to each DES are specified. It is assumed that DESs have a negligible vapor pressure, which is an inherent characteristic of DESs.

Thanks a lot!

Being an Australian, there is only one obvious answer! :-) Who in their right mind would want to live in UK! But it really depends on what area of research is being pursued and what expertise is available. In some specialist areas, there are probably only a one or two universities in each country that really have the expertise, equipment and capability for research projects in those fields.

Greetings Ali Safaa

To solve for molarity (M) in the equation:

ppm = M x m.wt x 1000

We can rearrange the equation as follows:

M = ppm / (m.wt x 1000)

So if you have a solution with a concentration of 50 ug/ml and you want to know the molarity, you would first need to know the molecular weight of the solute. Let's say the molecular weight is 100 g/mol.

50 ug/ml x 1000 = 50,000 ppm

M = 50,000 ppm / (100 g/mol x 1000)

M = 0.5 M

Therefore, the molarity of the solution is 0.5 M.

It is important to note that ug/ml and ppm are not equivalent units of measurement. Ug/ml is a unit of concentration based on mass per volume, while ppm is a unit of concentration based on the number of parts per million. To convert from ug/ml to ppm, you would need to know the density of the solution and the molecular weight of the solute.

You can use free learning resources provided by the open LCA website, I provide you the links below:

Learning and Support

Treating bark with acid (HCl) first and then with base (NaOH) second is a common method for isolating plant compounds for analysis or extraction, such as tannins, lignin, and cellulose. This method is known as acid-base treatment or A/B extraction.

The reason for this order of treatment is that acid treatment hydrolyzes and breaks down the plant cell walls, making the cell contents more accessible for extraction. Acid treatment can also help to remove impurities, such as pigments and waxes, from the sample.

After acid treatment, the sample is then neutralized with a base, typically sodium hydroxide (NaOH), to restore the pH to a neutral or slightly alkaline state. The neutralization step is important to prevent the acid from interfering with subsequent analytical techniques or reactions.

The use of acid and base treatments in this order allows for selective extraction of different plant compounds based on their solubility and chemical properties. For example, tannins are more soluble in acidic solutions, while lignin and cellulose are more soluble in basic solutions.

Treating the bark with base first would result in a saponification reaction, where the ester linkages in the plant compounds would be hydrolyzed by the base, resulting in a loss of their original structure and properties. Therefore, treating the bark with acid first and then with base is the preferred order for A/B extraction of plant compounds from bark.

Green roofs reduce building energy use by cooling roofs and providing shading, thermal mass and insulation. Biodiversity and Habitat: Green roofs provide new urban habitat for plants and animals, like birds and insects, thereby increasing biodiversity. Green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by: Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources. Green roofs are used in residential, commercial, government and public buildings. Innovative energy-efficient construction technologies will bring great benefit to the ecology and help to relief the heat island effect. To achieve our sustainability goals, need to invest in disruptive practices and green technologies to optimize water consumption, improve air quality, ensure energy security, biodiversity and reduce carbon footprint. Green roofs have been shown to increase biodiversity. The type and amount of biodiversity will depend on the type of green roof installed. Green roofs are eco-friendly and a great way to promote environmental sustainability. Compared to other roof types, green roofs have numerous benefits, including reduced energy costs. By lowering temperatures and reducing energy use, green roofs can help reduce concentrations of several pollutants that affect air quality, climate, and health. Green roofs reduce energy consumption in space heating through shading, evapotranspiration, insulation, increase in thermal mass, and reduction of heat loss through radiation.

Ammonia (NH₃) is generated because of nitrogen in the feces and urine of pigs and cattle and the uric acid of poultry manure. Ammonia forms from the biological and chemical breakdown of manure protein, uric acid, and urea during manure storage and decomposition. Ammonia Recovery is an award-winning, low-cost, environmentally responsible method of recovering nitrogen, in the form of ammonia, from various dilute waste streams and converting it into concentrated ammonium sulfate. The most effective method for reducing ammonia emissions from manure application sites is to incorporate that manure into soil as quickly as possible. This drastically reduces volatilization losses resulting from exposure to air. Treating common ammonia odors in the home landscape may be done by the addition of carbon or simply applying liberal amounts of water to leach the soil and a lime treatment to increase the soil pH. Excessive ammonia discharged to receiving waters can cause serious ecological problems, such as eutrophication resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen, and excessive algal growth. Substantial concentrations of ammonia in wastewater can also cause toxicity to fish and wildlife.

1. This article has details of the compounds generated during the incineration of PVC ( 1. pdf).

2. This ES& T article has details of the Combustion Products of Plastics (2. pdf).

3. This review paper has pretty nice details about the pyrolysis and end-products of the most commonly used polymer types.

4. A different angle- One of the first studies that showed evidence

of greenhouse gas production under environmental conditions (4. pdf).

5. This ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering paper will be very helpful for your LCA work; Critical Evaluation of Life Cycle Assessment Analyses of Plastic Waste Pyrolysis.

There are several mathematical algorithms that can be used to estimate the flow of influent and effluent for anaerobic digestion and struvite precipitation processes. Some commonly used methods include mass balance equations, dynamic modeling, and process simulation.

One way to estimate the flow of influent and effluent for anaerobic digestion is to use mass balance equations. This involves determining the amount of organic matter entering and leaving the system, as well as the amount of biogas produced. This can be done by measuring the chemical oxygen demand (COD) or total solids (TS) of the influent and effluent, and using those values to calculate the mass balance.

Another approach is to use dynamic modeling, which involves creating a mathematical model of the system that can predict the behavior of the process over time. This can be done using software such as Aspen Plus or SuperPro Designer, which can simulate the process and predict the flow of influent and effluent.

Simulation is also another approach that can be used to estimate the flow of influent and effluent. This method involves creating a computer model of the system that can simulate the process and predict the flow of influent and effluent. This can be done using software such as MATLAB or Simulink, which can simulate the process and predict the flow of influent and effluent.

Ultimately, the specific algorithm or method that is chosen will depend on the available data, the specific requirements of the system, and the level of accuracy and precision desired.

The amount of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate in coffee waste digestate will vary depending on the specific source of the waste and the treatment process used. Factors such as the type of coffee beans used, the brewing method, and the type of wastewater treatment applied can all affect the concentration of these elements in the digestate.

In general, coffee waste digestate is known to have high levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are essential for plant growth. However, it's difficult to give a general amount of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate in the coffee waste digestate, as it can vary greatly depending on the specific source and treatment process.

It's important to conduct a chemical analysis of the coffee waste digestate to determine the exact concentrations of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. This can be done by a laboratory using methods such as inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) or ion chromatography (IC). The results of the analysis will give you more information about the quantity of each element in the digestate and also how to use it as a fertilizer.

It is also important to note that the coffee waste digestate may contain other contaminants such as heavy metals, caffeine, and organic compounds, which should also be analyzed to determine their concentration and potential risks.

Magnesium oxide (MgO) is commonly used to control the pH and promote struvite precipitation in wastewater treatment systems. The amount of MgO needed to be added to a struvite precipitation reactor can be calculated using the following formula:

MgO (g) = (mg/L of Mg) x (volume of wastewater (L)) / 40

Where mg/L of Mg is the concentration of magnesium ions in the wastewater and 40 is the molecular weight of MgO.

For example, if the magnesium concentration in the wastewater is 10 mg/L and the reactor volume is 1000 L, the amount of MgO needed to be added to the reactor would be:

MgO (g) = (10 mg/L) x (1000 L) / 40 = 250 g

It's important to note that the amount of MgO needed to be added will also depend on the pH of the wastewater and the desired pH for struvite precipitation. In general, a pH range of 8.5 - 9.5 is optimal for struvite precipitation, so the pH of the wastewater should be adjusted to this range before adding the MgO.

At lower pH, the adsorption backpedal by H+ ion factor or proton factor and at higher pH, adsorption hampered because of yhe metallic ions start to precipitate as metallic hydroxide or metallic oxide. So it is looking good the pH value near between 4-6, and you should have to study for optimum pH for the removal of particular metal like Cr.

On contrast, time mainly find out the breakthrough time for column study is not so easy like batch study. Here you need to conduct a lot of trial and also need to modeling of Thomas model, Adam-Bohart model, Yoon-Nelson model for the much more accurate BTC curve.

Thank you.

Because the Dead Sea is a closed area in which there are no outlets, as it is fed only by the Jordan River, so the water evaporates in the closed ocean more than it evaporates in the open ocean, in addition to the hot climate there so This causes the water to evaporate, leaving behind the salts

I believe it should be very possible, because DO is a variable for calculating BOD .

Dear Maria Jabri

You can use the following link to find indexed journals:

Good luck.

I mentioned in my paper it is due to impurities probably, as illustrated in the figures, after a while (elimination of impurities), Acid Yellow 17 (a dye) with negative removal efficiencies had positive removal efficiencies.

Dear Shuraik Kader ,

It is normal, you are now entering the stage that takes an unfortunately unknown period of time: the search for reviewers. What is known is that “Environment, Development and Sustainability” (https://www.springer.com/journal/10668 ) is a good journal worthwhile waiting for:

-Good publisher (Springer Nature)

-SCIE indexed with impact factor 4.080

-Scopus indexed (CiteScore 4.4)

-UGC-CARE List (India)

If you look at https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/20902 and click on “Scopus content coverage” you see that they publish 8 times more in 2021 than in the years before. Indicating that they receive more and more submissions (the theme’s environment and sustainability are ‘hot’ at the moment…). This might be another reason why it will take quite some time.

According to https://www.springer.com/journal/10668 they take 8 days for submission to first decision, suggesting that you passed the first step, the editor didn’t choose for desk rejection and find your manuscript worthwhile to get peer reviewed.

I would say have patience and keep working on your next project.

Best regards.

There is no best fit it all method. Depending on local and circumstantial conditions (pressure, diameter, pipe material, intermittent service, availability of access points, ground conditions ...) the best one has to be selected. For this purpose I recommend reading this comparison of 24 methods:

Dear Mehran!

Here is the link where you can apply:

Regards

Yahya

Absolutely the most relevant answer is Green Building. The subject encompasses construction Technology /Management in such a way that the environmental standards laid down by the Competent Authorities are met with

In case if you need any guidance please let me know

Mt sincere advice is to you is conducting research in the area in which you have interest. There are umpteen number of areas of Environmental Engineering and you should determine the area which interests you.

However Valuation of contaminated property

Impacts of Climate Change

Industrial wastewater and zero impact

Air Pollution and modeling thereof

Solid waste conversion into energy

Green building and its evaluation

E waste and its technological advancement

Critical evaluation of existing environmental legislation are some latest area

You may follow me in this context

You can add a blue cover on the top of your slow sand tank. It will help reduce the photosynthesis rate.

For any installation issues, you would need to:

1. Install four packages first: gplots, gtools, gdata, Rcpp

2. Download the zip file of the HyetosMinute package from https://www.itia.ntua.gr/en/softinfo/3/

3. Go into R, click on Packages (at the top of the R console), then click on "Install package(s) from local files" , then select the downloaded zip file

The Built Environment sector consumes a substantial portion of non‐renewable energy and prompts the emission of a significant amount of CO2; contributing approximately 39% of the annual global CO2. A third of the usage of total energy and CO2 emissions is a result of the Construction Sector in the developed and developing nations.

The Smartcrusher is a classic example of Circular economy by Netherlands Circular, 2018. Concrete is strong enough to last for centuries. But every kilogram of cement produces one kilogram of CO2 emissions. This means that today’s concrete and cement industry emits about three times as much CO2 as all aircraft combined. Crushed pieces of concrete can now only be used as low-grade gravel replacements. SmartCrusher is a device that separates the unused cement stone from the concrete rubble. It also produces residual flows of good quality sand and gravel. The cement stone can be used directly in concrete production and thus saves cement and CO2 emissions. With SmartCrusher, 50% of the world’s largest concrete construction flow can be made circular. The revenue model shows that the investment can be recouped within 1.5 years and that the price of concrete is halved. And that without including CO2 pricing

<https://www.circulairondernemen.nl/uploads/e71c83f3da2eee7ad8689cc0c66d3ff3.pdf>

In the category of PROFIT, the price of concrete is halved, allowing more headroom for profit. There is ample savings from less waste and Carbon Tax.

In the category PLANET, the impact of CO2 emissions is the rise in global temperatures that result in shrinking changes of water supplies, changes in weather patterns and increase in sea levels; among others. By reducing emissions these consequences of global warming are curbed.

PEOPLE are better off with less CO2 emissions. Air pollution from construction has a direct effect on construction workers’ health, and the health of citizens near construction sites. As an example, the UK’s Health and Safety Executive has found that over 200 construction workers die yearly prematurely from diseases caused by exposure to diesel fumes (Bellona, 2019). There is no safe amount of air pollution, which means that the less air pollution we can have, the safer it will be for construction workers, and citizens exposed to construction sites.

*The triple bottom line is a business concept that posits firms should commit to measuring their social and environmental impact—in addition to their financial performance—rather than solely focusing on generating profit, or the standard “bottom line.” It can be broken down into “three Ps”: profit, people, and the planet

*A circular economy is "a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible."

Apart from suggestion received, you can study the SUN DIAGRAM for our location and according plan your design of rooms. Requirement of rooms need to be workout before you proceeds for planning. Architectural planning concepts need to adhere for better planning with respect to your requirement.

The simple muiltiplication of the mass by the thermal capacity as Bachir Achour proposes, is valid only at thermal equilibrium. Since buildings are always in a thermally dynamic state, this method strongly overestimente the active thermla capacity. When the ambient temperature continuously changes, the calculation is more complex, and needs solving the equation of heat. Simple mathematical solutions to determine the thermal mass of a multilayer plane building component under dynamic conditions are indeed described in EN-ISO 13786 as mentioned by Edwin Rodriguez-Ubinas.

An experimental method to determine the dynamic thermal capacity of a room was proposed by Van der Maas (see attched paper). The apparent room effusivity can be measured by recording the increase of the indoor temperature after switching on a constant power heat source.

With the aid of the following topics, you can start

1- Introduction about the importance of fresh water

20 Environmental Aspects

3- Natural Water Resources

- Study model (Experimental, Analytical, or Numerical)

4- Water Polution

5- Sea water Desalination

6- Water treatment

7- Environmental Protection

8- Results

9- Discussion

10- Conclusion

Aditya Kumar Mishra Scientific answers are already cited by many experts aI can say depending upon the simplest form is that Energy is nothing but ability to do the work......

This blog may help

"Life cycle assesment (LCA)" could be jointly addressed with the "circular economy (CE)" and the "ecosystem service valuation (ESV)", as an integrated tool to "quantify the resource-based benefits due to carbon based methane (CH4) production". Besides, this integrated approach can better control the excessive use of material, lowering the energy needs for new products, saving natural sources from overexploitation and environmental degradation, managing labour's capital, and proving the resource efficacy of carbon capture.

The only weakness in my opinion is that all the software are proprietary and two different software cannot communicate with each other without compatibility issues.

If you want to some basic ideas about that then you go for S k garg. And if you want to know deep knowledge about that then go for Metcalf and Eddy. It's clear all the concepts from basics to advance.

simv lembro ja ter lido que existe um padrão de distribuição espacial de biomassa.

Dear Shuraik Kader

If your focus area is on building design-related research (with a green roof), you can submit built environment-related journals. However, If your focus area is on environmental engineering, you can submit physical environment-related journals.

For the Journal search, please follow Jochen Hack's suggestions.

Best of Luck.

Deflouridation techniques are simple and can be explained like Bone charcoal, contact precipitation, Algona, activated alumina, ion-exchange technology, membrane filtration, nanofiltration, and clay are all methods for defluoridating water that can be used. Reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis, and distillation are examples of cutting-edge treatment methods.

Also check https://www.neeri.res.in/img_homes/45359441_List-of-Tentative-Ph-D-Topics.pdf

Mehri Ahmadi Yes i do agree and presently Private Sectors have entered into this space in India and I can see many success stories across the globe with public-private partnerships. Basically these are on the longer-term contracts and I have seen that these contradts really work on the longer runs

Liliane Mutayomba when it comes to predicting the best method of modelling to predict construction waste generation is came across this paper and it is really good to read about the activities "Modeling the Amount of Waste Generated by Households in the Greater Accra Region Using Artificial Neural Networks" and the same can be found at the link

Hope this gives you the perfect answer you are looking for

Felipe Guilayn I have an article written on this digestate and it is in mu publications please go thru the same and I have show the Indian Status and present scenario about the Digestate in India and for every country this is different and I loved Europe when I visited few biogas plants

SAP2000 has two types: Student version and professional version. The latter is better as it has considerable capacities and it is adaptable for the design and calculations of great structures.

Other software such as AutoCAD 3D, FLAC 3D, ANSYS, ABAQUS, HecRas and so on, can be used. It should be noted that any software has its peculiarities. The selection depends on what you want to achieve witch accuracy! Sometimes, you can use 2 software to compare the precision level of the results!

The best quality

Also see kindly the following useful link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S0141029617335526

You can check the paper below for more information:

Regards,

K

thanks for this information

Raindrop falling from the sky possesses kinetic energy, where K.E=1/2 mv2. However average mass of a raindrop is too small to produce usable amount of energy for household needs. The idea is to increase the size of the raindrop, as such it can be used to turn an electric generator as it falls down from a height. Please read my article in research gate on how to do it.

This is a good question.

This is a good question.

That is a good question.

Dear Jecel

highly recommend these topics and references :

The last reference include 37 nice topics!

Take time to read articles related to your field, identify the research gap(s), and try to explore them

I think mike she will be best suited for integrated hydro metrological and water quality modelling purpose

Hi Dr Achyuth K N . I hope this book could help you :

“Learning Python”, 4th Ed., ISBN 978-0-596-15806-4, by Mark Lutz

It is possible to treat metastatic cancer depending upon right molecular mechanism and right selection of small molecular drugs that target NF-kB that promote inflammation with proinflammatory cytokines.

My reference

Case Report A Case Report of Chemotherapy with Thalidomide, Celecoxib and Gemcitabine in the Treatment of Patients with Brain Metastases from Lung Cancer

Thomas B. Fischer Rightly said, all nations are struggling!

South Korea

Regards,

Dr. Vinaya Tari

@ Arvin Hajipour,

Its better and easier to optimize the dose of coagulant by jar test apparatus.

Hello Mr. Hajipour

"N" refers to a molecular nitrogen presents in a defined concentration of a molecule or ion. You can find it out by multiplying the molecular weight ratios.

In your example if N in the form of nitrate (NO3^-) is 10 mg, then the concentration of nitrate molecule will be 10 mg N*(62 mgNO3/mmolN)/(14 mgN/mmolN), i.e. 44.28 mg NO3^-.

Same concept is valid for any other atoms and molecules.

Regards

i am public and environmental health

The most significant impact is obviously, the rise in existing sea levels and flooding of the coastal regions. This will lead to loss of life and property and will force millions of people to migrate from existing land to some other areas. This mass migration may lead to clashes between people even lead to disturbed political situations.

How to stop this, is the real situation on which researchers are still working in different fields (for ex. CCR & CCU). However, in my opinion, the solution to control global warming can be solved, if man is willing. Since there are a lot of economic constraints, and the world economy and existing machines and infrastructure can work on fossil fuel as a source of energy (to a major extent). Hence it will take time to switch to green and renewable sources of energy. Again here, the economy and availability of technology will be a major constraint, and the balance (i.e. the consequences) will shift again to the side to which process is fast (i.e. rate of global warming rise vs rate of switching to renewable sources of energy).

The easiest way to control global warming is still, planting more trees to maintain and control the world's CO2 levels.

Interesting idea. I have no clear yes or no for you.

However, I see one potential problem. Using MaxEnt, we want it to learn for itself whether variables are predictors or not.

So by forcing climate variables as the primary cutt-off of presence/absence, and then running the "final models" only within "suitable climate" areas, you basically disable maxents ability to decide for itself.

Also, potential areas outside the "suitable climate model", which could however be presence if climate is not a super factor, will be missed completly.

One last point to keep in mind: climate variables are generally often correlated with other topographic and/or landcover data.

So you might be overrepresenting some factors if they are represented by climate first and by other variables in your second model secondly.

However, if the root of your problem is the climate variables being to coarse, then you might just work around by using a dem instead of the climate variables (given there is a strong physical causality from elevation to temperature)?

Cheers

The scenario of C:N in WB forest soils is difficult to explain as C always shows higher values than N. If this is a truly real situation, it is intriguing in Soil Science and needs to be probed with great care.

Convey my thanks for such a relevant article that nicely elaborated of the carbon draining from the terrestrial forest floors arrested in the mangroves ecosystems and that is seen at a glance, I will go through the paper later on and use as citation in my work

I propose to work on the environmental performance of construction materials and their impact on the environment. and you can study the life cycle assesment of these materials and products of the building.