England - Science topic

Using the latest data from the School Workforce Census (SWC) we analyse the trends in the gender diversity of the school workforce in state funded schools in England since 2010. We find that the proportion of schools without a male classroom teacher has increased over the last 12 months – almost 1 in 3 state funded primary schools do not have a sin...

In Chap. 1 Avril Maddrell, Brenda Mathijssen, Yasminah Beebeejaun, Katie McClymont and Danny McNally untangle the embodied, gendered, racialised and institutionalized cremation practices of Hindu communities in three case study towns: Northampton and Swindon in England and Newport in Wales. They argue that attending to questions of (in)adequate fun...

Introduction and background Over a period of more than a decade, increasingly complex measures for gauging pupil attainment and progress in schools have been introduced in England: from simple threshold measures of raw academic attainment, such as the percentage of pupils obtaining a particular set of examination grades 1 , to the latest contextual...

A systematic review of methods used in probation research is reported. We reviewed journals most likely to be read by probation staff in Europe going back over the last five years. The focus in these journals was exclusively on probation. We found that the overwhelming majority of the research used qualitative methods when compared to quantitative...

Background: Tightly connected symptom networks have previously been linked to treatment resistance, but most findings come from small-sample studies comparing single responder v. non-responder networks. We aimed to estimate the association between baseline network connectivity and treatment response in a large sample and benchmark its prognostic v...

Background Regulations mandating kilocalorie (kcal) labelling for large businesses in the out-of-home food sector (OHFS) came into force on 6th April 2022 as a policy to reduce obesity in England. To provide indicators of potential reach and impact, kcal labelling practices were studied in the OHFS, and customer purchasing and consumption behaviour...

Objectives: We evaluated patterns of uptake of the NHS App using data metrics on total app downloads, registrations, appointment bookings, GP health records viewed, prescriptions ordered. Sub-group differences in App registration and the impact of COVID-19 were also explored. Methods: Descriptive statistics and time series analysis explored monthly...

This paper encompasses 1) a comparative discussion of the emergence and development of the concept of race in Europe (drawing on the examples Spain, France, England, and Germany), explores 2) resistant positions informed by the concept of race and the related challenges (in China, USA, and Germany), and points out 3) some analytical contradictions...

In November 1970, when the New Catholic Missal was published in England, the personal and spiritual lives of England's Catholics changed forever. The Mass was no longer what they recognised, had grown up with or had converted to Catholicism for and the fifty years since have seen considerable fallout regarding this immense change to the Catholic li...

2021 marked the 30-year anniversary of the publication Fatal Years: Child Mortality in the late Nineteenth-Century United States , a pioneering work in historical demography by Samuel H. Preston and Michael R. Haines. This special issue showcases the current state of historical mortality studies through a collection of articles originally presented...

Objectives: To develop a simulation model to support orthopaedic elective capacity planning. Methods: An open-source, generalisable discrete-event simulation was developed, including a web-based application. The model used anonymised patient records between 2016-2019 of elective orthopaedic procedures from an NHS Trust in England. In this paper, it...

The tuberculosis burden is growing in Nigeria along with its population. For example, Nigeria has the sixth highest TB burden globally, with an estimated 4.3 per cent multi-drug resistance in new cases. This study builds on the existing study that examined academic involvement in tuberculosis research. The study in question focused on global medica...

Background The consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has been proposed as a key driver of the global rise in non-communicable diseases. Evidence from several countries suggests that adolescents are the highest consumers. This study examined UPF consumption in a representative sample of UK adolescents. Methods We used data from 4-day food diari...

Objective Physical access to food may affect diet and thus obesity rates. We build upon existing work to better understand how socio-economic characteristics of locations are associated with childhood overweight. Design Using cross-sectional design and publicly available data, the study specifically compares rural and urban areas, including intera...

State governance in corporations controls the economy and employment to develop prosperity in China. Does privatization achieve both objectives? Privatization theory views that giving up state control benefits firms economically but is quite silent on the value of employment benefits. However, market mix theory (Sappington and Stiglitz, J Policy An...

In the mid-nineteenth century, three reigning queens ruled their countries: Victoria in England, Maria II in Portugal, and Isabel II in Spain. These were three women who had to assume political power in a moment both of the redefinition of womanhood towards domesticity and the establishment of liberal, constitutional regimes. Their queenship, there...

This paper investigates how heritage-led regeneration has mediated the reconfiguration of North Shields Fish Quay. North Shields is a town in the North East of England, once home to among Britain's largest deep-sea trawling fleets. Following the collapse of the trawling industry in the late twentieth century, ongoing fisheries crisis, and undeliver...

It is beginning to be recognised beyond a cohort of social research scholars that to achieve fairness and justice in society; it is no longer enough to make noises about bias and discrimination but to take a bold anti-racist stance. The brave among scholars and influencers are urging those in power to move from window-dressing to being active anti-...

The articles in this issue have explored the effects Brexit has had on the UK’s international role, identity, and status. In doing so they touch on the wider question of how significant a change Brexit has been for the UK. Most answers to that question point to effects on the constitution, unity, identity, political economy of the UK, and the count...

This paper contributes to the debate on the evolution of living standards in preindustrial England. It emphasizes the need to depart from the approach of focusing only on the time paths of observables, like income per capita and population size, in order to assess the validity of Malthusian predictions. It first constructs a Malthusian model and th...

The earlier in life that a child can begin mastering fundamental movement skills (FMS), the more positive their physical activity (PA) trajectories and health outcomes are. To achieve sufficient development in FMS, children must be guided with tuition and practice opportunities. Schools and educators provide an opportunity for interventions that im...

The author explored the extent to which policy could be a source of sustainable professional development for elementary teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching. The study involved three policies in England: the National Numeracy Strategy and the Primary National Strategy, introduced in response to concerns regarding mathematics teaching and s...

This paper challenges the conventional understanding among many legal ethicists that environmental harm can be a necessary, if regrettable, collateral effect of lawyerly work. It argues that lawyers sometimes do things that cost society too much and that legal ethics (being the rules of ethical conduct set out by regulators of lawyers and broader t...

Aims: The past decade has seen an increased delivery of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) for patients with heart failure (HF). We explored whether clinical outcomes after CRT have changed from the perspective of an entire public healthcare system. Methods and results: A national database covering the population of England (56.3 million in...

It has yet to be determined whether or not differences in body composition are present between international and non-international players playing in the same elite professional club competition. Similarly, it is not yet clear whether or not differences in body composition exist according to ethnic origin where relative homogeneity is to be expecte...

Background Previous studies indicated that physical education programs in schools were unsuccessful to ameliorate physical activity (PA) behaviors among adolescents. This study investigated PE teachers’ perceptions of barriers and facilitators to PA and further digital exercise interventions among inactive British adolescents in secondary schools b...

Atmospherically generated coastal waves labelled as meteotsunami are known to cause destruction, injury and fatality due to their rapid onset and unexpected nature. Unlike other coastal hazards such as tsunami, there exists no standardised means of quantifying this phenomenon which is crucial for understanding shoreline impacts and to enable resear...

In England, “easements,” introduced via the Coronavirus Act 2020, were brought in at the start of the pandemic to support English local authority adult social care services. They enabled local authorities to suspend some of their mandatory duties under the Care Act 2014. Easements were only adopted by eight local authorities and for short periods,...

This article examines the role that third sector organizations (TSOs) play in supporting refugees' access to the labor market in England. TSO practices are conceptualized through the notion of "bottom-up" solidarity. Data gathered through interviews with refugees and representatives from charities, social enterprises, and public authorities are use...

Background Falls in older people are common, but can lead to significant harm including death. Coroners in England and Wales have a duty to report cases where action should be taken to prevent deaths, but dissemination of their findings remains poor. Objective To identify preventable fall-related deaths, classify coroners concerns, and explore orga...

The increasing availability of learning resources based on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and the interest in Science teaching led me to study teachers attitudes and practice related to the incorporation of computer simulations in the classroom. Computer Simulations are one of the forms in which content can be presented and quest...

Der nemo-tenetur-Grundsatz gilt heute als Inbegriff eines fairen Verfahrens und ist in entwickelten Rechtsstaaten als Grundrecht geschützt. Als Menschenrecht ist er im UN-Zivilpakt festgehalten und aus der EMRK per Rechtsprechung abgeleitet. Die ideellen Grundlagen des Schweigerechts reichen weit zurück, mindestens bis in die Frühe Neuzeit, wo insb...

Background: Analyses of coronavirus disease 19 suggest specific risk factors make communities more or less vulnerable to pandemic-related deaths within countries. What is unclear is whether the characteristics affecting vulnerability of small communities within countries produce similar patterns of excess mortality across countries with different...

Background There is limited evidence on what shapes the acceptability of population level dietary and active-travel policies in England. This information would be useful in the decision-making process about which policies should be implemented and how to increase their effectiveness and sustainability. To fill this gap, we explored public and polic...

Objective To understand the public perceptions of the schools Covid-19 testing programme in England. Design Qualitative social media analysis. Setting Online users of parenting forums (Mumsnet and Netmums), Facebook newspaper pages and Daily Mail online readers, who responded to posts or articles about the schools testing programme in England, be...

Isolated spinosaurid teeth are relatively well represented in the Lower Cretaceous Wealden Supergroup of southern England, UK. Until recently it was assumed that these teeth were referable to Baryonyx , the type species ( B. walkeri ) and specimen of which is from the Barremian Upper Weald Clay Formation of Surrey. British spinosaurid teeth are kno...

Background: Considering the co-morbidity of major psychiatric disorders and intelligence with smoking, to increase our understanding of why some people take up smoking or continue to smoke, while others stop smoking without progressing to nicotine dependence, we investigated the genetic propensities to psychiatric disorders and intelligence as det...

The new NHS England Three Year Delivery Plan for Maternity and Neonatal Services advocates for compassionate care for families and compassionate, psychologically safe workplace cultures for staff. In this article we propose the need for a shared language and understanding of what compassion is, how it works, why it can feel hard and why practising...

Gentrification is a complex phenomenon that can be examined from both global and local perspectives. From a global perspective, gentrification can be seen as part of broader economic and social trends, such as the growth of neoliberalism and globalization. Gentrification can also be linked to global patterns of urbanization and the rise of a global...

Social work is accepted as one of the Profession in all over the world. Being a problem solving profession, Social work deals with problems of individuals , family , community and society . Social workers always concern with solving the problems of their clients i.e. Individuals, groups and community. They are making enable / empowering them to sol...

This article contributes to the emerging literature on narrative victimology by examining what we will suggest to be a telling ‘liminal case’: families of people sentenced to Imprisonment for Public Protection in England and Wales. We draw on qualitative research conducted with families of people sentenced to Imprisonment for Public Protection to e...

RESUMO: A segunda metade do século XIX trouxe importantes mudanças para o mundo do trabalho britânico, especialmente o inglês: a fase monopolista do capitalismo e a expansão imperialista resultaram em uma nova configuração do mundo do trabalho na Inglaterra, com importantes desdobramentos políticos para a classe trabalhadora naquele país. Esse arti...

Young people experience different treatment compared to older adults in the English welfare and homelessness systems, encountering varying levels of protection and disadvantage. This paper uses a value-pluralist perspective to explore the normative rationales for and the ethical defensibility of these policy differences. Evidence from 38 key inform...

Background: Socioeconomic differences in body mass index (BMI) have widened alongside the obesity epidemic. However, the utility of socioeconomic position (SEP) indicators at the individual level remains uncertain, as does the potential temporal variation in their predictive value. Examining this is important in light of the increasing incorporatio...

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in adults that can result in hospitalisations. Estimating RSV-associated hospitalisation is critical for planning RSV-related healthcare across Europe. Methods: We gathered RSV-associated hospitalisation estimates from the RSV Consortium in Europ...

Richard Siddoway Bagnall was born into a prominent industrial family from the north-east of England, and throughout his life and career tried to balance his commitment to his business with his interest in entomology, which brought him much recreation and enjoyment. As a young man Bagnall was friendly in Edwardian entomological circles and very acti...

Background: No overall estimate of RSV-associated hospitalisations in children under 5 years has been published for the European Union (EU). We aimed to estimate the RSV hospitalisation burden in children under 5 years in EU countries and Norway, by age group. Methods: We collated national RSV-associated hospitalisation estimates calculated usin...

Deep neural networks are powerful tools for modelling non-linear patterns and are very effective when the input data is homogeneous such as images and texts. In recent years, there have been attempts to apply neural nets to heterogeneous data, such as tabular and multimodal data with mixed categories. Transformation methods, specialised architectur...

Explanation of the annus mirabilis of 1665/66 in England, based mainly on the long poem by John Dryden and the diaries of Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn. Details are given of the serious epidemic outbreak of the plague that in the spring of 1665 began to spread in London and lasted until 1666, the second Anglo-Dutch War, detailing the causes, the bat...

Ships, ships, ships. By them we exist as a nation, by them we advance, by them we exalt our national dignity. In area England is small, but England owns the Atlantic-the Atlantic is a British Pond.'-A British statesman in Parliament 1 Proper names not only serve as identifiers of people, places and other entities, they may also function as markers...

Regression analysis under the assumption of monotonicity is a well-studied statistical problem and has been used in a wide range of applications. However, there remains a lack of a broadly applicable methodology that permits information borrowing, for efficiency gains, when jointly estimating multiple monotonic regression functions. We introduce su...

The Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC) reviews possible wrongful convictions in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, referring back to the Court of Appeal cases where there is a ›real possibility‹ that the conviction is unsafe. This article presents findings from a four-year empirical study of decision-making within the CCRC. It explores how...

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent economic restrictions have placed many contractual parties under great strain to honour their agreements as contracts have become commercially impracticable and excessively onerous. This article explores the legal position in England, France and the Middle East under the doctrine of impossibility, impracticabili...

The smart city concept refers principally to employing technology to deal with different problems surrounding the city and the citizens. Urban mobility is one of the most challenging aspects considering the logistical complexity as well as the ecological relapses. More specifically, parking is a daily tedious task that citizens confront especially...

Background People with multiple long term conditions (MLTC) face health and social care challenges. This study aimed to classify people by MLTC and Social Care Need (SCN) into distinct clusters and quantify the association between derived clusters and care outcomes. Methods A cohort study was conducted using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing...

Police recruitment across the UK is under intense political and social pressure to increase representation and legitimacy. This layered in to a quest to raise the number of police officers in England and Wales by 20,000. However, despite decades of reform initiatives, police recruitment continues to be a challenging and potentially exclusionary pro...

The 75 anniversary of the arrival in the United Kingdom of the S.S. Empire Windrush on 22 June 2023 prompted a re-reading of Colin MacInnes' London Trilogy and England, Half English.

Background: Hearing and vision difficulties are some of the most common deficits experienced by older adults. Having either visual or hearing difficulty increases the risk of comorbidity, disability, and poor quality of life. So far, however, few studies have examined the association between vision and hearing difficulties on life expectancy witho...

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a lethal syndrome of excessive immune activation. We undertook a nationwide study in England of all cases of HLH diagnosed between 2003 and 2018, using linked electronic health data from hospital admissions and death certification. We modelled interactions between demographics and comorbidities and estim...

The relationship between substance use and mental health is complex, and both constitute a global public health burden. In the UK, the estimated annual financial costs of alcohol-related harm and illicit drug use are GBP 21.5 billion and GBP 10.7 billion, respectively. This issue is magnified in the North East of England, where treatment access is...

Conservation and restoration projects often fail to engage local communities during the planning and implementation stage. In addition, when considering urban boundary ecosystems, there exists a wide range of stakeholders that must be involved in the planning process to ensure social equity in land management outcomes. Traditional methods for asses...

Pilot project produced by Cambridgeshire County Council looking at the potential to provide information for woodland creation schemes in England via the SHINE GIS dataset currently used exclusively for English Countryside Stewardship Schemes. The project produced an enhanced SHINE dataset, created GIS based information on lost woodland and reviewed...

The relationship between prevalence of infection and severe outcomes such as hospitalisation and death changed over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Reliable estimates of the infection fatality ratio (IFR) and infection hospitalisation ratio (IHR) along with the time-delay between infection and hospitalisation/death can inform forecasts of the...

The Condition of the Working Class in England (hereafter, CWCE) by Friedrich Engels is a masterpiece of urban research not only for its explicit descriptions of the living and working conditions of members of the Victorian-era working class and their effects on health but also its insights into the sources of these conditions through a political ec...

This study identifies language specific errors made with transcoding tasks to inform possible future pedagogic decisions regarding the language used when teaching early number. We compared children aged 5–7 years from Kuwait and England. The spoken Arabic language of Kuwait gave the opportunity to compare not only languages where the tens and units...

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Other. Main funding source(s): Cardiac Risk in the Young The office for national statistics (ONS) holds a record of all causes of death in England and Wales according to the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision. In some cases, a mode of death, such as arrhythmia, may be given. We a...

Introduction - Guidelines for diagnosing and managing Post-COVID syndrome have been rapidly developed. Consistency of the application of these guidelines in primary care is unknown. Electronic health records provide an opportunity to review the use of codes relating to Post-COVID syndrome. This paper explores the use of primary care records as a su...

Background/aim: Youth soccer players rely on coaches to design effective practice environments to help them acquire the skills necessary to perform successfully in competition. However, early observational analyses suggest that coaches structure practice and employ behaviours that may not promote effective skill acquisition. While a shift towards a...

The Theology of John Henry Newman and Its Ecumenical Consequences Abstract: The research problem addressed in the article is the influence of John Henry Newman’s theological writings on Anglicans and Catholics, as well as the ecumenical effects of this theologian’s ecclesiological thought on the Church of England and Roman Catholicism. The aim of...

Introduction: Emergency laparotomy may be required in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). NELA is the largest prospectively maintained database of adult emergency laparotomies in England and Wales and includes clinical urgency of the cases. The impact of surgeon subspeciality on outcomes after emergency laparotomy for IBD is unclear. W...

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): BIOTRONIK SE & Co. KG Background and Purpose Atrial fibrillation (AF) detection and subsequent treatment is known to be sub-optimal in the general population. It is unclear how implanted devices with atrial sensing contribute to AF diagnosis. This study comp...

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): BIOTRONIK SE & Co. KG Background Limited real-world data are available on the risk of non-elective heart failure-related hospitalization (HFH) in patients with de-novo cardiac implantable electronic devices. Purpose The aim of this study was to quantify and...

It has been estimated that 70% of care home residents have dementia on admission or develop it after admission but that many of these residents do not have, or receive, a formal diagnosis of dementia. People with dementia often have significant care needs, so it is important that the condition is diagnosed, even at an advanced stage, so that people...

Background: Risk-stratified screening is being considered for national breast screening programmes. It is unclear how women experience risk-stratified screening and receipt of breast cancer risk information in real time. This study aimed to explore the psychological impact of undergoing risk-stratified screening within England's NHS Breast Screeni...

The adoption of data science brings vast benefits to Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) including business productivity, economic growth, innovation and jobs creation. Data Science can support SMEs to optimise production processes, anticipate customers' needs, predict machinery failures and deliver efficient smart services. Businesses can al...

This paper provides an overview of women's engagement with Stoic ethics in early modern England (c. 1600–1700). It builds on recent literature in the field by demonstrating that there is a positive gender‐inclusive narrative to be told about Stoic philosophy in this time—one that incorporates women's specific concerns and responds to women's lived...

This chapter provides a cross-country exploration of policing and court responses to domestic and family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. While traditional policing and court response models were disrupted during the pandemic, many police forces and courts adapted their practices, building on already existing digital and remotely enabled opti...

This is a sample business proposal for The Body Shop. The Body Shop is a renowned beauty brand founded by Anita Roddick in Brighton, England, in 1976 to prioritise ethical and sustainable approaches with a stance against animal experimentation. The Body Shop utilises naturally-sourced ingredients from diverse global locations and engages in communi...

Cometan explores the similarities and differences between his new religion Astronism and the world religion of Islam in this brand new lecture. From philosophy to eschatology to theology, this lecture covers all aspects of the Astronist and Muslim religions with the aim of forming a clearer understanding of how these two religions compare with one...

Introduction Radiotherapy is an ever-changing field with constant technological advances. It is for this reason that risk management strategies are regularly updated in order to remain optimal. Methodology A retrospective audit of all reported incidents and near misses in the audited department between 1 November 2020 and 30 April 2021 was perform...

In 2018, Scotland introduced a minimum unit price (MUP) for alcohol to reduce alcohol-related harms. We aimed to study the association between MUP introduction and the volume of prescriptions to treat alcohol dependence, and volume of new patients receiving such prescriptions. We also examined whether effects varied across different socio-economic...

My research focuses on Sylvia Plath’s complex relationship with England, and her transnational identity as an American writer with strong European connections. I am dedicating a whole chapter to Plath and French literature, and this is the section I would like to present at the PG online seminar series. My aim is to demonstrate that Plath was widel...