England - Science topic

One of the most complex issues in history is explaining how great powers emerge and, eventually, how they decline and disappear. The first written explanation of the rise and fall of great empires was offered by the "Father of History," Herodotus, in the 5th century BCE. Among many other topics, he sought to explain the rise and fall of the great p...

A recently proposed model for visible and hidden epidemic dynamics has been generalized to account for the effects of re-infections and newborns. The set of five differential equations and initial conditions contain 13 unknown parameters. The analysis of the equilibrium points, the examples of numerical solutions and comparisons with dynamics of re...

In recent years, studies related to preventing injuries and improving sports performance have aroused academic interest. However, no bibliometric study has investigated asymmetry. The aim of this study was twofold: (i) to identify trends in research on asymmetries in sports performance through bibliometric analysis, and (ii) to determine the most-c...

This study aims to estimate the magnitude of the influenza epidemic in WHO European countries and territories. The wavelengths of these countries were compared based on the number of influenza cases, including subtypes A and B. The epidemiological wavelength method was used to assess the outbreak's magnitude, considering factors like population den...

How were medieval horses trained? This is a difficult question to answer as there were no horse training manuals produced in the Middle Ages. To date, we have been forced to rely on information gleaned in hippiatric treatises, and although these provide useful theoretical overviews of training methodologies they do not provide evidence of actual pr...

In a 'digital by default' society, essential services must be accessed online. This opens users to digital deception not only from criminal fraudsters but from a range of actors in a marketised digital economy. Using grounded empirical research from northern England, we show how supposedly 'trusted' actors, such as governments,(re)produce the insec...

Accelerated soil erosion and sediment delivery are threats to water quality. In Western Europe, weather patterns are strongly influenced by large scale climate systems such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAOi). Recently, however, a new climate index has been developed, called the West Europe Pressure Anomaly (WEPAi), which may be more relevant...

Clinical trials have demonstrated that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who have established cardiovascular disease (CVD) or a high risk of CVD. Nevertheless, GLP-1RAs remain underutilized. This real-world, retrospective study comp...

This study recognised that there is currently limited understanding of the extent and nature of ability grouping practices in subject areas other than mathematics and English in primary schools. Using survey methods, this research sought to generate data of sufficient scale to extend understanding of the use of ability grouping practices in primary...

Sport is increasingly acknowledged as a vital component of the United Kingdom’s arsenal of soft power assets. However, the UK’s attempts to wring soft power from sport have met with mixed success. Many of the UK’s experiences align with an embryonic literature suggesting that sport, as well as enabling the production of soft power, is simultaneousl...

RESUMO Introdução: A auditoria hospitalar, surgiu na Inglaterra e popularizou nos Estados Unidos da América. Hoje, ela desempenha um papel essencial na melhoria dos processos clínicos, identificando possíveis erros e medidas corretivas. Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a relevância da auditoria hospitalar na otimização dos processos...

Objective: This study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the 100 most-cited articles in dysphagia rehabilitation. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in the Web of Science database for articles published between January 1975, and July 2024, using the keyword "dysphagia rehabilitation." The 100 most-cited articles were selected for...

Some fishing vessels breach maritime laws by operating with their mandatory tracking systems (Automatic Identification System (AIS)) switched off. Marine insurers act as enablers of this practice since these vessels cannot operate without insurance. This article explores why insurers in England take on the risk of insuring them and assesses how the...

Background Ecological studies hypothesise a ‘safety in numbers’ (SiN) effect whereby road safety for bicycles and other micromobility users improves as their numbers increase, due to behavioural changes of motorists. Causal interpretation of these studies is difficult due to confounding and reverse causation. The introduction of electric scooter (e...

When the American Revolution resulted in the severing of ties between the American church and the Church of England, a new form of church governance, not under State control, became necessary. This article examines how the resulting ecclesiological structure of voluntary compact and governance by both clergy and laity, soon spread to other British...

Disease mapping attempts to explain observed health event counts across areal units, typically using Markov random field models. These models rely on spatial priors to account for variation in raw relative risk or rate estimates. Spatial priors introduce some degree of smoothing, wherein, for any particular unit, empirical risk or incidence estimat...

Addressing the under-researched issue of weapon tolerance, the paper examines factors behind male knife and gun tolerance across four different cultures, seeking to rank them in terms of predictive power and shed light on relations between them. To this end, four regression and structural equation modelling analyses were conducted using samples fro...

A recently proposed model for visible and hidden epidemic dynamics has been generalized to account for the effects of re-infections and newborns. The set of five differential equations and initial conditions contain 13 unknown parameters. The analysis of the equilibrium points, the examples of numerical solutions and comparisons with dynamics of re...

Motivation: Gene panel data provides critical insights into disease-gene correlations. However, aggregating and interrogating this diverse dataset can be challenging. PanelAppRex addresses this by first preparing a machine-readable aggregate and second by offering a sophisticated natural search interface that streamlines data exploration for both c...

Scientific literacy is crucial to address important and complex societal problems, both current and future. Teaching using a socioscientific issues (SSI) approach is a potential strategy to develop students’ scientific literacy, although teachers have reported concerns about its implementation, such as the inability to add additional distinct requi...

Background Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) at baseline has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the relationship between long-term AIP trajectories and CVD remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the associations between AIP trajectories and the incidence of CVD in...

Most deaths around the world are certified, registered and then ‘coded’ for statistical purposes. Misclassified (‘hidden’) suicides are deaths assigned an ICD code that is either erroneous or that should never be specified as a cause of death. Public health strategies depend on provision of accurate mortality statistics. Suicides are under-counted,...

The routine measurement of children’s developmental health varies across educational settings and systems. The Early Years Foundation Stage Profile (EYFSP) is a routinely recorded measure of a child’s development completed at the end of their first school year, for all children attending school in England and Wales. Despite widespread use for resea...

The Palestinian-Israeli conflict is a complex and multifaceted issue that has persisted for decades. The violent incidents that erupted on October 7, 2023, have significant global repercussions. This study analyzes the framing employed in the headlines and subheadings regarding the Palestinian-Israeli conflict during the initial five days of the ou...

Situational language teaching is a kind of English teaching method that focuses on learning in a simulated real environment, aiming to stimulate students' learning interest and motivation by creating specific language situations. This method originated from the theory of applied linguistics in England and has been widely used and developed in China...

The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis in which the data is analyzed descriptively and qualitatively by using structural analysis theory. This research analyses the main characters in two fairy tales, The Two Sisters from England and Bawang Merah Bawang Putih from Indonesia. The results of this study aim to explore: 1) the s...

This paper explores the reception of classical works in Early Modern Britain during the hand press era, between the 1470s and 1790s. It investigates canon formation, knowledge transmission, and the integration of digital archives in quantitative book history. The study quantitatively maps changing perceptions of the classical canon across time, off...

Species distribution models are used to predict habitat suitability for a species, by quantifying the environmental characteristics which allow a species to occupy a geographical area. The abundance and range of Pine Marten (Martes martes) has declined substantially in Great Britain, with the remaining populations restricted to Scotland. Here, we p...

Background Traumatic brachial plexus injuries (TBPI) are often devastating and life-changing and are thought to be becoming more prevalent. Several studies have investigated the epidemiology of TBPI in other countries (e.g., United States, Brazil); however, a similar analysis is yet to be undertaken in England and Wales. The aim of this cohort stud...

In this work we analyze the implementation of the Harris registry system in Galicia between the years 1989 to 2000. A tour is made of the characteristics of the new registry of archaeological interventions that emerged in the late sixties in England. A registry designed to prioritize horizontal over vertical documentation, as opposed to the classic...

Objective Participation in clinical research confers tangible benefits for patients and healthcare organisations. Achieving adequate and representative recruitment into studies remains challenging, and variable recruitment rates between different hospitals and studies are well-known challenges. This study aims to characterise recruitment patterns a...

Background: One in five children starting primary school in England are living with overweight or obesity, rising to one in three by the end of primary school. In England, the prevalence of overweight/obesity of children is monitored through the annual National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP). Research suggests parents often lack confidence in d...

This book provides an in-depth study of depictions of England in the Saga of Icelanders (Íslendingasögur), examining their utility as sources for the history of Viking Age Anglo-Scandinavian cultural contact. The Íslendingasögur present themselves as histories, but they are difficult historical sources. Their setting is the Saga Age, a period that...

Latin and vernacular histories of England and Britain from the early twelfth century onwards testify to various names for the exceptional prehistoric monument on Salisbury Plain. A British tradition prioritized by Geoffrey of Monmouth shows a split, attributable to the unfamiliarity of an archaic term, between names translatable as ‘Giants’ Dance’...

Informal carers are important for their care recipients, but the burden of care may have a detrimental effect on the carer's well‐being. Publicly‐funded Adult Social Care (simply, ASC) in England may alleviate this burden. We therefore investigate whether ASC expenditure improves carers' quality of life and the channels through which this effect ma...

Background Previous product placement trials have been underpowered and limited in outcomes. This study assessed effects of positioning an expanded fruit and vegetable section near entrances on store-level sales, household-level purchasing and waste, and dietary behaviours. Methods This prospective matched controlled cluster trial (NIHR 17/44/46) i...

Background Outbreaks of Group A Streptococcal (GAS) infection are difficult to detect in community healthcare settings and present unique challenges for infection prevention and control (IPC). We describe investigation of a cluster of GAS among individuals receiving wound care from the same community integrated care team (CIT) and associated comple...

Aims and method This study examines more than 5.8 million bed days of data from private and National Health Service care providers who contribute to the Mental Health Services Monthly Statistics in the UK. The use of oral chemical restraint is compared with provider size, and the relative use of oral chemical restraint as opposed to seclusion is in...

The decline of masculinised industries across the Global North is well documented; however, to date, there has been relatively little discussion of feminised paid care work in formerly industrial areas. Drawing on evidence of gendered and classed ‘care trajectories’ into paid adult social care and childcare care work in one such area, Teesside, Nor...

Introduction Obesity is a risk factor for the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), however observational studies have suggested patients with RCC receiving systemic anti-cancer therapy (SACT) and BMI ≥25 kg/m² may have a better prognosis than patients with a normal or low BMI, a phenomenon often referred to as the obesity paradox. Methods Th...

Roundtable report summarising discussions from experts in the sector which explored the complexities of risk in supported accommodation in England following the introduction of the regulations in 2023. The report includes a set of key recommendations for supported accommodation which warrant further consideration.

Objectives The use of social media is prevalent in society; however, existing evidence is not sufficient to conclude whether the benefits of social media use can outweigh the risks for people with psychosis. In response to a recent call for staff to take a more active role in asking and advising service users about the impact of using social media...

Assistance with daily activities is crucial for persons living with dementia and functional limitations, yet many face substantial challenges in accessing adequate care and support. Using harmonized longitudinal survey data (2012–2018) from the United States, England, 18 European countries, Israel and China, we found that at least one-fifth of pers...

Background National policy in England recommends that young people be admitted to mental health wards that are age-appropriate. Despite this, young people continue to be admitted to adult wards. Aims To explore the impact of young people’s admissions to adult wards, from the perspectives of young people, parents/carers and mental health profession...

The ongoing challenges in the teaching profession significantly affect teacher wellbeing, underscoring the need for a comprehensive understanding of it. There is a need to explore teacher wellbeing in depth to deepen our understanding of its conceptualisation in the field, in addition to understanding lived experiences by obtaining teachers' perspe...

Expanding electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure is essential for transitioning to an electrified mobility system. With rising EV adoption rates, firms face increasing regulatory pressure to build up workplace charging facilities for their employees. However, the impact of EV charging loads on businesses’ specific electricity consumption pro...

Using newspaper coverage of women's and girl's property offences in minor English and Irish courts, I analyze courts’ use of Catholic convent institutions between 1930 and 1959. Coverage of minor local hearings offers access to everyday cases, where boundaries between moral and legal transgression were blurred. I explore three interlocking themes i...

The Anti-Racism Commitment (ARC) was developed to support the Police Race Action Plan for England and Wales, a programme run jointly by the National Police Chiefs’ Council and College of Policing. The ARC sets out the overarching ambition of the plan for a police service that is anti-racist and trusted by Black people. It outlines the goals of an...

Of the many issues that arise when a marriage breaks down, none is more complex and important than the financial consequences of divorce, as these issues are also related to the rights of the child. This paper focuses on analyzing the economic consequences of divorce for both partners, focusing on the financial outcomes for men and women following...

Importance: Internationally, there are gaps in data to monitor both early childhood development (ECD) and progress in closing the inequality gap. The unequal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and any differential impact on ECD domains is also not poorly understood. Objective: To examine time trends and area-level socioeconomic inequalities in ECD at...

There are at least 12 paintings from the late 17th to the early 20th centuries titled, ‘The Sick Child’. They were painted by well-known and obscure artists from Holland, Norway, France, England, Spain, North and South America. Most depict infants, and some older children, always in their homes, most with the mother at the bedside. The Sick Child p...

The future of land use in the UK uplands is highly debated, with growing interest in increasing tree cover and other land use changes, alongside a desire to maintain traditional land use patterns and practices. Treescape expansion is likely to result in synergies and trade‐offs between different outcomes, so integrating stakeholder preferences into...

The Guimarota beds (Kimmeridgian, Portugal) constitute one of the richest microvertebrate assemblages for the Upper Jurassic, which include a diverse fauna of small reptiles. Among others, was described a new species of a small choristodere, “Cteniogenys reedi”. The genus, also known from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic, USA) and the Kirtlin...

Although independent and cumulative fission product yields have been a part of evaluated libraries for decades, there have been few updates over the years. The fission product yield sub-library in the ENDF/B-VIII.0 library is still largely based on the evaluation of England and Rider from the mid-90’s, with only more recent updates to the energy de...

According to the Office for National Statistics, in 2021, 28.8% of births in England and Wales were to non-UK-born mothers, reflecting a steady rise from 25.5% a decade earlier, and 16.5% in 2001. This paper uses Bakhtin’s theory of dialogism and narrative methodology to analyse two narratives from a broader study involving 15 British-born immigran...

Introduction Despite its growth and ubiquity, paid adult social care (ASC) work in England persists as a site of very low pay, insecurity, and exploitation, where ‘decent work' remains elusive. Promoted by a neoliberal agenda focusing on competition and choice, social care provision has developed a quasi-market model. This involves local authoritie...

Aims This study investigates the effectiveness and adequacy of the informed consent process for patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. While informed consent is a legal and ethical responsibility, factors in the trauma setting can impair patients’ understanding and retention of information. This study seeks to evaluate patients’ recall of periop...

Marx and Engels always criticised the Utopian Socialists. Their points of view were contrary to Marx’ and Engels` own scientific claim. However, a closer look reveals that Marx and Engels made exceptions. In Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, Engels explicitly named the French revolutionary François Noël Babeuf as a revolutionary acting in the spir...

Travel Time Reliability (TTR) is a crucial aspect of transportation planning and management. It affects individual decisions, scheduling, and productivity, and has significant financial implications for passengers and goods. Traffic congestion is a major factor impacting TTR, which can be classified as recurring (predictable) or non-recurring (unan...

The UK Government’s Resilience Framework aims to ensure the country’s prosperity. A framework approach recognises that key risks and their effects vary by sector; however, any framework requires translation when applied in different contexts, with consideration of the issues in a sector-specific, case-based manner. Using publicly available document...

Computer models are used to study the real world, and often contain a large number of uncertain input parameters, produce a large number of outputs, may be expensive to run and need calibrating to real-world observations to be useful for decision-making. Emulators are often used as cheap surrogates for the expensive simulator, trained on a small nu...

This paper presents a novel hypothesis connecting Tudor Sweating Sickness (TSS), which caused five major epidemics in England between 1485 and 1551, with modern Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Through comprehensive analysis of historical records, epidemiological patterns, and clinical presentations, it is proposed that...

This paper presents the story of two Canadian sappers Lorne Long and Maurice Francis Flynn, who were stationed in England in February of 1941. In the true spirit of a hard days’ night, these sappers went pub crawling, got drunk, and decided to grab a rifle and shoot up the nearby town. When their bunkmate overheard the conversation, he reported it...

This paper uses analytical and conceptual resources from Strong Program cultural sociology to develop a non-reductive account of cultural representation, which is a corrective to the hegemony of Said-inspired studies. The latter blinds sociology to the symbolic significance of cultural representation as a force for “social good” in the following wa...

This paper examines the practice of ‘Bible Noise’, a group which I led at a Church of England evangelical church that explored creative ways of reading aloud the Bible through sound art practice. Biblical engagement is central to evangelicals and I wanted to expand biblical engagement by using sonic performances through the use of our voices, there...

Background: The UK has a high incidence of lameness in cattle, which is costly in terms of economics and welfare. Most causes of bovine lameness originate in the foot but there are several different conditions causing lameness. Quantifying the relative prevalence of different lameness causing lesions allows for the focus of preventative measures an...

Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant reconfiguration of primary care systems internationally. For example, a large proportion of face-to-face appointments have been replaced by telephone or online consultations. As a result, the relationship between primary care appointment provision and some of its key determinants, such as workforc...

Early modern stenography; legal shorthand; Restoration England; 17thc legal education; Westminster courts

Aims/hypothesis Biennial, as opposed to annual, screening for diabetic retinopathy was recently introduced within England for those considered to be at ‘low risk’. This study aims to examine the impact that annual vs biennial screening has on equitable risk of diagnosis of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) among people at ‘low risk’ and...

Migration was common in medieval England. Serfdom, however, in theory severely restricted the mobility of villeins. This article explores servile migration through a close study of the manorial court rolls of the manors of Great Waltham and High Easter (Essex). By doing so, it contributes to ongoing debates over the nature and decline of serfdom in...

In this article we discuss the view of educational research outlined in the Initial Teacher Training and Early Career Framework (ITTECF) document, published in 2024 by the UK Department for Education, in the context of debates about the relationship between educational knowledge and teacher education. Through an elementary bibliometric analysis of...

Studies using computational methods such as artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning to predict the effect of variants occurring in the human genome on the phenotype have increased recently. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of scientific research using machine learning methods in variant effect prediction using the...

This paper focuses on the extent of soundscape in shaping individuality in selected short stories of Katherine Mansfield. Shifting from New Zealand to England, she explores not only the opportunity it renders but also the anxiety it pushes forward. Whereas many modernist authors traverse the human condition from diversified perspectives, Mansfield...

Introduction Electronic health records can be used to understand the diverse presentation of post-acute and long-term health outcomes following COVID-19 infection. In England, the UK Health Security Agency, in collaboration with the University of Oxford, has created the Evaluation of post-acute COVID-19 Health Outcomes (ECHOES) dataset to monitor h...

The article deals with the image of a castle in the short story ‘The Canterville Ghost’ (1887) by the English writer and poet Oscar Wilde (1854–1900). It notes the influence of the Gothic tradition on the work of Oscar Wilde and the description of the main setting. The article analyzes the Gothic chronotope and the image of a ghost, which is a vict...

This study conducts a theoretical and systematic analysis of high-quality development (HQD) in China's National Fitness Public Service (NFPS). By integrating the principles of HQD—such as innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing—with the practical demands of NFPS, we propose a multi-dimensional governance framework that em...

Dispositional greed is characterized as the insatiable desire for more. Although greed may be a driving force for wealth accumulation, it can also relate to increased financial difficulties and risk-taking. Across two studies in different countries, The Netherlands (Study 1, N = 1,118) and England, Study 2, N = 4,855), we tested the degree to which...

The UK experienced an unprecedented heatwave in 2022, with temperatures reaching 40 °C for the first time in recorded history. This extreme heat was accompanied by widespread fires across London and elsewhere in England, which destroyed houses and prompted evacuations. While attribution studies have identified a strong human fingerprint contributin...

Transit-induced gentrification is a context-dependent phenomenon. Since most empirical studies have analysed single transport investments, the moderating role of local contextual factors is not well understood. This study uses consumer registers and municipal data to investigate within which time frame and under which geographical and economic cond...

Background Out-of-home (OOH) food tends to be energy-dense and nutrient-poor. In response, England implemented a mandatory calorie labelling policy in the OOH sector. We evaluated changes in consumer behaviours after the policy was implemented in April 2022. Methods We employed a natural experimental design to assess pre-post changes in noticing a...

Purpose To assist sleep epidemiology research, we created and tested the accuracy of five algorithms identifying diagnosed Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) and narcolepsy in routinely collected data from England (01/01/1998-29/03/2021). Methods The primary algorithm identified the first coded record in Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) prima...

The purpose of this study was to compare and identify differences among the populations in Physical Activity engagement, leisure-related activities, sports consumption, sitting time at work, screen time during the Covid-19 (DuCov) period in comparison with the periods before Covid-19 (BeCov) and after Covid-19 (AfCov), in England, Hungary, and Nige...

Background: The mental health of youth sailors has garnered increasing attention from both coaches and researchers, as evidenced by the growing appearance of related keywords in scientific literature. Despite this rising interest, no studies have yet specifically focused on the mental health of this population. Methods: This study conducted a bibli...

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is diagnosed at a late-stage 3/4 in the majority (62%) of patients resulting in poor survival and high morbidity and mortality. Several factors, i.e., biological, patient/healthcare system-related, and socioeconomic factors contribute to delayed diagnosis of ovarian cancer. This also include lack of specific "alarm symp...

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. While advances in screening, early detection, and treatment have significantly improved survival rates, disparities in outcomes persist. Socioeconomic disparities play a crucial role in influencing CRC mortality-affecting access to healthc...

Vaccine hesitancy is a leading threat to public health, but little is known about the beliefs and mindsets that drive vaccine hesitancy, especially among people of Black ethnicities. This study aimed to understand vaccine related beliefs and their relationship with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine uptake in UK residents of Black ethnicities living with HIV. Adul...

The three physicists presented here, Otto Reichenheim, Günther Wolfsohn and Klaus Schocken lost their positions at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR) abruptly in April 1933. Their different fields of research and fates are presented here. Wolfsohn emigrated quickly and could continue his research in Palestine, Schocken went through man...

In this chapter I focus on Oxford University’s belated engagement with this rapidly changing world. After outlining the emergence of race and ethnic studies in Britain during the 1950s and 1960s and the expansion of higher education, I describe how two Oxford academics, Ceri Peach and Terence Ranger, were able to draw on the university’s institutio...

Mental health problems are common in children and young people (CYP) in England, yet evidence suggests high levels of unmet need. Understanding of the determinants of mental health-related service contact is needed to identify gaps in provision and areas for targeted intervention to improve access. A secondary analysis of the Mental Health of Child...

According to the most recent data provided by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in 2023, there are 372,035 residents in care homes in England. Many of these residents experience a low quality of life due to poor service delivered in those facilities. The Care Quality Commission (CQC) strives to regulate the health and social business in the...

Background Improving access to general practitioner (GP) services is seen as a way to enhance patients’ experiences. England introduced the national extended access scheme to provide routine and urgent GP appointments outside core hours. However, little is known about how this initiative affects patient experience, especially in terms of efficiency...

This paper reflects Cliff's strategy in dealing with the postcolonial problem of belonging and identity. It highlights her emphasis on the responsibility of colonialism and neo-colonialism for creating a diasporan world. Cliff's viewpoint is that the place of origin is a central part of one's identity. One may live in several locations but birthpla...

Objectives Older people with kidney failure often have a limited range of treatment options, with few being well enough to receive a transplant. Instead, they either start dialysis or have ‘conservative kidney management’ (CKM). CKM involves care that focuses on managing the symptoms of kidney failure and maintaining quality of life in the absence...