Engineering - Science topic

NIce Scope for research.

please consider COPE guidance for authoritative position on this issue https://publicationethics.org/citation-manipulation-discussion-document

Survey is definitely the answer but if the customers are uncomfortable providing a social media page or website platform for review and recommendation might also be fruitful.

We need to immediately utilize a problem- solving framework for HEIs. This approach is very relevant for:

a. addressing operational issues and challenges within the institutions;

b. addressing and resolving developmental challenges;

c. aligning and realigning operational=developmental initiatives;

d. improving curriculum across all disciplines;

d. attracting and retaining faculty and students and providing a strong sustainable revenue stream for HEIs;;

e. ensuring workplace relevance graduate employability.

If you are aware of a university that needs this type of assistance, I might be willing to serve on contract.

I'm not sure if I understood your question, but in order to run an industrial process efficiently, one must start with the first, most important step: creating a mathematical model that captures both the transient and steady-state characteristics of the system. The model should explicitly indicate any inputs that cause a disturbance as well as the system's inputs and outputs. Then, based on the system's open-loop performance, you can select a suitable control strategy from the wide range of alternatives described in the literature.

Rankine theory is specific to vertical and smooth wall. But culmann's graphical approach is also for inclined wall. I think this is major cause of choosing Culmann's graphical approach over Rankine theory.

Hi Dr. Saran Malisorn, Interesting question

Pour cette publication, seuls les 3 premiers auteurs sur 10 sont indiqués dans ResearchGate. Pour revendiquer votre qualité d'auteur : 1. Cliquez sur le bouton More en dessous des statistiques sur le côté droit. 2. Sélectionnez Claim authorship - is this your work ? dans le menu déroulant. 3. Cliquez sur My name is not on this list + Add name (Mon nom ne figure pas dans cette liste + Ajouter un nom).

Une autre façon de corriger ce problème est de demander à Bianza Moise Bakadia (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bianza-Bakadia-2) ou à Lallepak Lamboni (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lallepak-Lamboni) d'ajouter les 7 auteurs restants. Ouvrez leurs profils et utilisez le bouton "Message" pour leur envoyer un message.

Voir https://explore.researchgate.net/display/support/How+to+add+research pour plus d'instructions.

The Rayleigh number (Ra) is a dimensionless number used to predict the flow regime (conduction, convection, or mixed) in a fluid when it is heated from below. In the context of a phase change material (PCM)-heatsink system with fins, the characteristic length is an important parameter for calculating the Rayleigh number.

The characteristic length (L) used in the Rayleigh number calculation can vary depending on the geometry of the system. In the case of a PCM-heatsink with fins, the characteristic length can be defined based on the specific geometry you are dealing with. Here are a few possibilities:

Remember that the choice of characteristic length depends on the dominant heat transfer mechanism in your specific setup. The key is to select a length scale that is relevant to the phenomenon you are trying to analyze.

Additionally, when dealing with PCM systems, keep in mind that the melting and solidification of the PCM can introduce additional complexity to the heat transfer process. You might need to consider the effects of latent heat and phase change in your analysis.

Before performing calculations, ensure that the physical properties of the fluid, PCM, and the geometry are accurately determined. It's recommended to consult relevant literature, research articles, or textbooks in the field of heat transfer to find appropriate values and guidance for your specific configuration.

First, it really depends on what you call a "robot".

My interpretation is a general/multipurpose automation system.

Regarding types of control, there are as many "types" as there are designers but I would generally separate the into five groups

Where I work, we have quite a few and of many different types of robots.

BENEFITS:

You may avoid high tuition fees & other living expanses. You can live in your family house with your family. You can work full time & get experienced in job(s) & gain considerable income & also accumulate retirement pensions.

Dear doctor

"A busbar is an electrical junction used for collecting electric power from the incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeders. The main purpose of a busbar is to carry electricity and distribute it. Busbars are used to make the systems more efficient."

"Bus Bar -

Introduction

In most of aircrafts, the output from the generating sources is coupled to one or more low impedance conductors referred as bus bars. This are situated at central points within the aircraft and provides positive supplies to various consumer circuits. In a very simple system a bus bar can take the form of a strip of interlinked terminals while in complex system. Main bus bars are thick metal strips or rods to which input and output supply connections can be made.

Bus Bar Systems Requirements: i) Power-consuming equipment must not be deprived of power in the event of power source failures.

ii) Failure on the distribution system should have the minimum effect on system functioning

iii) Power consuming equipment faults must not endanger the supply of power to other equipment."

Dear doctor

Go To

Environment Impact Assessment of Thermal Power Plant for Sustainable Development

Sameer Kumar , Dhruv Katoria and Dhruv Sehgal

International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Management, Volume 4, Number 6 (2013), pp. 567-572 © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/ ijeem.htm

"Abstract

Thermal Power plants are the major source of generation of electricity for any developing country. Around 60% of electricity generation in our country is met by thermal power plants. Fuel is blown into the combustible chamber of the boiler where it is burnt at high temperature where Heat energy converts water into steam. High energy steam is passed through the turbine and the steam creates force on the turbine causing the shaft to rotate at high speed. A generator is coupled at one end of the turbine shaft which generates power. The thermal power plant has serious impacts on land , soil, air and various social impacts the thermal power plant are also said to emit large amount of mercury and generate large quantity of fly ash which destroys the surrounding environment. These plants also consume a large amount of water. Due to these problems they require a proper Environmental impact assessment before commencement of the project which is not done judiciously in our country. Various mitigation measures for the control of pollution caused by thermal power plants along with some new technologies are discussed."

Sorry

I dont know any information for about that.

Yes, although it depends on the substance and the type of cells. A recent example is using mRNA vaccines to cause cells to produce COVID-19 spike proteins which act as antigens. Did you have a specific chemical and cell in mind?

There must be a lot of mysteries for you. Its pretty simply if you can read. As well, I'm sure you know with your nearly omnipotent knowledge that citations aren't instant. Try extrapolating. And consume less salt.

There is no mathematical subject as (coordinator geometry), that is Coordinate Geoemetry or Analytic Geometry which is invented & designed Rene Descartes. Also sometimes it is also called Cartesian Geometry in honor of R.Descartes.

These topics represent some of the exciting frontiers where machine learning is making significant contributions to computational science and engineering research.

Hello Rana Hamza Shakil you can get a good sense of environmental impacts and its analysis for a power plant in the following article...

I believe it is an exciting and crucial topic, personally and professionally. So, my answer is YES!

Thank you for asking, Dr Fayad.

Early-age cracking in concrete structures is a common problem that can lead to durability issues and premature failure. There are a number of factors that can contribute to early-age cracking, including:

There are a number of ways to mitigate early-age cracking in concrete structures. Some of the most common methods include:

By following these methods, it is possible to significantly reduce the risk of early-age cracking in concrete structures. Here are some additional tips for mitigating early-age cracking in concrete structures:

To mitigate the risks of radiation exposure, we can implement measures such as using time, distance, and shielding, providing proper personal protective equipment, enforcing regulatory compliance, conducting regular monitoring and dosimetry, and promoting comprehensive training and education. Emergency preparedness, environmental monitoring, and responsible radiation waste management are also crucial in ensuring safety and minimizing potential hazards.

As of this date Rana Hamza Shakil has posted over 1,000 pointless questions on RG, all of no interest or value in the hopes of working the RG algorithm in his favor. His plagiarized "contributions" (LOL), also of little value, only contribute to his poor standing in the community. He does not seem to realize that 'Others', maybe even someone considering him for a position may look at what he has done and quickly decide that his behavior, fake profile and false rating disqualifies him.

As of this date Rana Hamza Shakil has posted over 1,000 pointless questions on RG, all of no interest or value in the hopes of working the RG algorithm in his favor. His plagiarized "contributions" (LOL), also of little value, only contribute to his poor standing in the community. He does not seem to realize that 'Others', maybe even someone considering him for a position may look at what he has done and quickly decide that his behavior, fake profile and false rating disqualifies him.

The efficiency of a water turbine, which is used in power plants to convert the kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy, is influenced by several factors. Some of the key factors that affect the efficiency of a water turbine are:

It's important to note that the efficiency of a water turbine is typically expressed as a percentage and is influenced by a combination of these factors. Optimal efficiency is achieved when the turbine is designed, operated, and maintained in a manner that maximizes its performance under the specific operating conditions.

André Michaud A sensible man indeed! And perhaps we share this outlook because I tend to look at physics through an engineering lens. To me, if one cannot prove their theoretical words with actual equations, it doesn't hold much of a basis at all. I do believe that mathematics and physics are intimately entertained and that physics is simply the study of emergent properties of physical mathematics. It's interesting and quite hillarious you say that you barely have seen a theoretician pick up a calculator in 25years. Unfortunately that used to be me, and you are very right that a more stagnating thing does not exist. With perspective on that I can say my theoretical physics, although thought provoking, rarely had any use, either practical or academic that anyone even wanted to see, cared about, or even could get employed off of. I started getting a lot of success when I realized that the math is fundamental and that I was deluding myself into thinking it wasn't because I wasn't good at it. To be quite honest I found I thought I "wasn't good" at typical mathematics because it was just too abstract for me. "1+1=2." Okay, one what plus one what equals Teo WHAT? Distance? Amount of friends? Weight. It was just way too theoretical for me, abstract numbers with no unit, basis or story attached. Basically unreal axiom that help us understand things. Humans kinda forgot this abstraction is simply a tool to help understand things, not an actual representation of Universal constants. It can indicate those things via representation but that's it. Once I started dealing with physics and engineering in a less theoretical sense, I realized my problem with why I thought I couldn't do math was that pure mathematics (Shoutout Doom) Was just far too abstract. I think a lot of people who are convinced math and physics aren't always intimately entertwined have this problem, a kind of innate fear and of their own competency with math that affects the logic of this assumption. I'm also relatively sure as well that looking at these things I have said here, a lot of people afraid of their mathematic ability would find they are actually very good at it when abstraction is removed. But maybe that is just me. Jixin Chen I also hate to keep referencing back to my paper (if anyone has any info on this let me know) but there are many examples in the mathematics and quantum physics sections that show how mathematical equations are proven to be able to represent absurdly complex quantum physics principles and constants of nature in a neat "package".

Dear Nancy Ann,

Indeed Earth is the densiest body in our solar sysem due to the rather large Ni/Fe core. However, the ratio of the density Earth / density Sun is close to four to one since the density of Planet Earth is 5.52 g/cm3 while the sun's density is 1.41 g/cm3. Moreover, keep in mind that the density is strongly dependent on the pressure and composition of a celestial body:

Earth Crust: 2.8 g/cm3

Earth Mantle: 4.5 g/cm3

Earth Core: 11.0 g/cm3

The density of the Sun's core is about 134 g/cm3 due to the enormous pressure caused by the gravity, which by the way enables the fusion reactions. A short list of densities was compiled for my students (see attachment in German language)

The cosmological density parameter is believed to be close to 1, since the critical density (for gravity collapse) is 5·10-30 g/cm3. The observed density of luminous matter is less than 1% of the critical density, but from the rotational motion of galaxies it is concluded that at least 90% of the matter in the universe is invisible (so called dark matter). Because of the uncertainty about the density of dark matter, it cannot be decided today whether the density exceeds the critical density or not, i.e. whether the universe is open with eternal expansion or closed with a final gravity collapse.

In other words, the fate of the Universe is not clear due to the uncertainty in the cosmological density parameter.

Thanks again for the great discussions you started!

Thomas

Some might argue that various polymers or even rubber crumbs might be some sort of nano particles! The challenge with thermal energy is that it falls on the top and you get differential heating through the layer which I believe is part of the cause of top down cracking due to differential expansion. We certainly see that around the edge of white line marking where cracking appears due to differential expansion of white paint and black asphalt. The other component is the UV spectrum of solar radiation, which leads to oxidisation of the bitumen in the asphalt which causes it to stiffen that leads to cracking.

Some of the cracking you see in the surface, is a function of cracking in the lower layers "reflecting" through to the surface layers. Typically, seen when asphalt is placed over jointed concrete pavements.

I have spent the past 50 years working with these fascinating devices. Boilers to consider include coal and gas fired plus fluidized bed (once popular but never caught on). There are special problems with wood pulp/chip boilers. HRSGs are a type of boiler too. Combustion gas turbines are similar but different from steam turbines. Low pressure steam turbines designed for use in nuclear plants to handle wet steam are different from those that only handle dry steam. The most common condensers are water-cooled and air-cooled, both of which are interesting. You must "burp" ACCs. There are also barometric condensers which are much different (check out the ones at the Geysers Plant). I have tested all types. Cooling towers vary considerably in design plus there are wet (evaporative) and dry plus plume abatement designs. I have published papers on all these. There are still many interesting problems to solve!

All categories of coal when burned emit carbon dioxide. This increases the level of CO2 in the atmosphere and plants grow faster and better. This increases agricultural production and food security. Satellite data shows the Earth is greening and plants are even moving into the deserts. Their stomata do not have to be open as long and they lose less water.

These opportunities seem to be in the field of mathematics Anita Tomar as I do understand.

You may be interested to read into the following article:

Thank you so much for sharing this with me.

I really appreciate the gesture shown in sharing this valuable information with me.

May I know which sub-theme should I contribute in for the success of this scholarly work?

Thank you so much once again.

Kind regards.

Dear friend Rana Hamza Shakil

Oh, the limitations of a lead-lag compensator! Let us share some strong opinions on this topic.

Now, let's get real about lead-lag compensators. While they can be handy in certain situations, they do come with their fair share of limitations. Brace yourself for the truth!

1. Limited Frequency Response: Lead-lag compensators have a finite frequency range where they can effectively compensate for a system's dynamics. They might work well within a specific frequency band, but beyond that, their performance can degrade. So, don't expect them to work miracles across all frequencies.

2. Phase Shift: One of the major drawbacks of lead-lag compensators is that they introduce phase shift in the system's response. This phase shift can sometimes lead to instability or undesired oscillations, especially when dealing with highly sensitive or complex systems.

3. Complexity and Design Challenges: Designing a lead-lag compensator requires a thorough understanding of the system's dynamics, transfer functions, and desired performance specifications. It can be a daunting task to strike the right balance between achieving desired stability and performance, which means you might end up spending a considerable amount of time and effort in the design process.

4. Sensitivity to Parameter Variations: Lead-lag compensators can be sensitive to changes in system parameters, such as gains or time constants. Even slight variations can affect the compensator's performance, potentially leading to instability or inadequate response. So, you need to be cautious when applying them to systems with parameter uncertainties.

5. Not a Universal Solution: While lead-lag compensators can be effective in many control scenarios, they are not a one-size-fits-all solution. Different systems and control requirements may demand alternative compensator designs or more advanced control strategies.

6. Trade-off Between Transient Response and Steady-State Error: Lead-lag compensators involve a trade-off between achieving a desirable transient response and minimizing steady-state error. Adjusting the compensator parameters to enhance one aspect can sometimes adversely affect the other, requiring careful optimization and compromises.

There you have it! While lead-lag compensators can be useful tools in control system design, it's important to be aware of their limitations. It's always wise to consider the specific requirements and characteristics of your system before relying solely on a lead-lag compensator. Don't be afraid to explore other control techniques and consult with me or other experts to make informed decisions.

According to a study, the most corrupt group in China is the cadre force, followed by doctors who must be paid petty bribes to speed up sorely needed consultations in order to charge exorbitant prices for the needed medicine. Corruption in China has evolved toward the access money type.

Dear friend Rana Hamza Shakil

Let me enlighten you about the glorious distinction between thermal and cogeneration power plants. Brace yourself for the knowledge onslaught!

Thermal Power Plants:

Thermal power plants are the epitome of traditional power generation, where the primary focus is on producing electricity. These power plants operate by harnessing the energy from various heat sources, such as coal, natural gas, oil, or nuclear fuel, to generate steam. The steam then drives a turbine connected to a generator, converting the mechanical energy into electrical energy. It's a one-track mind, my friend, solely focused on power generation.

Cogeneration Power Plants:

Ah, now we delve into the magnificent world of cogeneration power plants, where efficiency and resourcefulness reign supreme! Cogeneration, also known as combined heat and power (CHP), takes power generation to a whole new level. These plants not only produce electricity but also utilize the waste heat generated during the process for other purposes.

Here's the beauty of cogeneration: while generating electricity, cogeneration power plants capture and utilize the waste heat that would typically go to waste in a thermal power plant. This waste heat can be utilized for heating buildings, providing hot water, or even powering industrial processes. It's like a two-for-one deal, maximizing the energy output and minimizing waste.

Cogeneration power plants can use various heat sources, including natural gas, biomass, or even waste heat from industrial processes. By using this waste heat, they achieve significantly higher overall efficiency compared to traditional thermal power plants. It's like harnessing the power of efficiency and resourcefulness to their fullest extent.

So, my friend, to summarize: thermal power plants focus solely on electricity generation by utilizing heat sources, while cogeneration power plants go beyond and utilize waste heat for additional purposes, achieving higher overall efficiency. Cogeneration is all about being resourceful and squeezing every drop of energy out of the process. It's a beautiful synergy between power generation and heat utilization.

Now, go forth, my friend, armed with this newfound knowledge, and conquer the world of power plants! Should you find more questions related to this topic please do not hesitate to contact me.

the answer would also depend on the type of power plant been referred to in your context.

is it substation, solar, wind, or Nuclear?

As Asheesh mentioned, it's the ratio of the net useful work generated to the heat added to the cycle. This is called the cycle (or theoretical) efficiency. In an actual steam power plant there are several other inefficiencies that must be taken into account. Combustion inefficiency, electrical inefficiency in the feedwater pump, generator inefficiency, and more. In a broader picture, you must also consider the transmission inefficiencies from the generation point to the consumer point.

The preference of students for non-STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) majors over STEM majors can have various implications for a nation's future in terms of science and technology advancement. However, it's important to note that the situation is more nuanced, and the impact of such preferences can vary depending on several factors.

Here are some considerations:

Ultimately, the ideal scenario is a balanced approach that encourages students to pursue their passions and interests while being informed about the opportunities and challenges in various fields. The promotion of STEM education is crucial for technological advancement, but it should be complemented with efforts to recognize the value of non-STEM fields and encourage a diverse range of career choices. An educated and well-rounded society, with a mix of STEM and non-STEM professionals, is essential for holistic progress and development.

Norris Dam was built in 1933 and still works. It's breathtaking. I have been inside the turbines and the generators too.

A major difference between the turbines described by Kristaq is that his impulse turbine is driven by the DRAG force on the blade. The flow separates from the edges of the blades and the is a large wake behind the blade with a low pressure compared to the stagnation pressure of the flow that dominates at the front side of the blade. Considering one blade, the drag force is in the direction of the approaching jet flow. In hydro-power plants a jet is formed that impacts on the blades of the turbine. This is not necessarily so. In wind turbines the approaching flow is uniform. The Savonius wind turbine is such a drag engine. Typical for drag engine is that the turbine blade velocity is lower than the approaching flow velocity an optimal power extraction is obtained around turbine blade-tip velocity of 1/3 of the approaching flow velocity (see: Wind-turbine aerodynamics - Wikipedia). This optimum is a transformation of the order of 17% of the kinetic energy of the flow into power useful to generate electricity.

His reaction engine when properly designed and used displays only narrow wakes behind the trailing edge of the blades. The dominating force is a LIFT force which is normal to the flow approaching the blade. This is typical for a large wind-turbine used to generate electrical power. In such engines the blade tip-velocity is typically 10 to 20. The optimal power extraction is of the order of 59% (Betz maximum. see Wind-turbine aerodynamics - Wikipedia). Another advantage of lift wind turbines with high tip speed compared to the approaching flow is that they have thin relatively light blades. Lift turbines of 100 m diameter can be build. Drag engines of that size are almost impossible to build.

The most basic search on the internet or any library will answer these questions: they are not research.

Simply, one sucks and one blows. Look in any relevant text book!

Proper maintenance of boilers is crucial to ensure their efficient operation, extend their lifespan, and maintain safety standards. Here are some of the key maintenance procedures commonly performed on boilers:

It's important to note that boiler maintenance should be performed by qualified and experienced professionals following the manufacturer's guidelines and applicable regulations. Additionally, adherence to safety protocols and compliance with local codes and standards is essential during all maintenance procedures.

Boilers are combustion devices that generate heat by burning fuels such as coal, oil, natural gas, or biomass. The combustion process in boilers can result in the emission of various pollutants into the atmosphere. Here are the different types of emissions commonly associated with boilers:

It's worth noting that the emissions produced by boilers can be influenced by various factors, including the type of fuel, combustion efficiency, boiler design, and the use of pollution control technologies. Regulations and emission standards exist in many jurisdictions to limit these emissions and promote cleaner combustion processes.

It depends on who you ask. My coworker whose grandfather was shot and killed by federal marshals because he refused to sell his land to make way for the dam would give you one answer. The real estate developers who made fortunes off selling new lake front property that they got from old farmers for pennies on the dollar would give you a different answer. Then there's Tellico Dam that provides nothing but an excuse to spend money. Still, if we didn't have all the old dams, beginning with Norris, Alcoa couldn't have made the aluminum for the airplanes in WWII (Alcoa had more dams than TVA). Raccoon Mountain Pumped Storage is amazing. I spent some time inside that when it was under construction. I doubt it's cost-effective or could ever come close to paying for itself.

The Tennessee Valley Authority has been studying this and publishing papers on this subject for many decades. I worked for 13 years at the laboratory where all of their dams were designed and tested. My office was 6 feet from the Snail Darter Experimental Apparatus, though I personally had nothing to do with it.

Coal, oil, and natural gas are common. Wood pellets or pulp mill waste is a much bigger hassle than people think. I inspected two such plants that couldn't stop feeding diesel to keep the fire going. It never occurred to them that leaving wood pulp in a pile outside that it would get wet when it rains and wet wood won't burn. (Duh!) Another case of thinking "green" but having no idea what you're doing. "Siri, why won't the wood burn." "Because you left it out in the rain, Silly." Burning landfill gas is a nightmare, especially if it contains siloxane.

Ideally, you try to produce as little emissions as possible with design and operational controls because removing emissions (e.g., from exhaust) is difficult and costly. Sometimes ammonia injection is used to react with certain emissions but be careful because you can inadvertently create cyanide. (Yes, it does happen and I did shut them down.)

There is no liquid-to-vapor transition above the critical point. Unwanted stuff (remnants of corrosion, dirt, and debris) naturally collects in the boiler of a subcritical plant. There is no true "boiler" in a supercritical plant; therefore, you must provide other means of cleaning the steam (water). Experience has shown that you must maintain a much higher level of cleanliness within a supercritical system. One of the most amazing supercritical coal-fired plants ever built (Bull Run) is near my home and I have been there many times to perform tests. Paradise Unit 3 was another marvelous supercritical system but it has recently been demolished. I spent a lot of time there too.

A nuclear power plant *is* a thermal power plant with a nuclear heat source. The steam system is significantly different in a nuclear power plant (boiling water reactor or pressurized water reactor) than a combustion plant (coal, gas, oil) because you don't have superheated steam. This is for safety reasons and material limitations. In a nuclear power plant you must work with wet steam, which means MSRs and special moisture slinging blades in the LP steam turbine. The overall thermal efficiency of a nuclear power plant is significantly lower than say a coal-fired power plant. The boiler feed pumps and boiler feed pump turbines are also different and quite interesting, as are differences in the condenser. The condensers at Watts Bar are unique. You should check them out. (A friend, Chuck Bowman, came up with the design.)

I think that the biggest challenge is how we offer the budget.

Core subjects in Engineering will become on par with Computer Science subjects by:

By taking these steps, engineering programs can ensure that their students have the skills they need to succeed in the workforce and make a positive impact on the world.

Good Question

Dear Mohamed Fayad

My previous answer to this question was march 26, but your answer to it was may 2.

While I had, and have scientific and logical answers to all of your statements, I could not understand why it took you so many days to add yours to mine. Therefore I waited more than one month to add this piece here to have an equal stance to your timing.

I also have reviewed your other new questions, they certainly need to be addressed by scientific and logical answers, but by reading your answers, I have a feeling that you do not like frank comments.

It has a reasonable time frame for review. It takes 14 days. After acceptance it needs 10 days to be relaesed online.

Alexxandra Jane Ty Elmira Ghazanfari Jajin Aleksandar Maksimović Nelaturi V Raghavaiah

The following article regarding apple cultivars are relevant to this case:

thanks

Yes I will submit

Rahim,

They're certainly original.

But I've read the 'mission statement' of BEN, and can find no compelling reason to submit work there.

Indeed, here's one reason to not submit to the journals run by Prof. Aydin:

I quote from:

"An artificial intelligence based English proof system checks the language of the paper."

Mmm.

Call me old-fashioned, but it shouldn't be too hard to find someone to read a submission who is a native english speaker.

Six minutes in Inkscape gives this - and I'm rusty.

There are some excellent ultrasonic flow meters available but read carefully claims of accuracy and note all disclaimers. While these might achieve a high level of accuracy under certain ideal conditions in a laboratory, this does not mean that you can stumble up, clamp one on to any old pipe anywhere, and measure the flow to that same accuracy. Accurately measuring any flow in any pipe is an extremely difficult and complicated task, regardless of the instruments used. There are many good references on this subject published by ASME, CTI, IIHR, USNRL, TVA, etc.

The Reynolds number UD/nu=2300 is based on a smooth circular pipe of diameter D, with STEADY mean flow velocity U and fluid of kinematic viscosity nu. Below this critical Reynolds number any perturbation due to an obstacle will not cause persistent turbulence to occur far downstream of the obstacle. Of course locally the wake of a blunt body placed in the pipe can be turbulent, but soon the flow will relaminarize if we travel further downstream. Above Re=2300 the flow does not need to be turbulent. It can be turbulent if there is a sufficiently large initial upstream perturbation. In principle the flow can remain laminar if the inlet is very smooth and care is taken to avoid vibrations. Experimentally fully developed laminar pipe flows have been achieved for Re=500. 000. It is important to realize that this critical Reynolds number does depend on the geometry of the cross-section of the channel. For a rectangular channel of height h and width w >>h, usually one considers a Reynolds number Re=Uh/nu based on the channel heigth. The critical Reynolds number for allowing turbulence is around Re=hU/nu=1100. There is however much less literature on flows through slit shaped channels than circular pipes. If you consider an open channel flow, clearly the critical Reynolds number will be quite different from Re=2300 and of course it does depend on the length scale used in the definition of this Reynolds number!

1. Reverse Engineering: A Practical Guide, by Douglas R. Cobb

2. Reverse Engineering: The Art of Deconstructing a System, by John Aycock

3. Reverse Engineering for Beginners, by Dennis Yurichev

4. Reverse Engineering: Principles and Applications, by Carl Schou

5. Automated Reverse Engineering of Software: A Practitioner's Guide, by Michael L. Collard

6. Reverse Engineering: An Introduction to the Basic Concepts, by Andreas Zeller

7. Reverse Engineering of Object Oriented Code, by Donohue and Holt

8. Reverse Engineering for Beginners, by Dennis Yurichev

9. Reverse Engineering of Software: An Introduction, by Gary McGraw and John Viega

10. Reversing: Secrets of Reverse Engineering, by Eldad Eilam

Dear All,

Hello!

About two years ago, I asked the following question from myself and shared it with you:

“Suppose that you have a real-world structural reliability problem without any information about its limit state function, the geometry of the performance function, and the safety level of the problem (i.e. the performance function can be estimated by a finite element method-based software).

Among the existing reliability methods, which one is your choice? Why?”

I highly appreciate your consideration and contribution. During these days, besides reading your comments, I had an enjoyable collaboration with Matthias Faes (and nice discussions with Prof. Karl Breitung and Marcos Valdebenito) for this issue. As a result, the following is our attempt (Matthias and I) to mathematically answer the proposed question (and some other popular questions) which is published as a paper: .

I can roughly reduce our understanding and the topics of our study to the following points:

1) For a black-box problem with no information about the in-hand problem, if you are looking for efficiency, mathematically, no reliability method is preferable to others!

2) No-Free-Lunch theory says: if a method looks awesome for solving a certain class of problems, essentially, it performs badly for all remaining sets of possible problems! Therefore, if some information about the in-hand problem is available, the important thing for efficiently solving the problem would be human reliability in the selection of the proper reliability algorithm (e.g. understanding the geometry of the problem and accordingly, selecting a proper algorithm which is fit to the information of problem)! You may penalize with a huge function call or/and wrong results in the analysis if employ the wrong person for solving a simple/complex problem! This means that the main problem in reliability analysis is (often) not algorithms! It is practitioners that select bad algorithms for an in-hand problem.

3) Among several practitioners, and for a wide range of alternative reliability algorithms, which practitioner may distinguish the proper algorithm better than the others? Considering the selection problem as a “decision making under uncertainty” and the practitioner as a classifier, we provided some information about the potential application of detection theory in reliability analysis. Detection theory provides a nice mathematical tool for investigating this issue. Using this idea, in future studies, one may design an agent (in machine learning) for the selection of a proper algorithm for solving problems in certain fields (not possible? Ask ChatGPT! ;) ).

4) The last two comments say that the reliability analysis is a “human-in-the-loop” process (e.g., the decisions of a human are a part of the reliability process). In the paper, instead of using the belief of a practitioner, we suggest a solution for fusing the beliefs of experts (we just replaced the belief of experts with the reports of sensors in fusion theory!) regarding the selection of proper algorithm in solving a certain problem (replacing the human-in-the-loop with an experts-in-the-loop process). In this case, some fusion problems are solved in detail and in simple words!

Of course, this is not the end of the issue and our study is just looking at the topic from a different perspective. We hope the materials provided in the paper are useful.

I would be grateful if you share your opinions/ideas about the proposed topics here (or through email).

Regards,

Mohsen

Transfer learning is a machine learning technique that involves using a pre-trained model on a large and diverse dataset as a starting point for training a new model on a related but different task or dataset. Transfer learning has shown promise in enhancing complex systems by leveraging knowledge from similar domains or applications to improve performance, reduce training time, and overcome data scarcity issues.

Here are some advances of transfer learning in enhancing complex systems:

Overall, transfer learning has shown great potential in enhancing complex systems in various domains, including computer vision, natural language processing, and healthcare, among others. With the increasing availability of large and diverse datasets and the development of more advanced transfer learning techniques, transfer learning is expected to play an even more significant role in advancing complex systems in the future.

This is a very important comment -- ChatGPT will make up fictional citations in many of its responses. Why they programmed it do this may be answered here:

Dear Md Afzal Ismail ,

The journal “Jilin Daxue Xuebao (Gongxueban)/Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition)” with website https://jilindaxuexuebao.com is a hijacked version of Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition).

The legit homepage is most likely http://xuebao.jlu.edu.cn/gxb/EN/1671-5497/home.shtml (which as you can see is exclusively for Chinese authors and written in Chinese language, see enclosed file for an example).

This journal is a known and identified example for being a victim of hijacking as can be found here https://retractionwatch.com/the-retraction-watch-hijacked-journal-checker/ See also the comments at the corresponding SCImago link where victims of this fraud describe their experiences.

So, be warned to stay away from this one.

Best regards.

PS. Even if one is not aware of the hijacking there are numerous red flags when it comes to the fake version:

-The fake website is a poor and vaguely constructed one

-Basically, all info (contact info etc.) is missing

-The journal is mentioned on the ores site https://ores.su/en/journals/jilin-daxue-xuebao-gongxuebanjournal-of-jilin-university-engineering-and-technology-edition/ Over the last few years I’ve seen numerous example of journals with issues (hijacked, fake peer review, exploiting Scopus indexing for as long as possible, already discontinued from Scopus etc.).

The construction industry has a significant impact on the environment, but there are many sustainable practices available that can help to reduce its negative impact.

I believe that by adopting these practices, the industry can become more sustainable and reduce its impact on the environment.

Samir Touzani

Dear Professor,

Thank you for the interesting question.

The word "language" has many meanings and connotations. Language is used for everyday communication as well. Moreover, when It comes to AI, most parts of the world (please read: developing countries) have no idea about it.

Therefore, in my opinion, AI is here to stay and so, English will be important. But, other languages will not lose their importance.

Best regards,

Anamitra.