Empirical Study - Science topic

Thank you again for your thoughtful and technically grounded response. Your outline of the modeling tiers, from empirically derived entropy values in the JANAF tables to Clausius-based equilibrium computations and continuum transport equations, was especially helpful in clarifying the computational foundations of classical thermodynamics.

I agree fully that these tools are essential, especially in high-precision applications like propulsion modeling and chemical equilibrium calculations, and I plan to spend more time reviewing those systems in depth.

That said, part of my motivation stems from a desire to explore whether conceptual models, like Swenson’s work and my own development of the Oscillatory Dynamics Transductive-Bridging Theorem (ODTBT), might eventually contribute to a deeper field-based understanding of how coherence and order emerge in open, nonequilibrium, and biologically active systems.

I'm not aiming to replace thermodynamic computation, but to examine its ontological scaffolding, particularly in relation to recursive structure, phase dynamics, and information-based coherence.

To that end, I’ve recently completed a short primer titled:

Surmont, J. (2025). From Entropy to Coherence: A Transductive Reframing of Thermodynamic Structure through ODTBT. ResearchGate Preprint. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28668.24965

This is not an attempt to substitute metaphor for rigor, but to explore whether entropy production, negentropic gain, and phase transitions may reflect deeper TWIST-regulated oscillatory dynamics across nested holonic systems.

I’d welcome any critique or further reading suggestions you may have. Thank you again for engaging this conversation so constructively.

Thanks King-Dow Su for your prompt reply.

Just downloaded the article and with have a read.

Cheers, Santhy

Andreas Wirag: Hi, again, Andreas! Of course you can send me your manuscript. I will gladly look into it. At least I can give you some comments. My e-mail address is tomaz.krpic@guest.arnes.si. Looking forward!

Best, Tomaž

Dear Cornelia E. Nauen ,

Thank you very much for this information.

I'm not specialist in this field, I will contact some of my colleagues in Tunisia to search me in this Data Base some examples of data to be investigated from probable modeling, etc...

I would reverse the question and ask "What is the relationship between hypertension and cholesterol. When one defines dyslipidemia as a ratio between LDL-c and HDL-c--and I prefer the Cholesterol Retention Fraction (CRF) for my definition of dyslipidemia--then people in the general population are often dyslipidemic, with a abnormal CRF of about 50% in men and 33% in women. In the population with atherothrombotic disease (ATD), the men have a 66% incidence and women a 50% incidence. Hypertensive people with no dyslipidemia tend to be quite old when their ATD events occur.

Rhetorical question: What is science? How do you determine what real is as object or subject? What is a scientific method? Does law apply scientific methods in investigating a phenomenon? Experimentation as in objective or subjective reality? Can this question be compared with what is the difference between political science and politics conversely?

Yes, I also did a study on Covid 19 from marketing perspective. The reason: a unique situation worth research from many diffetent perspectives, since it strongly impacts our lives. However, I hope it will dissapear soon and be just a part of challenging history.

Hi there, I am using Eventus software and I am wondering how the software computes the Market index in order to calculate abnormal returns?

I'm not sure what you mean. On p.125 of "Automating the design of graphical presentations of relational information" in figure 15 it says, "Accuracy ranking of quantitative perceptual tasks. Higher tasks are accom- plished more accurately than lower tasks. Cleveland and McGill empirically verified the basic properties of this ranking." Perhaps you have an older copy of the paper and it was updated?

Of operations. Mental. the mission

Can I recommend that you proceed in two steps:

1) Data curation

You remove repeated data

Then you may still have missing data, "holes"

2) Data interpolation, extrapolation/prediction

if you have for person x wage (t) until t=t1 but you are missing wage(t) from t1+1 until t2-1. Then you have wage(t) for t=t2 to t3.

Interpolation is estimating likely wage(t) for t between t1+1 and t2-1.

It depends on the statistics if wage before and after, any curve fitting by maximum likelihood...

Extrapolation is where data stops after t1, then you have to predict wage(t)...

Less constraints, more risk.

Imagine we look at linear evolution, or exponential, or quadratic, etc.

You have to analyse the data of John over time, or the data of people supposed to be comparable to John, or the data of all people...

It's what data analysts do, with many more dimensions though :)

Hope it helps

Let me know

Dear Jai Deo Tiwari, as an addition to my first answer, please keep in mind that not every researcher (especially in developing countries) has the resources and funding available to work on the "the top 10 global issues"!

Power and Electrical Machines

Your assertions provide a good framework for investigating construct X. However, based on the same kind of thought work I'm going through with my dissertation... I'm going to assert you should first consider the assumptions surrounding construct X. I will first conduct an analysis of the literature of my construct x and its possible cross-discipline (!!) variants using text analytic software (QDA Miner, etc.). After confirming the narrative hung together, I plan of creating a series of dynamic system models that specify antecedent and modifying conditions as well as feedback loops. Once I'm able to specify a logical model, I plan on creating a series agent-based a series of simulations (with unique starting and moderating conditions) to further characterize and understand the logical model. Yes, there are a series of natural feedback loops between model formulation and testing. Once I'm sure of the constructs and their dynamics, then and only then, will I create a survey instrument to generate "live" data. One of my largest lessons learned is the need carefully understand the assumptions behind the Maths you're using... (structural equation modeling, factor analysis, etc) and their underlying assumptions (ex: linearity, etc). Be aware of these conditions/ limitations before you start using them. And if you're going to use them without necessarily meeting all of the assumptions - please, please -- specify why you continued to use them and the most probable effect is on your results. Yes, the approach I plan on using seems laborious. But, I've thought long and hard about it and believe it will yield rich as well as verifiable knowledge.

Short answer: I don't see an "easy" way to approach your original prompt. But. I'm always open to alternatives...

Many thanks for your feedback Hassan!

The problems and challenges are more or less the same in every country. The most important point is the role of the central bank and the corporate governance structure in the banking system. The reliability and trust are the most important factors. There is need to tackle the online frauds and making the system immune from such discrepancies. The support and push by the govt. is also a defining factor, Digital India program is a great example of this. We need to also work on the technological infrastructure.

Ragad M Tawafak Thank you very much for your participations!

من خلال مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي , واذا هناك في أحياء فقيرة يمكن حصرهم ومقابلتهم مباشرة

Thank you Gulzar for this reference. I am trying to get the full article. It looks really promising.

Richard

The world is full of Likert scales. They are everywhere; the real issue is not wether you should use even or odd point scales, but if the Likert scale it's the best option in your toolbox. Social desiderability impacts every single survey, but not always with the same strength. It's a matter of choice: the reasearcher should try to evaluate how much will social desiderability influence the results and the impact of forcing the respondants to "take sides" on a topic. Likert scales have a long history of biasing results by "creating" opinions out of nothing (it happens, when the respondants have never thought about the issues they get questioned about).

Anyways, answer "3" on a 5-point scale isn't always the most socially desiderable option. Context it's essential. So, there's no point in generalizing.

Refer this articles:

Passive investing tends to mean 'tracker' or 'index funds. These funds are meant to replicate common equity or bond indices. Eg, FTSE100.

Active funds require the fund managers to provide 'insight' into making investment decisions.

You may have to find a passive fund and an active fund from an investment house or provider and track its performance. These results are usually published quarterly.

Try to find funds which are similar. For example, you may compare an FTSE100 index fund with an actively managed UK Income based equity fund. These funds are not exactly the same but this will get you started. When you develop more experience into this area you may be able to find a close match between your passive and active funds. Good luck.

Kindly check this link:

Corpus-based versus corpus-driven linguistics

"The distinction between corpus-based and corpus-driven language study was introduced by Tognini-Bonelli (2001). Corpus-based studies typically use corpus data in order to explore a theory or hypothesis, aiming to validate it, refute it or refine it. The definition of corpus linguistics as a method underpins this approach.

Corpus-driven linguistics rejects the characterisation of corpus linguistics as a method and claims instead that the corpus itself should be the sole source of our hypotheses about language. It is thus claimed that the corpus itself embodies a theory of language (Tognini-Bonelli 2001: 84-5)".

Hi David,

Thanks for your input!

I looked at some of his research, yes.

I followed your suggestion and zeroed in on Axelrod's work. However, it's all simulations as well. Always algorithms vs. algorithms.

Oh well, thanks nevertheless!

Even though this may not be directly related, I have sucessfully applied the very concept of balancing scorecard to achieve excellence in product manufacturing.

Take a look.

Dear Benjamin,

I agree to the answer provided by Andrew Paul McKenzie Pegman.

Best Wishes,

Atif

Dear Eberhard Weber,

Thanks a lot for the great help.

Not a survey. We are testing whether CG codes issued in 2002 by capital markets authority (CMA) was able to deter earnings management (EM) in Kenya for non-finance listed firms. We develop a CG index based on the provisions of the CG code and apply Jones model to determine discretion accruals regarded as a proxy for EM. Our contribution is based on applying composite CG index contrary to existing studies. Our study also provides support to the initiatives by CMA to enact a new code and other changes at the NSE. Our interest is to assess the effectiveness of CG code issued in 2002 under conditions described as “developing country situation”. We could not find CG data for firms in other EA states but our findings can be generalized to the common law developing countries.

The project is closed. Look out for a special issue on Africa by the of the Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies that will be out any time now.

Hi, Fawziyah,

I'm not sure that I completely understand your question, but I will attempt an answer. If I had three variables - A, B and C - that were associated with one another AND if I had clear evidence as to the time sequence for or experimental intervention between each variable (A precedes B, B precedes C), then there are a variety of ways that I might explore the associations with A as IV, B as IV and DV, and C as DV.

If you are dealing with cross-sectional data, then the differentiation between independent and dependent variable is always somewhat precarious.

Hi Sanjeev,

For signalling theory of acquisition, please see:

Hi, I recommend to read Gabriel Szulanski's work, for example:

Szulanski, G. (2000). The process of knowledge transfer: A diachronic analysis of stickiness. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1), 9-27. Does this help?

Dear Aboobucker,

You can use an unlimited number of theories in your study as each theory just describes a number of relations of a few particular constructs of a complex phenomenon. To persuade a reviewer you first should clearly identify which constructs are described by each theory and t next to indicate that you are dealing with a set of constructs across several theories. I have a picture which represents 6-7 theories and the constructs they reflect in strategic management, but it is in Russian.

Below is a portion of my recent (accepted) article where I have been asked by reviewers to present my theoretical framework more clearly and I used a book of Fosgren (2008, 2011) on multinational corporations in which he presented 6 theoretical perspectives as a pretext to present  the seventh one:

"Our view of MNCs goes beyond the six perspectives of the multinational firm proposed by Fosgren (2008) because it includes several elements that are largely missing from mainstream international business (IB) studies. Although contingency theory is the major source for understanding MNCs, such contingencies include behavioral elements of strategic actions (see Aharoni 2011) when “managerial attitudes” play an important and sometimes crucial role in corporate actions (Graham et al. 2013; Graham et al. 2015). Following Fosgren’s metric for identifying different perspectives, the “core ability as a multinational firm” is to identify, add, and extract value in its different forms (see Gurkov 2015a). Next, the “organization view” of the multinational corporation is a weak hierarchy affected by personal empathies and antipathies, role ambiguity, and eternal conflicts for power in the junctions of matrix structures. Finally, the “main characteristics” of the environment are defined as the degree of complexity, uncertainty, and equivocality (high equivocality indicates a complete lack of shared views, uniform perceptions, and a similar understanding of what is going one within and around corporations by different management levels and functions)."

Success!

Igor Gurkov 

interesting topic

Good question. My experience is that creating and adhering to Guiding Principles is a good start. 

 I think location i.e urban and rural  setting, gender ie, male and female, marital status in terms of single and married, length of service and age are intervening variables in many studies. This is based on the fact that each of these groups of people have varied experiences that enable the researcher plan intervention programs that can alleviate, ameliorate or enhance the issues being investigated. 

Check out my article on this topic. Perhaps it will be useful.

(In general, users gamification method of motivation to achieve your goals. You must understand that you want them to do.)

Also are you familiar with Van Maanen's other excellent chapter called 'The Smile Factory' in an edited collection by Peter Frost 'Reframing Organizational Culture? This is all about backstage employee behaviour at Disney - it is a really good read (see later version attached).

Hope that helps.

David

Dear Yue,

Your question seeking to know if land per capita measure natural resource abundance of a country is interesting and would require specific natural resource as focus point so as to avoid ambiguity. If given the universal definition of "land" then in actual sense, all physical development takes place on land irrespective of the type and nature whether on,above or beneath. In this case, land holding becomes crucial as one cannot give what one does not have. Land per capita can therefore measure individual holdings on land by country. Whereas the technological advancement of that country could determine the identification of what natural resource is available and its subsequent harnessing; the availability of such endowed natural resource potential cannot be disputed despite perceived present challenges which can be surmounted by future opportunities. Land holdings can therefore determine abundance of present and future natural resource base of a country as exploration and exploitation can make for present and future availability of natural resources in a country.      

Both qualitative and quantitative research use different criteria for sample selection. First thing that needs to be cleared is that which approach you are going to use for your research. In case you are using quantitative approach, many formulas an be used to identify the sample size. Most famous is that of Yamane 1967. Please check this document to see the farmulas. 

http://www.sut.ac.th/im/data/read6.pdf 

Thanks to Shahram and Mahmoud for sharing your own research! These papers will be very useful as I design my study. Thanks!!

Lukas:

You should read "Metafísica y Lenguaje" of Alejandro Llano. I think there is a translation to English. He deals with self-reference in Language and Knolewedge. I might state that the answer to your question lies in metaphysical assumptions. If concepts refers to other concepts and so on, the infinite regress is unavoidable. Empircal knowledge could not grasp no more than regularities of causes and effects. The grounds for to evaluate those regularities presuposses an answer to what a concept is. To put in another way, the concept of "concept", as Putnam might have said it. 

Regards,

Luciano 

Since each of your need variable responses is on a 5-point scale and your single community support variable is also on a 5-point scale (unclear if quantitative or qualitative), I would recommend running a Chi Square analysis on each of your 12 need variables against your community variable in a contingency table.  Any basic statistical program (e.g., SAS, SPSS, etc.) can perform the analyses.

Interesting topics, I'm not sure exactly the attached ones are helpful. Pls check them.

I agree that we need to know more about your project. In particular, are you doing qualitative or quantitative research? This matters because qualitative research is often justified on the basis of the need for exploration and discovery in new areas.

It means the total number of subjects or individuals who met the inclusion criteria for data analyses. In the other words, it is the overall sample size of the study.

Thank you very much David [@David_Roberts56] and Alrik [Alrik_Thiem]. Such a wonderful discussion, that left me speechless with gratitude for the amount of effort you put into answering my question. It also left me with so much reading to do; not the answers, but the references. In particular I will be reading about QCA and CNA, Mill's methods of Agreement and Difference, as well as Pearl's Do(x) calculus. I will not be able to finish all this and catch up during the weekend, but I will try to read more during my daily commute to catch up. Thanks again.

Hi,

usually hypothesis stem from literature. However, when there is no enough literature to support the statment, it is important to state the hypothsis in non directional way. That is,....There is a relationships between...X ...and Y; or, there is a difference between ...X....& Y

What factors account for variability in PTSD given comparable trauma exposure during military deployment? This is like asking to identify the factors that account for all variability in human behavior. The question is fascinating and the answer will never end. Other responses have touched on some great studies that touch on elements of the question, most notably analyses of the Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Survey and other studies of risk and resilience published by the Kings at the National Center for PTSD, Casey Taft, John Fairbanks, and a recent study by Polusny, Erbes, et al. in the 2011 Psychological Medicine (687-698) and Ozer et al., 2003 Psych Bulletin (52-73).and Karen Seal's study published in the Am Jnl of Pub Health, 2008, 1651-1658. The broader answer to the question lies in the individual's family and genetic history and their previous experiences with both support and adversity, as well as their own idiosyncratic way of connecting with potential sources of support. 

There is a voluminous literature on how to measure the shadow economy, alternatively known as the informal, hidden, underground, cash-in-hand, etc economy. Basically, one can either use indirect measurement methods that use proxy indicators or direct measurement methods that are based on surveys of participation. 

Your question, however, asks about the impacts of the shadow economy, which is a different question to measuring it. The shadow economy has different impacts on different stakeholder groups. These include formal businesses, shadow enterprises, formal workers, shadow workers, shadow economy customers, governments, economies and societies. There is a large literature on the impacts of the shadow economy on each of these different stakeholders.

Have a look at my ResearchGate page for numerous publications which examine not only how to measure the shadow economy but also its impacts on different stakeholder groups. 

There are some interesting discussions in the pattern community between the difference of pattern languages and project languages. The latter ones are the part of the pattern language that works together for a specific project (as also initially was intended by Christopher Alexander). Also their implementations and the way they work together are specific for this one project.

One paper touching this topic is published in the PLoP'13 proceedings: http://www.hillside.net/plop/2013/papers/proceedings/papers/motohashi.pdf

I agree with Nader. Eventhough there are guidelines for treatment not everyone responds positively. Prolonged exposures are a good tool for most and not for everyone depending on their level of anxiety, the severity of the trauma and any additional diagnosis. Because BPD and PTSD can present  with similar symptoms, I believe it is important to not rush  with a BPD diagnosis too early.

It would help if you could define "construct."  Traditionally, it is defined as an un-operationalized concept, and there are plenty of such constructs in the complexity literature: adaptive pressure, enabling leadership, far-from-equilibrium, etc.  The other respondents to your question seem to take construct to mean "measure," so I will run with that. The problem is assuming that complexity can be reduced to measurable variables.  The best one can do with variables is to measure artifacts of complexity such as feelings of safety or of pressure.  Complexity theory, however, is about interactions among cases--what happens when agents interact interdependently.  You can accomplish this with such things as network analyses, agent based modeling, or even qualitative research methodology.  There will be a special issue on collectivism in The Leadership Quarterly about April 2016; I will have an article in that which may help and the editors tell me there are several other empirical pieces being published as well. You might also look at the journal, Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences.  

In addition to the article of mine cited above (thanks!) which covers leaderboards in an online course, I would direct you toward this broader bit of theory I put together - specifically, I think you're talking about the "human interaction" game element, which can be used either cooperatively or competitively (I suspect both work, but under different circumstances and with different caveats).  It's probably a false dichotomy to say that some learners are competitively motivated and some are cooperatively motivated - it is probably dependent on the particular task and context.  Both competition and cooperation are quite human. :)

There is another way: Don't do it. Let it be done by an Enterprise Search System. Some of them are listed on my website (see link below).  Don't care about the Geman. The list is important and most of them provide English websites.

Empirical study is based on experimentation with research methods that enable replications. It is base on data collation and observations. A one-case-study cannot fulfill these requirements.

Hi, Dr. Aashish, FGD can add to your validity of your study simply because it is in-depth. Besides, gaining data from a large group of people ((between 7-15) at one sitting is time and cost effective. I agree with Dr. Navita about emergence of new ideas.

Moderator must apply epoche to avoid biasness.

I believe for an intrinsic case study, FGD is a useful method to be employed.

Thanks Beatrice and Mary for sharing the references. These, from diverse contexts, may highlight different perspectives.  

Dear Anoop,

You can look at the regression analyses our paper on Depression, anxiety, hostility and hysterectomy. If you have any questions consult Lertola here on RG.

Actually there is no problem with many IV:s and DV:s. However check for multicollinearity in your IV:s and omit those below ,3 and above .7. SPSS checks the Tolerance and VIF ( Variance inflation factor) values for you. If Tolerance is less than .10 then multiple correlations with other variables is high and if VIF is greater than 10 you have to omit some variables.

I think that you have to perform more than one regression analysis based on different interactions between 14 IV: and 9 DV:s. Your research will benefit from it.

Hello Richard,

I am a Cuban teacher  .  We, Cubans  think  that teaching-learning is a process . I suggest  reading  articles from Cuban researchers,  most of them conceptualize it . I think that Carlos Alvarez de Zayas  book's on that topic should be available on the Internet, there are some others like Doris Castellano Simons, Martha Martinez Llantada,  and Fatima Addine . Cuban approuch is based on Humanism and Vigotsky'ś theories regarding learning and development, I am going to ask my friends if someone have any digital book about that topic , I'll send it to you.

Sincerely yours,  gracielagp

Eurobarometer and Asiabarometer are probably the best data sources, in my opinion, that you might be able to get your hands on. The Euro ones are fairly available directly, and probably your uni library can facilitate either of these if a faculty member can sign off on your request. (There are two Asia barometers. I forget which is the one I consider to be the "real" one. Well, be aware of that.)

Chen, Jie, and A. Lee Swindlehurst. "Applying bargaining solutions to resource allocation in multiuser MIMO-OFDMA broadcast systems." Selected Topics in Signal Processing, IEEE Journal of 6.2 (2012): 127-139.