Embedded Systems - Science topic

Dear Researchers and postgraduate students

MESOPOTAMIAN JOURNAL OF BIG DATA (MJBD) issued by Mesopotamian Academic Press, welcomes the original research articles, short papers, long papers, review papers for the publication in the next issue the journal doesn’t requires any publication fee or article processing charge and all papers are published for free

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2- Frequency: 1 issues per year

3- Subject: computer science, Big data, Parallel Processing, Parallel Computing and any related fields

4- ISSN: 2958-6453

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6- Contact: email: ahmed.h.ali@mesopotamian.press

Managing Editor: Dr. Ahmed Ali

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The Harvard architecture in embedded systems architecture is a computer architecture that has separately placed memory areas of data and instructions of the system. The CPU of this architecture includes separate storage and memory that are accessed differently. Embedded systems architecture types can be classified into four groups: simple, monolithic, microkernel, and modular. Simple architecture is the simplest of all architectures. It contains a single processor and a small amount of memory. The architecture of an embedded system is centered around its microcontroller, also sometimes referred to as the microcontroller unit (MCU), typically a single integrated circuit containing the processor, RAM, flash memory, serial receivers and transmitters, and other core components. These systems are so scalable and reliable. Works on wide variety of sectors and environments. Improve product quality and enhance performance. The internet of things, or IoT, is a network of interrelated devices that connect and exchange data with other IoT devices and the cloud. IoT devices are typically embedded with technology such as sensors and software and can include mechanical and digital machines and consumer objects. The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. The bottom layer has container management, platform management, and IoT orchestration elements. Messaging to connected devices is facilitated through the communication layer, while the core layer handles configuration management, OTA services, and messaging.

Dr Aparna Sathya Murthy thank you for your contribution to the discussion

The important layers in embedded software and application layer, middleware layer and firmware layer. An embedded system describes a microprocessor-controlled computer hardware system that runs dedicated software to perform a specific task.The basic structure of embedded system architecture is a three-layer model consisting of hardware, software, and application. The hardware layer includes all physical components like processors, input-output devices, and memory. The software layer includes the operating system, drivers, and middleware. At the highest level, there are three layers: hardware, which contains all the physical components located on an embedded systems board. System software, which is the device's application-independent software and application software, which is the device's application-specific software. At the highest level, there are three layers: hardware, which contains all the physical components located on an embedded systems board. System software, which is the device's application-independent software and application software, which is the device's application-specific software.Embedded software architecture is a piece of software that is divided in multiple layers. An embedded device is the hardware on which this software is running. Embedded devices are also referred to as dedicated or single-purpose devices. If an embedded system is the combination of hardware and software, embedded software is a subset of that. Weighing in at only a few kilobytes, embedded software is written to optimally run on the specific hardware and microprocessor contained within a particular system.

Generally, an embedded system comprises power supply, processor, memory, timers, serial communication ports and system application specific circuits. Embedded systems can be classified into different types based on performance, functional requirements and performance of the microcontroller. The architecture of an embedded system is centered on its microcontroller, also sometimes referred to as the microcontroller unit (MCU), typically a single integrated circuit containing the processor, RAM, flash memory, serial receivers and transmitters, and other core components.At the highest level, there are three layers: hardware, which contains all the physical components located on an embedded systems board and system software, which is the device's application-independent software and application software, which is the device's application-specific software. The system bus provides data and controls signal communication and transmission for the processor, memory, and I/O modules. There are basically two types of architecture that apply to embedded systems: Von Neumann architecture and Harvard architecture. Embedded systems consist of both hardware and software, with physical components like an oscillator, memory, and a CPU, and a software stack that can vary in complexity based on the application. The basic structure of embedded system architecture is a three-layer model consisting of hardware, software, and application. The hardware layer includes all physical components like processors, input-output devices, and memory. The software layer includes the operating system, drivers, and middleware. The difference between an embedded system and IoT is that the embedded system can be a subset of IoT. Embedded system before IoT were not able to connect to the internet, therefore IoT embedded systems generally encompass a broader range of devices and use cases. An embedded system describes a microprocessor-controlled computer hardware system that runs dedicated software to perform a specific task. An embedded device is the hardware on which this software is running. Embedded devices are also referred to as dedicated or single-purpose devices.

Embedded systems are standalone devices that have usually been designed to do one specific thing. An IoT embedded system is an embedded system that also has connectivity to the internet and can therefore communicate with other IoT embedded systems. Embedded systems are ubiquitous in IoT devices. Combined with software, dedicated systems for IoT usage employ microcontrollers and microprocessors to enable the networked devices to communicate. The other difference between an embedded system and IoT is that IoT refers more to a class of devices that represent the newly connected world. But an embedded system refers very specifically to the hardware used in these devices. Embedded systems are commonly found in consumer, industrial, automotive, home appliances, medical, and telecommunication, commercial, aerospace and military applications. Generally, an embedded system comprises power supply, processor, memory, timers, serial communication ports and system application specific circuits. Embedded systems can be classified into different types based on performance, functional requirements and performance of the microcontroller. Embedded systems are rapidly changing the future of technology, and their growth is set to continue at a fast pace in India. The integration of embedded systems with new technologies such as IoT, AI, and automation is expected to lead to a new era of innovation and disruption in various industries. An embedded system is a microprocessor-based computer hardware system with software that is designed to perform a dedicated function, either as an independent system or as a part of a large system. At the core is an integrated circuit designed to carry out computation for real-time operations. The processor is the main part of embedded systems hardware architecture, and architecture defines how the hardware and software components must interact with each other. A well-designed architecture enables the creation of energy-efficient systems capable of executing real-time applications.

Generally, an embedded system comprises power supply, processor, memory, timers, serial communication ports and system application specific circuits. Embedded systems can be classified into different types based on performance, functional requirements and performance of the microcontroller. This type of system makes sure that all critical processes are completed within the given time frame. This means that all the delays in the system are strictly time bound. Also, there is little to no secondary memory and data is stored in short term memory or read only memory. So we can define an embedded system as a Microcontroller based, software driven, and reliable, real-time control system. An IoT embedded system is an embedded system that has internet connectivity. Another word for what is IoT embedded system is a "smart" device. A touch screen and a keyboard are not necessary to define a device as an IoT embedded system, although these peripherals can also be attached. Four-layer architecture is the standard and most widely accepted format. As you can see from the above image, there are four layers present i.e., the Perception Layer, Network Layer, Processing Layer, and Application Layer. IoT architecture can comprise up to seven layers, which are known as the perception, transport, edge, processing, application, business, and security layers.

Components of real time embedded systems the hardware parts include a microcontroller or a microprocessor, Input and Output ports, sensors , actuators , relays, power supply or batteries and several other peripheral parts according to the design and function of the embedded system. Important components of RTOS are Scheduler, Communication Mechanism, Critical Region Mechanisms, Timing Services, Power Management, and Memory Management. Performance is the most important factor in RTOS. RTOS is used in Defense application systems like RADAR, and airline reservation systems. The hardware of embedded systems is based around microprocessors and microcontrollers. Microprocessors are very similar to microcontrollers and, typically, refer to a CPU (central processing unit) that is integrated with other basic computing components such as memory chips and digital signal processors (DSPs). For the embedded system the power supply is the key component to provide the power to the embedded system circuit. Usually, the embedded system requires 5 V supply or can be range from 1.8 to 3.3. V. The power supply source can be battery or can be provided by a wall adaptor. RTOSes are designed to handle multiple processes at one time, ensuring that these processes respond to events within a predictable time limit. Processing in an RTOS occurs within defined time constraints and monitors the priority of tasks. An RTOS is also able to make changes to task priority. The main job of an embedded OS is to run the code that allows the device to do its job. The embedded OS also makes the device's hardware accessible to software that is running on top of the OS. An embedded OS often works within an embedded system. An embedded system is a computer that supports a machine.There are three types of RTOS: 1) Hard RTOS, 2) Soft RTOS, and 3) Firm RTOS. Important components of RTOS are Scheduler, Communication Mechanism, Critical Region Mechanisms, Timing Services, Power Management, and Memory Management.

Dr Mohammad Imam thank you for your contribution to the discussion

I use net elements and annotations to create application programs for the Arduino Uno. It is part of my research and development work on the application of Petri Nets to computer programming. I use it to create a simulation of the application logic or a software prototype on a desktop for various target environments such as a PDF form application using JavaScript and the Acrobat/JavaScript API or an SVG application using JavaScript and DOM. After verifying the logic via simulation (interactive or non-interactive or both) I map the net elements and annotations to Sketch for the Arduino Uno. Net elements and annotations are an important part of a software development workflow that I have been testing to create software for various targets. [Hypothesis] I would use this method to create any application program in the embedded systems domain because I would be able to map the net elements and annotations to any programming language (from a low level programming language such as assembly to a high level programming language such as C) in a systematic way.

If you are interested the PDF version of this reply includes an example application of net elements and annotations to the creation of a sketch on the Arduino Uno R3: "The Method I Use to Create Software for the Arduino Uno R3" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370611757_The_Method_I_Use_to_Create_Software_for_the_Arduino_Uno_A_Reply_to_What_modeling_method_do_you_use_in_the_embeded_systems_domain_at_ResearchGate).

Regards,

John

By regularly monitoring LinkedIn and Twitter and subscribing to the following websites, you can see the most recent research positions related to your desired fields:

Universal control channel https://t.me/universalcontrol

Dear Vivek Prakash Yadav ,

You can directly ask in research and development centers in the different companies in France particular and Europe in general. All electronic equipment research and development centers practice heavily imbedded systems.

Best wishes

Salam Achraf,

Thanks for your response, but I tried to search by subject area and I did not get any result.

Hi Ayad,

Here is an example for integrating AI and Embedded Camera System. You may check the detail of this product from Internet.

The WESCAM MX-10D EO/IR low-weight targeting system – ideal for low-altitude tactical surveillance, reconnaissance and target acquisition missions from unmanned airborne platforms.

An Ideal Targeting Solution for: Low-altitude Tactical Surveillance & Target Acquisition and Designation missions requiring low-weight installation flexibility.

Dear Keerthana Prithiviraj , I will suggest you to go for ROBOTIC ARM project (can be done in a short span of time) but its more related to Embedded system

Sorry for the late response. Thanks for your help

It is definitely relevant today because of Deep Learning. Most deployable implementations in embedded systems are completely rigid and depend on specific libraries provided by manufacturers such as Qualcomm, Samsung etc

Some people are betting that FPGAs will solve it all, but that may take a while and most software today can't easily change configurations on the fly, you usually have to train a different model for each target hardware.

Very nice project planning!!

Ali Srour I guess it must be ok for moderate clock. E.g. if you are using 5MHz the length of signal in cable will be 30 meter (half speed of light in the cable) and considering back and forth delay the clock domain has radius of 15 meters . One can use e.g. 1 or 2 MHz for peace of mind, should still be OK for 100Hz (one can transfer almost 1e6/100 = 1e4 bits at 1MHz/100Hz). Alternatively, you can poll sensor sequentially but it complicates things e.g. as adding the time shift between them. For sequential polling however i2c would be easier at that (rather low still) sample rate (there are nice i2c isolators too considering EMI hardening).

Programmable interval timer(Software timer) required for various speeds of data transmission in embedded systems.

Mostly hardware errors such as memory addresses and bulk code overflow.

Software error such as synchronization of the device.

as far as I know, there are no such tools around

Hi Avi,

The best book I had during my university years was this one:

It covers almost every hardware topic from low noise analogue to digital and power electronics. It even touches on embedded software but that part might be a bit dated now. This will give you a really good overview of many topics.

The best book I found for embedded software is this one:

Chapter 13 takes you from the simplest of round-robin programs up to a real time scheduler in a few simple steps. Schedulers are the basis for most operating systems and they are essential if you want to do any real-time control of anything.

When you get around to designing PCBs then ignore anything you might read in data sheets and application notes. Look at any book written by Ralph Morrison, especially this one:

Despite the name it's an invaluable source of information on how to route a PCB to get your design to pass an EMC test. High power / high frequency switching circuit (like power electronics) need careful attention to layout and Ralph's theories on PCB design really work but are often contrary to other books on the subject.

MCP3008 will work for afrorementioend problem.

MC118 or Bitscope are also good readymade solution.

I would suggest using any one of these:

a) NetLogo is a multi-agent programmable modeling environment and can be found at https://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/

b) You can use ARGoS, a multi-physics robot simulator which can be found at https://www.argos-sim.info/

c) Then there is the robot simulator CoppeliaSim(formerly V-Rep), which is an integrated development environment, is based on a distributed control architecture: each object/model can be individually controlled via an embedded script, a plugin, a ROS or BlueZero node, a remote API client, or a custom solution.

Look at https://www.coppeliarobotics.com/

d) If you are looking to simulate kilobots you can use Kilombo. ( https://github.com/JIC-CSB/kilombo )

Infrared radiation induces molecular vibrations as a result of which different bonds absorb light at different frequencies. Glucose for example is a hydrocarbon which consists of C-H, O-H, C-C, C=O functional groups which absorb photons with the right energy to excite overtone and combinations of fundamental molecular vibrations. Therefore, glucose is capable of absorbing NIR light. However, NIR absorption features are low in magnitude and highly overlapping in nature.

References

https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4901/

Hope that helps. Best of luck!!

One can use Accelerometers and Gyroscopes a sensor for the transnational and rotational motion, respectively.

Please follow the following link for more information: https://www.digikey.com/en/articles/apply-sensor-fusion-to-accelerometers-and-gyroscopes

Best wishes

Hi Kevin,

This my favourite area and yes it can be confusing and there is no certain answer. You can take different routes and approaches to address your problem.

You need to make sure you know what you need and what resources you have to achieve it. Well-defined objectives can also be a good start.

This is also a useful read: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/embedded-system-design

Best wishes,

Mani

Thanks for your answers. Our paper was accepted in an Embedded Systems journal, when published, I'll notify here.

Thank you so much Sir George Slade for your kind answer.

I didn't check in detail, but the limitation might stem from limitations in memory (RAM): the "mature" network stacks/protocols haven't exactly been designed with low resource consumption in mind.

Thus you may consider to use an ESP32: basically an ESP8266 "on steroids", it sports a dual-core microcontroller and significantly more memory at about the sme price.

A follow-up comment: looking at the family of cellular IoT (EC-GSM-IoT, LTE-M and NB-IoT), NB-IoT provides the biggest deployment flexibility. Note that EC-GSM-IoT was designed to reuse GSM infrastructure and frequency channels (200kHz bandwidth); around 300-400kbps data rates are possible, but the activity around it in the industry and academia is rather limited, to my best knowledge. On the other hand, LTE-M is to be deployed in-band with LTE, uses wider bandwidth (6 PRB) and provides higher data rates (ideally up to 1Mbps). Finally, NB-IoT is the slowest (data rates no more than ~200kbps), but it only needs 1PRB (180kHz) to operate, meaning that one can either reuse a GSM carrier for it (still preserving 10kHz guardbands), place it in-band with LTE or even allocate NB-IoT within the LTE guardband.

I think the following book is the great source of knowledge:

Olof Liberg et al. "Cellular Internet of Things: Technologies, Standards, and Performance".

You need to use wide bandwidth with extremely high frequency in real time, which means the mentioned processors is not enough and you do need to use FPGA

STMicroelectronics has a robust versions of ARM based cortex processors. I prefer to use Stm32-f407 which is well known processor for wide range of embedded applications :D

There are fingerprint scanning modules already available, interfacing largely depends on the microcontroller you're using.

it's really a good simulation, thank you for sharing. have you think about experimental work, to validate the simulation.

A valid, more detailled approach.

You can read the literature yourself and come up with your own conclusions. It would do you good, you would sound less like a non-expert rambling about something you have very little clue about. I am done here.

Following...

Good question.. Please share me the best answer might you trust...

Regards…

the current research topics in data mining are many, some of them are text mining and web mining , social networks mining such as mining in the contents of tweets of whatsapp, etc.

I think it depends on your requirement. Usually i use ESP8266 based modules since they are very cheap and easy to interface with microcontroller or other components. But power consumption is not so good. But we can mitigate that problem by enabling deep sleep mode. On the other hand LORA wifi based modules are very good in power consumption. But limitaion is low band width. Thanks.

From my experience, I suggest MATLAB simulink.

Can this project implemented as a PhD project under your supervision?

I am following answer

Is that possible to apply for it? :)

I have found ThingSpeak a really easy way to get things going, since it has a simple API, with some storage and visualization options. You can probably go from nothing to graphs on a screen in half an hour.

However, the visualization options are limited, and by the time you get to the paid options on the platform you should also be considering other options. Amazon, Google and Microsoft all have products targeted at IoT now (AWS IoT, GCloud IoT core, Microsoft Azure IoT Suite), which allow for storage/databasee, processing of alerts, machine learning and data visualization. These can all be done relatively cheaply to start, and can scale to a large implementation later. It is more work to construct what you want, but you get a lot more flexibility.

Thanks Mr.Neimann and Mr.Short for your recommendations. I'll look into them and after finding the solution, will intimate through this thread,

Thanks & Regards,

Naveen

Depends on if energy consumption is a constraint.   Take a system which has some reserve battery capacity.   The QoS drops to zero when the device runs out of power.   In a system which can manage its power consumption, there will be some optimizations once could make - operationally - that would maximize the volume of services delivered.

For a specific example, consider a remote security camera system.   Higher frame rates or in-camera processing may increase power consumption.   If the goal is no loss of service, meaning the battery is never exhausted, power saving strategies such as lowering frame rates, lowering resolution, sleeping between frames, etc. may be employed.   So in this example, managing power is an integral part of QoS.

Same would apply for intermediate nodes in a wireless mesh network, or compute nodes in the cloud.

There are other situations where the device really does not have a means to be optimized.   This speaks more to the design and suitability - and if "good enough is good enough" - does the application warrant optimization. 

Thanks very much

RTnet Embedded -- RTnet for microcontrollers

For those who took an interest in the subject.

I found an excellent book that helped me a lot.

PROCESS IDENTIFICATION AND PID CONTROL

Su Whan Sung, Jietae Lee, In-Beum Lee

Virtex-7 or Stratix-10.

Dear Yukai Chen, a Li-ion battery maybe considered as a near DC source, if the internal-Z if much lower than Z_Load.  Also, there is good enough thermal control for the battery. So, one can not say this for any case. This is because, apart from the external load, the internal-Z acts as an internal-load, also. This is a major reason, among other, for the introduction of an intermediate electronic control (for the batteries) in common end user portable devices (cell-phones, laptops etc.).  So, actually, it is rather the max power p(f) specs (not simply the load frequency f) that may limit a Li-ion battery to function as an ideal V_DC-source. If someone (a company) underestimate this function p(f)  as limiting factor, then, occasionally, we might hear the news for burning cell-phones etc. depending on users' applied (unusual) conditions.

dearest narasim

hopefully this information could help

Dear Marada Naveen Kumar

The polarities (including the diode) within the buck-boost converter can be reversed to provide a positive output voltage from a negative input voltage. 

You can even try reversing the polarity of the output capacitor.I have attached a buck-boost converter circuit for your reference,which delivers positive output voltage.

Hello,

I'm the 'old-fashioned' guy - doing the partitioning in the planning phase without any specialized tool. Then using the respective spezialized tools for FPGA logic resp. software development.

There might be tools available for 'co-design', leaving the decision of 'what is implemented how' to the tool. But I'm to some extend sceptical about such tools: may work, but no guarantee.

Aside from tools from the vendor of your SOC you may try to gather information about eventual 'co-design' development environments eg. from National Instruments (NI), Xilinx (if you've got a Xilinx SOC) or eventually Mathworks (Matlab/Simulink).

Or look for a provider of eg. SystemC, SystemVerilog or SpecC. These are more my 'old-fashioned' approach: leaving the decision to the developer and 'only' providing the means to specify the logic within the development environment that is already in use for software development.

Hope this clarifies the 'whole thing' a bit.

You might want to check this out:

The relative humidity (H_r) for humidified gas is the ratio of the water vapour pressure in the gas stream (P_v) to the saturation water vapour pressure at the gas dry bulb temperature (P_vs):  H_r =  (P_v / P_vs)·100%. The humidification process could consist at mixing the former relatively dry gas stream with a humidified gas stream, or with a vapour stream. A more convenient parameter to deal with the inherent mass balance, would be the humidity ratio (r), defined as the ratio between the mass of water vapour and the mass of dry gas. I have addressed the relationship between both this humidity related parameters (H_r and r) for the case of humidified hydrogen elsewhere at this forum: https://www.researchgate.net/post/In_a_100_humidified_hydrogen_what_would_be_the_mass_of_water_molecules_per_unit_mass_of_hydrogen

Hi, I could suggest you the reading of the attached paper to know about R/W operaton cost on flash memories.

The ZigBee protocol has been created and ratified by member companies of the ZigBee Alliance. Over 300 leading semiconductor manufacturers, technology firms, OEMs and service companies comprise the ZigBee Alliance membership. The ZigBee protocol was designed to provide an easy-to-use wireless data solution characterized by secure, reliable wireless network architectures.

Dear Ali,

You may also want to check this survey out. The scope may be a little broader, but still...

P. Suriyachai, U. Roedig and A. Scott, "A Survey of MAC Protocols for Mission-Critical Applications in Wireless Sensor Networks," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 240-264, Second Quarter 2012.

Why don't you use simple servo motors? They are cheap, provide high torque and can be easily controlled (with an Arduino or Pi Board) in case you are constructing a tracker.

Have a look at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300009948_A_Cost-effective_Microcontroller_based_Sensor_for_Dual_Axis_Solar_Tracking implementing them.

Check the company called DEGER in case you need a ready-made system. 

Also, check for TRAXLE in :

which is a tracking drive system.

bluetooth works with one to one communication at a time (RFComm mode ). if u want to make a star topology, u have to disconnect with one node and connect with adjacent node. find your information central node should be movable or in covarage range of all.

@Hamid: Thanks, (otherwise I was always using 512 Gauss and 400 TV space. Although I don't have the access to NIST database, I just need to test with smallar databases, so atleast I can have running system. 

Dear Alfred Howard Miller,

Thank you so much for this useful insight and invaluable suggestion. I really appreciate it.

For more information about synopsys tool, use solvnet ID.

what about this file

Hope that helps!

You could use OMNET++ and if required you can interface it with other libraries and simulation packages (MATLAB, etc.)

Check this thesis report: http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:613266/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Good luck !

Dear Yibo Chen

Thank you for your scientific message about Simulation of IoT.. I have M.Sc. student . we need to work on security of "IoT" using hybrid cryptosystem.. The main question for us currently is that : What is suitable for us as ( simulation tool) to be used in such project>

Note: We are working in Babylon University- Iraq. And as I know, there are very small number of academics interesting in IoT in Iraqi Universities... And I hope according to your suggestion, we can go ahead with suitable simulator. Best wishes

Its a very conductive environment and so typical views of antenna design and propagation aren't as important. Omega had a wavelength of 23km. So many situations would only be a few wavelengths away. So it's almost a near field analysis but we are more interested in skin depth than most other things (a lot more than antenna tuning). DB

dear dr roy

Functional Safety is common across many applications but the end systems usually share one or more of three characteristics: Reliability, Security and System Recoverability.

Reliability

Most Processors and Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) utilize SRAM memory to store executable code, configuration information and data during run-time. SRAM memory is susceptible to Single Event Effects (SEE), which can change the state of an SRAM memory cell, changing either the logical configuration or data held in an SRAM cell.

Microsemi FPGAs and System on-a-Chip (SoC) FPGA solutions provide immunity to Single Event Errors through the use of Flash memory cell based and Antifuse based technology. In addition to using these two technologies to combat Single Event Errors, Microsemi is the only semiconductor vendor offering devices based on both of these very different technologies. Both devices use the same toolchain to develop designs, and the same design can be targeted to Flash and Antifuse based devices, thus reducing design effort, time and co

Security

There are many forms of security that are appropriate to Safety Critical systems, from all out "cyber attack" to cloning of a device without understanding its operation. The 2 main factors are Design Security and Data Security.

In the case of Safety Critical systems Design Security is the prevention of Unsafe conditions by ensuring the device operates within the functional safety specifications and cannot be tampered with to operate outside of those conditions. Microsemi FPGAs and SoC FPGAs have built-in protection against the reverse engineering of a design and possible attack on the safety of a system by using FlashLock technology and secure In System Programming.

Data Security ensures the operating data that is used in the system at run-time must be correct and cannot be changed by unauthorized personnel. Strong Data Security has the base requirements that the device has good Design Security implemented on it. Microsemi deliver devices that meet or exceed the demands on design security and extend the strength of data security through in-house and partner IP cores and zeroization.

System Recoverability

Once a fault has been detected, the System Manager must perform some corrective action to ensure that a failure does not occur. As well as making the redundant system the live system, the now faulty system needs to be "repaired". This may be by physical replacement of the sub-system, but in many cases a soft or hard reset will "cure" the problem.

To ensure that further faults do not occur, a system manager will sequence the turning on of the power supplies, timing of the resets and handle any device configuration necessary for proper operation. Microsemi provides a reference design that allows for easy set up of a system manager implemented in a SmartFusion SoC FPGA using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to set up power sequencing, reset control and more. As Microsemi SoC FPGAs are flash based and "Instant On" there is no delay in the device becoming active as soon as power is applied to it.

please check the attachment if it is helpful for you.

thank you

The basic definition of linearity is that the output of a function exhibits a proportional response to changes in the input.

Regarding a median filter of length 3 on a sample of length 5, we are able to calculate 3 results (assuming that results off-index are invalid).

Input [1 2 3 4 5] ==> Output [2 3 4]

Input [1 2 3 4 6] ==> Output [2 3 4]

A single example is sufficient to prove that the conditions for linearity are not fulfilled. Even if many other examples might exhibit a response similar to linear functions.

Dear Sir,

I dont know about the turns ratio.

The problem with DC-DC convertor with on-chip inductor is as follows:

- To have high efficiency, you need a coil with high Q factor to keep the coil losses down.

- On the other side, you want low switching frequency in order to keep the gate losses of the MOS transistors down.

Now, usually, the 2 are not compatible. On chip inductors only have decent Q for frequencies above 1 Ghz, but this is quite high to keep the switching losses down. So, usually, the result is poor efficiency.

I think if you want to make a design, you need to look at inductor libraries (TSMC, global, smic), or make your own inductor, and then design the convertor around it.

Best Regards,

Henri.

Hello Abdullah 

Buildroot  is another tool like Yocto to build custom embedded Linux systems.